PUBLIC HEALTH STATEMENT
Cyanide
CAS#: 74-90-8, 143-33-9, 151-50-8, 592-01-8,
544-92-3, 506-61-6, 460-19-5, 506-77-4
Division of Toxicology and Environmental Medicine July 2006
This Public Health Statement is the summary breathing, eating, or drinking the substance, or by
chapter from the Toxicological Profile for Cyanide. skin contact.
It is one in a series of Public Health Statements
about hazardous substances and their health effects. If you are exposed to cyanide, many factors will
A shorter version, the ToxFAQs™, is also determine whether you will be harmed. These
available. This information is important because factors include the dose (how much), the duration
this substance may harm you. The effects of (how long), and how you come in contact with it.
exposure to any hazardous substance depend on the You must also consider any other chemicals you are
dose, the duration, how you are exposed, personal exposed to and your age, sex, diet, family traits,
traits and habits, and whether other chemicals are lifestyle, and state of health.
present. For more information, call the ATSDR
Information Center at 1-888-422-8737.
_____________________________________ 1.1 WHAT IS CYANIDE?
This public health statement tells you about cyanide Cyanide is a chemical group consisting of one atom
and the effects of exposure to it. of carbon connected to one atom of nitrogen by
three molecular bonds (C≡N) and cyanides are
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) compounds (substances formed by the joining of
identifies the most serious hazardous waste sites in two or more atoms) that contain a cyanide group
the nation. These sites are then placed on the (typically shown as CN). Cyanides can both occur
National Priorities List (NPL) and are targeted for naturally or be man-made and many are powerful
long-term federal clean-up activities. Cyanide has and rapid-acting poisons. Hydrogen cyanide
been found in at least 471 of the 1,662 current or (HCN), which is a gas, and the simple cyanide salts
former NPL sites. Although the total number of (sodium cyanide and potassium cyanide) are
NPL sites evaluated for this substance is not known, common examples of cyanide compounds. Certain
the possibility exists that the number of sites at bacteria, fungi, and algae can produce cyanide, and
which cyanide is found may increase in the future cyanide is found in a number of foods and plants.
as more sites are evaluated. This information is In certain plant foods, including almonds, millet
important because these sites may be sources of sprouts, lima beans, soy, spinach, bamboo shoots,
exposure and exposure to this substance may harm and cassava roots (which are a major source of food
you. in tropical countries), cyanides occur naturally as
part of sugars or other naturally-occurring
When a substance is released either from a large compounds. However, the edible parts of plants
area, such as an industrial plant, or from a container, that are eaten in the United States, including tapioca
such as a drum or bottle, it enters the environment. which is made from cassava roots, contain relatively
Such a release does not always lead to exposure. low amounts of cyanide.
You can be exposed to a substance only when you
come in contact with it. You may be exposed by
__________________________________________________________________________________________
DEPARTMENT of HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, Public Health Service
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ Telephone: 1-888-422-8737 Fax: 770-488-4178 E-Mail: atsdric@cdc.gov
PUBLIC HEALTH STATEMENT
Cyanide
CAS#: 74-90-8, 143-33-9, 151-50-8, 592-01-8,
544-92-3, 506-61-6, 460-19-5, 506-77-4
Division of Toxicology and Environmental Medicine July 2006
Many of the cyanides in soil and water come from streams that contain cyanide) and in the human
industrial processes. The major sources of cyanides body after cyanide is swallowed or absorbed.
in water are discharges from some metal mining Thiocyanate is the major product formed from
processes, organic chemical industries, iron and cyanide that passes into the body as the body
steel plants or manufacturers, and publicly owned attempts to rid itself of cyanide. Although
wastewater treatment facilities. Other cyanide thiocyanates are less harmful than cyanide in
sources include vehicle exhaust, releases from humans, they are known to affect the thyroid
certain chemical industries, burning of municipal glands, reducing the ability of the gland to produce
waste, and use of cyanide-containing pesticides. hormones that are necessary for the normal function
Much smaller amounts of cyanide may enter water of the body.
through storm water runoff where road salts are
used that contain cyanide. Cyanide in landfills can Ammonium thiocyanate is used in antibiotic
contaminate underground water. Hydrogen preparations, pesticides, liquid rocket fuels,
cyanide, sodium cyanide, and potassium cyanide are adhesives, and matches. It also is used in
the forms of cyanide most likely to be in the photographic processes, to improve the strength of
environment as a result of industrial activities. silks, and as a weed killer.
Hydrogen cyanide is a colorless gas with a faint,
bitter, almond-like odor. Sodium cyanide and Thiocyanates are present in water primarily because
potassium cyanide are both white solids with a of discharges from coal processing, extraction of
slight, bitter, almond-like odor in damp air. gold and silver, and mining industries.
Cyanide salts and hydrogen cyanide are used in Thiocyanates in soil result from direct application
electroplating, metallurgy, organic chemicals of herbicides (weed killers), insecticides, and
production, photographic developing, manufacture rodenticides and from disposal of byproducts from
of plastics, fumigation of ships, and some mining industrial processes. Less important sources
processes. Hydrogen cyanide has also been used in include release from damaged or decaying tissues of
gas-chamber executions and as a war gas. certain plants, such as mustard, kale, and cabbage.
Chlorination of water contaminated with cyanide
produces the compound cyanogen chloride. Four
incidents of cyanide in soil resulted from disposal of 1.2 WHAT HAPPENS TO CYANIDE WHEN
cyanide-containing wastes in landfills and use of IT ENTERS THE ENVIRONMENT?
cyanide-containing road salts.
Cyanide enters air, water, and soil from both natural
Thiocyanates are a group of compounds formed processes and industrial activities. Airborne
from a combination of sulfur, carbon, and nitrogen. cyanide is generally far below levels that would
Thiocyanates are found in various foods and plants; cause concern. In air, cyanide is present mainly as
they are produced primarily from the reaction of gaseous hydrogen cyanide. A small amount of
free cyanide with sulfur. This reaction occurs in the cyanide in air is present as fine dust particles. This
environment (for example, in industrial waste dust eventually settles over land and water. Rain
__________________________________________________________________________________________
DEPARTMENT of HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, Public Health Service
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ Telephone: 1-888-422-8737 Fax: 770-488-4178 E-Mail: atsdric@cdc.gov
PUBLIC HEALTH STATEMENT
Cyanide
CAS#: 74-90-8, 143-33-9, 151-50-8, 592-01-8,
544-92-3, 506-61-6, 460-19-5, 506-77-4
Division of Toxicology and Environmental Medicine July 2006
and snow help remove cyanide particles from air. temperatures up to 86 °F (30 °C). At these
The gaseous hydrogen cyanide is not easily temperatures, thiocyanate in soil does not undergo
removed from the air by settling, rain, or snow. The much evaporation or sorption (binding to soil).
half-life (the time needed for half of the material to
be removed) of hydrogen cyanide in the atmosphere
is about 1–3 years. Most cyanide in surface water 1.3 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO
will form hydrogen cyanide and evaporate. CYANIDE?
However, the amount of hydrogen cyanide formed
is generally not enough to be harmful to humans. You can be exposed to cyanides by breathing air
Some cyanide in water will be transformed into less and drinking water, touching soil or water
harmful chemicals by microorganisms (plants and containing cyanide, or eating foods that contain
animals of very small size), or will form a complex cyanide. Many plant materials, such as cassava
with metals, such as iron. The half-life of cyanide roots, lima beans, and almonds, naturally contain
in water is not known. Cyanide in water does not low-to-moderate levels of cyanide. The
build up in the bodies of fish. concentration of hydrogen cyanide in unpolluted air
is less than 0.2 parts of hydrogen cyanide per
Cyanides are fairly mobile in soil. Once in soils, million (ppm; 1 ppm is equivalent to 1 part by
cyanide can be removed through several processes. volume of hydrogen cyanide in a million parts by
Some cyanide compounds in soil can form volume of air). The concentration of cyanide in
hydrogen cyanide and evaporate, whereas some drinking water ranges from 0.001 to 0.011 ppm
cyanide compounds will be transformed into other (1 ppm is equivalent to 1 part by weight in 1 million
chemical forms by microorganisms in soil. parts by volume of water) in the United States and
Consequently, cyanides usually do not seep into Canada. Cyanogen chloride, which can be formed
underground water. However, cyanide has been in the process of water chlorination, has been found
detected in underground waters of a few landfills at concentrations ranging from 0.00045 to
and industrial waste disposal sites. At the high 0.0008 ppm in drinking water from 35 U.S. cities.
concentrations found in some landfill leachates We do not know how many people in the general
(water that seeps through landfill soil) and in the population of the United States are exposed to
wastes stored in some disposal sites, cyanide significant amounts of cyanide from eating foods
becomes toxic to soil microorganisms. Because that naturally contain it. Smoking is probably one
these microorganisms can no longer change cyanide of the major sources of cyanide exposure for people
to other chemical forms, cyanide is able to passes who do not work in cyanide-related industries.
through soil into underground water. Breathing smoke-filled air during fires also may be
a major source of cyanide exposure. People who
Less is known about what happens to thiocyanate live near hazardous waste sites that contain cyanide
when it enters the environment. In soil and water, may be exposed to higher amounts of cyanide than
thiocyanate is changed into other chemical forms by the general population.
microorganisms. This occurs in soil mainly at
__________________________________________________________________________________________
DEPARTMENT of HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, Public Health Service
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ Telephone: 1-888-422-8737 Fax: 770-488-4178 E-Mail: atsdric@cdc.gov
PUBLIC HEALTH STATEMENT
Cyanide
CAS#: 74-90-8, 143-33-9, 151-50-8, 592-01-8,
544-92-3, 506-61-6, 460-19-5, 506-77-4
Division of Toxicology and Environmental Medicine July 2006
Cyanide is used or produced in various occupational Occupational Exposure Survey (NOES) estimates
settings where activities include electroplating, that 90,599 workers potentially are exposed to
some metal mining processes, metallurgy, metal ammonium thiocyanate.
cleaning, certain pesticide applications, tanning,
photography and photoengraving, firefighting, and
gas works operations. Cyanide also is used in some 1.4 HOW CAN CYANIDE ENTER AND
dye and pharmaceutical industries. The National LEAVE MY BODY?
Occupational Exposure Survey (NOES) has
estimated the numbers of workers potentially Cyanide can enter your body if you breathe air, eat
exposed to the following cyanides: 4,005 to food, or drink water that contains it. Cyanide can
hydrogen cyanide; 66,493 to sodium cyanide; enter your body through the skin, but this may occur
64,244 to potassium cyanide; 3,215 to potassium only in people who work in cyanide-related
silver cyanide; 3,606 to calcium cyanide; 22,339 to industries without adequate protective gear. You
copper (I) cyanide; and 1,393 to cyanogen chloride. can be exposed to contaminated water, air, or soil at
hazardous waste sites. Once it is in your lungs or
You can be exposed to thiocyanate in the same stomach, cyanide can quickly enter the bloodstream.
ways that you can be exposed to cyanide. Exposure Some of the cyanide is changed to thiocyanate,
to cyanide will expose you to thiocyanate because which is less harmful and leaves the body in the
your body changes toxic cyanide to the much less urine. A small amount of cyanide is converted in
toxic thiocyanate. Many foods (plants, dairy the body to carbon dioxide, which leaves the body
products, meat) contain thiocyanate. People who in the breath. At low levels of exposure to cyanide
work in cyanide-related industries, such as the compounds, most of the cyanide and its products
manufacture of electronic computing equipment, leave the body within the first 24 hours after
commercial printing, photographic processes, exposure. The way cyanide enters and leaves the
hospitals, production of adhesives, and construction body is similar in people and animals.
and furniture manufacture, may be exposed to
thiocyanate. No information is available about the
concentrations of thiocyanate in unpolluted air or 1.5 HOW CAN CYANIDE AFFECT MY
drinking water. We do not know how many people HEALTH?
in the general U.S. population are exposed to
significant amounts of thiocyanate from eating Scientists use many tests to protect the public from
foods that contain thiocyanate. People who smoke harmful effects of toxic chemicals and to find ways
or breathe tobacco smoke in the environment can be for treating persons who have been harmed.
exposed to high levels of thiocyanate. People who
live near hazardous waste sites that contain One way to learn whether a chemical will harm
thiocyanate potentially can be exposed to higher people is to determine how the body absorbs, uses,
amounts of thiocyanate compared with nonsmokers and releases the chemical. For some chemicals,
in the general population. The National animal testing may be necessary. Animal testing
__________________________________________________________________________________________
DEPARTMENT of HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, Public Health Service
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ Telephone: 1-888-422-8737 Fax: 770-488-4178 E-Mail: atsdric@cdc.gov
PUBLIC HEALTH STATEMENT
Cyanide
CAS#: 74-90-8, 143-33-9, 151-50-8, 592-01-8,
544-92-3, 506-61-6, 460-19-5, 506-77-4
Division of Toxicology and Environmental Medicine July 2006
may also help identify health effects such as cancer sores. Workers who breathed in amounts of
or birth defects. Without laboratory animals, hydrogen cyanide as low as 6–10 ppm over a period
scientists would lose a basic method for getting of time developed breathing difficulties, chest pain,
information needed to make wise decisions that vomiting, blood changes, headaches, and
protect public health. Scientists have the enlargement of the thyroid gland.
responsibility to treat research animals with care
and compassion. Scientists must comply with strict Use of cassava roots as a primary food source has
animal care guidelines because laws today protect led to high blood cyanide levels in some people in
the welfare of research animals. tropical countries. Some of them suffered harmful
effects to the nervous system, including weakness
Exposure to small amounts of cyanide can be of the fingers and toes, difficulty walking, dimness
deadly regardless of the route of exposure. The of vision, and deafness, but chemicals other than
severity of the harmful effects depends in part on cyanide also could have contributed to these effects.
the form of cyanide, such as hydrogen cyanide gas Cyanide exposure from cassava was linked to poor
or cyanide salts. Exposure to high levels of cyanide functioning and later enlargement of the thyroid
for a short time harms the brain and heart and can gland; this is because in the body, cyanide is
even cause coma and death. Cyanide produces converted to thiocyanate, which is toxic to the
toxic effects at levels of 0.05 milligrams of cyanide thyroid gland. These effects have not been seen at
per deciliter of blood (mg/dL) or higher, and deaths levels of cyanide usually found in foods in the
have occurred at levels of 0.3 mg/dL and higher (a United States. Cyanide has not been reported to
deciliter equals 100 milliliters). People who directly cause reproductive problems in people.
breathed 546 ppm of hydrogen cyanide have died Harmful effects on the reproductive system
after a 10-minute exposure; 110 ppm of hydrogen occurred in rats and mice that drank water
cyanide was life-threatening after a 1-hour containing sodium cyanide. Other cyanide effects
exposure. People who eat small amounts of cyanide in animal studies were similar to those observed in
compounds in a short time may die unless they people. Cyanide has not been reported to cause
quickly receive antidote therapy. cancer in people or animals. EPA has determined
that cyanide is not classifiable as to its human
Some of the first indications of cyanide poisoning carcinogenicity (ability to cause cancer in humans).
are rapid, deep breathing and shortness of breath,
followed by convulsions (seizures) and loss of Vitamin B12, a natural chemical containing cyanide,
consciousness. These symptoms can occur rapidly, is beneficial to your body because it prevents
depending on the amount eaten. The health effects anemia (iron-poor blood). The cyanide binds in
of large amounts of cyanide are similar, whether vitamin B12 so that it does not serve as a source of
you eat, drink, or breathe it; cyanide uptake into the cyanide exposure and cannot harm you.
body through the skin is slower than these other
types of exposure. Skin contact with hydrogen
cyanide or cyanide salts can irritate and produce
__________________________________________________________________________________________
DEPARTMENT of HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, Public Health Service
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ Telephone: 1-888-422-8737 Fax: 770-488-4178 E-Mail: atsdric@cdc.gov
PUBLIC HEALTH STATEMENT
Cyanide
CAS#: 74-90-8, 143-33-9, 151-50-8, 592-01-8,
544-92-3, 506-61-6, 460-19-5, 506-77-4
Division of Toxicology and Environmental Medicine July 2006
1.6 HOW CAN CYANIDE AFFECT harmful effects on the reproductive system occurred
CHILDREN? in rats and mice that drank water containing sodium
cyanide.
This section discusses potential health effects in
humans from exposures during the period from
conception to maturity at 18 years of age. 1.7 HOW CAN FAMILIES REDUCE THE
RISK OF EXPOSURE TO CYANIDE?
Like adults, children can be exposed to cyanide by
breathing air, drinking water, touching soil or water, If your doctor finds that you have been exposed to
or eating foods that contain cyanide, but the cyanide, ask whether your children might also have
amounts are usually low. Breathing second-hand been exposed. Your doctor might need to ask your
tobacco smoke is a more important source of state health department to investigate.
cyanide exposure for children. Serious exposures
can occur when children accidentally eat certain Families can reduce their exposure to cyanide by
fruit pits, such as apricot kernels, containing a not breathing in tobacco smoke, which is the most
cyanide-releasing substance. A high blood level of common source of cyanide exposure for the general
thiocyanate is a sign of cyanide exposure in population. In the event of a building fire, families
children, as well as adults. If a pregnant mother is should evacuate the building immediately, because
exposed to cyanide, for example, by exposure to smoke from burning plastics contains cyanide (and
tobacco smoke, the fetus will be exposed to both carbon monoxide). Breathing this smoke can lead
cyanide and thiocyanate crossing the placenta. to unconsciousness or death. Cyanide in smoke can
Animal studies show that cyanide and thiocyanate arise from the combustion of certain plastics (e.g.,
can be transferred into milk and pass to nursing polyacryl-amines, polyacrylics, polyurethane, etc.).
baby animals, and suggest that this may also occur
in humans. Compounds that release cyanide are naturally
present in plants. The amounts are usually low in
Effects reported in exposed children are like those the edible portion but are higher in cassava. Pits
seen in exposed adults. Children who ate large and seeds of common fruits, such as apricots,
quantities of apricot pits, which naturally contain apples, and peaches, may have substantial amounts
cyanide as part of complex sugars, had rapid of cyanide-releasing chemicals, so people should
breathing, low blood pressure, headaches, and avoid eating these pits and seeds to prevent
coma, and some died. Cyanide has not been accidental cyanide poisoning. Parents should teach
reported to directly cause birth defects in people. their children not eat fruit pits and seeds. People
However, among people in the tropics who eat should be aware that taking high levels of vitamin C
cassava root, children have been born with thyroid may increase the danger of cyanide poisoning from
disease because of the mothers' exposure to cyanide fruit pits, because more cyanide is released from the
and thiocyanate during pregnancy. Birth defects pits.
occurred in rats that ate cassava root diets, and
__________________________________________________________________________________________
DEPARTMENT of HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, Public Health Service
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ Telephone: 1-888-422-8737 Fax: 770-488-4178 E-Mail: atsdric@cdc.gov
PUBLIC HEALTH STATEMENT
Cyanide
CAS#: 74-90-8, 143-33-9, 151-50-8, 592-01-8,
544-92-3, 506-61-6, 460-19-5, 506-77-4
Division of Toxicology and Environmental Medicine July 2006
Studies have shown that the effects of cyanide are 1.9 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE
worse in humans and animals with poor nutrition. FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO
Diets containing adequate amounts of protein PROTECT HUMAN HEALTH?
should improve recovery from cyanide exposure
incidents. The federal government develops regulations and
recommendations to protect public health.
Regulations can be enforced by law. The EPA, the
1.8 IS THERE A MEDICAL TEST TO Occupational Safety and Health Administration
DETERMINE WHETHER I HAVE BEEN (OSHA), and the Food and Drug Administration
EXPOSED TO CYANIDE? (FDA) are some federal agencies that develop
regulations for toxic substances. Recommendations
Blood and urine levels of cyanide and thiocyanate provide valuable guidelines to protect public health,
can be measured, and small amounts of these but cannot be enforced by law. The Agency for
compounds are always detectable in blood and urine Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)
because of natural processes. After cyanide and the National Institute for Occupational Safety
poisoning, increased blood levels of cyanide and and Health (NIOSH) are two federal organizations
thiocyanate are detectable. Harmful effects can that develop recommendations for toxic substances.
occur when blood levels of cyanide are higher than
0.05 parts per million (ppm), but some effects can Regulations and recommendations can be expressed
occur at lower levels. Tissue levels of cyanide can as “not-to-exceed” levels, that is, levels of a toxic
be measured if cyanide poisoning is suspected. substance in air, water, soil, or food that do not
However, cyanide and thiocyanate are cleared exceed a critical value that is usually based on
rapidly from the body in urine or exhaled breath; for levels that affect animals; they are then adjusted to
that reason, blood measurements are only useful for levels that will help protect humans. Sometimes
detecting recent exposure. A bitter, almond-like these not-to-exceed levels differ among federal
odor in the breath may alert a physician that a organizations because they used different exposure
person was exposed to cyanide, but this is not times (an 8-hour workday or a 24-hour day),
always found. In general, if cyanide exposure is different animal studies, or other factors.
suspected, treatment should be started immediately
without waiting for the results of blood cyanide Recommendations and regulations are also updated
measurements. periodically as more information becomes available.
For the most current information, check with the
federal agency or organization that provides it.
Some regulations and recommendations for cyanide
include the following:
EPA sets regulations for the amount of cyanide
allowed in drinking water. The highest amount
__________________________________________________________________________________________
DEPARTMENT of HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, Public Health Service
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ Telephone: 1-888-422-8737 Fax: 770-488-4178 E-Mail: atsdric@cdc.gov
PUBLIC HEALTH STATEMENT
Cyanide
CAS#: 74-90-8, 143-33-9, 151-50-8, 592-01-8,
544-92-3, 506-61-6, 460-19-5, 506-77-4
Division of Toxicology and Environmental Medicine July 2006
allowed is 200 micrograms of cyanide per liter of ATSDR can also tell you the location of
water (μg/L or 0.2 ppm). EPA also sets limits for occupational and environmental health clinics.
amounts of hydrogen cyanide in stored foods that These clinics specialize in recognizing, evaluating,
have been treated with cyanide to control pests. and treating illnesses that result from exposure to
The maximum amount allowed on citrus fruits is hazardous substances.
50 ppm. EPA also requires industries to report
spills of 1 pound or more of potassium silver Toxicological profiles are also available on-line at
cyanide and 10 pounds or more of hydrogen www.atsdr.cdc.gov and on CD-ROM. You may
cyanide, potassium cyanide, sodium cyanide, request a copy of the ATSDR ToxProfilesTM CD
calcium cyanide, or copper cyanide. ROM by calling the toll-free information and
technical assistance number at 1-888-42ATSDR
OSHA sets levels of cyanide that are allowable in (1-888-422-8737), by e-mail at atsdric@cdc.gov, or
workplace air. The permissible exposure limit for by writing to:
hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and most cyanide salts is
10 ppm or 11 milligrams of cyanide per cubic meter Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
of air (mg/m3) averaged over an 8-hour workday Division of Toxicology and Environmental
and 40-hour workweek. NIOSH sets guidelines Medicine
(recommended exposure limits or RELs) for 1600 Clifton Road NE
chemicals in workplace air. The short-term REL Mailstop F-32
for hydrogen cyanide is 4.7 ppm or 5 mg/m3, Atlanta, GA 30333
averaged over 15 minutes and not to be exceeded at Fax: 1-770-488-4178
any time in the workday. There is a 10-minute
ceiling limit for most cyanide salts of 4.7 ppm or Organizations for-profit may request copies of final
5 mg/m3. NIOSH also determines levels that are Toxicological Profiles from the following:
immediately dangerous to life and health (IDLH) if
a worker is exposed for more than half an hour. National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
IDLH levels are 50 ppm for hydrogen cyanide or 5285 Port Royal Road
25 mg/m3 as cyanide for most cyanide salts. Springfield, VA 22161
Phone: 1-800-553-6847 or 1-703-605-6000
Web site: http://www.ntis.gov/
1.10 WHERE CAN I GET MORE
INFORMATION?
If you have any more questions or concerns, please
contact your community or state health or
environmental quality department, or contact
ATSDR at the address and phone number below.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
DEPARTMENT of HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, Public Health Service
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ Telephone: 1-888-422-8737 Fax: 770-488-4178 E-Mail: atsdric@cdc.gov
