VOLUME: 8 | ISSUE: 1 | 2024 | March

Design and Simulation of a High

Performance 5G mm-Wave MIMO Antenna
Array for Mobile Applications

H.R. Barua, I.A. Chowdhury∗

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Science and Technology

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Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh

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*Corresponding Author: I.A. Chowdhury (Email:eee.imtiazakber@ustc.ac.bd )
(Received: 29-October-2023; accepted: 29-January-2024; published: 31-March-2024)

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Abstract. This paper presents the design 1. Introduction
and simulation of an efficient multiple input
multiple output (MIMO) antenna array for
5G millimeter-wave (mm-wave) mobile applica- Since its inception, wireless communication has
d
tions. With a dielectric constant of 2.2 and a drawn people’s interest because of its affordabil-
loss tangent of 0.0009, the substrate employed ity, viability, mobility, flexibility, and numerous
e
is a Rogers RT5880 that is 0.254 mm thick. other alluring aspects. Research and develop-
The 37 GHz frequency spectrum, reserved for ment (R&D) in the field of communication sys-
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millimeter-wave mobile applications for 5G, is tems has been expanding at an enormous rate,
covered by the proposed MIMO antenna arrays. particularly in the previous three decades, be-
The single antenna element has a gain of 6.44 cause the advancement of communication sys-
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dBi, which is increased to 7.89 dBi with a two- tems is essential to the advancement of human
element array configuration and 10.88 dBi with civilization.
a four-element array configuration. The pro-
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posed MIMO antenna array performance met- Wireless communication is impossible without
rics—including reflection coefficient, gain—are the use of an antenna. The dipole, monopole,
seen and discovered to be below the accepted whip, and helix antennas were the first types
of external antennas used in telephones. These
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threshold. A power divider is incorporated into

the array structure and is designed to ensure antennas had detrimental impacts on the user’s
that every antenna element receives the same head and provided poor performance [1]. Due
amount of power in order to produce good ra- to superior performance, internal antenna sys-
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diation characteristics. In the desired operating tems like microstrip antenna found an enor-
frequency band, it is noticed that more than 85 % mous increase in use in mobile phones after be-
of the proposed MIMO antenna array’s radiation ing introduced when it comes to printed cir-
efficiency is achieved. According to simulation cuit board fabrication, size, and manufactur-
findings, the proposed design may be potentially ing costs. Therefore, the telecommunications
feasible for mobile applications using millimeter sector as well as researchers in this field had
waves in the 5G network. been interested in microstrip antennas. This
topic is hence strongly related to microstrip an-
Keywords: MIMO, mm-Wave, Patch An- tenna. The need for increased telecommunica-
tenna, 5G, CST Software tion network capacity has been steadily grow-
ing in the meantime. In order to meet these
demands, the telecommunications sector has de-

© 2024 Journal of Advanced Engineering and Computation (JAEC) 237

 VOLUME: 8 | ISSUE: 1 | 2024 | March

veloped new generations of wireless communi- 2. Related Works

cation standards nearly every ten years. Wire-
less communication will enter a new era thanks
to 5G, as will device-to-device (D2D) commu- For the Internet of Things, the 5G wireless net-
nication and, most excitingly, the Internet of work, and other advanced spectrum-based appli-
Things. A number of enabling technologies, in- cations, the FCC has recommended using the 37
cluding mm-wave system, multiple radio access GHz MmWave spectrum [5]. At the operational
technology (Multi-RAT), advanced multiple in- frequency of 37 GHz for 5G technology, various
put multiple output (MIMO), an advanced net- researchers have been working. For 5G mobile
work, and advanced small cell, will be intro- applications, a H slot and inverted T slot an-
duced by the telecommunications sector to solve tenna has been proposed for 37 GHz with mini-
these features [2]. There is no other option ex- mal return loss -43.05 dB, gain 8.18 dB [6]. In [7]
cept to choose higher frequency bands in order a single element modified Pharaonic Ankh-Key

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to enable 5G to offer the features mentioned pre- antenna, with a peak gain of 10.2 dBi, is de-

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viously with higher antenna gain.The most com- signed to complement contemporary technolo-
mon and effective method for creating high-gain gies and improve the use of 5G applications.
antennas is to create an array of antennas where Antenna specialists have demonstrated a height-
the gain grows according to the number of ele- ened level of interest in developing antenna de-

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ments in the array. However because it would signs for fifth generation technology, particu-
occupy more space, it is impossible to raise the larly within the frequency range of 37-40 GHz
array’s element count intentionally. It increases [8]. The frequency range under consideration
interior space in areas of the phone when space exhibits minimal atmospheric losses [9], hence
is limited. As a result, there is a trade-off be-
d
facilitating the achievement of enhanced band-
tween the array antenna’s gain and the num- width provision and data speeds, a key objective
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ber of elements. However, Using high-quality of future 5G communication systems relying on
materials is crucial to achieving optimal func- millimeter-wave technology. In their study, the
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tionality in any communication instrument, but researchers introduce an antenna that operates
it’s much more crucial in one as demanding as inside the particular 5G frequency range of 38
5G communications. As previously stated, 5G GHz, as documented in reference [10]. One of
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functions with the current 4G network giving the primary objectives of contemporary com-
exceptional data aptitudes, unrestricted call ca- munication technology is to address the issue
pabilities, and information dissemination that of atmospheric attenuations encountered during
or

is influenced by the most pertinent materials mm-wave transmission. To tackle this obstacle,
for the particular request at higher frequencies a proposed solution involves employing a single
and spectrums. A further obligation that needs feed antenna arrangement, without the use of an
to be taken into consideration in order to get array or MIMO setup. The antenna’s highest
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good outcomes while safeguarding signal relia- gain is stated to be 10 dB, as referenced in [11].
bility and preventing signal losses is coming up This paper introduces a multi-element array an-
with creative processing routes. Flexibility con- tenna working within the frequency band of 38
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nected to implantable and wearable features can GHz, which consists of four individual elements.
accelerate this evolution and provide further ad- The capacity of the given design is limited due
vantages [3].The selection and growth of the an- to its single feed, despite its gain exceeding 12
tenna is an important factor in communication, dB, which is deemed adequate for 5G mobile
and it is regulated by the incidence range, trans- communications. The frequency range of 37-
mission power, and/or atmosphere [4]. 40 GHz, commonly referred to as the mm-wave
band, has been designated for the implementa-
tion of 5G technology. In a previous study ref-
erenced as [12], an antenna design capable of
operating within this frequency range was pre-
sented. The utilization of an array design en-
hances the gain by a maximum of 12 dB. Never-

238 © 2024 Journal of Advanced Engineering and Computation (JAEC)

 VOLUME: 8 | ISSUE: 1 | 2024 | March

theless, the absence of a MIMO setup in the sin-

gle feed restricts the capacity for data process-
ing. The antenna depicted in reference [13] pos-
sesses dimensions of 8 mm by 8 mm and is capa-
ble of operating throughout the frequency range
of 37.1-38.1 GHz. However, it should be noted
that this antenna does not incorporate any gain
enhancement techniques or utilize a multiple-
input multiple-output (MIMO) strategy to mit-
igate the effects of atmospheric attenuation.
This work presents an efficient MIMO antenna
arrays with two and four slotted E-shaped ele-

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ments for 5G communication systems. The an-

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tenna operates at the 37 GHz band and utilizes
microstrip technology. The proposed antenna
performance matrices such as reflection coeffi-
cient, antenna gain ensure that it will be a best

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fit for mm-wave mobile applications. Further-
more we also compare our results with existing
MIMO antenna array which shows a significant
improvement in terms of performacne.
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3. Materials and Methods
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3.1. Antenna Design

1) Single Element
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Fig. 1: Flowchart of the proposed antenna design

A flow chart representing the entire design pro-
cess is shown in Figure 1. First, a single element
or

rectangular microstrip patch antenna (MPA) op-

erating in the 37 GHz band is constructed using is employed and inserting E-shaped slots. The
equation-based antenna design, which is based design parameters are listed in the Table 1.
on the fundamental equations for creating MPA. To compute the parameters, this study uses the
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After that, the construction is modelled to see

Tab. 1: Dimensions of the Proposed Single Element An-
if the results show that the antenna satisfies the
tenna
requirements. Figure 1 depicts the front side of
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the suggested single element antenna. Figure 2 Parameter L W e f r s

illustrates the antenna element design utilizing Value (mm) 6 10 0.8 1 0.8 1.5
RT-5880 modeling, a 0.254 mm thick substrate, Parameter t u v w x y
a relative permittivity of 2.2, a loss tangent of Value (mm) 0.4 1.6 0.6 0.4 0.6 1.5
0.0009, and operating in the desired 37 GHz fre- Parameter a b c d - -
quency region. This substance is suited for high Value (mm) 0.6 1.2 1.05 1 - -
frequency applications due to its low dielectric
constant and minimal dielectric loss. It isotropic equations shown below [14]. The width of the
and has a low moisture absorption rate. The patch
suggested antenna element has the following di- c
mensions: 10× 6× 0.254(mm×mm ×mm), re- Wp = q0 (1)
spectively. On the substrate’s top side, copper 2fr εr2+1

© 2024 Journal of Advanced Engineering and Computation (JAEC) 239

 VOLUME: 8 | ISSUE: 1 | 2024 | March

2) Single Element: Design of a

Multiple Element Antenna Array

The single antenna element shown in Figure 1

that works at a frequency of 37 GHz. Although
the progress made is significant, it is not enough
to address some issues. In order to maximize
the gain of a single antenna, an array technique
is used, in which a single feed is used to supply
power. The 1×2 and 1×4 arrays’ geometry is
depicted in Figure 3. The design parameters are
listed in the Table 2.

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Tab. 2: Dimensions of the 1×2 array and 1×4 array an-

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tenna.

Parameter (1×2 array) P Q Gp1 Z1 Z2 Z3 Z4

Value(mm) 10 6 3.4 2 3.5 0.5 0.2
Parameter (1×4 array) E F Gp2 Z5 Z6 Z7 Z8

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Value(mm) 19 7.7 6.6 1.9 6.7 0.6 0.2

Fig. 2: Equation based Single element antenna

3.2. MIMO Configuration
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The expanded array design architecture, which
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was made possible by applying the corporate
feed technique to the two-port MIMO arrange-
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ment, is depicted in Figure 4. In order to provide

pattern variety and excellent isolation among
antenna arrays, the arrays are positioned side
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by side. This frequently causes problems when

the arrays are extended to the MIMO. Similar to
array structures, we already use several elements
or

Fig. 3: (a) 1×2 array (b) 1×4 array.

to increase the antenna’s gain; but, because they
only use one port, there are still serious issues
with channel capacity, which must be effectively
The actual length of the patch
addressed by using multiple ports. Controlling
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Lp = Lef f − 2∆L (2) the coupling between comparable arrays can be

difficult in arrays, even though that technique
Calculation of Effective length is quite simple in single-element cases. Symme-
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try is preserved in the suggested MIMO struc-

c0
Lef f = √ (3) ture, and the array structure below the position
2fr εef f is left unchanged. The overall substrate dimen-
sions employed in the MIMO arrangement are L
The Dielectric Constant of Effective Potential = 7.70 mm × W = 32 mm.
 
εr + 1 εr − 1 h
εef f = − 1 + 12 − 0.5 (4)
2 2 W 3.3. Optimization through
Calculation of the length extension Optimizer in CST Software

(εef f + 0.3) (W/h + 0.264) The geometric design of the antenna should
∆L = 0.412h (5) be optimized using an optimizer for improved
(εef f − 0.258) (W/h + 0.8)

240 © 2024 Journal of Advanced Engineering and Computation (JAEC)

 VOLUME: 8 | ISSUE: 1 | 2024 | March

Fig. 4: MIMO arrangement of corporate feed array

impedance matching after it has been designed Fig. 5: S11 graph for proposed antenna array
using the formula. In this study, the optimizer
uses the "Trust Region Framework" technique
since it yields better results.The operating fre-

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quency is changed once an antenna array has

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been created. Therefore, optimization is re-
quired for both antennas to operate at the in-
tended frequency. Here, the S11 of the 1×2 ar-
ray antenna is only slightly better than previ-

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ously, whereas the S11 of the 1×4 array antenna
is unchanged.
Fig. 6: Voltage Standing Wave Ratio of the proposed
antenna array

4. Results
d
diation pattern, which is measured in the far-
field region, is a three-dimensional representa-
e
The graph below compares the return loss of a
tion of the radiated power from the antenna in
single element antenna with that of an upgraded
free space. In relation to an isotropic antenna,
ct

1×2 array and 1×4 array. For a single element, a

it is the measurement of the power radiated in
1×2 array, and a 1×4 array, the coefficient of re-
a particular direction. It is quite simple to see
flection and return loss are represented in Figure
the power provided in a certain direction from a
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5. As is generally accepted, the antenna is func-

3D radiation pattern. Figure 7 below at 37 GHz
tioning well at the frequencies if the Return loss
depicts the 3D radiation patterns of the single el-
(S11) value through the frequency is less than
ement, 1×2 array, and 1×4 array antennas. This
or

-10 dB. In figure 5 when operating at 37 GHz,

figure demonstrates that the maximum gain for
a single element antenna got a return loss of -
a 1×4 array antenna is around 11 dBi at 37 GHz.
23.477 dB, an optimized 1×2 array got a return
loss of -48.771 dB, and a 1×4 array got a return Figure 8 displays the single element, 1×2 ar-
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loss of -55.658 dB. The return loss graphs are ray, and 1×2 array antennas’ total efficiency
functioning effectively at the target band. Com- and radiation efficiency vs. frequency curves.It
paring three different antennas, it can be shown has been noted that the overall efficiency and
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that a 1×4 array generated the best performance radiation efficiency of single element, 1×2 ar-
in terms of the 1×2 array and single element an- ray, and 1×2 array antennas, respectively, are
tenna. Analysis of the voltage standing wave ra- 86%, 81%, and 78%.This single element, 1×2 ar-
tio (VSWR), which is one of the major factors ray, and 1×2 array antenna have total efficiency
influencing an antenna’s performance, is crucial. and radiation efficiency of more than 70%, mak-
Less than two is the VSWR number that is opti- ing them suitable for mobile mm-Wave applica-
mum. As VSWR levels decrease, the antenna’s tions. Figure 9 displays the gain vs. frequency
performance improves. Figure 6 depicts a sin- curve for a single element, a 1×2 array, and a
gle element, a 1×2 array, and a 1×2 array with 1×4 antenna. It demonstrates that the 14 ar-
respective VSWR values of 1.1437, 1.0073, and ray antenna’s maximum gain is roughly 10.88
1.0033. In terms of the standard limit, which dBi. Figure 8 show that the single element and
falls between standard 1 and 1.5. The 3D ra- half-array antennas have gains of 6.44 and 7.89

© 2024 Journal of Advanced Engineering and Computation (JAEC) 241

 VOLUME: 8 | ISSUE: 1 | 2024 | March

Fig. 9: Gain of single element, 1×2 array and 1×4 array

Antenna.

the magnitude reached was −46 dB. Similar to

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port 1, port 2′ s bandwidth spans from 36.4 to

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37.8 GHz below the 10 dB band, and the an-
tenna resonates at the central frequency of 37
GHz with a reflection coefficient magnitude of -
58 dB. Figure 11a analyzes and displays the gain

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e d
ct

Fig. 10: S11 graph for proposed MIMO antenna array.

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patterns for the port-1 in the 0- and 90-degree

Fig. 7: 3D radiation pattern of (a) single element (b) planes. The antenna array main lobe direction is
1×2 array (c) 1×4 array antenna at 37 GHz. initially found at 353.0 degrees in the 90-degree
or

plane. Although an excellent side lobe level of

-24.3 dB is attained having a 68.2 degree beam-
width at 3 dB. The radiation pattern is very
directed, with very few side and rear lobes. The
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major lobe is oriented toward the 359-degree an-

gle, according to the 0-degree plane analysis, and
the side lobe level is -11.7 dB. Moreover, the
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beam-width at 3 dB is 22 degrees. With a low

degree of back lobes, the radiated beam likewise
appears to be highly directional in this plane.
Fig. 8: Total and Radiation efficiencies of single ele- The radiation pattern analysis for the two pri-
ment, 1×2 array and 1×4 array Antenna. mary planes, E and H, in the instance of port-2 is
similarly shown in Figure 11b. In the 0-degree
plane, the side lobe level is -23.8 dB, and the
dBi, respectively. Figure 10displays the reflec- main lobe direction is along the 4.0-degree an-
tion coefficient for the suggested MIMO struc- gle. In this plane, however, the angular width is
ture. The antenna for port-1 resonates at 37.01 69.3 degrees. The major lobe’s path in the 90-
GHz, which is the center frequency, providing degree plane is also along a 359.0-degree angle,
a bandwidth of 36.4 to 37.8 GHz. In contrast, with an angular width of 20.6 degrees. In this

242 © 2024 Journal of Advanced Engineering and Computation (JAEC)

 VOLUME: 8 | ISSUE: 1 | 2024 | March

gains are 7.89 dBi and 10.88 dBi, respectively.

The return loss, voltage standing wave ratio, di-
rectivity, and surface current distribution per-
formance measures for MIMO antenna arrays
are observed and found to be within the allowed
threshold. The radiation efficiency of the pro-
posed MIMO antenna array is determined to
be efficient within the defined operational fre-
(a) quency range. The proposed antenna array is
also a design that may be a competitor for 5G
mm-wave communication systems when com-
pared to existing antennas.

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References
[1] Elsadek, H. (2010). Microstrip Antennas for

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(b) Mobile Wireless Communication Systems,
Mobile and Wireless Communications Net-
Fig. 11: Configuration gain pattern for corporate array work Layer and Circuit Level Design. Inte-
MIMO (a) port 1 (b) port 2. chopen.
d
[2] Kumar, V., Yadav, S., Sandeep, D., Dhok,
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maximum. lar: Concept, Research Work and Enabling
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re

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Antenna Resonant Return loss VSWR Gain Directivity 83.
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nc

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© 2024 Journal of Advanced Engineering and Computation (JAEC) 243

 VOLUME: 8 | ISSUE: 1 | 2024 | March

Tab. 4: Dimensions of the 1×2 array and 1×4 array antenna.

Antenna No. of Year Return Gain Bandwidth Size Wavelength

reference elements Loss (dB) (dBi) (GHz) (mm2 /mm3 )
[15] 2 2022 -36.24 - 0.653 - 0.25 of 37 GHz
4 2022 -33.23 12.8 0.677 40.64 mm3
[16] 1 2019 -25.8 5.5 5.5 28.332 mm3 -
[17] 1 2017 -25.77 1.72 7.7 34.02 mm2 -
[18] 7 2020 -17 7.71 1.107 224 mm2 -
[6] 1 2021 -43.5 8.25 6 0.504 mm3 -
[19] 4 2017 -12 5.75 0.3 287.375 mm2 -
[20] 4 2016 -30 6.7 1.2 68.6 mm2 0.66 of 37 GHz
[21] 2 2019 -23 7.49 4.56 25×30×0.8 mm3 -
[22] 4 2019 -40 7.11 3.96 12×25.4×0.8 mm3 -
[23] 4 2017 -24.07 - 0.64 3.025×3.2×1.6 mm3 0.6 of 37 GHz

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[24] 4 2021 -18 9.9 0.4 35×35×4.75 mm3 -

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Present 2 2023 -48.771 7.89 0.82 15.24 mm2 0.42 of 37 GHz
work 4 2023 -55.658 10.88 1.31 37.2 mm3 0.82 of 37 GHz

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[18] Riaz, M., Sultan, A., Zahid, M., Javed, A., Recent Advances in Aerospace Engineering
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About Authors
[20] A. Dadgarpour, M.S.S. & Kishk, A.A.

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(2016). Wideband Low-Loss Magnetoelec-
tric Dipole Antenna for 5G Wireless Net- H.R BARUA currently persuing his B.Sc.
work With Gain Enhancement Using Meta degree in Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Lens and Gap Waveguide Technology Feed- from University of Science and Technology

Pr
ing. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Chittagong (USTC), Chattogram, Bangladesh.
Propagation, 64, 5094–5101. His research interest includes MIMO antenna
design for 5G, mm-Wave mobile applications
[21] Shuhrawardy, M., MiahChowdhury, M., & and Internet of Things.
Azim, R. (2019). A Four-element Compact
d
Wideband MIMO Antenna for 5G Appli- I.A CHOWDHURY received the B.Sc.
cations. International Conference on Elec- degree in Electronic & Telecommunication
e
trical, Computer and Communication Engi- Engineering from International Islamic Uni-
neering (ECCE), Cox’sBazar, Bangladesh, versity Chittagong, Bangladesh in 2014 and
ct

1–5. M.S. degree in Electronic Engineering from

[22] Venkateswara, R., Madhav, B., Krishna, J., Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
re

Usha, D., Anilkumar, T., & Prudhvi, N. in 2020. He is currently a faculty member of
(2019). CSRR-loaded T-shaped MIMO an- the Department of Electrical and Electronic
tenna for 5G cellular networks and vehicu- Engineering at the University of Science and
lar communications. International Journal Technology Chittagong (USTC), Chattogram,
or

of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided, 29, Bangladesh. His research interest includes

e21799. unmanned aerial vehicle communication, coop-
erative communication and wireless powered
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[23] Sunthari, P. & Veeramani, R. (2017). Multi- communication with energy harvesting, MIMO
band microstrip patch antenna for 5G antenna design and the Internet of things.
wireless applications using MIMO tech-
niques. First International Conference on
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