CONTEMPORARY WORLD 3.

A state has a structure of government that crafts various rules

HISTORY OF GLOBAL POLITICS : that people (society) follow
4. The state has sovereignty over its territory－sovereignty refers
CREATING AN INTERNATIONAL ORDER to internal and external authority
→ Internally, no individuals or groups can operate in a given
I. ATTRIBUTES OF THE GLOBAL SYSTEM
INTRODUCTION national territory by ignoring the state; This means that groups
like churches, civil society organizations, corporations, and
4 Key Attributes of World Politics: other entities have to follow the laws of the state where they
establish their parishes, offices, or headquarters
1. There are countries or states that are independent and govern
→ Externally, sovereignty means that a state’s policies and
themselves
procedures are independent of the interventions of other states
2. These countries interact with each other through diplomacy
3. There are international organizations, like the United Nations that
Nation
facilitate these interactions
4. Task specific agencies like the World Health Organizations and • Is an “ imagined community”
the International Labour Organizations • It is limited because it does not go beyond a given “official
boundary”
ORIGINS II. ORIGINS OF THE GLOBAL SYSTEM • The rights and responsibilities are mainly the privilege and
concern of the citizens of that nation
Civic Society • Nations often limit themselves to people who have imbibed a
• Is the basis of the people’s oneness particular culture, speak a common language, and live in a specific
territory
Nation State Example: An American cannot simply go to the Philippine
embassy and “convert” into a Filipino citizen
• Is a political community that emanates from civic society to
legitimately execute peace INTERSTATE A. INTERSTATE SYSTEM
• The nation-state concept is relatively modern phenomenon in
human history, and people did not always organize themselves as Treaty of WestphaliaTREATY OF WESTPHALIA
countries
• At different parts in the history of humanity, people in various • Is a set of agreements signed in 1648 to end the 30 Years War
regions of the world have identified exclusively with units as small as between the major continental powers of Europe
their village or their tribe, and at other times, they see themselves as • The Holy Roman Empire, Spain, France, Sweden, and the Dutch
members of larger political categories like “Christendom” (the entire Republic designed a system that would avert wars in the future
Christian world) by recognizing that the treaty signers exercise complete control over
• The nation-state is composed of two interchangeable terms: Not all their domestic affairs and swear not to meddle in each other’s
states are nations, and not all nations are states. affairs after a brutal religious war between Catholics and
Examples: Protestants
1. The nation of Scotland has its own flag and national culture, • Westphalian System provided stability for the nations of Europe
but still it belongs to a state called the United Kingdom → until it faced its major challenge by Napoleon Bonaparte who
2. Bangsamoro is a separate nation existing within the Philippines believed in spreading the principles of the French Revolution －
but, through their elites, recognizes the authority of the liberty, equality and fraternity － to the rest of Europe and
Philippine state challenged the powers of kings, nobility and religion in Europe
3. The nation of Korea is divided into North and South Korea
4. “Chinese nation” may refer to both the people’s Republic of Napoleonic Wars NAPOLEONIC WARS
China (the mainland) and Taiwan
• Nations and States are closely related because it is nationalism that • Lasted from 1803-1815
facilitates state formation • The French implemented the Napoleonic Code that:
 Forbade birth privileges
Difference Between Nation and State  Encouraged freedom or religion
 Promoted meritocracy in government service
State • This system shocked the monarchies and the hereditary elites thus,
• Refers to a country and its government mustered their armies to push back against the French emperor
• It is a compulsory political organization with a centralized • Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated in the Battle of Waterloo in
government that maintains the legitimate use of force within a 1815 by the Anglo and the Prussian armies which ended his
certain territory (Weber, 1997) mission to spread his liberal code across Europe
• States become independent and sovereign because of nationalist
sentiment that clamors for this independence Concert of Europe CONCERT OF EUROPE
4 attributes: • The royal powers created this concert system to prevent another war
1. It exercises authority over a specific population, called its and to keep their systems of privilege
citizens • An alliance of “great powers” － the United Kingdom, Austria,
2. It governs a specific territory Russia and Prussia
• Still hold significant influence over world politics such as the most • For him, free, independent states would be the basis of an equally
powerful grouping in the UN and the Security Council free, cooperative international system
• He argued that if the various Italian mini-states could unify, one
Metternich System METTERNICH SYSTEM could scale up the system to create a United States of Europe
• He was a nationalist-internationalist who believes that free,
• Klemens von Metternich － an Austrian diplomat － was the unified, nation-states should be the basis of global cooperation
Concert’s power and authority
• Sought to restore the world of monarchial, hereditary, and religious Woodrow Wilson, UnitedWOODROW
States President
WILSONfrom 1913 to 1921
privileges United States President from 1913 to 1921

INTERNATIONALISM B. INTERNATIONALISM • Was influenced by Mazzini and became one of the 20th century’s
most prominent internationalist
Internationalism • He saw nationalism as a prerequisite for internationalism
• He forwarded the Principle of Self-determination－the belief that
• Is basically anchored on the opinion that nationalism should be
the world’s nations had a right to a free, and sovereign government
outrun because links that bind people of different countries are
• He hoped that these free nations would become democracies,
more powerful than those that disconnect them (Anora, 2014)
because only by being such would they be able to build a free
system of international relations based on international law and
Internationalization
cooperation
• Is the deepening of interactions between states • He became the most notable advocate for the creation of the
• It does not equal globalization, although it is a major part of League of Nations
globalization → At the end of World War I in 1918, he pushed to transform the
• It is the desire among states and people for greater cooperation League into a venue for conciliation and arbitration to prevent
and unity another war
• For his efforts, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1919
Immanuel Kant, 18th Century German KANT
IMMANUEL philosopher
18th Century German philosopher League of Nations LEAGUE OF NATIONS

• Is the first major thinker of Internationalism • Came into being in 1919

• He likened states in a global system to people living in a given • Ironically and unfortunately for Wilson, the United States was unable
territory to join the organization due to strong opposition from the Senate
→ “If people living together require a government to lawlessness, • The League was also unable to hinder another war from breaking
shouldn’t that same principle be applied to states?” out－World War II
• He argued that without a form of world government, the international → On one side of the war were the Axis Powers － Hitler’s
system would be chaotic Germany, Mussolini’s Italy, and Hirohito’s Japan who were
• Therefore, states, like citizens of countries, must give up some ultra-nationalists that have an instinctive disdain for
freedoms and “establish a continuously growing state consisting of internationalism and preferred to violently impose their
various nations which will ultimately include the nations of the world” dominance over the nations
• He imagined of global government • It was in the midst of this war between the Axis Powers and the
Allied Powers composed of United States, United Kingdom, France,
JEREMYBritish
Jeremy Bentham, 18th Century BENTHAMphilosopher Holland, and Belgium that internationalism would be eclipsed
18th Century British philosopher • Despite the Leagues failure, there are still international
organizations that exist today: World Health Organization (WHO)
• Coined the word “international” in 1780 and the International Labour Organization (ILO)
• Advocated the creation of “international law” that would govern
the inter-state relations Principles of the League of Nations:
• He believed that the objective global legislators should aim to
propose legislation that would create “the greatest happiness of all • The concretization of the concepts of liberal internationalism:
nations taken together”
1. Kant, internationalism emphasized the need to form common
Giuseppe Mazzini, ItalianGIUSEPPE MAZZINI international principles
Italian 2. Mazzini, it enshrined the principles of cooperation and respect
among other nation-states
• Was the first thinker to reconcile nationalism with liberal 3. Wilson, it called for democracy and self-determination
internationalism
• He was both an advocate of the unification of the various Italian- Karl Marx, a German socialist philosopher
KARL MARX and internationalist
speaking mini-states and a major critic of the Metternich System German socialist philosopher and internationalist
• He believed in a Republican government (without kings, queens,
and hereditary succession) and proposed a system of free • Was one of Mazzini’s biggest critics for he did not believe in
nations that cooperated with each other to create an international nationalism
system
• He believed that any true form of internationalism should Q U IZ :
deliberately reject nationalism, which rooted people in domestic 1) _____________ is a political community that emanates from civic
concerns instead of global society to legitimately execute peace. Thus, the civic society is the basis
of the people’s oneness.
• He, instead, placed a premium on economic equality － did not N a tion s ta te
divide the world into countries but into classes 2) _____________ is a separate nation existing within the Philippines but,
• The capitalist class referred to the owners of factories, through their elites, recognizes the authority of the Philippine state.
companies, and other means of production B a n gs a m o ro

• Marx and Friedrich Engels believed that in a socialist revolution 3) _____________ refers to a country and its government. It is a
seeking to overthrow the state and alter the economy, the compulsory political organization with a centralized government that
proletariat “had no nation” maintains the legitimate use of force within a certain territory.
S ta te
→ Hence, their battle cry, “Workers of the world, unite! You have
4) _____________ refers to internal and external authority.
nothing to lose but your chains.” S o v e re ig nty
• Karl Marx died in 1883, but his followers concretized his vision by
5) Nation according to Benedict Anderson is an “____________.”
establishing The Socialist International, a union of European im a g in ed c o m m u n ity
socialist and labor parties established in Paris in 1889 6) The _____________ is a set of agreements signed in 1648 to end the
Thirty Years’ War between the major continental powers of Europe.
The Social International
THE SOCIAL INTERNATIONAL T re a ty o f W e s tph a lia

7) _____________ believed in spreading the principles of the French

• Achievements: Revolution–liberty, equality and fraternity–to the rest of Europe and
 Declaration of May 1 as Labor Day challenged the powers of kings, nobility and religion in Europe.
N a p ole o n B o n ap a rte
 Creation of International Women’s Day
8) _____________ forbade birth privileges, encouraged freedom or
 Initiated the successful campaign of an 8-hour workday religion, and promoted meritocracy in government service.
• Collapsed during World War I as the member parties refused or N a p ole o nic C o de
were unable to join the internationalists efforts to fight for the war, 9) Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated in the _____________ in 1815 by
and these sister parties ended up fighting each other the Anglo and the Prussian armies which ended his mission to spread his
• Marx’s warning was confirmed when workers and their organizations liberal code across Europe
B a ttle o f W a te rlo o
take the side of their countries instead of each other, their long-term
interests are compromised 10) To prevent another war and to keep their systems of privilege, the
royal powers created what was called the _____________–an alliance of
• As the Social International collapsed, Czar Nicholas II was “great powers”- the United Kingdom, Austria, Russia and Prussia.
overthrown and replaced by a revolutionary government led by C o n ce rt o f E u ro p e
Vladimir Lenin, the Bolshevik Party leader in the so-called 11) The _____________ was the Concert’s power and authority which
Russian Revolution of 1917 sought to restore the world of monarchial, hereditary, and religious
→ It was called the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, or privileges
M e tte rn ic h S y s te m
USSR
• The Bolsheviks did not believe in obtaining power for the working 12) _____________ is the deepening of interactions between states. It
does not equal globalization, although it is a major part of globalization. It
class through elections, rather they exhorted the revolutionary is the desire among states and people for greater cooperation and unity.
“vanguard” parties using methods of terror if necessary － In te rn a tio n a liza tio n

Communist Party 13) _____________ likened states in a global system to people living in
a given territory.
COMMUNIST
Communist International INTERNATIONAL
(Comintern) Im m a n u e l K a n t

Comintern 14) _____________ coined the word “international” in 1780, advocated

the creation of “international law” that would govern the inter-state
relations.
• Was established by Lenin to encourage these socialist revolutions J e re m y B e n tha m
across the world in 1919 15) As the Social International collapsed, Czar Nicholas II was
• Many of the world’s states feared the Comintern believing that it was overthrown and replaced by a revolutionary government led by
working in secret to stir up revolutions in their countries (which was _____________, the Bolshevik Party leader in the so-called Russian
true) Revolution of 1917.
V la d im ir L e nin
• A problem arose during World War II when the Soviet Union joined
the Allied Powers in 1914 16) _____________, the successor of Lenin dissolved the Comintern in
1963.
→ The United States and the United Kingdom never trusted the J o s ep h S ta lin
Soviet Union in their fight against Hitler’s Germany － 17) Marx and Friedrich Engels believed that in a socialist revolution
whether the Soviet Union was promoting revolutions among seeking to overthrow the state and alter the economy, the
themselves _____________ “had no nation.”
p ro le ta ria t
• To appease his allies, Joseph Stalin, the successor of Lenin
dissolved the Comintern in 1963 18) Karl Marx died in 1883, but his followers concretized his vision by
establishing The Socialist International, a union of European socialist and
• After the war, Stalin re-established the Comintern as the labor parties established in Paris in 1889. The Social international’s
Communist Information Bureau (Cominform) to help direct the achievements were: _____________
various communist parties that had taken power in Eastern Europe 1 . D e c la ra tio n o f M a y 1 a s L a bo r D a y ;
2 . C re a tio n o f In te rn a tio na l W o m e n ’s D a y ; a n d
3 . In itia ted th e s u c ce s s fu l c a m p a ign o f a n 8 -h o u r w o rk d a y.