STUDENT PROGRESS CHART

After you finish an exercise and check your work with your teacher, count the
number of questions you answered correctly. This is your score. Write that
number in the column marked "Your Score" in the chart below. Compare your
scores to the other scores to see how well you did (Excellent, Very Good, or
Good). If your score is the same or below the Minimum score, put a check mark
in the "Need More Practice" column. Go back and review the problems in that
exercise that you answered incorrectly. You may need more instruction or
practice in that area to make sure you've really got the hang of itl

Exercise Name ,Your-:Sc,o~e-'! Excellent i_,ye-ty~-Good Good; Minimum Need More

,
•. -
, Score Practice
1 : End Punctuation 17 16 15 14
2 Quotation Marks , , 14 12
'-' - :
@! ; Commas in a Series 19 17
4 Commas After Introductory" ; 18 :, --'-7-;' 16 ,15
! .
: Elements
5 ,. Commas with Conjunctions 20 17 16
- Commas in Sentences with 18 17 16 15
: Dependent Clauses
7 : Commas with Dates 17 15 14
- and Addresses
8 _Avoiding Overuse 17 15 14
- of Commas
.9 Apostrophes in Contractions~' 15 14 13
10' . Apostrophes in Possessives 15 , "
14 13 12
'·1 . Colons 15 14 13 12
12 Semicolons 14 --_.- ~ 13 12
13 ; Dashes and Hyphens 13 --~. 12 11
--
! Parentheses 18 17 . 16 15
; Capitalization ._"" . ,. ." 20 17 16
1 Capitalizing Titles of People ': ,-':.- '-. ': 12 11 10
; and Addresses '. >,'

17 Capitalizing Proper 19 17 16
: Adjectives : :
18 . Capitalizing Titles of Works 14 13 12
: Italics 17 --16 15 14
TABLE OF CONTENTS
....... ~~.. f1I!!I!t!J_ __ _ __ , , _.~
_ .. _, .. ~ - c-

Pre-test ....................................................................... 2
1 End Punctuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................... 4
2 Quotation Marks ............................................................ 6
3 Commas in a Series .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................... 8
4 Commas After Introductory Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................... 10
5 Commas with Conjunctions ................................................... 12
6 Commas in Sentences with Dependent Clauses ..................................... 14
7 Commas with Dates and Addresses .............................................. 16
8 Avoiding Overuse of Commas .................................................. 18
9 Apostrophes in Contractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................... 20
10 Apostrophes in Possessives ................................. ................... 22
11 Colons.............................................................. ...... 24
12 Semicolons ................................................................ 26
13 Dashes and Hyphens ......................................................... 28
14 Parentheses ................................................................ 30
15 Capitalization .............................................................. 32
16 Capitalizing Titles of People and Addresses ........................................ 34
17 Capitalizing Proper Adjectives .................................................. 36
18 Capitalizing Titles of Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................... 38
19 Italics ..................................................................... 40
Post Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................... 42

Reviewer

Sandra R. Evans
Teacher of English/Language Arts
ABC Unified School District
Lakewood, California

Editors: Monica Glina, Renee Beach, Stephanie Cahill, Phyllis Dunsay, Douglas Falk, Jennifer McCarthy
Editorial Assistants: Marilyn Bashoff, Patrice Moncrieff
Designers: Joan Jacobus, Evelyn Bauer, Jennifer Visco
Editorial Development: Pencil Point Studio
Production Editors: Suzanne Keezer, Mark Andreotti

Copyright © 1999 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Globe Fearon®, an imprint of Pearson Learning
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ISBN 0-130-23257-2
Printed in the United States of America
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Pearson Learning Group www.pearsonlearning.com
Pre-test
--"~

The following pre-test will help you determine where you need further
practice in Punctuation. Take the test in one sitting, answering every question.
If you need more practice on any topics, turn to the Exercises listed.

For more practice,

Write the end punctuation mark for each sentence.
go to Exercise:
1. Wow, you nearly hit that car _ _ __ _1

2. Is Tina going to the movies with you _ _ __ 1

3. Carlos has searched the apartment for his car keys _ _ __ ,1

Place quotation marks where needed in each sentence.

4. The officer announced, No one can leave before I write my report. 2
t(
5:' We are closing early today, said the supervisor.

Place commas where needed in each sentence.

6. Teah answered the telephone typed a report and delivered the maiL

7. However· I believe that Zack is the best candidate for office.

,5
8. The electricity has gone out but I am sure it will be fixed shortly.

9. Emily.who used to live next door will be visiting me today.

10. On October 29 1990 I moved to Texas.

Underline the correct word in parentheses for each sentence.

~9
11. (Whose, Who's) the owner of the yellow car?
;-9
12. The employees are holding (they're, their) meeting this afternoon.

13. My (doctor's, doctors') office is on Elm Street. 10

14. Due to many (customer's, customers') complaints, the market , 10

lowered some prices.

2 P,e~test
 , . _ _ _..... _._ ~.~-.~ ... _.. _- -- i.#e¥ri ~_ '* ...

Items 15 through 19 refer to the following paragraph.

(1) Joan and Pedro, hope to change their break time. (2) Currently,
they take their break at 1030. (3) They agree that this time should be
changed. (4) Joan wants to take her break at 10:15 Pedro wants to take his
break at 11:00. (5) Even though they are both self employed, they want to
follow the same schedule. (6) i really don't know, or particularly care, how
they resolve this issue.
15. What correction is needed in Sentence I? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 8

16. Where should a colon be placed in Sentence 2? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 11-

17. Where should a semicolon be placed in Sentence 4? _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 12

18. Where should a hyphen be placed in Sentence 5? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 13

19. What correction is needed in Sentence 6? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 15

Put parentheses where needed in each sentence.

20. My cat a blue Siamese is a show winner. 14

21. The tools of my trade hammer, screwdriver, and pliers are 14

always with me.

Underline the word or words in each sentence that should be capitalized.

22. The division of motor vehicles is located at 255 maple ~venue. 1t?
23. My uncle jim's neighbor is doctor flynn. : 16.

24. Mr. Williams sells ~frican cloth in his shop. 17

25. Did you read the article, "tribute to a special lady/, in today's ,18

edition of the new york times?

Underline the words that should be italicized.

26. Have you seen the play The Phantom of the Opera? : 19

27. Sal recently read the book Angela's Ashes. 19

Pre-fest 3
 End punctuation is the punctuation that completes a sentence. Use a period at
the end of a declarative sentence. A declarative sentence makes a statement.
It is very hot today~ The flowers are in bloom.!.

Use a period at the end of an imperative sentence. An imperative sentence gives a

command or request.
Close the door.!. Follow me, please,.!.

Use a question mark at the end of a sentence that asks a direct question.
Use an exclamation point at the end of an exclamatory sentence.
An exclamatory sentence shows great emotion or alarm.
Have you seen Jessical Why are you asking me so many questionsl
I just saw a burglaryl Call the fire departmentl

Write the end punctuation mark at the end of each sentence.

1. Do you want to be a lab technician - -

2 .. I gave the book back to Mark

3. Pull your car over immediately

4. A cry for help was heard down the street __

5. Wow, you had a great idea for that project __

6. Send this information to our customers __

7. The training sessions begin next week __

8. I really need new tires

9. Are you planning to review the latest reports __

10. Have you worked here very long

11. Dionne is an usher at the new theater

4
Directions: Choose the one best answer to 14. Sentence 3: I heard someone yell loudly
each item. Circle the number of the correct for help.
answer.
How can this sentence be corrected?
(1) Change the period to a
Items 12 through 17 refer to the following question mark.
paragraph. (2) Insert an exclamation point after yell.
(3) Insert a comma after yell.
(1) It was a sultry night, and the air was
(4) Change the period to an exclamation
thick as soup (2) Suddenly, a bolt of lightning
pOint.
criss-crossed its way through the sky?
(S) No correction should be made to
(3) I heard someone yell loudly for help.
this sentence.
(4) Had something terrible happened!
(5) The lightning had started a brush fire, and
15. Sentence 4: Had something terrible
there still was no rain to put it out. (6) I ran
happened!
to the telephone to alert the fire department.
(7) There was not a minute to waste! How can this sentence be corrected?
(1) Change the exclamation point to a
question mark.
12. Sentence 1: It was a sultry night, and the
(2) Insert an exclamation point
air was thick as soup
after terrible.
This sentence should end with: (3) Change the exclamation point to
a period.
(1) a question mark
(4) It does not need end punctuation.
(2) a period
(5) none of the above
(3) a comma
(4) an exclamation point
16. Sentence 5: The lightning had started a
(5) It needs no punctuation.
brush fire J and there still was no rain to
put it out.
13. Sentence 2: Suddenly, a bolt of lightning
criss-crossed its way through the sky? Why does this sentence end with a period?
What correction should be made to this (1) It does not ask a question.
sentence? (2) It does not show strong emotion.
(3) It is not a command.
(1) Change the comma to an
(4) It makes a statement.
exclamation point.
(5) all of the above
(2) Insert an exclamation point after
lightning.
17. Sentence 7: There was not a minute
(3) Change the question mark to
to waste!
a period.
(4) Change the comma to a period. Why does this sentence end with an
(5) No correction should be made to exclamation point?
this sentence.
(1) It contains a command.
(2) It contains a request.
(3) It shows strong emotion.
(4) all of the above
(5) none of the above

s
 Quotation marks (") show the exact words of a speaker.
George said, "I'm not sure about my ability."

Use a set around one or more sentences spoken by one person.

"Bailey got into cooking school. I knew he would," said his brother.

Use single quotes (') around quotes within a quote and double quotes around
the whole quote.
"Then Bill said. 'I can't come to the meeting' when he was asked,"
Marla repeated.

Place all punctuation marks inside the last quotation mark. Put a question
mark or an exclamation point outside if the entire sentence is a question or
an exclamation,
Jackie asked, "Did I say that?" Did she say, "I lost fifty pounds"?

Place missing quotation marks where they are needed in each sentence.

1. Philip asked, Where did I put that wrench?

2. David's article is in today's paper, said Helen.

3. Ashley's answer was, That's impossible, said Montana.

4. Do you know how to plan a nutritious meal? asked Maria.

s. Could you tell me, asked Benito, where you bought this CD player?
6. Barbara replied, Here they are!

7. Anton asked, Are you sure you can lift those boxes?

8. His answer was, No, I can't go today, said Edith.

9. Did your supervisor say, You just got a raise?

10. The X-rays do not show any broken bones, said the technician.

6
Directions: Choose the one best answer to 12. Sentence 3: Tina, Mrs. Walker said, I
each item. Circle the number of the correct wanted to meet with you to discuss a
answer. job change.
Where are quotation marks needed in this
sentence?
Items 11 through 14 refer to the following
paragraph. (1) before Tina and after change
(2) before and after Tina; before II and
(1) On Tuesday, Mrs. Walker said to Tina,
after change
please come to my office at 3:00 this afternoon.
(3) before Mrs. Walker and after said
(2) At 3:00, Tina nervously entered Mrs.
(4) before Tina, before Mrs. Walker, before
Walker's office. (3) Tina Mrs. Walker said I
I, and after change
wanted to meet with you to discuss a job
(5) before Mrs. Walker, before L after you,
change. (4) "What kind of change? Tina
and after change
asked." (5) IIWell,1I Mrs. Walker continued,
your work is good and I like your positive
13. Sentence 4: "What kind of change?
attitude. (6) Would you be interested in
Tina asked.1}
training the new file clerks? (7) Tina
exclaimed, IIThank you, Mrs. Walker. I am Why is this sentence incorrect?
happy to have this opportunity. II
(1) The quotation mark before What is
not needed.
(2) There should be quotes around
11. Sentence 1: On Tuesday, Mrs. Walker
Tina asked.
said to Tina, please come to my office at
(3) There should be quotes around What
3:00 this afternoon.
kind of change?
How should this sentence be corrected? (4) There should be another quotation
mark after change.
(1) (IOn Tuesda~ Mrs. Walker said to
(5) This sentence does not need
Tina, please come to my office at
quotation marks.
3:00 this afternoon.
JI

(2) On Tuesday, Mrs. Walker said to

14. Sentence 5: "Well," Mrs. Walker
Tina, Please come to my office at
/I
continued, your work is good and I like
3:00 this afternoon.
/I
your positive attitude.
(3) On Tuesda~ Mrs. Walker "said to
Tina," please come to my office at How should the underlined part of this
3:00 this afternoon. sentence be corrected?
(4) liOn Tuesda~ Mrs. Walker said to
/I
(1) your work is good and /II like your
Tina, "please come to my office at
positive attitude."
3:00 this afternoon.
IJ
(2) "your work is good and I like your
(5) "On Tuesday, Mrs. Walker said to
/I
positive attitude."
Tina, please come to my office at
(3) "your work is good" and lUke your
3:00 this afternoon.'1
positive attitude.
(4) "your work" is good and llike your
"positive attitude. II
(5) It is correct as shown.

7
 Commas are used to separate three or more items in a series.
Cards. stationery. and newspapers were available at that store.
The assistant answers the telephone, makes reservations. and files reports.

Do not use commas between an adjective and a noun when the adjective
describes the noun.
Incorrect: We had breakfast in the warm, kitchen.
Correct: We had breakfast in the warm kitchen.

Read the following sentences. Add commas if needed. Some sentences are correct.

1. John Ringo Paul and George were the first names of the Beatles.

2. Have you ever met Cheryl Dale or Barbara?

3. My new car has a small engine.

4. She jogged down the road through the park and across the field.

5. Aaron Sheila and Barry all sell used cars.

6. Eggs butter and milk are used in this recipe.

7. I like the dark red roses.

8. Khan will sleep whenever he can wherever he can and however he can!

9. Just olive oil vinegar and spices will make a good salad dressing.

10. My boss is a very kind person.

11. The new wallpaper is bright yellow.

12. We drove to the country ate breakfast at a quaint inn and shopped at the local stores.

13. The receptionist answers the phone types letters and files reports.

14. Juan mowed the lawn edged the sidewalk and trimmed the shrubs.

8
Directions: Choose the one best answer to 17. Sentence 3: Some people make a good
each item. Circle the number of the correct pie crust by simply mixing flour, water}
answer. and salt.
How should this sentence be corrected?
Items 15 through 19 refer to the following (1) Insert a comma after Some.
paragraph. (2) Take the comma out after flour.
(3) Take the comma out after water.
(1) The students at the baking institute
(4) Take out all commas.
are collecting pie crust recipes from friends
(5) It is correct as shown.
relatives and cookbooks. (2) Everyone who
bakes has a favorite recipe for pie crust tart
18. Sentence 4: Some bakers say that for a
shells and special desserts. (3) Some people
flakier crust you need flour, ice-cold
make a good pie crust by simply mixing flour,
water salt, and lard.
water, and salt. (4) Some bakers say that for
a flakier crust you need flour, ice~cold water How should this sentence be corrected?
salt, and lard. (5) Everyone agrees that
(1) Insert a comma after water.
for a healthier recipe, you should avoid
(2) Insert a comma after say.
butter and lard.
(3) Insert a comma after say and crust.
(4) Insert a comma after crust.
(5) It is correct as shown.
15. Sentence 1: The students at the baking
institute are collecting pie crust recipes
19. Sentence 5: Everyone agrees that for a
from friends relatives and cookbooks.
healthier recipe, you should avoid
How should this sentence be corrected? butter and lard.
(1) Insert a comma before at and How should this sentence be corrected?
after institute.
(1) Insert a comma after Everyone and
(2) Insert a comma after collecting
before should.
and friends.
(2) Insert a comma before recipe and
(3) Insert a comma before and after
after butter.
relatives.
(3) Insert a comma after you.
(4) Insert a comma before at, after
(4) Insert a comma after for and
institute, and after recipes.
before avoid.
(5) It is correct as shown.
(5) It is correct as shown.
16. Sentence 2: Everyone who bakes has a
favorite recipe for pie crust tart shells
and special desserts.
How should this sentence be corrected?
(1) Insert a comma after Everyone.
(2) Insert a comma after Everyone
and recipe.
(3) Insert a comma after recipe and crust.
(4) Insert a comma after crust and shells.
(5) It is correct as shown.

9
 Commas are used after introductory words such as yes, oh, or however:.
Ho~ever. I really don't want to go. Oh, did she really say that?

Use a comma after an introductory phrase.

If you can. please bring the Bergen case file.
On the other hand. this is not enough information.

Commas are also used in direct address when a person's name is said.
John. did you call me?

Place commas where they are needed in each sentence.

1. George I never thought they would take me seriously.

2. Helen did you see the paper today?

3. By the way there are ice cubes in the freezer.

4. Oh I certainly didn't see that coming.

5. If you must know my client is pleading innocent.

6. Yes I did get your e-mail.

7. Samantha your presentation is impressive!

Cross out any incorrect commas in each sentence.

8. Jerry, can you fix, my car this weekend?

9. Looking through the window, Mrs. Young, saw her daughter coming toward the door.

10. When you can, put this folder, on Mark's desk.

11. Dianne, will you be selling your crafts, at the flea market, this weekend?

12. Oh, I forgot to bring, the car keys.

10
Directions: Choose the one best answer to 15. Sentence 3: "No I left it at work," Dave
each item. Circle the number of the correct replied.
answer.
How should the underlined part of this
sentence be corrected?
Items 13 through 18 refer to the following (1) "No L left it at work/'
paragraph. (2) No, I left it, at work,
II II

(3) UNo, I left it at work,"

(1) "Dave itJs going to take a lot of work to
(4) "No I left it, at work,l)
put this sales meeting together," Bonnie said to
(5) It is correct as shown.
her co-worker. (2) "By the way do you have
the hotel reservation list?JJ she asked. (3) "No I
16. Sentence 4: Looking hopeless Dave
left it at work," Dave replied. (4) Looking
asked, "How can we do this without
hopeless Dave asked, "How can we do this the list?J}
without the list?" (5) Bonnie said, IIListen I
think we can remember most of the people. 11 Where should a second comma be placed
(6) "Dh boy/, Dave moaned, uThis is going to in this sentence?
be really difficult."
(1) after Looking
(2) after hopeless
(3) after Dave
13. Sentence 1: "Dave it's going to take a
(4) after How
lot of work to put this sales meeting
(5) The sentence is correct.
together, 11 Bonnie said to her co-worker.
How should the underlined part of this 17. Sentence 5: Bonnie said, "Listen I think
sentence be corrected? we can remember most of the people. II
(1) Insert a comma after Dave and put. Where should a second comma be placed
(2) Insert a comma after Dave. in this sentence?
(3) Insert a comma after work.
(1) Insert a comma Listen.
(4) Take out the comma after together.
(2) Insert a comma after think.
(5) It is correct as shown.
(3) Insert a comma after remember.
(4) Insert a comma after most.
14. Sentence 2: "By the way do you have the
(5) The sentence is correct.
hotel reservation list?" she asked.
Where is a comma needed in this 18. Sentence 6: "Oh boy," Dave moaned,
sentence? "This is going to be really difficult."
(1) after By Where should commas be placed in this
(2) after reservation sentence?
(3) after you
(1) after Oh
(4) after way
(2) after be
(5) The sentence is correct.
(3) after This
(4) after Oh and is
(5) The sentence is correct.

11
 Commas are used before the coordinating conjunctions and ot; and but when
l

two complete thoughts are joined in a compound sentence.

Dereck will get the bucket, and I will mix the plaster.
Allison wants the job, but she is not happy with the commute.

Place commas where they are needed in each sentence.

1. I haven/t seen Alonso but he is coming isn't he?

2. We can pay the full bill or we can leave a down payment.

3. She will not participate and she will not be attending the seminar.

4. I might go to Bermuda or I might go to Aruba.

5 . Brenda will move the furniture and I will paint the room.

6. Phil is our manager and I am the assistant manager.

7. Salvatore will work in customer service this week but he usually works in the warehouse.

8. Would you like to eat in the company cafeteria or did you bring something from home?

9. The TV doesn't work properly but I am sure the service technician can fix it.

10. Jerry works in the community center during the day and he attends school at night.

Cross out the incorrect commas in each sentence.

11. I can buy a car to get to work, or, I can try to find a job closer to home.

12. My group, will type the labels, and, your group can stack the folders.

13. Did you want to buy this set of dishes, or do you want, to go somewhere else?

14. Larry, is a mechanic on a cruise ship, and Dana is a mechanic on a train.

12
Directions: Choose the one best answer to 17. Sentence 3: The telephone and the
each item. Circle the number of the correct electricity should be turned off the
answer. following day.
How should this sentence be corrected?
Items 15 through 20 refer to the following (1) Insert a comma after electricity.
paragraph. (2) Insert a comma after telephone.
(3) Insert a comma after telephone
(1) Moving day is very tiring but it can be
and electricity.
made easy by planning ahead. (2) Schedule
(4) Insert a comma after should.
the movers to arrive at eleven, and schedule,
(5) The sentence is correct.
the clean-up crew to arrive at noon. (3) The
telephone and the electricity should be turned
18. Sentence 4: Put all your clothes} and
off the follOwing day. (4) Put all your clothes,
personal items in strong boxes.
and personal items in strong boxes. (5) Pack
the kitchen supplies the night before you Why is this sentence incorrect?
move but keep enough food in the refrigerator
(1) The comma should be taken out.
for a quick lunch. (6) Mark all the boxes
(2) The comma does not separate two
clearly or you won't be able to find anything
complete thoughts.
when you get to your new apartment.
(3) Both (1) and (2)
(4) A comma should follow items.
(5) A comma should follow strong.
15. Sentence 1: Moving day is very tiring but
it can be made easy by planning ahead.
19. Sentence 5; Pack the kitchen supplies the
How can this sentence be corrected? night before you move but keep enough
food in the refrigerator for a quick
(1) Insert a comma after day.
lunch.
(2) Insert a comma after tiring.
(3) Insert a comma after but. Where should the comma be placed in
(4) Insert a comma after easy. this sentence?
(5) No corrections are needed.
(1) before supplies
(2) before you
16. Sentence 2: Schedule the movers to
(3) before but
arrive at eleven, and schedule, the
(4) before for
clean-up crew to arrive at noon.
(5) The sentence is correct.
How can this sentence be corrected?
20. Sentence 6: Mark all the boxes clearly or
(1) Take out the comma after eleven.
you won't be able to find anything
(2) Insert a comma after movers.
when you get to your new apartment.
(3) Insert a comma after crew.
e4) Take out the comma after schedule. How many commas are needed?
(5) No corrections are needed.
(1) none
(2) one
(3) two
(4) three
(5) four

13
 Commas in Sentences with
Dependent Clauses

Use commas around a dependent clause beginning with who or which in

a sentence. Dependent clauses beginning with who or which usually add
information that is not important to the meaning of a sentence.
Bob, who finally found a good job, will move his family to Alaska.
Alaska, which is the largest state in the union, has one of the
lowest populations.

Write commas around the dependent clause in each sentence.

1. This red car which just parked next to me has out-of-state license plates.

2. Eva who recently won acclaim for her voice is singing tonight with the jazz band.

3. Martha who worked with me was promoted last week.

4. The auto body shop which is next to the gas station where I work is always very busy.

5. This magazine which is published four times a year has wonderful information on careers.

6. Carmella who is my second cousin is a dental assistant.

7. The joke which was very silly made everyone laugh hysterically.

8. That dictionary which I often use for reference is very old.

Cross out the incorrect commas in each sentence.

9. Sharon, who, just completed the computer training, works in the same office as Randall.

10. Florida, which, has many tourist, attractions, is a popular state.

11. The, meeting, which started .L.L.L''-,-,-.L.L minutes late, addressed important, housing issues.

12. Tom, who worked with me, at the factory, will join the Air Force this summer.

13. This cookbook, which belonged, to my mother, has wonderful bread recipes.

14
Directions: Choose the one best answer to 16. Sentence 3: Most of the planned
each item. Circle the number of the correct vacations, which are not that expensive,
answer. are usually island cruises.
What is the dependent clause in
this sentence?
Items 14 through 18 refer to the following
paragraph. (1) Most of the planned
(2) are usually island cruises
(1) Renee, who is my best friend, is a travel
(3) which are not that expensive
agent. (2) During the summer which is her
(4) not that expensive
busiest season Renee helps people plan
(5) none of the above
exciting vacations. (3) Most of the planned
vacations, which are not that expensive, are
17. Sentence 4: This January, Renee who
usually island cruises. (4) This January, Renee
doesn}t get to travel much is going to
who doesn't get to travel much is going to
Australia.
Australia. (5) A visit to Australia, which offers
a great variety of tourist sights, has always Where should commas be placed in
been my dream. (6) I would like to go with this sentence?
Renee because she is knowledgeable and likes
(1) after who and before is
great vacation places.
(2) after January and before much
(3) after Renee and before is
(4) after Renee and before doesn't
14. Sentence 1: Renee, who is my best
(5) after January and before is
friend, is a travel agent.
How should this sentence be corrected? 18. Sentence 5: A visit to Australia, which
offers a great variety of tourist sights,
(1) Take out the comma after friend.
has always been my dream.
(2) Insert a comma after who.
(3) Take out the comma after Renee. What is the dependent clause in
(4) Insert a comma after travel. this sentence?
(5) No correction is needed.
(1) A visit to
(2) has always been my dream
15. Sentence 2: During the summer which is
(3) offers a great variety of
her busiest season Renee helps people
(4) which offers a great variety of tourist
plan exciting vacations.
sights
How should this sentence be corrected? (5) none of the above
(1) Insert a comma after Renee and
after plan.
(2) Insert a comma after which and plan.
(3) Insert a comma after summer and
before Renee.
(4) Insert a comma after Renee.
(5) The sentence does not need to
be corrected.

is
 Use a comma to separate different parts of a date.
My brother was born on Tuesday. January 16, 1951, in California.
I will go on vacation on Saturday. July 28. if possiblel
He moved in October. 1993.

Use a comma to separate different parts of an address. A comma is used

after the street, after the city or town l and after the state.
My address is now 435 Banyan Street. West Palm Beach, Florida. 30437.

Place commas where they are needed in each sentence.

1. I celebrated 25 years as an employee at the factory on May 10 1968.

2. MyoId address was 4 Sunview Avenue Jupiter Florida.

3. I will be moving to 63 Dumfries Avenue Houston Texas.

4. Kyle lives at 601 Tenth Avenue New York City.

S. On February 26 1960 I graduated from the computer training program.

6. We will spend our vacation in Seattle Washington.

7. I work at a cafe in Flemington New Jersey.

8. Did Stan get that new apartment on Whitney Avenue in Elmhurst New York?

9. Dick will be living at 5 Foxfire Drive Atlanta Georgia at the end of August.

10. Our first child Jim was born on July 10 1957.

Cross out the incorrect commas in each sentence.

11. I hear that, Phoenix, Arizona, is a great place, to vacation.

12. Send the thank you card! to} 82 View Drive, Colorado Springs, Colorado, 80910.

16
Directions: Choose the one best answer to 15. Sentence 3: "I have Mr. johnsonJs
each item. Circle the number of the correct address as Apt. 0-15 300 Rt. 12
answer. johnstown Pennsylvania," I answered.
Where are commas needed in this
sentence?
Items 13 through 17 refer to the following
paragraph. (1) after Apt. 0-15
(2) after Rt. 12
(1) It was already July 5 J and we hadn't
(3) after Johnstown
filled the supervisor's position. (2) "Margot J
(4) all of the above
did you send that application to Mr. Johnson
(5) none of the above
at 15 Nyma Way Pittsburgh Pennsylvania, or
did you send it to his Johnstown address?"
16. Sentence 4: "That may be why he didnJt
asked my boss. (3) "I have Mr. Johnson's
answer by july 1 as requested in the
address as Apt. 0-15 300 Rt. 12 Johnstown
cover letterJ" my boss said.
Pennsylvania/' I answered. (4) "That may be
why he didn't answer by July 1 as requested Where are commas needed in this
in the cover letter, /I my boss said. sentence?
(5) Immediately, I said, "I'll send another letter
(1) after didnt and answer
to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, right away.1I
(2) after July and 1
(3) after by and July
(4) after July 1
13. Sentence 1: It was already July 51 and we
(5) It is correct.
hadn't filled the supervisor's position.
How should the date be corrected? 17. Sentence 5: Immediately} I saidJ "I'll
send another letter to Pittsburgh,
(1) July, 5,
Pennsylvania. right away."
(2) July 5
(3) July, 5 How should the underlined part of this
(4) already, July 5, sentence be corrected?
(5) It is correct and needs no commas.
(1) Take out the comma after Pittsburgh.
(2) Insert a comma after send.
14. Sentence 2: "MargotJ did you send that
(3) Insert a comma after letter.
application to Mr. Johnson at 15 Nyma
(4) Insert a comma after another.
Way Pittsburgh Pennsylvania, or did
(5) The sentence is correct.
you send it to his Johnstown address?"
asked my boss.
Where are commas needed in this
sentence?
(1) after 15 and after Way
(2) after Nyma and after Pittsburgh
(3) after Way and after Pittsburgh
(4) after 15, after WaYt and after
Pittsburgh
(5) It is correct and needs no commas.

17
 Do not use a comma alone to connect two complete ideas. Use a comma
and coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or or.
Incorrect: At the restaurant Gail waits tables, she runs the cash register.
Correct: At the restaurant Gail waits tables and she runs the cash register.
J

Do not use commas with dependent clauses that contain information important
in understanding a sentence. When a dependent clause begins .with that, the
information is always important in a sentence.
Anita wants a job that has good benefits.
The clause that has good benefits describes what Anita is looking for in a job.
This information is important to the meaning of the sentence.

Correct the following sentences by crossing out commas used incorrectly.

1. Mrs. Gomez likes her job, butJ she does not like the long commute.

2. Allison could rent the apartment on Duval Street, or sheJ could rent the larger one
on Marsh Place.

3. Roberto and Juan, recently returned the tools that they borrowed last week

4. Mrs. Ansell will use the large conference, room, and she will need it tomorrow at noon.

5. Jorge, delivered the boxes, that we desperately needed to fill orders.

6. The warehouse on Maine Street has job openings, but, you need to apply by Thursday.

7. Mrs. Perez reads magazines, that have articles, for working mothers.

8. Some of the employees at Hill Hospital went on strike, but, they soon returned to work.

9. Here, is the manual J that will help you learn to use the new telephone.

10. Monday we biked to the mountains, and, we will camp there until, Friday.

11. The reports need to be stapled, and distributed by the end, of the day.

12. Juanita, who, has worked here five years is, the new office manager

18
Directions: Choose the one best answer to 15. Sentence 4: Huge dark clouds that
each item. Circle the number of the correct promised a mighty storm rolled in.
answer.
How should this sentence be corrected?
(1) Insert a comma after Huge.
Items 13 through 17 refer to the following (2) Insert a comma after clouds.
paragraph. (3) Insert a comma after storm.
(4) Insert a comma after that.
(1) I remember last year's winter storm well.
(5) The sentence is correct.
(2) Two days earlier, I was in, an accident, that
dented my brand new car. (3) The day started
16. Sentence 5: I was on the road home, and
out cold and clear, I was looking forward to
hailstones started pelting my car.
getting my car from the body shop. (4) Huge
dark clouds that promised a mighty storm rolled Why is and used in this sentence?
in. (5) I was on the road home, and hailstones
(1) There are two dependent clauses.
started pelting my car. (6) liThe hail is the size
(2) It connects a dependent and
of golf balis, and my car is brand new!" I
independent clause.
exclaimed.
(3) It connects two complete thoughts.
(4) It explains one clause.
(5 ) It connects hailstones and car.
13. Sentence 2: Two days earlier, I was in, an
accident, that dented my brand new car.
17. Sentence 6: "The hail is the size of golf
Where is the misplaced comma? balls, and my car is brand new!" I
exclaimed.
(1) between earlier and I
(2) between accident and that What is wrong with this sentence?
(3) between in and an
(1) There is no need for a comma in
(4) both 2 and 3
this sentence.
(5) all of the above
(2) There should be a comma after hail.
(3) There should be a comma before 1.
14. Sentence 3: The day started out cold and
(4) There should be a comma after size.
clear, I was looking forward to getting
(5) The sentence is correct.
my car from the body shop.
How should this sentence be corrected?
(1) The day started out cold and clear, and I
was looking forward to getting my car
from the body shop.
(2) The day started out, cold and clear, I
was looking forward to getting my car
from the body shop.
(3) The day started out cold and clear, I was
looking forward to getting my car, from
the body shop.
(4) The day, started out cold and clear, I
was looking forward to getting my car
from the body shop.
(5) The sentence is correct.

19
 Use an apostrophe (") to show missing letters in a contraction. Contractions
combine two words and leave out some letters. Here are some examples
of contractions.
isn't (is not) wasn't (was not)
we're (we are) what's (what is)

Do not get confused by possessive pronouns and contractions.

Who's is a contraction for Who is.
They're is a contraction for They are.
It's is a contraction for l:t is.
Whose, their and its are possessive pronouns.
1

Whose hat is that?

Their door is open.
The dog dropped its bone.

Write apostrophes where they are needed in each sentence.

1. Theyve taken our suitcases to the baggage claim area.

2. Youre scheduled to begin work at ten o'clock.

3. Its eleven oj clock, and Jake is still making deliveries.

4. Your cat hasnt eaten its food or even drunk its water.

5. Whos going to answer the telephone during lunch hour?

6. Youre the one who always finds solutions to problems.

7. If they had extra moneYJ they wouldnt have to use that old camera.

8. New employees cant begin work without attending the training sessions.

9. Didnt you deliver the package yesterday?

10. If Anna doesn't finish tonight, well processs the order tomorrow.

20
Directions: Choose the one best answer to 12. Sentence 3: IIput you're 'closed' sign up
each item. Circle the number of the correct so people won't get on your line,"
answer. Maggie said.
How should these sentences be corrected?
Items 11 through 15 refer to the following (1) "Put youre 'closed'sign up so people
paragraphs. won t get on your line,)1 Maggie said.
(2) "Put you Ire 'closed' sign up so people
(1) "I cant go to lunch yet, Maggie.
wont get on your line,)} Maggie said.
(2) I know it's almost 12 o'clock, but the line is
(3) "put your 'closed'sign up so people
too long at my window, II Sue said.
won't get on your line) 'I Maggie said.
(3) "put you're I closed' sign up so people
(4) "Put your 'closed) sign up so people
won't get on your line," Maggie said.
won't get on you're line} I' Maggie said.
(4) "Thats all right, I'll wait a little longer."
(5) The sentence is correct.
(5) "Maybe its better if I bring you
something back?" Maggie asked.
13. Sentence 4: "Thats all right, I'll wait a
(6) "Not really," Sue answered. (7) /lId like
little longer. JJ
to go out to lunch with you, but whose going
to take care of my customers?" How should this sentence be corrected?
(8) They both agreed that they would wait
(1) Change Thats to That's.
until the line was shorter, put up the sign, and
(2) Change Pll to fll.
then go to lunch.
(3) Change all right to arright.
(4) all of the above
(5) No corrections need to be made.
11. Sentences 1 and 2: "I cant go to lunch
yet, Maggie. I know it's almost 12
14. Sentence 5: "Maybe its better if I bring
o'clock, but the line is too long at my
you something back?" Maggie asked.
window, JI Sue said.
How should this sentence be corrected?
How should these sentences be corrected?
(1) Change I to I'd.
(1) Add an apostrophe to the word cant.
(2) Change you to youJd.
(2) Add an apostrophe after the word is.
(3) Change its to it's.
(3) Take out the apostrophe in it's.
(4) Change its to its'.
(4) both 1 and 2
(5) both 1 and 2 are correct.
(5) No corrections need to be made.
15. Sentence 7: /lId like to go out to lunch
with you, but whose going to take care
of my customers?"
How should this sentence be corrected?
(1) Change whose to who's.
(2) Change Id to Pd.
(3) Change whose to who'd.
(4) both 1 and 2
(5) none of the above

21
--------------_._---------------------_._-----------_.-"-"---"'-'--'-'--"--

To form the possessive of a singular noun, add IS to the word.

Kim ---.. Kim's dress car ----.. car's motor

To form the possessive of a plural noun ending in 5, add an apostrophe

after the S (51).
boys ---. boys' club workers ~ workers'votes

Some nouns do not form the plural with s. To form the possessive of these
nouns, add IS.
children ---. children's classes men ---. men's voices

With a joint ownership, use an IS on the last name only.

Thelma and Bertha2 recipe
.__.~__~_.~.__,_~~J
Place apostrophes where they are needed in each sentence.

1. We attended ]ennifers graduation last year.

2. We bought beautiful ribbon at the malls fabric store.

3. Kim can handle several customers requests for more materials.

4. Alice had a meeting in her supervisors office at 11 o'clock.

5. Is this your hammer, or is it Jamies?

6. The antique dealers car is in Kendalls garage.

7. Somebodys shoes were left in the hall closet.

8. The jurys decision will be ready soon.

9. Keisha borrowed her co-workers manual.

10. Phil and Junes father owns the shoe repair shop on Blake Street.

22
Directions: Choose the one best answer to 13. Sentence 3: After two hours of bowling,
each item. Circle the number of the correct Bens scores were lower than Johns.
answer.
Which words in this sentence need
apostrophes?
Items 11 through 15 refer to the following (1) hours, Bens, Johns
paragraph. (2) hours and scores
(3) Bens and Johns
(1) John and Ben belong to the companys
(4) hours and Johns
bowling league that meets on Saturdays.
(5) No apostrophes are needed in
(2) This week, they bowled at Rays Lanes near
this sentence.
Johns house on Drury Road. (3) After two
hours of bowling, Bens scores were lower than
14. Sentence 4: Then suddenly, Bens bowling
Johns. (4) Then suddenly, Bens bowling
improved, and he bowled three strikes
improved, and he bowled three strikes in a row.
in a row.
(5) Ben was a little jealous when Johns game
improved and John bowled four strikes in a How many words in this sentence need
row. (6) Nevertheless, everyone was happy apostrophes?
because their team won the bowling league's
(1) one
championship, thanks to John and Ben.
(2) two
(3) three
(4) four
11. Sentence 1: John and Ben belong to the
(5) none
companys bowling league that meets
on Saturdays.
15. Sentence 5: Ben was a little jealous when
What word needs an apostrophe? Johns game improved and John bowled
four strikes in a row.
(1) Saturdays
(2) meets Which word or words need an
(3) companys apostrophe?
(4) all of the above
(1) strikes
(5) No apostrophes are needed.
(2) Johns and strikes
(3) Johns
12. Sentence 2: This week, they bowled at
(4) jealous
Rays Lanes near Johns house on
(5) No apostrophes are needed in
Drury Road.
this sentence.
How should this sentence be corrected?
(1) This week, they bowled at Ray's Lanes
near John's house on Drury Road.
(2) This week, they bowled at Rayls Lane's
near Johns house on Drury Road.
(3) This week, they bowled at Rays Lanes
near John's house on Drury Road.
(4) This weeki they bowled at Rays Lanels
near John's house on Drury Road.
(S) This week, they bowled at Rays Lanes'
I

near Johns house on Drury Road.

I

23
 ------------------------------------------------------------ ---- --------- -- ---- --- -------

Use a colon (:) after the greeting in a business letter.

Dear Mr. Smith:
To whom it may concern:

Use a colon to introduce the items in a list. Often the list will be introduced by
words such as these. follows. or, for example.
These ingredients are needed: flour, water, salt, sugar, and baking powder.

Use a colon when expressing time in hours and minutes.

I get to work at 7:00 A.M. and leave at 4:30 P.M.

Use a colon to introduce quotations within a sentence.

The receptionist said: "Please fill out this application before you go in
to see Mr. Wu."

Place colons where they are needed in each sentence.

1. Dear Dr. Hilliard

2. The schedule says departure times are as follows 730 A.M., 1100 A.M., and 1230 P.M.

3. Three people were chosen as representatives Albert, Robert, and Steve.

4. Marta asked JamalliCan you repair the fax machine?"

5. The mechanic ordered the following parts for the car a light, a fuse, and a valve.

6. These three people will be conducting the session Roberto Siro, Simon Gibson,
and Brina Ro.

7. To whom it may concern

8. My boss said "We will need copies of the Brakeman file. JJ

9. I usually take my break at 1045, and I have a snack with Jen and Lou.

10. There are many things to do for example you must group documents together
and then alphabetize each group.

24
Directions: Choose the one best answer to 13. Sentence 4: Mrs. Gomez said to her
each item. Circle the number of the correct husband "Let's take the 100 P.M. because
answer. it's a nonstop train. JJ
Why is this sentence incorrect?
Items 11 through 15 refer to the following (1) It needs a colon after P.M.
paragraph. (2) A colon is needed after husband.
(3) A colon is needed to show the time.
(1) Mr. and Mrs. Gomez are planning a
(4) both 1 and 2
short trip. (2) They can leave on any of the
(5) both 2 and 3
following trains the 1000 A.M., 100 P.M., or 330
P.M. (3) They decided to pack these items for
14. Sentence 5: Mrs. Gomez learned that the
the trip toothpaste, toothbrushes, extra
10:00 A.M. train stops at four cities:
clothes, and their cameras. (4) Mrs. Gomez
Morristown, New Brunswick, Camden,
said to her husband "Let's take the 100 P.M.
and Trenton.
because ifs a nonstop train." (5) Mrs. Gomez
learned that the 10:00 A.M. train stops at four How many colons are placed incorrectly
cities: Morristown, New Brunswick, Camden, in these sentences?
and Trenton. (6) Mr. Gomez exclaimed, "We
(1) one
would probably get to Cape May late in the
(2) two
afternoon. II (7) IIExactly, II said Mrs. Gomez.
(3) three
(8) IINow, II she continued, "let's make one last
(4) four
check of everything before we leave. II
(5) none

IS. Sentence 6: Mr. Gomez exclaimed, "We

11. Sentence 2: They can leave on any of the
would probably get to Atlantic City late
follOwing trains the 1000 A.M.} 100 P.M.,
in the afternoon. JJ
or 330 P.M.
How many colons are needed in
How many colons are needed in this
this sentence?
sentence?
(1) four
(1) four
(2) three
(2) three
(3) two
(3) two
(4) one
(4) one
(5) none
(5) none

12. Sentence 3: They decided to pack

these items for the trip toothpaste,
toothbrushes, extra clothes, and their
cameras.
Where does the colon need to go?
(1) after decided
(2) after trip
(3) after clothes
(4) after items
(5) A colon is not needed.

25
 Use the semicolon (;) between independent clauses that are not joined by
and, but, or, nor, yet, so, or for. Be sure to join only clauses that are closely
related in idea. If you can insert and or some other conjunction without
changing the sense of the sentence, the semicolon is used correctly.
Stanley is very busy today; he can write the letter tomorrow.
But can be inserted in place of the semicolon.

Use a semicolon to separate items in a series when the items are already
separated by commas.
The trainee will learn how to write, edit, and proof memos; organize,
label, and alphabetize project folders; and prepare expense reports.

Place semicolons where they are needed in each sentence.

1. Mr. Wong hired three workers he can easily use two more.

2. There are several ways to prepare this bulletin I canlt decide which way I prefer.

3. Mrs. Harris phoned your department twice today she didn/t get a response.

4. The person applying for this job should be friendly, punctual} and dependable be willing to
learn new computer programs and how to fax documents and be able to organize and keep
records current.

5. I mailed a check last week for the tickets I am surprised you did not receive it until today.

6. Several committee members listened to the worker's testimony} and they were sympathetic it
didn't change their votes about the wage issue at alL

7. You need to send complete packets to Susan Chung in Los Angeles Betty Williams in Seattle}
Washington Mark Fields in Anchorage, Alaska and Joseph Blake in Phoenix} Arizona.

8. They decided not to go anywhere it was raining too heavily.

9. Sean agreed to work late he was determined to make his deadline.

26
Directions: Choose the one best answer to 12. Sentence 3; The theater features science
each item. Circle the number of the correct fiction movies from the 1950s and clips
answer. from silent movies, newsreels} cartoons,
and short nature films, and popcorn}
juices, and other snacks.
Items 10 through 14 refer to the following
How should this sentence be corrected?
paragraph.
(1) Insert semicolons after silent moviesI
(1) The old theater on Main Street
newsreels, and cartoons.
reopened last week the management wanted to
(2) Insert semicolons after newsreels and
hire workers. (2) Marie and I were thrilledj we
nature films.
applied for jobs immediately. (3) The theater
(3) Insert semicolons after silent movies
features science fiction movies from the 1950s
and nature films.
and clips from silent movies J newsreels,
(4) Insert semicolons after science
cartoons] and short nature films, and popcorn,
fiction movies.
juices, and other snacks. (4) I like to see the
(5) Insert semicolons after from
horror movies; Marie likes to see the old
the 1950s.
romantic films. (5) I run the concession stand
and collect ticketsj Marie sells tickets and
13. Sentence 4: I like to see the horror
answers the telephone; and we both get to
movies; Marie likes to see the old
watch wonderful old films.
romantic films.
How many independent clauses are in
10. Sentence 1: The old theater on Main this sentence?
Street reopened last week the
(1) one
management wanted to hire workers.
(2) two
Where should the semicolon be placed? (3) three
(4) four
(1) after theater
(5) none
(2) after week
(3) after Street
14. Sentence 5: I run the concession stand
(4) before reopened
and collect tickets; Marie sells tickets
(5) none of the above
and answers the telephone; and we both
get to watch wonderful old films.
11. Sentence 2: Marie and I were thrilled; we
applied for jobs immediately. How should this sentence be corrected?
Why can a semicolon be used? (1) Insert a semicolon after stand.
(2) Take out the semicolon after
(1) There is a conjunction.
telephone.
(2) There is a dependent clause.
(3) Insert a semicolon after watch.
(3) There are two independent clauses.
(4) Insert a period after stand.
(4) There is a dependent clause and an
(5) The sentence is correct.
independent clause.
(5) The sentence describes many events.

27
 ---------_._---------------------------_._._-"._"-

Use dashes to show an abrupt break in thought and to further explain what is
said in the first part of a sentence.
The town-whose name escapes me-was right on the river.
Rick knew what to tell his boss-he had proof the customer was right.

Use hyphens in- numbers from twenty-one to ninety-nine and in fractions,

when they are written in words.
Twenty-four people, nearly one-third of all applicants, were chosen.

Hyphens are used with prefixes ex-, se/f-, all-, and with the suffix -elect.
Use a hyphen before a proper noun or proper adjective.
ex-President self-em p loyed all-county governor-elect

Certain compounds that are made up of a noun and a prepositional phrase use
hyphens. Hyphens are also used in compound nouns that are used as adjectives.
brother-in-law Jack-in-the-box
decision-making process well-known man

Write the hyphens and dashes where they are needed in each sentence.

1. My brother in law recently joined the printees union.

2. If Puerto Rico becomes a state, it would be the fifty first state.

3. Tito is the only employee who knows how to use the new computer
and he is out of town this week.

4. Our new president elect is our old ex treasurer of the company.

5. Jon knew he could hold the job he held a similar one before.

6. Mr. Walker has been a self employed accountant for ten years.

7. Maxi that's our dog rushed to the door first.

8. The new shirt and I don't know why it happened faded when
I washed it.

28
Directions: Choose the one best answer to 11. Sentence 3: We also get requests for
each item. Circle the number of the correct passport photos that can be developed
answer. in ninety nine seconds.
What word or words need hyphens in this
sentence?
Items 9 through 13 refer to the following
paragraph. (1) pass-port
(2) ninety-nine-seconds
(1) A one hour photograph developing
(3) ninety-nine
store is especially busy the day after a big
(4) all of the above
holiday like the Fourth of July. (2) People
(5) none of the above
want their photos developed quickly so that
they can relive once in a lifetime events such
12. Sentence 4: Many people do not realize
as a pie eating contest or a graduation
that we can only develop thirty five
celebration. (3) We also get requests for
millimeter film in an hour} not odd size
passport photos that can be developed in
photo cartridges.
ninety nine seconds. (4) Many people do not
realize that we can only develop thirty five Where should hyphens be used in this
millimeter film in an hour, not odd size photo sentence?
cartridges. (5) Some people are not nice they
(1) after realize
become very annoyed when they find out)
(2) between thirty and five
(3) after hour and after photo
(4) between odd and size
9. Sentence 1: A one hour photograph
(5) both 2 and 4
developing store is especially busy the day
after a big holiday like the Fourth of July.
13. Sentence 5: Some people are not nice
Which words need hyphens in this they become very annoyed when they
sentence? find outI
(1) one-hour How can this sentence be corrected?
(2) day-after
(1) Insert a dash between very
(3) big-holiday
and annoyed.
(4) Fourth-at-July
(2) Insert a hyphen between not and nice.
(5) both 1 and 3
(3) Insert a dash after nice and a hyphen
after very.
10. Sentence 2: People want their photos
(4) Insert a dash after nice.
developed quickly so that they can
(5) none of the above
relive once in a lifetime events such as
a pie eating contest or a graduation
celebration.
Which words in this sentence should
have hyphens?
(1) graduation-celebration
(2) once-in-a-lifetime
(3) pie-eating contest
(4) both 2 and 3
(5) none of the above

29
 Parentheses are used to set off more information that is added to a sentence.
This kind of information is called parenthetical information. It can be taken
out of the sentence without changing the sentence's basic meaning.
I gave the book to Jadyn (I'm not sure how to spell her name) so she could
give it to you.

Put parentheses where needed in each sentence.

1. My dog an Irish Setter is very bright.

2. I talked to Randall Smith I think he's the vice president about the problem with our account.

3. We bought a house with green I think they are ugly shutters.

4. My boss chose the senior workers Kim, Allison, and Bette to do the difficult project.

5. I hear bells from the church it's down the street at 6:00 P.M. every evening.

60 Buy one tape for $3.99 double tapes $7.99 and get another one free!

7. I just spoke to Kathy about the reunion she will speak to you soon and it sounds
like a lot of fun.

8. Did you see Marian's new baby her name is Nicole at the hospital?

9. She lives on Perry Street next to the video store in a large blue house.

10. I got my raise I can't believe it and the money will be in next week's paycheck.

Write an appropriate sentence, phrase, or word in the parentheses.

II. Did you get the message ( ) I took for you yesterday?

12. My boss will not ( ) let me have the day off tomorrow.

13.. Even though I'm still driving myoId car ( ) I would like to buy a
brand-new one.

30
Directions: Choose the one best answer to 16. Sentence 3: The head toolmaker must
each item. Circle the number of the correct know all of the manual machines
answer. lathes, drill presses, and band saws,
for example as well as the new
computerized machines.
Items 14 through 18 refer to the following
What words should be in parentheses?
paragraph.
(1) all of the manual machines
(1) People who work in a machine shop
(2) lathes, drill presses, and band saws,
both men and women are really artists who
for example
produce original creations. (2) The head
(3) as well as the new computelized
toolmaker (probably the most skilled machinist
machines
in any shop) is often asked to help fellow
(4) The head toolmaker
machinists with their jobs. (3) The head
(5) Parentheses are not needed.
toolmaker must know all of the manual
machines lathes, drill presses and band saws,
J
17. Sentence These new CADs
for example as well as the new computerlzed
computer-aided devices help toolmakers
machines. (4) These new CADs computer-aided
save a great amount of time.
devices help toolmakers save a great amount of
time. (5) At one time an inexperienced person
J What words should be in parentheses?
an apprentice could work in a shop and learn
(1) These new CADs
from someone more experienced.
(2) computer-aided devices
(3) toolmakers
(4) save a great amount of time
14. Sentence 1: People who work in a
(5) Parentheses are not needed.
machine shop both men and women are
really artists who produce original
18. Sentence 5: At one time, an
creations.
inexperienced person an apprentice
What words should be in parentheses? could work in a shop and learn from
someone more experienced.
(1) People who work in a machine shop
(2) both men and women What words should be in parentheses?
(3) are really artists
(1) At one time
(4) who produce original creations
(2) an inexperienced person
(5) Parentheses are not needed.
(3) an apprentice
(4) in a shop
IS. Sentence 2: The head toolmaker
(5) someone more experienced
(probably the most skilled machinist in
any shop) is often asked to help fellow
machinists with their jobs.
What does the parenthetical information
in this sentence provide?
(1) It describes the head toolmaker's past.
(2) It defines the head toolmaker's job.
(3) It ranks the head toolmaker's skilL
(4) It explains the use of a special tooL
(5) It explains the use of a machine.

31
 ~~erci$8

~~C~a~p~it~a~l~i,~~:~;::;::;;:;t~i,o~~_ ~~n~~~_,;;;;;;;-,~~_:"",,~_~~ .~: : : : -" " -"'; ; :;: :.;.-."i~-'- ".,. . : :=:-~.>".~_: ;-: :,:.~>_": :; : _~~~
__ ='_ _~
. ___ ,,_> ... __ :.::
___
==.,

Capitalize the pronoun I and the first word in a sentence.

1am training for a new position at the company.
My supervisor told me that 1would make a good assistant manager.

Circle all letters that should be capitalized in each sentence.

1. i have scheduled a meeting with John. will you be attending?

2. there are many jobs open for word processors, but i never took keyboarding.

3. if i find a job in Kansas, will you be willing to move?

4. she said, IIi have no idea what he means!"

5. if Ken is not attending the party, can i go?

6. this is a very trying time for all of us. do you agree?

7. i doubt if i shall ever see it again.

8. i don't think fm going out for lunch today. it's too cold outside.

9. do you think Anita made the right decision?

10. i left the package on your desk.

11. i introduced the new receptionist to the other workers.

Cross out all capitalized letters that should not be capitalized.

12. This Time I'm going alone so I don/t spend so much Money.

13. Call in Three Months time, and I'll be fine.

14. What happens Now?

15. Shirley, Should you order toner for the Copy machine?

!2
Directions: Choose the one best answer to 18. Sentence 3: looking back at it, i never
each item. Circle the number of the correct thought i could become dispensable.
answer.
How many capitalization errors are in this
sentence?
Items 16 through 20 refer to the following (1) none
paragraph. (2) one
(3) two
(1) keeping a job for longer than a few
(4) three
years in Today's market is rare. (2) Even the
(5) four
largest companies are II downsizing" people.
(3) looking back at it] i never thought i could
19. Sentence 4: That was until last Friday
become dispensable. (4) That was until last
when my Boss asked me to come into
Friday when my Boss asked me to come into his
his Office.
Office. (5) he said, IIYour division is being
phased out. (6) you have two months to find a How should this sentence be corrected?
job with this company or you're out. (7) i'm
(1) That was until last Friday when my
sorry." (8) I guess in today's workplace, nothing
boss asked me to come into his Office.
is guaranteed, espedally a job!
(2) That was until last Friday when my boss
asked me to come into his office.
(3) that was until last Fliday when my Boss
16. Sentence 1: keeping a job for longer than
asked me to come into his Office.
a few years in Today's market is rare.
(4) That was until last Friday when my boss
What two errors are in this sentence? asked Me to come into his office.
(5) This sentence is correct.
(1) job and keeping should be capitalized.
(2) keeping should be capitalized; Today's
20. Sentences 5-7: he said, "Your division is
should be lowercase.
being phased out. you have two
(3) market should be capitalized; Today's
months to find a job with this company
should be lowercase.
or you're out. i'm sorry. II
(4) keeping and market should be
capitalized. How many capitalization errors are in
(5) market should be capitalized; Today's these sentences?
should be lowercase.
(1) one
(2) two
17. Sentence 2: Even the largest companies
(3) three
are II downsizing" people.
(4) four
How should this sentence be corrected? (5) none
(1) Even the Largest companies are
"Downsizing" people.
(2) even the largest companies are
IIDownsizing" people.

(3) Even the largest companies are

"downsizing" People.
(4) even the largest Companies are
1/ downsizing" people.

(5) This sentence is correct.

33
 Capitalizing Titles of People
and Addresses
,...-----------------------------------_.-_._----

Capitalize titles of people when a person's name follows directly.

Mr. Smith Captain Ahab Father Hines
Senator Jones Sister Alice Rabbi Cohen

When a title is used in place of a specific person's name, it is capitalized.

Yes, Doctor. I can take that medicine.
Even if Mother wants to go, I still cannot.
The title President of the United States is always capitalized.

Do not capitalize titles following a personal name.

Debbie Brooke, representative from Texas, spoke first.

All words in an address are capitalized, with the exception of prepositions

and articles, unless they are the first word of the address.
Mrs. Adrienne Bennette, V. P. A Taste of Elegance
Amalgamated Tool and Dye Company 100 Market Street
123 Rockmont Drive Boston, MA 02109
Denver, Colorado 80202 Attn: Manager

Underline the word or words in each sentence that should be capitalized.

1. ms. margo bennett is aunt joy's bowling partner.

2. I don't know that doctor, but I do know dr. Brown.

3. The city will have a lot of traffic today because the president of the United States
will be at the United Nations.

4. I think the new pastor, father Bayley, is from the saint Francis parish in London.

5. Since his promotion in rank, he is known as sergeant Williams.

6. Ms. ukala is our congresswoman representing this district.

7. Alicia is a secretary at senator Tom Brooke's office.

34
Directions: Choose the one best answer to 10. Sentence 3: After returning to our family
each item. Circle the number of the correct home in st. Paul, he went into politics.
answer.
What word should be capitalized in this
sentence?
Items 8 through 12 refer to the following (1) home
paragraph. (2) family
(3) st.
(1) My brother, senator Farber from
(4) politics
Minnesota, is a retired general. (2) He served
(5) none of the above
with general Schwartzkopf in the Gulf War.
(3) After returning to our family home in st.
11. Sentence 4: The senator stated that
Paul, he went into politiCS. (4) The senator
Politics is only another type of war.
stated that Politics is only another type of war.
(S) Since being elected to office, he has been How should this sentence be corrected?
recognized by the president of the United
(1) The Senator stated that Politics is only
States, as well as by fellow senators, for his
another type of war.
hard work and diligence. (6) Maybe some day
(2) The Senator stated that politics is only
his address will be 1600 Pennsylvania Avenuef
another type of war.
(3) The senator stated that politics is only
another type of War.
8. Sentence 1: My brother, senator Farber
(4) The senator Stated that politics is only
from Minnesota, is a retired general.
another type of war.
Which word or words in this sentence (S) The sentence is correct as written.
should be capitalized?
12. Sentence 5: Since being elected to
(1) brother
office, he has been recognized by the
(2) senator
president of the United States, as well
(3) general
as by fellow senators, for his hard work
(4) retired general
and diligence.
(5) No words need to be capitalized.
What word or words in this sentence
9. Sentence 2: He served with general should be capitalized?
Schwartzkopf in the Gulf War.
(1) office
How should this sentence be corrected? (2) president
(3) senators
(1) He se1Ved with General Schwartzkopf in
(4) senators and president
the Gulf War.
(5) No words need to be capitalized.
(2) He se1Ved with general Schwartzkopf in
The Gulf War.
(3) He Selved with general Schwartzkopf in
the Gulf War.
(4) He se1Ved with general Schwartzkopf in
the gulf war.
(S) The sentence is correct as written.

35
 An adjective formed from a proper noun is called a proper adjective.
Proper adjectives are always capitalized.
PROPER NOUN PROPER ADJECTIVE
Hawaii Hawaiian
Spain Spanish
Greece Greek

Circle the proper adjectives in each sentence. Some sentences have more than
one proper adjective.

1. Shakespeare was born during the elizabethan period of England.

2. The market near us has wonderful greek olives.

3. The austrian Alps are even prettier than the french alps.

4. We manage a small edwardian style bed and breakfast inn.

5. When I was a chef in that restaurant, I cooked bulgarian dinners and spanish desserts.

6. Chinua Achebe, an african novelist] was born in Nigeria.

7. We often go to the mexican restaurant in town.

8. "This is regular bacon; I want canadian bacon! II the grouchy customer complained.

9. The spanish explorers traveled for several years.

10. I speak french] german, and a little spanish, but my native language is japanese.

Write a proper adjective for each proper noun.

11. America

12. Italy

13. Bavaria

14. Rome

36
Directions: Choose the one best answer to 17. Sentence 3: The best thing about this
each item. Circle the number of the correct diner is that one patron can get
answer. mexican burritos while another can
order spanish chicken.
How should this sentence be corrected?
Items 15 through 19 refer to the following
paragraph. (1) Capitalize diner.
(2) Capitalize mexican.
(1) I like being a waiter at an all-night
(3) Capitalize spanish.
diner because I get to serve people all different
(4) Capitalize chicken.
types of food. (2) Even though basic american
(5) both 2 and 3
food is usually a favorite, people still enjoy a
fresh greek salad with crusty french bread.
18. Sentence 5: The owners are armenian,
(3) The best thing about this diner is that one
the hostess is african} and I am a
patron can get mexican burritos while another
Native american.
can order spanish chicken. (4) Even the staff
at the diner is international. (5) The owners How many capitalization changes
are armenian, the hostess is african, and I am a are needed?
native american. (6) When I eat supper here, I
(1) three
usually decide on a good old-fashioned
(2) four
hamburger with swiss cheese and french fries.
(3) five
(4) six
(5) none
15. Sentence 1: I like being a waiter at an
all-night diner because I get to serve
19. Sentence 6: When I eat supper here, I
people all different types of food.
usually decide on a good old-fashioned
What word is a proper adjective? hamburger with swiss cheese and
french fries.
(1) waiter
(2) all-night How should this sentence be corrected?
(3) different
(1) Capitalize hamburger.
(4) food
(2) Capitalize supper.
(5) There is no proper adjective in
(3) Capitalize swiss.
this sentence.
(4) Capitalize french.
(5) both 3 and 4
16. Sentence 2: Even though basic american
food is usually a favorite, people still
enjoy a fresh greek salad with crusty
french bread.
Which words are proper adjectives?
(1) american
(2) greek
(3) french
(4) all of the above
(5) none of the above

37
 Capitalize the titles of artistic and literary works, including books, short stories,
plays, poems, newspapers, magazines, motion pictures, articles, and radio and
television programs.
Huckleberry Finn Star Trek Los Angeles Times

Capitalize titles of works of art and titles of songs.

Whistler's Mother "America the Beautiful"

Capitalize conjunctions, prepositions, and the articles a, an, or the only if they
appear first in the title.
A Farewell to Arms The Great Gatsby Of Mice and Men

Circle all incorrect lower-case letters in each sentence.

1. Did you see the article, "stock market plunges, II in the newspaper today?

2. I enjoy the "house and home" section of the newspaper.

3. I enjoy hearing lithe star-spangled banner" sung at baseball games.

4. Jerry has acted in both hamlet and romeo and juliet.

5. Next week, our book club will discuss Richard Wright's native son.

6 .. Poe's poem liThe raven" and his short story liThe tell-tale heart" are his two
most popular works.

Circle the words which should not be capitalized in these titles.

7. The Index Of Jobs 2000

8. "Looking For Success! II

9. FloodJs Guide To Emerging Technologies

38
Directions: Choose the one best answer to 12. Sentence 4: Recently, my manager asked
each item. Circle the number of the correct me to find and purchase a painting to
answer. hang on a wall in the lobby for the
popular musical Cats.
What correction is needed?
Items 10 through 14 refer to the following
paragraph. (1) Capitalize manager.
(2) Capitalize painting.
(1) I like working at the Broadway Theater
(3) Capitalize popular.
as an assistant manager. (2) On my first job, I
(4) Capitalize musical.
worked on the Set of A Chorus Line. (3) I have
(5) The sentence is correct.
helped design the stage for many shows such
as Annie and titanic. (4) Recently, my manager
13. Sentence 5: The title of the painting I
asked me to find and purchase a painting to
bought was called memories.
hang on a wall in the lobby for the popular
musical Cats. (5) The title of the painting I What word or words in this sentence
bought was called memories. (6) Everyone, should be capitalized?
including my manager, was happy that I found
(1) title
the painting because one of the most popular
(2) memories
songs in the show is also called "memories."
(3) painting
(4) all of the above
(5) none of the above
10. Sentence 2: On my first job, I worked on
the Set of A Chorus Line.
14. Sentence 6: Everyone, including my
What words should not be capitalized? manager, was happy that I found the
painting because one of the most
(1) Chorus
popular songs in the show is also called
(2) Line
"memories. II
(3) Set
(4) all of the above What word or words in this sentence
(5) none of the above should be capitalized?
(1) manager
11. Sentence 3: I have helped design the
(2) memories
stage for many shows such as Annie and
(3) painting
titanic.
(4) both 1 and 3
How should this sentence be corrected? (5) none of the above
(1) Capitalize stage.
(2) Capitalize shows.
(3) Do not capitalize Annie.
(4) Capitalize titanic.
(5) The sentence is correct.

i9
 : ;;;; ;;;;;

Titles of books, plays, magazines, newspapers, works of art, ships, airplanes,

and trains are set in italics and capitalized. Chapter titles, article titles, song
titles, short stories, and individual poem titles are put in quotation marks.
The New York Times (newspaper) Native Son (book title)
Spirit of st.
Louis (airplane name) The Mona Lisa (art)

Use italics for words and letters specifically referred to and for foreign words.
The letter e is the most commonly used letter in English.
Do you know what Tempus Fugit means?

Underline all words and letters that need to be italicized.

1. We took the Orient Express train from London to Paris last year.

2. Last year, we saw the plays Cats and Annie when we visited New York City.

3. Air Force One is the private plane of the President of the United States.

4. I can trace my family back to the Mayflower, and I even had relatives on the Titanic!

5. Our weekly book club just completed the book Annie John.

6. Did you know that there are four s's and four i's in the word Mississippi?

7. The word the is the most common word in our language.

Put a check [til on the line if the italics in each sentence is correct. Put an [Jt]
on the line if it is incorrect.

8. Have you seen the movie Gone With the Wind?

9. liThe Star-Spangled Banner" is our national anthem.

10. Vincent van Gogh1s Self-Portrait is my favorite painting.

11. Esther reads Essence and Newsweek magazines.

12. The magazine article Is There Life on Mars? was fascinating.

40
Directions: Choose the one best answer to 15. Sentence 3: What about Peru, Chile, and
each item. Circle the number of the correct the Andes mountains in South America?
answer.
Which words or phrases should be
italicized in this sentence?
Items 13 through 17 refer to the following (1) the Andes mountains
paragraph. (2) South America
(3) Peru
(1) It was time for a vacation, so we
(4) both 2 and 3
checked the Easy Guide for Travelers for some
(5) No italics are needed in this sentence.
get-away ideas. (2) It stated that, " .. .in the
Louvre one can view the Mona Lisa and other
16. Sentence 4: There was an article in the
rare pieces of art. (3) What about Peru, Chile,
II
travel section of the Daily Star about Rio
and the Andes mountains in South America?
de Janeiro in BraziL
(4) There was an article in the travel section of
the Daily Star about Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. What word or words should be italicized
(5) London is also a good idea. (6) The in this sentence?
Concorde can fly from New York to London in
(1) article
only a few hours. (7) In London, we could see
(2) travel section
plays like Evita, hear the London Symphony,
(3) Daily Star
and see such treasures as the Rosetta stone in
(4) Rio de Janeiro
the National Museum.
(5) No italics are needed in this sentence.

17. Sentences 5 and 6: London is also a good

13. Sentence 1: It was time for a vacation, so
idea. The Concorde can fly from New
we checked the Easy Guide for Travelers
York to London in only a few hours.
for some get-away ideas.
How should this sentence be corrected?
What word or words should be italicized?
(1) Make Concorde italic.
(1) vacation
(2) Make New York italic.
(2) get-away
(3) Make London italic.
(3) ideas
(4) Make few italic.
(4) Easy Guide for Travelers
(5) The sentence is correct.
(5) none of the above

14. Sentence 2: It stated that, 1I •• .in the

Louvre one can view the Mona Lisa and
other rare pieces of art."
What should be italicized in this
sentence?
(1) Louvre
(2) Mona Lisa
(3) Louvre, Mona Lisa and other rare pieces
of art
(4) all of the above
(5) No italics are needed in this sentence.

41
Post Test
The following post test will help you determine where you need further practice
in Punctuation. Take the test in one sitting, answering every question. If you need
more practice on any topics, return to the Exercises listed.

For additional review,

Write the end punctuation mark for each sentence.
go to Exercise:
1. Are you taking the bus today - -__ 1

2. Jaguars live in the forests of South America _ _ __ :1

3. Watch out, you're going to burn your hand _ _ __ ;1

Place quotation marks where needed in each sentence.

4. The zoo keeper replied} We are open from 9 A.M. to 7 P.M.
2

S. JIll take your job application, said the receptionist. 2

Place commas where needed in each sentence.

6. Cesar entered the library sat at a table and began his homework. ,3

7. However you may ask for extra help if you need it. 4

:~
8. The bicycle lane is closed now but it will reopen this summer.

9. Tameka who wants to be a doctor studies biology.

10. On June 16 1995 I visited the Lincoln MemoriaL

Underline the correct word in parentheses for each sentence.

11. (Whose, Who's) going to the soccer game Saturday? 9

12. My little brothers picked up (their, they're) toys. 9

13. The (farmer's, farmers') truck was parked behind the barn. : 10

14. The coach found three (player's, players') running shoes. 10

42 Post rest
 -.-~ ".;;e'" "·if .. -.. -.~ .~.~ .... ~ r _k.· a: -~ .. ;t,.i::... iid,_ - _ .. " ".~. s:?_.:.:::U_ .. 2i!5

Items 15 through 19 refer to the following paragraph.

(1) Mary and Imelda expect to vacation, in August. (2) Imelda says IIWe
travel the same time every year. (3) This summer they will visit New York City.
II

(4) Mary hopes to climb the Statue of Liberty Imelda will jog in Central Park.
(5) Both plan to see the well known landmarks. (6) When they return, i know
they will tell me all about their trip.
15. What correction is needed in Sentence I? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
16. Where should a colon be placed in Sentence 2? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ F.:rJ-'~;,··~~:~:K~:-:::~_']
17. Where should a semicolon be placed in Sentence 4? _ _ _ _ _ _ __ ~:;::1,:~;>~' :~::;: ~<t:':;
18. Where should a hyphen be placed in Sentence S? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ [:l~L:i:~:;~'~ :;:~\'i':'l
19. What correction is needed in Sentence 6? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ :~.~':~:-~:;;f;~~~~:~:~ ;:. \
Put parentheses where needed in each sentence.
20. Supplies for my class a notebook, pencil, and calculator are kept
in my book bag.
21. The movie an Academy Award winner is opening Friday.

Underline the word or words in each sentence that should be capitalized.

22. Jake's aunt linda is senator flares. f/i:§.:~·~:Z~~,:S::j
23. The address for the U.S. Post Office is 281 fairview street. t;1.:.~::;,::' .

24. Joe admired Mark's hawaiian shirt. Et~;\::~:i:~f{_d:::j

25. Have you read the editoriallfwhen teens purchase a cd" f~~1:~:~~:i;.i~'~\-~:;:·1
in the school paper?

Underline the words that should be italicized.

26. Have you read the book To Kill a Mockingbird? ~:'~i_'~~~:,~~ ,i::',L{;~;:{
27. The last play I saw was Grease. rd:9\:h~:>.,:.'·::.J

Post Test 4!
NOTES
- , .. ,~

44
NOTES
~.~"

4S
 ISBN

9 780130232571