AP European History: Course Study Guide

The Renaissance
The Renaissance (1350-1550) is the beginning of Modern European History.
● Started in Italy
● Spread to Northern Europe around 1450
● The Renaissance only began in England starting from the 16th century.

Important Vocab/Names:
● Renaissance - Rebirth
● Jacob Burkhardt - Swiss historian and art critic; created the modern concept of the
Renaissance
● Secularism - Becoming more concerned with material things and less with spiritual and
religious things.
● Hanseatic League - An economic and military alliance of northern European trading
cities that established a monopoly on trade from the Baltic to the North Sea.
● The Medici Family - Italian banking family and political dynasty.
● Oligarchy - Small group of people having control of a country.
● Condottieri - Leader or member of a troop of mercenaries.
● Franciso Sforza - Visconti ruler of Milan in 1447.
● Cosimo de’ Medici - Italian banker and politician.
● Isabella d’ Este - most famous Renaissance ruling woman. Daughter of the Duke of
Ferrara.
● Machiavelli’s The Prince - In this book, his major concerns were the acquisition and
expansion of political power.
● Individualism - emphasis on interest in the unique traits of each person.
● Humanism - The movement concerned with classical literary works.
● Petrarch - Italian poet
● Civic Humanism - The humanist movement became closely tied to Florentine civic spirit
and pride.
 ● Neoplatonism - Exposition of the platonic philosophy.
● Renaissance Hermeticism - a religious, philosophical, and esoteric revolution.
● High Renaissance - Short period of most exceptional artistic production in the Hallan
States.
● Northern Renaissance - Occurred in Europe north of the Alps.
● Madrigals - Secular voice music compassion of the Renaissance and early Baroque
areas.
● John Wycliffe and John Hus - Made an arranged attack on papal authority and medieval
artisan beliefs and practices / the Chancellor of the University of Prague.
● Pius II’s Execrabilis - Condemning appears to a council over the head of a pope as
heretical.
● Renaissance popes - Allowed secular concerns to a council over the head of a pope as
heretical.
● The Great Schism - The beginnings of the Reformation in the early sixteenth century.
● Nepotism - The appointment of family members to important political positions.

The Medici Family

● Ruling family from Florence
● They are responsible for investing money in the city
● 2 of the family members became popes.
● Cosimo: ruled 1434-1464
● Pierro: ruled 1464-1469
● Lorenzo: ruled 1469-1494

Florence
● When Florence attempted to appease France during its invasion in 1494, it led to the
overthrow of the Medici Family.
● Girolamo Savonarola became the unofficial leader of Florence between 1494-1498
● When problems between Spain and France arose, Italy became a background.

Niccolo Machiavelli
 ● Wrote The Prince, and it influenced rulers in Europe for centuries.
● “It was better to be feared than to be loved” -- stated that about leaders
● Thought that Italy had to be unified into a single political state before it could achieve its
full glory.

Humanism
● Characteristics
○ The revival of Antiquity in philosophy, literature, and art
○ Strong belief in individualism and the great potential of human beings
○ Focused on studying ancient languages
○ Largely rejected Aristotelian views and medieval scholasticism
○ Believed in a liberal arts education program
○ Often Humanism was more secular and lay dominated
● Notable Names:
○ Petrarch
○ Boccaccio
○ Leonardo Bruni
○ Lorenzo Valla
○ Pico Della Mirandola
○ Johann Gutenburg

Italian Renaissance Art

● Key Concepts:
○ Patronage
■ Florence was the leader in Renaissance art
■ The wealth of Florence was shown through the artistic works
■ Wealthy merchant families commissioned work from great artists
■ Patronage also came from churches (Brunelleschi’s II Duomo)
○ New Techniques
■ Painting (perspective, chiaroscuro, sfumato)
■ Sculpture (free-standing, many glorified human body)
 ■ Architecture (simplicity, symmetry, and balance)
○ Northern Renaissance
■ Flemish Style (heavily influenced by the Italian Renaissance)
■ Germany (Albrecht Durer - master of woodcut)
○ Women of the Renaissance
■ Many debates over the proper role of women

Reformation and Religious Warfare

Important Vocab/Names:
● Utopia - An imagined place or state of things in which everything is perfect.
● Sacraments - God enacting Grace (7): Baptism, Confession, Communion, Marriage,
Unction, Holy Orders.
● Confession - A statement setting at essential religious doctrine.
● Salvation by faith - You can only achieve salvation only through faith and reliance on
God’s grace.
● Edict of Worms - A decree issued on 25 May 1521 by Emperor Charles V
● Peasants war of 1524 - Western and Southern, divine law to demand agrarian rights and
freedom from oppression by nobles and landlords.
● Protestant Minister - Provide for the spiritual, educational, and social needs of
Protestant congregations
● Pope Clement VII - Medici, head of Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from
Nov 19, 1523.
● Habsburg Valois Wars - Long series of wars fought between 1494 and 1559.
● Huguenot - Ethnoreligious group of French Protestants. Held to the Reformed tradition
of Protestantism.
● Catherine De Medici - Daughter of Lorenzo II de’ Medici. Queen of France from 1547
to 1559 by marriage to King Henry II.
● Saint Teresa of Avila - Spanish noblewoman, writer, and reformer of the Carmelite
order.
● Ignatius Loyola - Spanish Catholic priest and theologian, who co-founded the religious
order called the Society of Jesus.
● Jesuits - A member of the Society of Jesus; Was zealous in opposing the Reformation.
● Francis Xavier - A Navarrese Catholic missionary who was a co-founder of the Society
of Jesus. A companion of Saint Ignatius of Loyola.
● William Tyndale - Leading figure in the Protestant Reformation. Created the translation
of the Bible into English.
● Bloody Mary - Religious persecutions during her reign; Daughter of Henry VIII and
Catherine of Aragon.
● Thomas Cromwell - an English lawyer, served as chief minister to King Henry VIII.
● Church of England - mother church of the international Anglican Communion.
● Acts of Supremacy - Established the English monarchs as the head of the Church of
England.
● Thomas Cranmer - Leader of the English Reformation and Archbishop of Canterbury.
● Ulrich Zwingli - Leader of Reformation in Switzerland.
● Munster - City in Germany.
● Colloquy at Marburg - Meeting in which attempted to solve a disputation between
 Martin Luther and Ulrich Zwingli over the Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist.

Protestant Reformation
● Causes:
○ Corruption in the Catholic Church (Simony, Pluralism, Absenteeism, Sale of
indulgences, Nepotism, Decline of Papacy, Cervical Ignorance)
○ Babylonian Captivity, Great Schism (Hurt the prestige of the clergy)
○ Criticism from others about the Church
■ John Wyclif: Stated that the Bible was the sole authority
■ John Hus: Burned at the stake for views
■ Thomas a Kempis: Wanted Christians to make religion a personal
experience.
■ Erasmus: Criticized corruption in the church.

Martin Luther
● Augustinian monk
● Wrote the 95 Theses
○ Criticized the selling of indulgences
○ Challenged church authority
● Diet of Worms: was an assembly of the Holy Roman Empire called by Emperor Charles
V. This would decide the fate of Martin Luther.

Spread of Protestantism
● John Calvin
○ Predestination: God already knows who is going to heaven and who is destined
for hell
○ Calvinism was the most militant form of Protestantism
■ Judiciary was made up of elders
■ Emphasized the importance of hard work
● Anabaptists
○ A voluntary group of believers with no connections to any state
 ○ Didn’t believe in childhood baptism
○ They had believed that the end of the world was near
○ In 1532, a radical group of Anabaptists had taken control of the NW German city
of Munster
■ Led by John of Leyden
■ Women were leaders in the movement
■ All books except for the Bible were burned

English Reformation
● Henry VIII
○ Was critical of Lutheranism and reform
○ Supported Catholicism
○ He was awarded the title “Defender of the Faith”
○ He wanted an annulment from his wife, Catherine of Aragon, because she could
not conceive a son
■ He needed a son to save the Tudor Dynasty
■ Thought God was punishing him for marrying his brother’s widow
● Edward VI
○ England was moving more towards Calvinism
○ 1547-1553
○ His death led to many struggles between Protestants and Catholics
● Mary Tudor
○ Married to Philip II
○ She had tried to re-impose Catholicism

Catholic Reformation
● Pope Paul III - Most important Pope in reforming the Church
● Council Trent - Established Catholic dogma for the next 4 centuries

Religious Wars 16th Century

● 1560-1648 wars were over religious issues
 ● Philip II wanted to re-impose Catholicism in Europe
○ Under Philip’s rule, Spain became the most dominant country in Europe.
● Mary Tudor had tried to re-impose Catholicism in England.
● Elizabeth I was neglected by Catholics
○ She oversaw the development of Protestantism in England.
● In 1563, Thirty-Nine Articles defined the creed of Anglican Church

Results of the Reformation

● Unity of Western Christianity was broken
● Religious wars broke out in Europe for over a century

The New World (1500-1800)

Important Vocab/Names:
● The Travels of John Mandeville - A memoir
● Marco Polo - Italian merchant, explorer, a writer who traveled through Asia. He brought
back noodles which made Italy famous for Pasta.
● Prince Henry the Navigator - Found route to India via Cape of Good Hope.
● Ptolemy’s Geography - Book on geographical knowledge of the 2nd century Roman
Empire.
● Lateen Sails and Square Rigs - Triangular sail set on a long yard mounted at an angle
on the mast.
● Compass and Astrolabe - The compass is a magnetic or electronic device used to
determine the cardinal directions. Astrolabe is an astronomical and navigational
instrument for gauging the altitude of the sun and stars.
● Conquistadors - A conqueror, one of the Spanish conquerors.
● Hernan Cortez - He had led an expedition that caused the downfall of the Aztec Empire.
● Moctezuma - 9th Aztec emperor of Mexico.
 ● Franciso Pizarro - Led Spanish conquest of Peru. Captured and killed the Incan emperor
Atahualpa, and claimed the lands for Spain.
● Encomienda - Spanish labor system that rewarded conquerors with the labor of
particular groups of subject people.
● Viceroy - Noble rank, runs a country, colony, city, province, or sub-national state, in the
name of and as the representative of the monarch of the territory.
● Boers - The original Sutch settlers who resented British rule in Africa.
● Slave Trade - African people were taken as slaves to be sold in America. The profit went
to Europe where they built goods to then be sold to Africans.
● Triangular Trade - A 3-way system in which slaves were sent to America, raw
materials were sent to Europe, and guns and rum were sent to Africa
● Middle Passage - Millions of Africans were forcibly transported to the new World as
part of the Atlantic slave trade.
The Commercial Revolution
● Causes
○ Roots in the Middle Ages
○ Population Growth
○ Higher Prices
● Key Components
○ Banking
○ Hanseatic League
○ Chartered companies
○ Stock companies
○ Mercantilism
● What was the importance of this?
○ European society went from isolated to developed with many towns
○ Increased standard of living

Important Explorers
● Prince Henry the Navigator - found a route to India via the Cape of Good Hope
● Bartholomew Dias - found a route from Europe to Asia
 ● Vasco da Gama - Helped Portuguese establish a long-lasting colonial empire in Asia
● Amerigo Vespucci - First person to recognize North and South America as distinct
countries.
● Vasco Nunez de Balboa - first European to reach Pacific from the New World.
● Ferdinand Magellan - the circumnavigation of the Earth.

The Slave Trade

● Portugal first introduced slavery in Brazil to form the sugar plantations
● Some black slaves went to Europe
● By 1800, blacks accounted for about 60% of Brazil’s population and about 20 % of the
U.S. Population.

The Columbian Exchange

● Europeans: resulted in improved diet, wealth, and the rise of global empires
● Amerindians: all results were catastrophic
● Transportation of African slaves represented a huge aspect of the Columbian Exchange

Life in the 16th and 17th centuries

● Education and wealth were key factors in moving up in social status
● The social hierarchy was different in the countryside and towns
● Life expectancy at this time was 30-40 years
 The 17th Century
Important Vocab/Names:
● Absolutism - Acceptance of different principles in political, theological, philosophical,
or ethical aspects
● Jean Bodin - well known political philosopher and jurist in France
● Divine right monarchy - doctrine regarding political legitimacy of the crown

Importance
● Throughout this time, different ways of political dominance affected relationships
among states and between states and individuals.
● The majority of Europe had an absolute monarchy over the course of the 17th and 18th
centuries.
● 1560-1648: many wars were fought over religious issues

Thirty Years War

● MOST IMPORTANT WAR OF THE 17TH CENTURY
● From 1618-1648
● It began as a religious war between Protestants and Catholics within the Holy Roman
Empire

Absolutism
● The tradition of heirs to the throne and “divine right of kings”
 ● Characteristics
○ Power of a country was in the person of the ruler
○ Absolute monarchies were not subordinate to national assemblies
○ Large armies
○ Employed a secret police

France Absolutism
● 1st estate: clergy
● 2nd estate: nobles
● 3rd estate: the bourgeoisie, artisans, urban workers, peasants

● Henry IV
○ Also known as Henry of Navarre (1589-1610)
○ Strengthened social hierarchy
○ The first king of the Bourbon Dynasty
○ Was assassinated in 1610 by a monk because Henry granted religious protections
for the Huguenots.
● Louis XIV
○ Known as “The Sun King”
○ Believed in the divine right of kings
○ Longest reign (72 years)
● James VI
○ Son of Mary Queen of Scots
○ King of Scotland for 35 years
○ Protestant
○ Believed in Divine Right
○ Feared Spain
○ England had minimal involvement in the Thirty Years War
○ King James Bible was published in 1611
● Charles Stuart I
 ○ When James I died, he became the King
○ Believed in Divine Right
○ Fought wars with both Spain and France
○ Ends up ruling without a Parliament in 1629

Glorious Revolution
● Causes: religious conflict, James II was a Catholic, non-catholic population.
● Effects: Parliament permanently established, Bill of Rights, Prohibited Catholics or those
married to Catholics from reigning.

The Scientific Revolution

Important Vocab/Names:
● Scientific Revolution - Era of thought in Europe between the 16th and 18th centuries
during which careful observation of the natural world was made, and accepted beliefs
were questioned.
● Ptolemaic Universe - Ptolemy created a model that put Earth at the center with other
planets and the sun surrounding it.
● Geocentric Conception - Earth is in the center of the universe, and describes other
objects from the point of view of Earth.
● Heliocentric Conception - Earth and planets revolve around the sun at the center of the
Solar System.
● Querelles des femmes - Showed arguments about women. They were being portrayed as
sexually insatiable along with many other claims.
● Cartesian dualism - The teaching of Rene Descartes that the mind of Spirit constitutes
one reality while the body is something completely different, separate, and apart from the
mind.
● Rationalism - The doctrine that reason is the right basis for regulating conduct.
● Scientific Method - A method of investigation involving observation and theory to test
scientific hypotheses.
● Empiricism - The view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should,
therefore, rely on observation and experimentation.
Causes
● By 1300, philosophy had become an accepted discipline (universities created a structure)
● Renaissance
● Navigational problems on sea voyages
● Experimental research

● The Scientific Method was the foundation of new world views of the 17th and 18th
century

Astronomy Theories/Discovery
● Copernicus - Heliocentric Model
● Brahe - Believed other planets rotated around the sun while the sun and moon rotated
around the earth.
● Kepler - Earth moved in an elliptical, not orbit. Wrote 3 laws of planetary motion.
Demolished old systems of Aristotle and Ptolemy.
● Galileo - made the first telescope. Telescope proved that the sun is the center of the solar
system and that the planets move.
● Newton - 3 laws of motion

Med and Chem theories/discoveries

● Paracelsus - thought that diseases were created by chemical imbalances.
● Vesalius - Founder of human anatomy.
● William Harvey - discovered the circulation of blood and the role of the heart in
propelling it.

Women in Science
● Margaret Cavendish - Helped popularize ideas of the Scientific Revolution.
● Maria Merian - Made observations on insects and planets.
● Maria Winkelmann - Undiscovered comet
 Enlightenment
● During this time Europe went through changes in philosophy, science, and mathematics.

Important Vocab/Names:
● Enlightenment - “man’s leaving his self-caused immaturity” defined by Immanuel Kant
● Reason - The principle that a nation should act on the basis of its long term interests and
not merely to usher dynamics.
● Skepticism - a doubtful or questioning attitude, especially about religion.
● Pierre Bayle - Calvinist Faith
● Rococo - Artistic movement that emphasized grace, lightness, and charm
● Neoclassicism - artistic movement that emerged in France. Sought to recapture dignity f
classical Greece/Rome.
● Johann Sebastian Bach - Baroque style music, 1685-1750, held the post of organist and
music director at a number of small German courts.
● George Frederick Handel - German, wrote music for large public audiences. Known for
“Messiah”
● Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart - A child prodigy, moved to Vienna. “The Magic Flute”
● Henry Fielding’s History of Tom Jones, A Foundling - Lengthy novel about the
adventures of a young scoundrel.
● Edward Gibbon’s Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire - Expressed optimism about
the future of European civilization.
● Cesare Beccaria - Though that punishment only served as deterrents from crime.
● Chapbooks - Short brochures sold by peddlers to lower class people
● Jesuits - Society of Jesus
● Joseph II’s Toleration Patent - Gave Lutherans, Calvinists, and Greek Orthodox the
right to practice freely.
Impact
● This helped lead into the Enlightenment
● Exploration was improved
● Improvements in medical knowledge

5 Main Ideas of the Enlightenment

● Reason
● Nature
● Happiness
● Progress
● Liberty

The Enlightenment
● Natural sciences and reason could explain all aspects of life
● Scientific method could explain the laws of society
● Philosophes popularized the Enlightenment
● By 1775, most of Western Europe was in agreement with the Enlightenment

Philosophes :
● They believed that there were many things about life in Europe that was unfair.
○ John Locke - Said that all mean are free and equal at birth
○ Baron de Montesquieu - A man is innocent until a jury finds him guilty.
○ Voltaire - A man should not be persecuted because of his religious beliefs.
○ Jean Jacques Rousseau - It is unfair that some people are rich while other people
are poor.

18th Century
Reforms of the Enlightenment:
 ● Religious toleration
● Streamlined legal codes
● Increased access to education
● Elimination of the death penalty

Rulers Were Considered Enlightened If They Fell Under These:

● Allow religious toleration
● Freedom of speech and press
● Right to hold private property
● Must foster the arts, science and education
● They must obey the law
● Reforms should come from ruler, not people

States of Countries at this Time

● France: monarchy not influenced by philosophers and resisted reforms, violent
revolution, financial crisis
● England: mercantilism hurt economy, less religious toleration, foreign interference by
Russia
● Prussia: nobles were in the army, granted limited freedom of speech and press.
● Poland: weak monarchy, lost 30% of land from invading nations, 50% loss of
population.

Wars
● Austrian Succession
○ Causes
■ Charles VI was unable to produce a male heir
■ Prussia defeated Austria
■ Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
● The Seven Years War
○ Causes
■ Diplomatic Revolution of 1756
 ■ Bloodiest war in Europe since the Thirty Years’ War
■ Russian Czar Peter III pulled Russia out of the war in 1763
● Treaty of Paris
○ Most important peace treaty of the 18th century
○ France lost all of its colonies in North America to Great Britain
○ Britain gained more territory in India

French Rev. and Napoleon

Important Vocab/Names:
● Emigres - Princes and nobles who fled France to raise foreign opposition and assistance.
● Sans-culottes - Shopkeepers and artisans in Paris who periodically place pressure on the
legislature.
● The taille - Direct land tax on French peasants and non-nobles. Tax on each household
on how much land they had.
● Constituent Assembly - Drew up new constitution.
● Civil constitution of the Clergy - Church nationalized and clergy became employees of
the State; deeply antagonized by the Pope, the clergy, the king and many good catholics.
● Le Chapelier Law - Against organized labor, typical of bourgeois attitudes of
revolutionaries in legislature.
● Assignats - Bonds issued by the government, later used as currency; over issue led to
high inflation.
● Jacobins - Radical revolutionaries
● Girondins - More moderate than Jacobins, advocates of war with Austria.
● Enrages - Extreme radicals
● Levee en masse - Use of large numbers of fervidly patriotic troops to overcome
disadvantage in training and organization of anti-revolutionary armies; precursor of
Napoleon's mass armies.
● Flight to Varenned - Royal family attempted to escape
● National Convention - New legislature; declared war in Austria.
● Brunswick Manifesto - Invading Austrians promised revenge if the royal family harmed.
 ● Consulate - Bonaparte dictatorship
● Concordat - Restored partial independence of Catholic Church.

Causes of the Revolution

● Louis XVI
● American Revolution
● Poor harvests in the 1780s
● Bankruptcy of the government
● Heavy taxes on the poor
● Hatred of Queen Marie Antoinette

The Tennis Court Oath

● June 17, 1789
● Members of the French Third Estate took the Tennis Court Oath vowing "not to separate
and to reassemble wherever circumstances require, until the Constitution of the kingdom
is established"

March On Versailles
● Women of the 3rd estate rioted over rising price of bread
● Broke into palace
● They had forced the king and queen to return to Paris

June 1791
● 70,000 people attacked the palace in Paris
● Assembly adopted many reforms
● French monarchy abolished in 1792
Radical stage of Revolution
● Lands of the Catholic Church were confiscated during the moderate stage of the
revolution.
● Middle class joined political clubs
● Committee of public safety
 ● Maximillian Robespierre came to power

Reaction Stage of Revolution

● People of all classes were mad about the raising in prices for bread and other things
● 1795, leaders of the National Convention drafted a new constitution

Napoleon
● Born in 1769
● 1795, he defeated the royalists
● After seizing political power in France in 1799, he crowned himself emperor in 1804
● The first emperor of France and one of the world's greatest military leaders
● Napoleon revolutionized military organization and training
● He restored order in
○ Economic Order
○ Social Order
○ Religious Order
○ Legal Order
● Napoleon had battled the Third Coalition of Britain, Russian, Austria, Sweden, and
Prussia
● Napoleon fell from power when he invaded Russia in 1812. They had lost the battle and
that was the start of his fall.
● “The Hundred Days” was from his exile in Elba until his entrance in Paris on March
20th, 1815

Industrial Revolution
Important Vocab/Names:
● Richard Trevithick - Invented the steam-powered locomotive, which could pull 20 tons
of iron ore and 76 people at 5mph.
● The “Rocker” - A jet engine that uses a propellant mass to produce force to move it
upward.
● Crystal Palace - Building erected in Hyde Park, London, for the Great Exhibition of
1851.
 ● Henry Cort - Inventor of the “puddling process” to remove the impurities in pig iron.
● George Stephenson - 1815, invented a locomotive engine, which revolutionized rail
transport.
● Great Exhibition - 1851, industrial fair in London that showcased the products made in
the Industrial Revolution.
Britain was the first major industrial power because:
● Political Reasons
○ Naval Supremacy
○ Napoleonic wars
○ Political system
● Economic Reasons
○ Cheap labor
○ Commercial Lead
○ Natural resources
○ Adequate food supply
● Social Reasons
○ Class mobility
○ Able to avoid class hatred
● Cultural Reasons
○ Nationalism
○ Classical liberalism
Inventors and their Inventions
● Richard Trevithick: first steam powered locomotive on an industrial rail line
● Henry Cort: developed process to create wrought iron
● George Stephenson: “Rocket”
● James Watt: Steam engine
● Richard Arkright: founded cotton factories
● Samuel Slater: Cotton Mill
● Edmund Cartwright: Power loom

During the Industrial Revolution:

 ● Machines began to replace humans in the production of producing and manufacturing
● Europe shifted from an agricultural society to a modern industrial society
● Large economic changes
● The Commercial Revolution was the root of the Industrial Revolution

Impacts of the Industrial Revolution:

● Political
○ European dominance of power
○ 1860s (American civil war, Taiping rebellion, New technology of war)
○ Gap between western and eastern Europe
● Economic
○ Gold in CA and Australia
○ Investments
● Social
○ Migration shifts
○ Urban growth
● Cultural
○ Education
○ Classical Economics
○ Rise of socialism

Revolution and Romanticism

Congress of Vienna
● Diplomacy
● Metternich - foreign minister of Austria who disliked democratic ideals of the French
Rev.
○ Mettenrich’s goals
■ Strengthen countries around France
■ Restore balance of power

Results of the Congress of Vienna

 ● Britain gained control of the seas, condemned the slave trade
● Eastern Europe, German confederation
● France was deprived of all territory conquered by Napoleon, restored under the rule of
Louis XVI

Conservative:
● Britain
○ Tories controlled the government
○ Corn laws of 1815
○ Peterloo Massacre
● France
○ Began as being the most liberal large state
○ “White Terror”
● Italian states
○ Divided by the Congress of Vienna
● Spain
○ Bourbon dynasty was restored to power
● Austria
○ Carlsbad diet
● Prussia
○ Ruled by Hohenzollern dynasty
● Russia
○ Czar Alexander I initially favored enlightened despotism

France: The 2nd Empire

● Louis Napoleon, 2nd republic
○ Came to power in 1848
○ Legislative assembly of 1849 divided
○ Rome incident
■ Rebels in Italy led by Mazzini and Garibaldi
○ Louis Napoleon seeks to strengthen the power of the executive branch
 ○ Coup d’etat
● Domestic Policies
○ Railroad expansion
○ City planning
○ Schools supervised by the state

Naval Supremacy
● “Ruled the waves”
● Not openly challenged due to victory at Trafalgar and the WWI Battle of Jutland.

Victoria’s Empire
● Britain was the financial capital of the world, with a huge inflow of money from all the
colonies.

Industrial Revolution
● Victoria came into power during the drentic phase of the revolution
● Consumer boom and greater prosperity for the propertial class
● From 1837 to 1901, the life expectancy at birth went up rapidly

Civic Engagement
● Competitive ethics which drove so much business enterprise was characterized by local
worthies into spending on opulent town halls and other civic buildings.

Ireland
● Population decreased from 8 million - 4.5 million
● Did not experience an industrial revolution in the Victorian age.

Politics
● Britain still suffered from midspread poverty.
Second Industrial Revolution
● 4 main points
○ Steel production
○ Oil
○ Electricity
○ Chemicals
● Expansion of industry and tech created growing demand for experts
● By 1890s, Germany became most powerful industrial economy in Europe
● Industrialism was a big attractor for workers to come to cities
● Urbanization
○ Population growth
○ Poor living conditions during first half of the 19th century

Age of Progress
● During the Second Industrial Revolution: More areas of Europe experienced industrial
activity

New Jobs for Women

● White Collar Jobs - Clerks, secretaries, sales clerks
● Health and social services
● Nurses

Industrial Rev. + Urbanization = Social Structure

● Increased standard of living by the 2nd half of the 19th century
● Development made society more diverse
● Characteristics of middle class
○ Believed strongly in classical liberalism
○ Family was the foundation of the social order
○ Education and religion extremely important
○ Strong feelings of nationalism
● Characteristics of working class
 ○ Many were peasants
○ Less unified
● Changes in role of women in the late 19th century
○ Marriage
■ Married earlier
■ Forced to marry if they became pregnant
○ Rights
■ Demanded access to higher education
○ Education
■ By 1900 in England, children 5-12 were required to attend primary school
■ Significant increase in literacy
■ Most educated women were teachers or nurses
○ Prostitution
■ Many lower class women were forced to become prostitutes to survive
● Reform
○ British
■ Democracy increases because of expansion of suffrage
○ Ireland
■ Act of Union in 1801
■ Irish evictions led to Terrorist acts
○ Spain
■ Alfonso XII - Conservatives and liberals dominate
■ Only propertied classes could vote
○ Italy
■ Workers vs. industrialists
■ Lost to Ethiopia
○ Germany
■ Bismarck becomes chancellor
■ Bismarck works with liberals to centralize government
■ Catholic church attacked
 Imperialism
Important Vocab/Names:
● Modernism - Main focus was human empowerment
● Naturalism - This style of art was a depiction of real life.
● Emile Zola - French novelist
● Impressionism - This style had thin brush strokes and had a large emphasis on lighting
change within the art.
● Post impressionism - 1885 to 1920

Developments
● Newton
○ Used reason and fact
○ Universe was viewed as a giant machine
● Marie Curie
○ Discovered polonium and radium
● Max Planck
○ German
○ Quantum Theory
● Einstein
○ German
○ Developed the theory of relativity
● Anti-Rationalism
○ Instinct is the most intelligent form of knowledge
● The Superman
○ Morality lies in interpretation
● Decadence
○ Democracy must be destroyed
● Darwin
○ English naturalist
 ○ Believed in evolution
○ Humans probably evolved from simpler forms of life
● Freud
○ Father of psychoanalysis
○ Explored the human subconscious
○ Id, ego, superego
● Marxism
○ Founded socialism

Imperialism
● In the early 1800s
○ Africa’s population was approximately 90 million
○ ⅓ of Africa was Muslim
○ Slave trade was coming to an end
● Berlin conference - regulated European colonization

Motives for New Imperialism

● Economic
○ Need for raw materials
● Political
○ Rivalry between European nations created competition over establishing African
colonies
● Cultural
○ Racist beliefs that Europeans were superior and that Africans needed to be taught
good gov. , European customs, Christian values
● Scientific
○ Darwin’s theory of natural selection applied to struggle between nations and races
● After 1870, Europe exercised unprecedented

World War I
Europe before WWI
 ● Improved transportation
● Powerful navies, armies
● Controlled financial and commercial affairs of the world

4 Great Powers:
● Great Britain
● France
● Russia
● Austria

Triple Alliance:
● Germany
● Austria Hungary
● Italy

Triple Entente:
● Britain
● France
● Russia

Short Term Causes for WWI

● On June 28, 1914, Franz Ferdinand was assassinated
○ Austria’s demands to Serbia:
■ Must accept responsibility
■ Give a list of terrorists
■ Allow police to search plotters
■ Cancel alliances with those that differed from Austrian views\
○ Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia because they had not accepted all 4
demands.
● Russia helped Serbia, so Germany declared war on Russia
● Germany then declared war on France, and so Great Britain declared war on Germany
Central Powers
● Germany
● Austria-Hungary
● Ottoman Empire

Allied Powers
● Great Britain
● France
● Russia
● Japan
● Italy

Many weapons were introduced in WWI

● Rifles
● Pistols
● Bayonets
● Machine Guns

End of WWI
● The Treaty of Versailles ended WWI in 1919
● It was signed 5 years after the assassination of Franz Ferdinand

Between Wars
WWI resulted in the End of the Old Order
● 1920s, communist totalitarianism took root in Russia
● The Great Depression followed
● “Age of Anxiety”

The Great Depression

● Causes
 ○ International financial crisis (American stock market 1929)
● Unemployment
● Social and political repercussions

Totalitarian States
● New tech made it possible
○ Gov wiretapped telephone lines to spy on suspected dissenters
● Tools
○ Censorship
● Facist or Communist
○ Communist in Russia
○ Facist in Italy and Germany

Italy
● Early 20th century, Italy was a liberal state.
● Versailles Treaty
● Nationwide strikes and class tension

Timeline of Hitler
● November 1937: Chamberlain (England PM) told Hitler he wouldn’t oppose changes in
central Europe as long as they were peaceful.
● March 1938: Hitler annexed czechoslovakia.
● September 1938: He had wanted the oppression of the Sudeten Germans to end and
delivered a speech.
● September 29 1938: Munich Conference – Hitler claimed he wouldn’t take any more
land. Chamberlain said ok “Peace for our time”
● Oct 1938: Hitler annexed Sudetenland
● August 1939: Hitler signed German-Soviet Pact
● September 1939: Hitler invaded Poland