INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN AND SULPHUR ON GROWTH

AND YIELD OF CARROT

SHOAIB RAHMAN

DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE
SHER-E-BANGLA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
DHAKA-1207

JUNE, 2021
INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN AND SULPHUR ON GROWTH
AND YIELD OF CARROT

BY

SHOAIB RAHMAN

REGISTRATION NO. 14-06049

A Thesis

Submitted to the Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture,

Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE (MS)

IN
HORTICULTURE

SEMESTER: JANUARY-JUNE, 2021

Approved by:

…..…………………………… ..........................…………….……………
Prof. Dr. Md. Ismail Hossain Prof. Dr. Mohammad Humayun Kabir
Supervisor Co-supervisor
Department of Horticulture Department of Horticulture
SAU, Dhaka SAU, Dhaka

…….…….....................................................
Prof. Dr. Khaleda Khatun
Chairman
Examination Committee
 DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE
Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University (SAU)
Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka-1207

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that thesis entitled “INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN AND

SULPHUR ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF CARROT” submitted to the Faculty
of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University (SAU), Dhaka in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE (MS) IN
HORTICULTURE, embodies the result of a piece of bona fide research work
carried out by SHOAIB RAHMAN, Registration no. 14-06049 under my
supervision and guidance. No part of the thesis has been submitted for any other
degree or diploma.

I further certify that such help or source of information, as has been availed of
during the course of this investigation has duly been acknowledged.

_______________________
Dated: June, 2021 Prof. Dr. Md. Ismail Hossain
Place: Dhaka, Bangladesh Supervisor
Department of Horticulture
SAU, Dhaka
 DEDICATED
TO
MY BELOVED
PARENTS
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

All the praises due to the Almighty Allah, the cherisher and sustainer of the world. His blessings
have enabled the author to complete his dissertation leading to Master of Science in Horticulture
degree.

The author expresses his heartiest gratitude sincere appreciation, indebtedness and deep sense of
respect to his adorable teacher, venerable Supervisor Professor Dr. Md. Ismail Hossain, Department
of Horticulture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University for his planning, painstaking and scholastic
guidance, support, extraordinary kind concern, everlasting encouragement, inestimable cooperation
and intellectual encircling the till final preparation of the thesis.

He express his profuse gratitude, cordial appreciation and gratefulness to his thoughtful, co-
supervisor Professor Dr. Mohammad Humayun Kabir, Department of Horltculture, Sher-e-Bangla
Agricultural University, for his valuable suggestions, guidance constant encouragement and
inestimable during the entire period of study.

With due regards, he thanks the Chairman, Department of Horticulture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural
University, for the facilities provided, in carrying out this work. He also acknowledges with deep
regards the help and cooperation received from his respected teachers and stuff of the Department
of Horticulture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University while carrying out this work.

He expresses his heartiest gratitude sincere appreciation, indebtedness and deep sense of respect to
his parents for their sincere and affectionate support and love, extraordinary kind concern,
everlasting encouragement and inestimable cooperation during the entire period of study.

The Author

i
 INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN AND SULPHUR ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF

CARROT

BY

SHOAIB RAHMAN

ABSTRACT

The present investigation entitled “Influence of nitrogen and sulphur on growth and yield of
carrot” was conducted from January, 2019 to February, 2020 at the horticulture Farm of Sher-e-
Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. The experiment comprised of two factors;
viz. Factor A: Four levels of nitrogen fertilizer (0 kg N/ha, 40 kg N/ha, 80 kg N/ha and 120 kg
N/ha) and Factor B: Three levels of sulphur (0 kg S/ha, 5 kg S/ha and 10 kg S/ha) of carrot. The
experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. In case
of nitrogen fertilizer application, the highest plant height, number of leaves, length of leaves,
fresh weight of plant, dry weight of plant, length of root, diameter of root, dry weight of root and
yield were recorded and lowest percent of cracked roots per plot and lowest percent of rotten
roots per plot were recorded of carrot in case of application of nitrogen @ 120 kg N/ha. In case
of different levels of sulphur, the highest plant height, number of leaves, length of leaves, fresh
weight of plant, dry weight of plant, length of root, diameter of root, dry weight of root and yield
were recorded and lowest percent of cracked roots per plot and lowest percent of rotten roots per
plot were recorded of carrot in case of application of sulphur @ 10 kg S/ha. Again, the highest
plant height, number of leaves, length of leaves, fresh weight of plant, dry weight of plant, length
of root, diameter of root, dry weight of root and yield (22.21 ton/ha) were recorded and lowest
percent of cracked roots per plot and lowest percent of rotten roots per plot were recorded of
carrot in case of combined effect of nitrogen @ 120 kg N/ha and sulphur @ 10 kg S/ha applying
in the carrot field.

ii
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

Abbreviation Full meaning

BARC Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council
BARI Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute
BBS Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics
CV Coefficient of variation
oC Degree Celsius
d.f. Degrees of freedom
et al. And others
EC Emulsifiable Concentrate
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations
gm Gram
Ha Hectare
CRSP Collaborative Research Support Project
J. Journal
Kg Kilogram
LSD Least Significant Difference
Mg Milligram
Ml Milliliter
MP Muriate of Potash
N Nitrogen
% Percent
RCBD Randomized Complete Block Design
S Sulphur
SAU Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University
TSP Triple Super Phosphate
WP Wettable Powder

iii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i
ABSTRACT ii
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iv
LIST OF TABLES vi
LIST OF FIGURES vii
I INTRODUCTION 01
II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 04
2.1 Literatures on nitrogen 04
2.2 Literatures on sulphur 08
III MATERIALS AND METHODS 12
3.1 Location of the experiment field 12
3.2 Climate of the experimental area 12
3.3 Soil of the experimental field 12
3.4 Planting materials 13
3.5 Treatments of the experiment 13
3.6 Experimental design and layout 14
3.7 Cultivation procedure 15
3.8 Seed soaking 16
3.9 Sowing of seeds 16
3.10 Intercultural operations 16
3.11 Plant protection 17
3.12 Harvesting 17
3.13 Parameters assessed 18
3.14 Collection of data 18
3.15 Statistical analysis 20
IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 21
4.1 Plant height 21
4.2 Number of leaves 23

iv
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
4.3 Length of leaves 24
4.4 Fresh weight of plant 25
4.5 Dry weight of plant 26
4.6 Length of root 28
4.7 Diameter of root 29
4.8 Dry weight of root 31
4.9 Percent cracked roots 33
4.10 Percent rotten roots 34
4.11 Yield 37
V SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 40
VI REFERENCES 46
VII APPENDIXES 57

v
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE PAGE
NAME OF THE TABLES
NO. NO.
1 Effect of different levels of nitrogen on plant height, 27
number of leaves, length of leaves, fresh weight of plant
and dry weight of plant (g) of carrot
2 Effect of different levels of sulphur on plant height, number 27
of leaves, length of leaves, fresh weight of plant and dry
weight (g) of plant of carrot
3 Combined effect of nitrogen level and sulphur level on 28
plant height, number of leaves, length of leaves, fresh
weight of plant and dry weight (g) of plant of carrot
4 Effect of different levels of nitrogen on length of root, 31
diameter of root and dry weight of root (g) of carrot
5 Effect of different levels of sulphur on length of root, 32
diameter of root and dry weight of root (g) of carrot
6 Combined effect of nitrogen level and sulphur level on 33
length of root, diameter of root and dry weight of root (g) of
carrot
7 Combined effect of nitrogen and sulphur on yield 39
attributing characters and yield of carrot

vi
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE PAGE
TITLE
NO. NO.
1 Field layout of the two factors experiment in the 14
Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD)
2 Effect of different levels of nitrogen on plant height of 21
carrot
3 Effect of different levels of sulphur on plant height of carrot 22
4 Effect of different levels of nitrogen on the percent of 34
cracked roots per plot of carrot
5 Effect of different levels of sulphur on the percentage of 34
cracked roots per plot of carrot
6 Effect of different levels of nitrogen on the percent of rotten 36
roots per plot of carrot
7 Effect of different levels of sulphur on the percentage of 36
rotten roots per plot of carrot
8 Effect of different levels of nitrogen on the yield of carrot 37
9 Effect of different levels of sulphur on the yield of carrot 38

vii
 LIST OF APPENDIXES

APPEND PAGE
TITLE
IX NO. NO.
1 Experimental location on the map of Agro-ecological Zones 57
of Bangladesh
2 The physical and chemical characteristics of soil of the 58
experimental site as observed prior to experimentation (0-
15 cm depth)
3 Analysis of variance of the data on the effect of nitrogen 59
and sulphur on plant height, number of leaves and length of
leaves of carrot
4 Analysis of variance of the data on the effect of nitrogen 59
and sulphur on fresh weight of plant, dry weight of plant
and length of root of carrot
5 Analysis of variance of the data on the effect of nitrogen 59
and sulphur on diameter of root, dry weight of root and
percent cracked roots of carrot
6 Analysis of variance of the data on the effect of nitrogen 60
and sulphur on percent rotten roots per plot of carrot

viii
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Carrot (Daucus carota L.) is a winter crop belongs to the family Apiaceae and is one

of the important root vegetable crops cultivated throughout the world. It is well

distributed throughout the temperate, tropical and subtropical part of the world. Its

fleshy edible roots are used as human food and animal feed (Salunkhe and Kadam,

1998). Carrot is rich in beta-carotene and is an excellence source of iron, calcium,

phosphorus and folic acid and vitamin B. It is also rich in sugar content and some

important medicinal values (Sadhu, 1993; Yawalker, 1992). Carrot is also an excellent

source of vitamins A, C, K, B1, B2, B6, calcium, dietary fiber and protein (Mateljan,

2007 and Atkins, 1999). It is used as salad and as cooked vegetable in soups, stews,

curries, etc. and is also used for the preparation of pickles, jam, and sweet dishes (Kabir

et al., 2000). Carrots are a very important vegetable crop, widely used in human

(especially children) diet due to their high nutritional (Heinonen, 1990) and medicinal

value, and their role in disease prevention (Arscott and Tanumihardjo, 2010; Zhang et

al., 2009; Gallichio et al., 2008).

Carrot is cultivated in total area of 4368 acres and total production of 15679 MT (BBS,

2017) in Bangladesh. Nitrogen application above 110 kg/ha decreases the yield and

quality due to root cracking (Balvoll, 1995). Large nitrate concentration in soil tends to

improve shoot: root ratio (Raynal-Lacroix, 1994).

Carrot plants need micronutrients for cell and chlorophyll production. From a

physiological standpoint, the yield of carrot depends on the production and

translocation of carbohydrates from the leaves to the roots (Wafaa, 2013). Being

nitrophilous vegetables showing a tendency to accumulate nitrates, carrots require

1
nitrogen fertilization, as one of the most important management practices (Ahmadi et

al., 2010; John et al., 2003). Nitrogen is one of the most important yield-limiting

nutrients for plants (Xia et al., 2011; Ekbic et al., 2010). Nitrate accumulation is

affected not only by the type of nitrate fertilizer used, but also by nitrogen rates, variety,

environment, harvesting date and other agronomical factors (Gajewski et al., 2009;

Kòňa, 2006; Amr and Nadidi, 2001; Gutezeit, 2000; Cserni and Prohaszka, 1988).

About 85-90% of nitrogen is absorbed by carrot during the growth stage of plant; while

in the first and last quarter of its growth only 10-15% of nitrogen is absorbed. Split

applications of fertilizers, especially nitrogen, improve carrot yield (Balvoll, 1995).

Wiebe (1987) obtained the best result of carrot yield with 80 to 140 kgha -1 of nitrogen,

whereas Markovic et al. (2002) reported the highest yield at the application rate of 100

kgha-1. As high nitrogen rates cause accumulation of harmful nitrates in the plants

(Mubashir et al., 2010; Ahmadi et al., 2010; Anjana et al., 2007; Chen et al., 2004;

John et al., 2003; Gutezeit, 1999), it is essential to use genotypes which accumulate a

low content of this nutrient. The consumption of foods and beverages high in nitrates

is very dangerous to human health since it causes a large number of diseases, most

commonly carcinogenic diseases (Mozafar, 1993). The toxic effects of nitrate are due

to its endogenous conversion to nitrite, which is related to methaemoglobinaemia,

gastric cancer and other diseases (Santamaria, 2006). The concentration of ß-carotene

increases with increasing nitrogen rates. Hocmuth et al. (1999) used nitrogen rates of 0

to 220 kg/ha and obtained the highest content of ß-carotene (55 mg/kg) with 160 kg/ha.

Chenard et al. (2005) found that ß-carotene content was affected by increasing nitrogen

rates.

Several studies revealed the importance of sulphur achieve high carrot yield (Anjaiah

and Padmaja, 2006). Root yield and quality parameters increased with increasing levels

2
of sulphur. Sulphur played a key role in increasing the root TSS value. The effect of

sulphur amendment on soil properties is directly associated with considerable variation

on oxidation- reduction processes in soil. The oxidation of elemental sulphur to sulphate

results in acidification of the soil. The acid produced from the oxidation process helps

in reducing soil alkalinity (Cox and Koenig, 2010). Also, Sulphur is one of the essential

elements needed for plant growth and development. It is immobile in plants and being

a constituent of proteins, it is vital for the synthesis of the sulphur-containing amino

acids- cysteine, cystine and methionine. The amino acids are indicators of the protein

quality in plant (Scherer et al., 2008 and Abdallah et al., 2010).

The present study was conducted to evaluate the influence of nitrogen and sulphur on

growth and yield of carrot (Daucus carota L.). Different levels of nitrogen increases

the vegetative growth of carrot and different levels of sulphur also increases the quality

of carrot root. Aiming this factors some objectives are undertaken for this study and

they are-

i. To study the growth and yield responses of carrot in relation to different

levels of nitrogen and sulphur application.

ii. To find out optimum level of nitrogen and sulphur for growth and yield of

carrot.

3
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Carrot draws much attention to the researchers throughout the world to develop its

production technology. Use of nitrogen and sulphur fertilizers are to important factors

for maximum yield and quality of a crop. Like many other root and tuber crops, the

growth and yield of carrot are largely influenced by these two factors. A number of

factors like emergence, soil moisture and temperature, plant growth and yields of the

crop are closely related with these factors. Optimum dose of nitrogen and sulphur are

necessary to ensure the quality and high yield of the crop. Although many research

works have been done on various cultural aspects of carrot in different countries,

unfortunately literature regarding studies on nitrogen and sulphur level under

Bangladesh conditions is scanty. For this reason, available literature on carrot and other

root crops related to present research work are reviewed in this chapter.

2.1. Literatures on nitrogen

Maurya and Goswami (1985) revealed that, nitrogen fertilizer application during

growth stage of carrot increases plant height of carrot. Beside this it also increased the

leaf number of carrot. After the application of over dose of nitrogen the length and

diameter of carrot root was increased (Sarker, 1999; Batra and Kallo, 1990).

Sarker (1999) showed that nitrogen treatments significantly increased yield of carrot

per hectare.

Nitrogen had significant influence on the growth and yield of carrot. The tallest plants

(47.36 cm), highest number of leaves (11.61), highest root length (16.17 cm), maximum

fresh weight of leaves (145.1 g), maximum dry matter content of leaves (11.66%),

maximum dry matter content of root (15.90%), maximum fresh weight of root (68.33

4
g), maximum gross yield of root (22.55 t/ha) and maximum marketable yield of root

(20.67 ton/ha) were found in 100 kg N per ha. Therefore, from the present study it may

be concluded that, 100 kg N per ha were suitable for optimum growth and yield of

carrot (Moniruzzaman et al., 2013).

A review by Mozafar (1993) summarizes the effects of N fertilization on the vitamin

content of plants, including carrot. Fertilization with N, especially at high rates,

decreases the concentration of vitamin C and increases the concentration of carotenes.

Musa et al. (2010) reported that the applied nitrogen significantly elevated ß-carotene

content at maturity, while no significant variation was recorded at fruiting.

Nitrate accumulation in carrot root was measured from the carrot root which were

grown in the Central European region, the values range from 50 to 500 mg NO 3kg-1

fresh weight FW) (Pokluda, 2006; Gutezeit, 1999; Mazur, 1992).

Increasing fertilizer rates increased nitrate accumulation over control in carrot (John et

al., 2003). With 180 kgNha-1 supply, a higher nitrate accumulation in carrot is possibly

due to a greater uptake of nitrate than its utilization in plant physiological processes

(Cantliffe, 1973).

Hartmann (1983) found increased soil nitrate concentrations and nitrate accumulation

in plants under drought and inadequate watering conditions. Similar results were

obtained by Augustin et al. (1977), who reported a two-fold increase in nitrate content

due to insufficient irrigation.

Allaire-Leung et al. (2001) found that nitrate leaching was positively correlated to soil

NO3-N content but was not correlated to irrigation depth, irrigation uniformity, or deep

percolation.

5
Van Der Boon et al. (1988) determined that increased soil and air temperatures reduce

nitrate reductase activity consequently leading to an increase in nitrate content, as

confirmed by the results of Calatayud et al. (2008).

The carrot genotypes tested had a significant effect (P<0.05) on nitrate content in the

root. Lower nitrate content was found in the hybrid Almaro in both years, which was

expected considering the genetic predisposition of the hybrid to reduce nitrate

accumulation (Gutezeit and Fink, 1999; Lee et al., 1992; Anikeenko and Vintsunas,

1986; Cserni et al., 1983).

Amr and Nadidi (2001) reported a statistically significant effect of cultivar (P≤ 0.05)

on the nitrate content in vegetables grown under both greenhouse and open field

conditions. The distribution of accumulated nitrates in carrot roots in both years was

uneven, gradually decreasing from the top to the bottom of the root. Higher nitrate

levels were measured in the upper part of the root (332.5 mg NO3kg-1 FW in 2005, that

is, 524.1 mg NO3kg-1 FW in 2006), which was statistically significant as compared to

the lower part (247.5 mg NO3kg-1 FW in 2005, that is, 262.8 mg NO3 kg-1 FW in 2006).

Similar nitrate distribution within carrot root was previously reported by Steer (1982),

who found 90% of totally accumulated nitrate in the upper third of the root, that is, just

below the top.

The physiological role of vitamin C is to produce protective effects in vegetables by

decreasing nitrosoamine levels (Mc Knight et al., 1999; Beyers and Peery, 1992).

Stefanelli et al. (2010) reported that increased N applications resulted in increased

vegetative growth and larger fruits, suggesting that the decline in ascorbic acid could,

in part, be due to a dilution effect.

6
Cieślik (1994) found that the vitamin C content was highest at the lowest nitrate content,

whereas Lisiewska and Kmiecik (1996) reported a decrease in vitamin C content as

induced by the nitrogen rate increase from 80 to 120 kg/ha.

Lee and Kader (2000) associated the low vitamin C level in treatments with increased

nitrate rates with rapid plant growth which provoked biological dilution of vitamin C.

Cultivar Nantes had a statistically higher vitamin C level than Almaro, as expected by

the genetic variability between these two genotypes.

Zushi and Matsuzoe (1998) reported a variable effect of water deficiency on vitamin C

content. Vitamin C content is reduced by low water tension (Rudich et al., 1977) as

well as by PRD (Partial Root Zone Drying) (Du et al., 2008). In view of the

physiological importance of vitamin C, the use of high rates of nitrogen fertilizers

should be avoided in carrot cultivation.

The level of ß-carotene in carrot roots was found to increase upon treatment with higher

rates of nitrogen, which was in agreement with a previous study conducted by Chenard

et al. (2005) and Cserni and Prohaszka (1988).

A lower carotene content was obtained by Evers (1989) using the nitrogen rate of 150

kg/ha, which had no effect on carotene content as compared to the 80 kg/ha rate.

Previous studies reported few data on the effect of water deficiency on ß-carotene

content, except in tomatoes. Matsuzoe et al. (1998) found that water deficiency resulted

in an increase in ß-carotene content in three cherry tomato cultivars and produced no

effect in one cultivar. Zushi and Matsuzoe (1998) suggested that water stress had no

effect on ß-carotene content in tomatoes, which is in agreement with the results of the

present study on carrot.

7
The carrot genotypes tested showed a statistically significant difference in ß-carotene

level in both years. Genetic variability regarding this quality trait was determined by

Kalt (2005), Alasalvar et al. (1998, 2001) and Hart and Scott (1995).

Boskovic-Rakocevic et al. (2012) conducted a study and concluded that, the effect of

increasing nitrate fertilization rates on the vitamin C and ß-carotene content of the root

in two carrot genotypes suggest that: Nitrate accumulation in carrot roots was directly

affected by nitrogen rate, with nitrate level being statistically different (P<0.05) at all

rates applied. The highest level of vitamin C was found in non-fertilized soil with

significant differences between the increasing rates of nitrogen. ß-carotene content

increased with increasing rates of nitrogen and was found to be statistically significant

even at 120 and 180 kgNha-1, as compared to both the control and 60 kgNha -1 rate.

2.2. Literatures on sulphur

Singh et al. (2016) conducted an experiment on carrot to evaluate the effect of sulphur

nutrient on carrot and observed that, the application of sulphur up to 30 and 45 kg/ha

significantly increased the edible root yields and dry matter production of carrot and

radish , respectively.

Wafaa (2013) conducted an experiment and showed that the dry mass of carrot had

increased significantly with the increase of sulphur fertilizer rates. The highest sulphur

rate (400 kg fed-1) produced carrot dry mass significantly more as compared to those

plants that received control or sulphur at a rate of 100 and 200 kg fed -1. The differences

between 100 and 200 kg fed-1were found to be not-significant. He also found that in the

case of sulphur treatment, the total soluble, solid, sugar contents and protein content of

carrots tended to be greater than where no sulphur was applied. The total soluble solid,

8
sugar contents and protein contents significantly affected by sulphur application to soil.

The highest of these parameters were observed with S 400 treatment.

Kaya et al. (2009) reported that increased application of sulphur and sulphur-containing

waste led to a significant increase in copper content of plants.

Elemental sulphur is biologically oxidized to H2SO4 in soil under aerobic conditions.

The oxidation of S to H2SO4 is particularly beneficial in alkaline soils to reduce pH,

make micronutrients more available and reclaim soils. They also reported a significant

positive correlation between the SO=4-S content and electrical conductivity (EC) of

tomato greenhouse soils. The generated soil salinity was high with increasing sulphur

applications, which indicates that plants might be subjected to high salinity problems.

High rates of elemental sulphur should be avoided, especially in soils with high EC

level. Soil properties (especially EC and pH) and cultivated plant species should be

taken into consideration in the recommendations for sulphur application to soils.

Previous studies indicated that while the soil pH was decreased, soil EC was increased

in soil by sulphur Orman and Kaplan (2011).

Wafaa (2013) concluded that initial soil EC before sulphur treatments is highly

important. Therefore, this should be taken into consideration when making

recommendation for sulphur applications to lower pH of soils, especially of high salt

content. Non - saline soil may become slightly saline and also, a slightly saline soil may

become moderately or highly saline due to sulphur applications.

Kaya et al. (2009) reported that the application of sulfur and sulfur-containing waste

resulted in decrease in soil pH, but it also increased the concentrations of nutrients

available to plants, such as Zn, Cu and Mn. Sulphur decreased soil pH and increases

9
EC of soil, availability and mobility of heavy metals (Cui et al., 2004 and Martinez and

Motto, 2000).

Decreases in values of soil pH were accompanied by increases in the extractable Fe and

its availability to plants. Fe is also strongly affected by oxidation-reduction reactions

which largely depend on the soil moisture content (Nube and Voortman, 2006 and

Kabata-Pendias, 2004).

Sulphur fertilization had significant effect on changes in the Cu content of soil. This

could result from changes in soil pH. In a study carried out by Takáč et al. (2009), the

content of mobile Cu in the soil was not significantly affected by soil pH. Soil pH is

known to regulate bioactivity and availability of nutrients to plants, because H+ protons

are involved in chemical equilibrium. Vicente et al. (2009) and Jaggi et al. (2005)

claimed that the availability of copper to plants, as with other trace minerals, markedly

decreases as pH value rises. At high pH value copper is strongly adsorbed to clays, iron

and aluminum oxides, and organic matter.

Elemental sulphur fertilization increased Mn concentrations in the soil, in comparison

with the control. The application of 400 kg sulphur contributed to an increase in Mn

content (5.41mgkg-1), compared with other sulphur doses. One of the adverse effects of

sulphur contamination is an increase in Mn solubility and the mobilization of heavy

metals from both natural and anthropogenic sources (Abdou et al., 2011).

Kayser et al. (2001) demonstrated that the application of elemental sulphur increased

zinc solubility in the soil and utilization by plants. Different results were obtained by

Abdou et al. (2011) who did not observe an increase in zinc availability to plants as a

result of elemental sulfur fertilization.

10
Vicente et al. (2009) claim that the availability of copper to plants, as with other trace

minerals, markedly decreases as pH value rises above save. At high pH value copper is

strongly adsorbed to clays, iron and aluminum oxides, and organic matter. Of the

micronutrients required by plants, Cu often has the lowest total concentration in soil.

11
 CHAPTER III

MATERIALS AND METHOD

This chapter deals with the materials and methods that were used in carrying out the

experiment.

3.1 Location of the experiment field

The experiment was conducted at the Horticulture farm of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural

University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka-1207 during January 2019 to February 2020.

The location of the experimental site was at 23°75' N latitude and 90°34' E longitude

with an elevation of 8.2 meter from sea level (Anon., 1989).

3.2 Climate of the experimental area

The experimental area is characterized by subtropical rainfall during the month from

May to September and scattered rainfall during the rest of the year. Information

regarding average monthly, soil temperature as recorded by Bangladesh Meteorological

Department (climate division) Agargoan, Dhaka, during the period of study have been

presented in Appendix I.

3.3 Soil of the experimental field

Soil of the study site was salty clay loam in texture belonging to series. The area

represents the Agro-Ecological Zone of Madhupur tract (AEZ-28) with PM 5.8-6.5,

ECE-25.28 (Haider et al., 1991). The analytical data of the soil sample collected from

the experimental area were determined in the soil Resource Development Institute

(SRDI), Soil Testing Laboratory, Khamarbari, Dhaka and have been presented in

Appendix II.

12
3.4 Planting materials

The seeds of carrot cv. New Kuroda (a Japanese verity) were used in the experiment.

The seeds of Snow Brand Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan were collected from Nadim Seed

Store, Siddique Bazar, Dhaka.

3.5 Treatments of the experiment

The experiment was a two factorial designed to study the effect of different levels of

nitrogen and sulphur on growth and yield of carrot. The experiment consisted of the

following treatments:

Factor A: Nitrogen level

N0= 0 kg N/ha

N1= 40 kg N/ha

N2= 80 kg N/ha

N3= 120 kg N/ha

Factor B: Sulphur level

S0= 0 kg S/ha

S1= 5 kg S/ha

S2= 10 kg S/ha

There were 12 (4×3) treatments combination such as N0S0, N0S1, N0S2, N1S0, N1S1,

N1S2, N2S0, N2S1, N2S2, N3S0, N3S1 and N3S2.

13
3.6 Experimental design and layout

The experiment was conducted in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD)

having two factors with three replications. The total area of the experimental plot was

82.2 m2 (13.7m × 6m) which was divided into three equal blocks and each block was

divided into 12 unit plots. The size of each plot was 1m × 0.6 m. Thus, there were 36

(12 × 3) unit plots altogether in the experiment. The distance between blocks were 1.0

m and 0.5 m wide drain was made between the plot to facilities different intercultural

operations.

The complete layout of the experimental plot has been shown in figure 1:

1m 0.50m
0.50 N3S1 1m N3S0 0.6m N2S0
m

N1S0 N1S2 N3S1

N2S2 N3S2 N2S2

N0S0 N0S2 N1S1

Legend:
N0S2 N1S0 N0S2 Factor A: Different level of
nitrogen N0,1,2,3
N0S1 N2S2 N1S0 Factor B: Different levels of
sulphur S0,1,2
N3S2 N1S1 N3S2
N0S0, N1S1…..: Combinations of
different levels of nitrogen and
N1S2 N3S1 N0S0 sulphur

N2S0 N2S1 N0S1 Spacing: 25 cm × 15 cm

Plot: 1 m× 0.6 m
N1S1 N0S1 N1S2
Total hole = 16
N3S0 N0S0 N2S1

N2S1 N2S0 N3S0

Figure 1: Field layout of the two factors experiment in the Randomized Complete
Block Design (RCBD)

14
3.7. Cultivation procedure

3.7.1. Land preparation

The soil was well prepared and good tilth was ensured for commercial crop production.

The land of the experimental field was ploughed with a power tiller. Later on the land

was ploughed three times followed by laddering to obtain desirable tilth. The corners

of the land were spaded and larger clods were broken into smaller pieces. After

ploughing and laddering, all the stubbles and uprooted weeds were removed and then

the land was ready.

3.7.2. Application of manure and fertilizers

The following doses of manures and fertilizers recommended by Rashid, (1999) were

applied to the experimental plots to grow the crop as below:

Manure/Fertilizers Dose/ha Dose/plot*

Cow dung 10 tons 1.50 kg
Urea As per treatment
TSP 125 kg 18.75 g
MoP 125 kg 18.75 g
Sulphur As per treatment
*= Unit plot size was 1m × 0.6m = 0.6 m2

Nitrogen was applied at the rate of 0, 40, 80 & 120 Kg N per hectare in the form of urea

as factor A and sulphur was applied at the rate of 0, 5 and 10 kg S per hectare in the

form of gypsum as factor B. The entire amount of cow dung was applied at the time of

initial land preparation and the total amount of TSP and MoP were applied during the

final land preparation. Nitrogen and sulphur as per treatment schedule were top-dressed

at 30 days after sowing the seeds.

15
3.8 Seed soaking

Before sowing, the seed were soaked in water for 24 hours and then wrapped with a

piece of thin cloth prior to planting. Then the moistened seeds were spread over

polythene sheet for two hours to dry out the surface water, this operation was to

facilitate for quick germination of seeds.

3.9 Sowing of seeds

The soaked seeds @ 3 Kg/ha (Rikabdar, 2000) were sown on 30 January, 2019. Shallow

furrows with 1.5 cm depth were made at a distance of 15cm along the rows spaced at a

distance of 25 cm. There were 16 holes in each unit plots and four to ten seeds were

placed in each hole and immediately after sowing covered with loose soil.

3.10 Intercultural operations

3.10.1 Thinning

Emergence of seedlings started after 6 days from the date of sowing. Seedlings were

thinned out two times. First thinning was done after 20 days of sowing (DAS), leaving

four seedling in each hill .The second thinning was done after 10 days from first

thinning, keeping one, two & three healthy seedling in each hill as per requirement.

3.10.2. Weeding

Weeding was done as and necessary to keep the crop free from weeds, for better soil

aeration and to break the crust and to achieve good quality of carrot roots. Generally

weeding was done four times.

16
3.10.3 Irrigation

The field was irrigated five times during the whole period of plant growth. Just after

sowing light watering was done with fine watering cane at first time. Surface crust was

broken after each irrigation, The second, third, fourth and fifth watering were done at

20 , 35, 55 .and 75 days after sowing of seeds respectively.

3.11 Plant protection

3.11.1 Insect pest

The crop was infested with cut warm (Agrostis ipsilon), mole cricket, field cricket

during the early stage of growth of seedlings. These insects were controlled by spraying

Dursban 20 EC at the contrition of 0.2% at 15 days interval for three times starting from

20 days after sowing.

3.11.2 Diseases

At early growth stage some of the plants affected by foot root disease which was

controlled by Ridomil MZ 72 WP at the rate of 2.5 g/L of water.

3.12 Harvesting

The crop was harvested on 15 May, 2019 after 105 days from seed sowing when the

foliage turned pale yellow (Bose and Som, 1990). Rikabdar (2000) suggested that

carrots should be harvested in Bangladesh within 90-105 days after sowing for

maximum yield and quality. The crop was harvested plot wise carefully by hand. The

soil and fibrous roots and hearing to the roots were cleaned with cloth. Ten plants were

selected at random and uprooted very carefully from each unit plot at the time of harvest

and mean data on the following parameters were recorded.

17
3.13 Parameters assessed

Growth stage

1. Plant height

2. Number of leaves per plant

3. Length of leaves per plant

4. Fresh weight of plant

5. Dry weight of plant

Yield parameter

6. Length of root

7. Diameter of root

8. Cracked roots per plot

9. Rotten roots per plot

10. Dry weight of root

11. Gross yield/ha

3.14 Collection of data

Five plants per plot were sampled in the middle rows and marked by bamboo stick for

collection of per plant data while the crop of whole plot was harvested to record per

plant data. The plants in the outer rows and the extreme end of the middle rows were

excluded from the random sampling to avoid the border effect.

18
3.14.1 Plant height

In order to measure the plant height, a centimeter (cm) by a meter scale at 45,60,75 and

90 days after sowing (DAS) from the point of the attachment of the leaves to the root

(ground level) up to the tip of the longest leaf.

3.14.2 Number of leaves per plant

Number of leaves per plant of 10 sampled hills were counted at 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAS.

All the leaves of the plants were counted separately. Only the smallest young leaves at

the growing point of the plant were excluded from the counting.

3.14.3 Length of leaves per plant

The average length of the leaves was recorder in cm by a meter scale from the point of

attachment of the leaves (proximal end) to the last point of the leaves (distal end) in

each treatment combination.

3.14.4 Length of root per plant

The average length of the root was recorder in cm by a meter scale from the point of

attachment of the leaves (proximal end) to the last point of the root (distal end) in each

treatment combination.

3.14.5 Diameter of root per plant

The average diameter of the root was measured at the thickest portion of the root at

harvest with the help of a slide caliper.

3.14.6 Fresh weight of plant

Plants were detached by a sharp knife and 100 g fresh weight was recorded in gram (g).

19
3.14.7 Dry weight of plant

Plants were detached by a sharp knife and 100 g dry weight was recorded in gram (g).

3.14.8 Cracked roots per plot

At the time of harvest, the number of cracked roots were counted. Cracked root

percentage was calculated by using the following formula—

𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠

Cracked root (%) = × 100
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠

3.14.9 Rotten roots per plot

At, harvest the number of rotten roots were counted and the result was calculated on

percentage basis as per the following formula-

𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠

Rotten root (%) = × 100
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠

3.14.10 Dry weight of root

Roots were detached by a sharp knife and 100 g dry weight was recorded in gram (g).

3.14.11 Total yield of roots per hectare

The yield of roots per hectare was computed from the per plot yield and was recorded

in tones.

3.15 Statistical analysis

The data collected from the experimental plots were statistically analyzed according to

final out the variation(s) by MSTATC. The significance of difference between pair of

means were performed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) test at 5% levels of

probability (Gomez and Gomez, 1984).

20
 CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The results obtained from the present study have been presented and discussed in this

chapter. To achieve the stated objectives of the study two different phases as mentioned

earlier are presented separately. Data on different parameters were analyzed statistically

and the results have been presented in Tables and Figures for easy discussion. The

results of each parameter have been discussed and interpreted in this chapter:

4.1. Plant height

Statistically significant variation was recorded among different nitrogen level on the

plant height of carrot (App. III). Data revealed that, the maximum plant height (28.33

cm) was showed at the applying nitrogen fertilizer @ 120 kg N/ha for carrot, which

was statistically different from other nitrogen level which were applied as treatment.

Whereas, the minimum plant height (18.33 cm) was showed at not applying nitrogen

fertilizer @ 0 kg N/ha for carrot, which was statistically different from other nitrogen

level which were applied as treatment. This confirms the report of Moniruzzaman et al.

(2013) and Stefanelli et al. (2010) that, the nitrogen level increased vegetative growth

and larger fruits of carrot.

Plant height (cm)

30
28.33
25
23.67
Plant height (cm)

21.67
20
18.33
15

10

0
Different levels of nitrogen

Figure 2: Effect of different levels of nitrogen on plant height of

carrot

21
Statistically significant variation was recorded among different sulphur level on the

plant height of carrot (App. III). Data revealed that, the maximum plant height (26.67

cm) was showed at the applying nitrogen fertilizer @ 10kg S/ha for carrot, which was

statistically different from other sulphur level which were applied as treatment.

Whereas, the minimum plant height (16.67 cm) was showed at not applying sulphur

fertilizer @ 0kg S/ha for carrot, which was statistically different from other sulphur

level which were applied as treatment. This confirms the report of Singh et al. (2016)

and Wafaa (2013) that, the sulphur level increased vegetative growth and fruit quality

of carrot.
S0 S1 S2
30
a
25
Plant height (cm)

b
20
c
15

10

0
S0 S1 S2
Different levels of sulphur
Figure 3: Effect of different levels of sulphur on plant height of
carrot
Combined effect of different level of nitrogen and sulphur expressed significant

differences due to their interaction effect on plant height of carrot (App. III). The

maximum plant height (30.33 cm) was recorded from the application of nitrogen @ 120

kg N/ha and sulphur @ 10 kg S/ha (N3S2) which was statistically different from the

others and followed by N3S1 (27.67 cm), N2S2 (26.67), N2S1 (26.33), N1S2 (25.33), N1S1

(24.67) and N0S2 (24.33 cm). The minimum plant height (15.33 cm) was recorded from

the application of nitrogen @ 0 kg N/ha and sulphur 0 kg S/ha (N0S0) which was

statistically different from the other treatments and followed by N0S1 (16.33), N2S0

(18.67), N1S0 (20.33) and N3S0 (22.33 cm).

22
4.2. Number of leaves

Statistically significant variation was recorded among different nitrogen level on the

number of leaves of carrot (App. III). Data revealed that, the maximum number of

leaves (20.36 leaves) was showed at the applying nitrogen fertilizer @ 120kg N/ha for

carrot, which was statistically different from other nitrogen level which were applied

as treatment. Whereas, the minimum number of leaves (12.37 leaves) was showed at

not applying nitrogen fertilizer @ 0kg N/ha for carrot, which was statistically different

from other nitrogen level which were applied as treatment. This confirms the report of

Moniruzzaman et al. (2013) and Stefanelli et al. (2010) that, the nitrogen level

increased vegetative growth and larger fruits of carrot.

Statistically significant variation was recorded among different sulphur level on the

number of leaves of carrot (App. III). Data revealed that, the maximum number of

leaves (17.77 leaves) was showed at the applying sulphur fertilizer @ 10kg S/ha for

carrot, which was statistically different from other sulphur level which were applied as

treatment. Whereas, the minimum number of leaves (10.67 leaves) was showed at not

applying sulphur fertilizer @ 0kg S/ha for carrot, which was statistically different from

other sulphur level which were applied as treatment. This confirms the report of Singh

et al. (2016) and Wafaa (2013) that, the sulphur level increased vegetative growth and

fruit quality of carrot.

Combined effect of different level of nitrogen and sulphur expressed significant

differences due to their interaction effect on the number of leaves of carrot (App. III).

The maximum number of leaves (22.37 leaves) was recorded from the application of

nitrogen @ 120 kg N/ha and sulphur @ 10 kg S/ha (N3S2) which was statistically similar

with N3S1 (21.77 leaves) and N2S2 (21.33) and followed by N2S1 (20.67), N1S2 (18.78),

N1S1 (16.67) and N0S2 (16.37 leaves). The minimum number of leaves (10.67 leaves)

23
was recorded from the application of nitrogen @ 0 kg N/ha and sulphur 0 kg S/ha (N0S0)

which was statistically different from the other treatments and followed by N0S1

(12.33), N2S0 (12.67), N1S0 (13.36) and N3S0 (15.36 leaves).

4.3. Length of leaves

Statistically significant variation was recorded among different nitrogen level on the

length of leaves of carrot (App. III). Data revealed that, the maximum length of leaves

(18.87 cm) was showed at the applying nitrogen fertilizer @ 120kg N/ha for carrot,

which was statistically different from other nitrogen level which were applied as

treatment. Whereas, the minimum length of leaves (8.87 cm) was showed at not

applying nitrogen fertilizer @ 0kg N/ha for carrot, which was statistically different from

other nitrogen level which were applied as treatment. This confirms the report of

Moniruzzaman et al. (2013) and Stefanelli et al. (2010) that, the nitrogen level

increased vegetative growth and larger fruits of carrot.

Statistically significant variation was recorded among different sulphur level on the

length of leaves of carrot (App. III). Data revealed that, the maximum length of leaves

(18.67 cm) was showed at the applying sulphur fertilizer @ 10kg S/ha for carrot, which

was statistically different from other sulphur level which were applied as treatment.

Whereas, the minimum length of leaves (8.33 cm) was showed at not applying sulphur

fertilizer @ 0kg S/ha for carrot, which was statistically different from other sulphur

level which were applied as treatment. This confirms the report of Singh et al. (2016)

and Wafaa (2013) that, the sulphur level increased vegetative growth and fruit quality

of carrot.

Combined effect of different level of nitrogen and sulphur expressed significant

differences due to their interaction effect on length of leaves of carrot (App. III). The

24
maximum length of leaves (19.67 cm) was recorded from the application of nitrogen @

120 kg N/ha and sulphur @ 10 kg S/ha (N3S2) which was statistically different from the

others and followed by N3S1 (17.36 cm), N2S2 (16.67), N2S1 (15.33), N1S2 (14.67), N1S1

(13.33) and N0S2 (12.76 cm). The minimum length of leaves (7.67 cm) was recorded

from the application of nitrogen @ 0 kg N/ha and sulphur 0 kg S/ha (N0S0) which was

statistically similar with N0S1 (8.67 cm) and followed by N2S0 (9.87), N1S0 (10.33) and

N3S0 (10.67 cm).

4.4. Fresh weight of plant

Statistically significant variation was recorded among different nitrogen level on the

fresh weight of plant of carrot (App. IV). Data revealed that, the maximum weight of

plant (67.33 g) was showed at the applying nitrogen fertilizer @ 120kg N/ha for carrot,

which was statistically different from other nitrogen level which were applied as

treatment. Whereas, the minimum weight of plant (42.67 g) was showed at not applying

nitrogen fertilizer @ 0kg N/ha for carrot, which was statistically different from other

nitrogen level which were applied as treatment. This confirms the report of

Moniruzzaman et al. (2013) and Stefanelli et al. (2010) that, the nitrogen level

increased vegetative growth and larger fruits of carrot.

Statistically significant variation was recorded among different sulphur level on the

fresh weight of plant of carrot (App. IV). Data revealed that, the maximum weight of

plant (65.67 g) was showed at the applying sulphur fertilizer @ 10kg S/ha for carrot,

which was statistically different from other sulphur level which were applied as

treatment. Whereas, the minimum weight of plant (40.67 g) was showed at not applying

sulphur fertilizer @ 0kg S/ha for carrot, which was statistically different from other

sulphur level which were applied as treatment. This confirms the report of Singh et al.

25
(2016) and Wafaa (2013) that, the sulphur level increased vegetative growth and fruit

quality of carrot.

Combined effect of different level of nitrogen and sulphur expressed significant

differences due to their interaction effect on fresh weight of plant of carrot (App. IV).

The maximum fresh weight of plant (72.47 g) was recorded from the application of

nitrogen @ 120 kg N/ha and sulphur @ 10 kg S/ha (N3S2) which was statistically

different from the others and followed by N3S1 (68.87 g), N2S2 (67.63), N2S1 (64.67),

N1S2 (63.36), N1S1 (61.36) and N0S2 (60.67 g). The minimum fresh weight of plant

(38.87 g) was recorded from the application of nitrogen @ 0 kg N/ha and sulphur 0 kg

S/ha (N0S0) which was statistically similar with N0S1 (40.36) and followed by N2S0

(53.33), N1S0 (56.78) and N3S0 (58.33 g).

4.5. Dry weight of plant

Statistically significant variation was recorded among different nitrogen level on the

dry weight of plant of carrot (App. IV). Data revealed that, the maximum dry weight of

plant (8.31 g) was showed at the applying nitrogen fertilizer @ 120kg N/ha for carrot,

which was statistically different from other nitrogen level which were applied as

treatment. Whereas, the minimum dry weight of plant (5.33 g) was showed at not

applying nitrogen fertilizer @ 0kg N/ha for carrot, which was statistically different from

other nitrogen level which were applied as treatment. This confirms the report of

Moniruzzaman et al. (2013) and Stefanelli et al. (2010) that, the nitrogen level

increased vegetative growth and larger fruits of carrot.

26
Table 1: Effect of different levels of nitrogen on plant height, number of leaves, length
of leaves, fresh weight of plant and dry weight of plant (g) of carrot
Nitrogen level Number of Length of Fresh weight of Dry weight of
leaves leaves plant (g) plant (g)
N0 12.37 d 8.87 42.67 d 5.33 d
N1 15.33 c 12.67 48.67 c 6.36 c
N2 18.27 b 16.33 56.36 b 7.67 b
N3 20.36 a 18.87 67.33 a 8.31 a
LSD (0.05) 1.16 1.23 1.21 0.55
CV (%) 0.56 0.56 0.39 0.36
Here, N0 = 0 kg N/ha, N1= 40 kg N/ha, N2= 80 kg N/ha, N3= 120 kg N/ha

Statistically significant variation was recorded among different sulphur level on the dry

weight of plant of carrot (App. IV). Data revealed that, the maximum dry weight of

plant (8.21 g) was showed at the applying sulphur fertilizer @ 10kg S/ha for carrot,

which was statistically different from other sulphur level which were applied as

treatment. Whereas, the minimum dry weight of plant (4.77 g) was showed at not

applying sulphur fertilizer @ 0kg S/ha for carrot, which was statistically different from

other sulphur level which were applied as treatment. This confirms the report of Singh

et al. (2016) and Wafaa (2013) that, the sulphur level increased vegetative growth and

fruit quality of carrot.

Table 2: Effect of different levels of sulphur on plant height, number of leaves, length
of leaves, fresh weight of plant and dry weight (g) of plant of carrot
Sulphur level Number of Length of Fresh weight Dry weight of
leaves leaves of plant (g) plant (g)
S0 10.67 c 8.33 c 40.67 c 4.77 c
S1 14.36 b 13.36 b 53.33 b 6.33 b
S2 17.77 a 18.67 a 65.67 a 8.21 a
LSD (0.05) 1.33 1.31 1.23 1.19
CV (%) 0.46 0.41 0.56 0.43
Here, S0= 0 kg S/ha, S1= 5 kg S/ha and S2= 10 kg S/ha

Combined effect of different level of nitrogen and sulphur expressed significant

differences due to their interaction effect on dry weight of plant of carrot (App. IV).

The maximum dry weight of plant (8.86 g) was recorded from the application of

27
nitrogen @ 120 kg N/ha and sulphur @ 10 kg S/ha (N3S2) which was statistically similar

with N3S1 (8.21 g), N2S2 (7.86), N2S1 (7.19), N1S2 (6.67), N1S1 (6.43) and N0S2 (6.21

g). The minimum dry weight of plant (4.77 g) was recorded from the application of

nitrogen @ 0 kg N/ha and sulphur 0 kg S/ha (N0S0) which was statistically different

from the other treatments and followed by N0S1 (5.21), N2S0 (5.36), N1S0 (5.76) and

N3S0 (6.19 g).

Table 3: Combined effect of nitrogen level and sulphur level on plant height, number
of leaves, length of leaves, fresh weight of plant and dry weight (g) of plant
of carrot
Combinations Plant Number Length of Fresh Dry
height (cm) of leaves leaves (cm) weight of weight of
plant (g) plant (g)
N0S0 15.33 i 10.67 h 7.67 h 38.87 i 4.77 f
N0S1 16.33 h 12.33 g 8.67 h 40.36 i 5.21 e
N0S2 24.33 d 16.37 de 12.76 e 60.67 e 6.21 d
N1S0 20.33 f 13.36 f 10.33 g 56.78 g 5.76 d
N1S1 24.67 d 16.67 d 13.33 e 61.36 e 6.43 d
N1S2 25.33 c 18.78 c 14.67 d 63.36 d 6.67 c
N2S0 18.67 g 12.67 fg 9.87 g 53.33 gh 5.36 e
N2S1 26.33 bc 20.67 b 15.33 cd 64.67 cd 7.19 c
N2S2 26.67 bc 21.33 ab 16.67 c 67.63 bc 7.86 b
N3S0 22.33 e 15.36 e 10.67 f 58.33 f 6.19 d
N3S1 27.67 b 21.77 ab 17.36 b 68.87 b 8.21 ab
N3S2 30.33 a 22.37 a 19.67 a 72.47 a 8.86 a
CV (%) 6.79 4.47 8.32 8.69 5.57
LSD (0.05) 2.601 0.285 2.223 2.358 1.795
Here, N0= 0 kg N/ha, N1= 40 kg N/ha, N2= 80 kg N/ha, N3= 120 kg N/ha, S0= 0 kg S/ha, S1= 5 kg S/ha
and S2= 10 kg S/ha

4.6. Length of root

Statistically no significant variation was recorded among different nitrogen level on the

length of root of carrot (App. IV). Data revealed that, the maximum length of root (8.33

inch) was showed at the applying nitrogen fertilizer @ 120kg N/ha for carrot, which

was statistically similar with other nitrogen level which were applied as treatment.

Whereas, the minimum length of root (5.33 inch) was showed at not applying nitrogen

fertilizer @ 0kg N/ha for carrot. This confirms the report of Moniruzzaman et al. (2013)

28
and Stefanelli et al. (2010) that, the nitrogen level increased vegetative growth and

larger fruits of carrot.

Statistically significant variation was recorded among different sulphur level on the

length of root (inch) of carrot (App. IV). Data revealed that, the maximum length of

root (7.67 inch) was showed at the applying nitrogen fertilizer @ 10kg S/ha for carrot,

which was statistically different from other sulphur level which were applied as

treatment. Whereas, the minimum length of root (5.67 inch) was showed at not applying

sulphur fertilizer @ 0kg S/ha for carrot, which was statistically different from other

sulphur level which were applied as treatment. This confirms the report of Singh et al.

(2016) and Wafaa (2013) that, the sulphur level increased vegetative growth and fruit

quality of carrot.

Combined effect of different level of nitrogen and sulphur expressed significant

differences due to their interaction effect on length of root of carrot (App. IV). The

maximum length of root (10.33 inch) was recorded from the application of nitrogen @

120 kg N/ha and sulphur @ 10 kg S/ha (N3S2) which was statistically similar with N3S1

(9.67 inch) and N2S2 (9.67) and followed by N2S1 (9.33), N1S2 (9.33), N1S1 (8.67) and

N0S2 (8.33 inch). The minimum length of root (5.33 inch) was recorded from the

application of nitrogen @ 0 kg N/ha and sulphur 0 kg S/ha (N0S0) which was

statistically similar with N0S1 (5.67), N2S0 (6.67), N1S0 (7.33) and N3S0 (7.67 inch).

4.7. Diameter of root

Statistically significant variation was recorded among different nitrogen level on the

diameter of root of carrot (App. V). Data revealed that, the maximum diameter of root

(5.67 cm) was showed at the applying nitrogen fertilizer @ 120kg N/ha for carrot,

which was statistically different from other nitrogen level which were applied as

29
treatment. Whereas, the minimum diameter of root (3.87 cm) was showed at not

applying nitrogen fertilizer @ 0kg N/ha for carrot, which was statistically different from

other nitrogen level which were applied as treatment. This confirms the report of

Moniruzzaman et al. (2013) and Stefanelli et al. (2010) that, the nitrogen level

increased vegetative growth and larger fruits of carrot.

Statistically significant variation was recorded among different sulphur level on the

diameter of root (cm) of carrot (App. V). Data revealed that, the maximum diameter of

root (6.67 cm) was showed at the applying sulphur fertilizer @ 10kg S/ha for carrot,

which was statistically different from other sulphur level which were applied as

treatment. Whereas, the minimum diameter of root (4.67 cm) was showed at not

applying sulphur fertilizer @ 0kg S/ha for carrot, which was statistically different from

other sulphur level which were applied as treatment. This confirms the report of Singh

et al. (2016) and Wafaa (2013) that, the sulphur level increased vegetative growth and

fruit quality of carrot.

Combined effect of different level of nitrogen and sulphur expressed significant

differences due to their interaction effect on the diameter of root of carrot (App. V).

The maximum diameter of root (8.33 cm) was recorded from the application of nitrogen

@ 120 kg N/ha and sulphur @ 10 kg S/ha (N3S2) which was statistically different from

other treatments and followed by N3S1 (7.77 cm), N2S2 (7.33), N2S1 (7.33), N1S2 (6.67),

N1S1 (6.33) and N0S2 (6.33 cm). The minimum diameter of root (2.67 cm) was recorded

from the application of nitrogen @ 0 kg N/ha and sulphur 0 kg S/ha (N0S0) which was

statistically different from the other treatments and followed by N0S1 (3.33), N2S0

(4.33), N1S0 (4.67) and N3S0 (5.67 cm).

30
4.8. Dry weight of root

Statistically significant variation was recorded among different nitrogen level on the

dry weight of root of carrot (App. V). Data revealed that, the maximum dry weight of

root (71.33 g) was showed at the applying nitrogen fertilizer @ 120kg N/ha for carrot,

which was statistically different from other nitrogen level which were applied as

treatment. Whereas, the minimum dry weight of root (43.87g) was showed at not

applying nitrogen fertilizer @ 0kg N/ha for carrot, which was statistically different from

other nitrogen level which were applied as treatment. This confirms the report of

Moniruzzaman et al. (2013) and Stefanelli et al. (2010) that, the nitrogen level

increased vegetative growth and larger fruits of carrot.

Table 4: Effect of different levels of nitrogen on length of root, diameter of root and
dry weight of root (g) of carrot
Nitrogen level Length of root Diameter of Dry weight of root
(inch) root (cm) (g)
N0 5.33 a 3.87 b 43.87 d
N1 6.67 a 4.67 ab 56.97 c
N2 7.67 a 5.33 a 63.58 b
N3 8.33 a 5.67 a 71.33 a
LSD (0.05) 4.23 5.56 5.56
CV (%) 0.33 0.43 0.76
Here, N0 = 0 kg N/ha, N1= 40 kg N/ha, N2= 80 kg N/ha, N3= 120 kg N/ha

Statistically significant variation was recorded among different sulphur level on the dry

weight of root (g) of carrot (App. V). Data revealed that, the maximum dry weight of

root (77.36 g) was showed at the applying sulphur fertilizer @ 10kg S/ha for carrot,

which was statistically different from other sulphur level which were applied as

treatment. Whereas, the minimum dry weight of root (46.67 g) was showed at not

applying sulphur fertilizer @ 0kg S/ha for carrot, which was statistically different from

other sulphur level which were applied as treatment. This confirms the report of Singh

31
et al. (2016) and Wafaa (2013) that, the sulphur level increased vegetative growth and

fruit quality of carrot.

Table 5: Effect of different levels of sulphur on length of root, diameter of root and dry
weight of root (g) of carrot
Sulphur level Length of root Diameter of Dry weight of root
(inch) root (cm) (g)
S0 5.67 b 4.67 b 46.67 c
S1 6.33 ab 5.33 ab 55.17 b
S2 7.67 a 6.67 a 77.36 a
LSD (0.05) 3.56 4.46 4.89
CV (%) 0.52 0.31 0.52
Here, S0= 0 kg S/ha, S1= 5 kg S/ha and S2= 10 kg S/ha

Combined effect of different level of nitrogen and sulphur expressed significant

differences due to their interaction effect on dry weight of roots of carrot (App. V). The

maximum dry weight of roots (78.87 g) was recorded from the application of nitrogen

@ 120 kg N/ha and sulphur @ 10 kg S/ha (N3S2) which was statistically different from

the others and followed by N3S1 (75.23 g), N2S2 (73.49), N2S1 (71.77), N1S2 (67.41),

N1S1 (63.33) and N0S2 (62.29 g). The minimum dry weight of roots (41.87 g) was

recorded from the application of nitrogen @ 0 kg N/ha and sulphur 0 kg S/ha (N0S0)

which was statistically different from the other treatments and followed by N0S1 (46.67

g), N2S0 (52.89), N1S0 (55.56) and N3S0 (57.87 g).

32
Table 6: Combined effect of nitrogen level and sulphur level on length of root, diameter
of root and dry weight of root (g) of carrot
Combinations Length of root Diameter of root Dry weight of
(cm) (cm) root (g)
N0S0 5.33 d 2.67 g 41.87 h
N0S1 5.67 d 3.33 f 46.67 g
N0S2 8.33 b 6.33 c 62.29 d
N1S0 7.33 cd 4.67 e 55.56 e
N1S1 8.67 b 6.33 c 63.33 d
N1S2 9.33 b 6.67 c 67.41 d
N2S0 6.67 d 4.33 e 52.89 f
N2S1 9.33 b 7.33 b 71.77 c
N2S2 9.67 ab 7.33 b 73.49 b
N3S0 7.67 bc 5.67 d 57.87 e
N3S1 9.67 ab 7.67 b 75.23 b
N3S2 10.33 a 8.33 a 78.87 a
CV (%) 5.89 8.92 7.67
LSD (0.05) 0.255 0.389 0.195
Here, N0= 0 kg N/ha, N1= 40 kg N/ha, N2= 80 kg N/ha, N3= 120 kg N/ha, S0= 0 kg S/ha, S1= 5 kg S/ha
and S2= 10 kg S/ha

4.9. Percent cracked roots

Statistically significant variation was recorded among different nitrogen level on the

percent cracked roots of carrot per plot (App. V). Data revealed that, the minimum

percent of cracked roots (0.89 %) per plot was showed at the applying nitrogen fertilizer

@ 120kg N/ha for carrot, which was statistically different from other nitrogen level

which were applied as treatment. Whereas, the maximum percent cracked roots (2.23

%) per plot was showed at not applying nitrogen fertilizer @ 0kg N/ha for carrot, which

was statistically different from other nitrogen level which were applied as treatment.

This confirms the report of Moniruzzaman et al. (2013) and Stefanelli et al. (2010) that,

the nitrogen level increased vegetative growth and larger fruits of carrot.

33
 Percent of cracked roots per plot
2.5 a

Percent of cracked root (%)

2
b
1.5 b

c
1

0.5

0
N0 N1 N2 N3
Different levels of nitrogen
Figure 4: Effect of different levels of nitrogen on the percent of
cracked roots per plot of carrot
Statistically significant variation was recorded among different sulphur level on the

percent of cracked roots (%) of carrot (App. V). Data revealed that, the minimum

percent of cracked roots (0.93 %) was showed at the applying sulphur fertilizer @ 10kg

S/ha for carrot, which was statistically different from other sulphur level which were

applied as treatment. Whereas, the maximum percent of cracked roots (2.19 %) was

showed at not applying sulphur fertilizer @ 0kg S/ha for carrot, which was statistically

different from other sulphur level which were applied as treatment. This confirms the

report of Singh et al. (2016) and Wafaa (2013) that, the sulphur level increased

vegetative growth and fruit quality of carrot.

Percent of cracked root (%)
2.5
a
Percent of cracked root (%)

b
1.5

c
1

0.5

0
S0 S1 S2
Different levels of sulphur
Figure 5: Effect of different levels of sulphur on the percentage of
cracked roots per plot of carrot

34
Combined effect of different level of nitrogen and sulphur expressed significant

differences due to their interaction effect on percent of cracked root of carrot (App. V).

The minimum percent of cracked root (0.73 %) was recorded from the application of

nitrogen @ 120 kg N/ha and sulphur @ 10 kg S/ha (N3S2) which was statistically

different from the others and followed by N3S1 (0.86 %), N2S2 (0.98 %), N72S1 (1.13),

N1S2 (1.29), N1S1 (1.37) and N0S2 (1.56 %). The maximum percent of cracked root

(2.78 %) was recorded from the application of nitrogen @ 0 kg N/ha and sulphur 0 kg

S/ha (N0S0) which was statistically similar with N0S1 (2.57) and followed by N2S0

(2.19), N1S0 (1.78) and N3S0 (1.67 %).

4.10. Percent rotten roots

Statistically significant variation was recorded among different nitrogen level on the

percent rotten roots of carrot per plot (App. VI). Data revealed that, the minimum

percent rotten roots (0.53 %) per plot was showed at the applying nitrogen fertilizer @

120kg N/ha for carrot, which was statistically different from other nitrogen level which

were applied as treatment. Whereas, the maximum percent rotten roots (1.87 %) per

plot was showed at not applying nitrogen fertilizer @ 0kg N/ha for carrot, which was

statistically different from other nitrogen level which were applied as treatment. This

confirms the report of Moniruzzaman et al. (2013) and Stefanelli et al. (2010) that, the

nitrogen level increased vegetative growth and larger fruits of carrot.

35
 Percent of rotten roots per plot (%)
a
2

Percent of rotten roots (%)

1.5
b
1 c
d
0.5

0
N0 N1 N2 N3
Different levels of nitrogen
Figure 6: Effect of different levels of nitrogen on the percent of
rotten roots per plot of carrot

Statistically significant variation was recorded among different sulphur level on the

percent of rotten roots (%) of carrot (App. VI). Data revealed that, the minimum percent

of rotten roots (0.49 %) was showed at the applying sulphur fertilizer @ 10kg S/ha for

carrot, which was statistically different from other sulphur level which were applied as

treatment. Whereas, the maximum percent of rotten roots (1.11 %) was showed at not

applying sulphur fertilizer @ 0kg S/ha for carrot, which was statistically different from

other sulphur level which were applied as treatment. This confirms the report of Singh

et al. (2016) and Wafaa (2013) that, the sulphur level increased vegetative growth and

fruit quality of carrot.

Percent of rotten root (%)
Percent of rotten root (%)

a
1.2
1
0.8
b
0.6 c

0.4
0.2
0
S0 S1 S2
Different levels of sulphur

Figure 7: Effect of different levels of sulphur on the percentage of

rotten roots per plot of carrot
Combined effect of different level of nitrogen and sulphur expressed significant

differences due to their interaction effect on percent of rotten roots of carrot (App. VI).

The minimum percent of rotten roots (0.36 %) was recorded from the application of

36
nitrogen @ 120 kg N/ha and sulphur @ 10 kg S/ha (N3S2) which was statistically

different from the other treatments and followed by N 3S1 (0.43 %), N2S2 (0.49), N2S1

(0.56), N1S2 (0.59), N1S1 (0.67) and N0S2 (0.76 %). The maximum percent of rotten

root (1.38 %) was recorded from the application of nitrogen @ 0 kg N/ha and sulphur

0 kg S/ha (N0S0) which was statistically different from the other treatments and

followed by N0S1 (1.27), N2S0 (1.11), N1S0 (0.93) and N3S0 (0.88 %).

4.11. Yield

Statistically significant variation was recorded among different nitrogen level on the

yield of carrot (App. VI). Data revealed that, the maximum yield (ton/ha) of carrot

(21.17 ton/ha) was showed at the applying nitrogen fertilizer @ 120kg N/ha for carrot,

which was statistically different from other nitrogen level which were applied as

treatment. Whereas, the minimum yield (ton/ha) of carrot (16.23 ton/ha) was showed

at not applying nitrogen fertilizer @ 0kg N/ha for carrot, which was statistically

different from other nitrogen level which were applied as treatment. This confirms the

report of Moniruzzaman et al. (2013) and Stefanelli et al. (2010) that, the nitrogen level

increased vegetative growth and larger fruits of carrot.

N0 N1 N2 N3
25
a
b
20 c
d
Yield (ton/ha)

15

10

0
Different levels of nitrogen

Figure 8: Effect of different levels of nitrogen on the yield of carrot

37
Statistically significant variation was recorded among different sulphur level on the

yield (ton/ha) of carrot (App. VI). Data revealed that, the maximum yield (20.53 ton/ha)

was showed at the applying sulphur fertilizer @ 10kg S/ha for carrot, which was

statistically different from other sulphur level which were applied as treatment.

Whereas, the minimum yield (16.11 ton/ha) was showed at not applying sulphur

fertilizer @ 0kg S/ha for carrot, which was statistically different from other sulphur

level which were applied as treatment. This confirms the report of Singh et al. (2016)

and Wafaa (2013) that, the sulphur level increased vegetative growth and fruit quality

of carrot.
Yield (ton/ha)

20.53
25 17.29
16.11
20
Yield (ton/ha)

15
10
5
0
S0 S1 S2
Different levels of sulphur
Figure 9: Effect of different levels of sulphur on the yield of carrot

Combined effect of different level of nitrogen and sulphur expressed significant

differences due to their interaction effect on yield of carrot (App. VI). The maximum

yield (22.21 ton/ha) was recorded from the application of nitrogen @ 120 kg N/ha and

sulphur @ 10 kg S/ha (N3S2) which was statistically similar with N3S1 (21.87 ton/ha)

and followed by N2S2 (20.88), N2S1 (20.19), N1S2 (19.73), N1S1 (19.47) and N0S2 (18.72

ton/ha). The minimum yield (15.78 ton/ha) was recorded from the application of

nitrogen @ 0 kg N/ha and sulphur 0 kg S/ha (N0S0) which was statistically similar with

N0S1 (16.27) and followed by N2S0 (16.92), N1S0 (17.89) and N3S0 (18.33 ton/ha).

38
Table 7: Combined effect of nitrogen and sulphur on yield attributing characters and
yield of carrot
Combinations Percent cracked Percent rotten Yield (ton/ha)
roots per plot (%) roots per plot (%)
N0S0 2.78 a 1.38 a 15.78 g
N0S1 2.57 a 1.27 b 16.27 fg
N0S2 1.56 d 0.76 c 18.72 c
N1S0 1.78 c 0.93 c 17.89 d
N1S1 1.37 de 0.67 d 19.47 c
N1S2 1.29 e 0.59 d 19.73 c
N2S0 2.19 b 1.11 bc 16.92 e
N2S1 1.13 f 0.56 d 20.19 b
N2S2 0.98 f 0.49 de 20.88 b
N3S0 1.67 cd 0.88 c 18.33 d
N3S1 0.86 f 0.43 de 21.87 a
N3S2 0.73 g 0.36 e 22.21 a
CV (%) 5.97 5.36 2.12
LSD (0.05) 0.244 0.227 2.45
Here, N0= 0 kg N/ha, N1= 40 kg N/ha, N2= 80 kg N/ha, N3= 120 kg N/ha, S0= 0 kg S/ha, S1= 5 kg S/ha
and S2= 10 kg S/ha

39
 CHAPTER V

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

The experiment was conducted in the Horticulture farm of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural

University, Dhaka, Bangladesh during the period from January 2019 to February 2020.

From the results and discussion of this study some summary and conclusion were

figured out and they were:

The maximum plant height (28.33 cm) was showed at the applying nitrogen fertilizer

@ 120kg N/ha for carrot. Whereas, the minimum plant height (18.33 cm) was showed

at not applying nitrogen fertilizer @ 0kg N/ha for carrot.

The maximum number of leaves (20.36 leaves) was showed at the applying nitrogen

fertilizer @ 120kg N/ha for carrot. Whereas, the minimum number of leaves (12.37

leaves) was showed at not applying nitrogen fertilizer @ 0kg N/ha for carrot.

The maximum length of leaves (18.87 cm) was showed at the applying nitrogen

fertilizer @ 120kg N/ha for carrot. Whereas, the minimum length of leaves (8.87 cm)

was showed at not applying nitrogen fertilizer @ 0kg N/ha for carrot.

The maximum fresh weight of plant (67.33 g) was showed at the applying nitrogen

fertilizer @ 120kg N/ha for carrot. Whereas, the minimum fresh weight of plant (42.67

g) was showed at not applying nitrogen fertilizer @ 0kg N/ha for carrot.

The maximum dry weight of plant (8.31 g) was showed at the applying nitrogen

fertilizer @ 120kg N/ha for carrot. Whereas, the minimum dry weight of plant (5.33 g)

was showed at not applying nitrogen fertilizer @ 0kg N/ha for carrot.

40
The maximum length of root (8.33 inch) was showed at the applying nitrogen fertilizer

@ 120kg N/ha for carrot. Whereas, the minimum length of root (5.33 inch) was showed

at not applying nitrogen fertilizer @ 0kg N/ha for carrot.

The maximum diameter of root (5.67 cm) was showed at the applying nitrogen fertilizer

@ 120kg N/ha for carrot. Whereas, the minimum diameter of root (3.87 cm) was

showed at not applying nitrogen fertilizer @ 0kg N/ha for carrot.

The maximum dry weight of root (71.33 g) was showed at the applying nitrogen

fertilizer @ 120kg N/ha for carrot. Whereas, the minimum dry weight of root (43.87 g)

was showed at not applying nitrogen fertilizer @ 0kg N/ha for carrot.

The minimum percent of cracked roots (0.89 %) per plot was showed at the applying

nitrogen fertilizer @ 120kg N/ha for carrot. Whereas, the maximum percent cracked

roots (2.23 %) per plot was showed at not applying nitrogen fertilizer @ 0kg N/ha for

carrot.

The minimum percent rotten roots (0.53 %) per plot was showed at the applying

nitrogen fertilizer @ 120kg N/ha for carrot. Whereas, the maximum percent rotten roots

(1.87 %) per plot was showed at not applying nitrogen fertilizer @ 0kg N/ha for carrot.

The maximum yield (ton/ha) of carrot (21.17 ton/ha) was showed at the applying

nitrogen fertilizer @ 120kg N/ha for carrot. Whereas, the minimum yield (ton/ha) of

carrot (16.23 ton/ha) was showed at not applying nitrogen fertilizer @ 0kg N/ha for

carrot.

The maximum plant height (26.67 cm) was showed at the applying nitrogen fertilizer

@ 10kg S/ha for carrot. Whereas, the minimum plant height (16.67 cm) was showed at

not applying sulphur fertilizer @ 0kg S/ha for carrot.

41
The maximum number of leaves (17.77 leaves) was showed at the applying sulphur

fertilizer @ 10kg S/ha for carrot. Whereas, the minimum number of leaves (10.67

leaves) was showed at not applying sulphur fertilizer @ 0kg S/ha for carrot.

The maximum length of leaves (18.67 cm) was showed at the applying sulphur fertilizer

@ 10kg S/ha for carrot. Whereas, the minimum length of leaves (8.33 cm) was showed

at not applying sulphur fertilizer @ 0kg S/ha for carrot.

The maximum fresh weight of plant (65.67 g) was showed at the applying sulphur

fertilizer @ 10kg S/ha for carrot. Whereas, the minimum fresh weight of plant (40.67

g) was showed at not applying sulphur fertilizer @ 0kg S/ha for carrot.

The maximum dry weight of plant (8.21 g) was showed at the applying sulphur fertilizer

@ 10kg S/ha for carrot. Whereas, the minimum dry weight of plant (4.77 g) was showed

at not applying sulphur fertilizer @ 0kg S/ha for carrot.

The maximum length of root (7.67 inch) was showed at the applying nitrogen fertilizer

@ 10kg S/ha for carrot. Whereas, the minimum length of root (5.67 inch) was showed

at not applying sulphur fertilizer @ 0kg S/ha for carrot.

The maximum diameter of root (6.67 cm) was showed at the applying sulphur fertilizer

@ 10kg S/ha for carrot. Whereas, the minimum diameter of root (4.67 cm) was showed

at not applying sulphur fertilizer @ 0kg S/ha for carrot.

The maximum dry weight of root (77.36 g) was showed at the applying sulphur

fertilizer @ 10kg S/ha for carrot. Whereas, the minimum dry weight of root (46.67 g)

was showed at not applying sulphur fertilizer @ 0kg S/ha for carrot.

42
The minimum percent of cracked roots (0.93 %) was showed at the applying sulphur

fertilizer @ 10kg S/ha for carrot. Whereas, the maximum percent of cracked roots (2.19

%) was showed at not applying sulphur fertilizer @ 0kg S/ha for carrot.

The minimum percent of rotten roots (0.49 %) was showed at the applying sulphur

fertilizer @ 10kg S/ha for carrot. Whereas, the maximum percent of rotten roots (1.11

%) was showed at not applying sulphur fertilizer @ 0kg S/ha for carrot.

The maximum yield (20.53 ton/ha) was showed at the applying sulphur fertilizer @

10kg S/ha for carrot. Whereas, the minimum yield (16.11 ton/ha) was showed at not

applying sulphur fertilizer @ 0kg S/ha for carrot.

The maximum plant height (30.33 cm) was recorded from the application of nitrogen

@ 120 kg N/ha and sulphur @ 10 kg S/ha (N3S2). The minimum plant height (15.33

cm) was recorded from the application of nitrogen @ 0 kg N/ha and sulphur 0 kg S/ha

(N0S0).

The maximum number of leaves (22.37 leaves) was recorded from the application of

nitrogen @ 120 kg N/ha and sulphur @ 10 kg S/ha (N3S2). The minimum number of

leaves (10.67 leaves) was recorded from the application of nitrogen @ 0 kg N/ha and

sulphur 0 kg S/ha (N0S0).

The maximum length of leaves (19.67 cm) was recorded from the application of

nitrogen @ 120 kg N/ha and sulphur @ 10 kg S/ha (N3S2). The minimum length of

leaves (7.67 cm) was recorded from the application of nitrogen @ 0 kg N/ha and sulphur

0 kg S/ha (N0S0).

The maximum fresh weight of plant (72.47 g) was recorded from the application of

nitrogen @ 120 kg N/ha and sulphur @ 10 kg S/ha (N3S2). The minimum fresh weight

43
of plant (38.87 g) was recorded from the application of nitrogen @ 0 kg N/ha and

sulphur 0 kg S/ha (N0S0).

The maximum dry weight of plant (8.86 g) was recorded from the application of

nitrogen @ 120 kg N/ha and sulphur @ 10 kg S/ha (N3S2). The minimum dry weight

of plant (4.77 g) was recorded from the application of nitrogen @ 0 kg N/ha and sulphur

0 kg S/ha (N0S0).

The maximum length of root (10.33 inch) was recorded from the application of nitrogen

@ 120 kg N/ha and sulphur @ 10 kg S/ha (N3S2). The minimum length of root (5.33

inch) was recorded from the application of nitrogen @ 0 kg N/ha and sulphur 0 kg S/ha

(N0S0).

The maximum diameter of root (8.33 cm) was recorded from the application of nitrogen

@ 120 kg N/ha and sulphur @ 10 kg S/ha (N3S2). The minimum diameter of root (2.67

cm) was recorded from the application of nitrogen @ 0 kg N/ha and sulphur 0 kg S/ha

(N0S0).

The maximum dry weight of roots (78.87 g) was recorded from the application of

nitrogen @ 120 kg N/ha and sulphur @ 10 kg S/ha (N3S2). The minimum dry weight

of roots (41.87 g) was recorded from the application of nitrogen @ 0 kg N/ha and

sulphur 0 kg S/ha (N0S0).

The minimum percent of cracked root (0.73 %) was recorded from the application of

nitrogen @ 120 kg N/ha and sulphur @ 10 kg S/ha (N3S2). The maximum percent of

cracked root (2.78 %) was recorded from the application of nitrogen @ 0 kg N/ha and

sulphur 0 kg S/ha (N0S0).

The minimum percent of rotten roots (0.36 %) was recorded from the application of

nitrogen @ 120 kg N/ha and sulphur @ 10 kg S/ha (N3S2). The maximum percent of

44
rotten root (1.38 %) was recorded from the application of nitrogen @ 0 kg N/ha and

sulphur 0 kg S/ha (N0S0).

The maximum yield (22.21 ton/ha) was recorded from the application of nitrogen @

120 kg N/ha and sulphur @ 10 kg S/ha (N3S2). The minimum yield (15.78 ton/ha) was

recorded from the application of nitrogen @ 0 kg N/ha and sulphur 0 kg S/ha (N0S0).

From this study it can be concluded that, the level of nitrogen increases the vegetative

growth of carrot. Nitrogen increases the plant height, number of leaves, length of leaves,

length of roots, diameter of roots as well as yield of carrot. The level of sulphur

increases the quality of carrot. Sulphur increases fresh weight of plant, dry weight of

plant, dry weight of root as well as yield. As a result, the combination of nitrogen and

sulphur increases the vegetative growth and quality of carrot as well as the yield of

carrot. The optimum dose of nitrogen and sulphur are 120 kg N/ha and 10 kg S/ha

respectively for the highest production of carrot.

45
 CHAPTER VI

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 CHAPTER VII

APPENDIXES

Appendix I. Experimental location on the map of Agro-ecological Zones of

Bangladesh

=Experimental site

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Appendix II. The physical and chemical characteristics of soil of the experimental site
as observed prior to experimentation (0-15 cm depth)
Constituents Percent

Sand 26
Silt 45
Clay 29
Textural class Silty clay

Chemical composition:
Soil characters Value
Organic carbon (%) 0.45
Organic matter (%) 0.54
Total nitrogen (%) 0.027
Phosphorus 6.3 µg/g soil
Sulphur 8.42 µg/g soil
Magnesium 1.17 meq/100 g soil
Boron 0.88 µg/g soil
Copper 1.64 µg/g soil
Zinc 1.54 µg/g soil
Potassium 0.10 meg/100g soil

Source: Soil Resources Development Institute (SRDI), Khamarbari, Dhaka

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Appendix III: Analysis of variance of the data on the effect of nitrogen and sulphur on plant
height, number of leaves and length of leaves (cm) of carrot

Degrees of Mean square

Source of variance
freedom Plant height Number of leaves Length of leaves
Replication 2 0.197 NS 0.011 NS 0.114 NS
Factor A 3 47.647 ** 47.427 ** 61.54 **
Factor B 2 30.194 ** 5.235 ** 36.789 **
A×B 6 15.255 ** 0.716 * 12.09 **
Error 22 0.089 0.001 0.065
**= Significant at 1% level; *= Significant at 5% level, NS= Non-significant

Appendix IV: Analysis of variance of the data on the effect of nitrogen and sulphur on fresh
weight of plant (g), dry weight of plant (g) and length of root (inch) of carrot

Mean square
Degrees of
Source of variance Fresh weight of Dry weight of Length of
freedom
plant plant root
Replication 2 0.105 NS 0.002 NS 0.19 NS
Factor A 3 62.754 ** 0.321 * 61.669 **
Factor B 2 24.268 ** 0.069 * 22.464 **
A×B 6 21.561 ** 0.124 * 31.255 **
Error 22 0.073 0.001 0.042
**= Significant at 1% level; *= Significant at 5% level, NS= Non-significant

Appendix V: Analysis of variance of the data on the effect of nitrogen and sulphur on
diameter of root, dry weight of root and percent cracked roots of carrot

Mean square
Degrees of Diameter of Dry weight of root percent
Source of variance
freedom root cracked roots
per plot
Replication 2 0.003 NS 0.003 NS 0.001 NS
Factor A 3 13.312 ** 12.011 ** 15.136 **
Factor B 2 1.61 * 3.149 * 2.24 *
A×B 6 0.158 * 0.14 * 0.057 *
Error 22 0.002 0.001 0.001
**= Significant at 1% level; *= Significant at 5% level, NS= Non-significant

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Appendix VI: Analysis of variance of the data on the effect of nitrogen and sulphur on
percent rotten roots per plot of carrot

Mean square
Source of variance Degrees of freedom
Percent rotten roots Yield
Replication 2 0.000 NS 0.047 NS
Factor A 3 12.28 ** 27.876 **
Factor B 2 1.019 * 38.052 **
A×B 6 0.026 * 5.814 **
Error 22 0.001 0.079
**= Significant at 1% level; *= Significant at 5% level, NS= Non-significant

60