Ex.No 1:Study of peripherals of a computer and its functions.

Identify the peripherals of a computer, components in a CPU and its functions.

Draw the block diagram of the CPU along with the configuration of each peripheral and
submit to your instructor

AIM: To identify the peripherals of a computer.

Hard drive

Alternatively referred to as a hard disk drive

and abbreviated as HD or HDD, the hard
drive is the computer's main storage media
device that permanently stores all data on
the computer. The hard drive consists of
one or more hard drive platters inside of
an air sealed casing. Most computer hard
drives are in an internal drive bay at the
front of the computer and connect to the
motherboard using either an ATA, SCSI, or
SATA cable and power cable. Below
is a picture of what the inside of a hard drive looks like for a desktop and laptop hard
drive.

As can be seen in the picture, the desktop hard drive consists of the following
components:
• the head actuator,
 • read/write actuator arm,
• disk read/write head,
• spindle,
• platter.
On the back of a hard drive is a circuit board called the controller.

How is data read and stored on a hard drive?

Data sent to and from the hard drive is interpreted by the disk controller, which tells the
hard drive what to do and how to move the components within the drive. When the
operating system needs to read or write information, it examines the hard drive's File
Allocation Table (FAT) to determine file location and available areas. Once this has been
determined, the disk controller instructs the actuator to move the read/write arm and
align the read/write head. Because files are often scattered throughout the platter, the head
needs to move to different locations to access all information.

All information stored on a traditional hard drive, like the above example, is done
magnetically. After completing the above steps, if the computer needs to read
information from the hard drive, it would read the magnetic polarities on the platter.
One side of the magnetic polarity is 0 and the other is 1. Reading this as binary data, the
computer can understand what the data is on the platter. For the computer to write
information to the platter, the read/write head aligns the magnetic polarities, writing
0's and 1's that can be read later.

External and Internal hard drives

Although most hard drives are internal hard drives, many users also use external hard
drives to backup data on their computer and expand the total amount of space available
to them. External drives are often stored in an enclosure that helps protect the drive and
allow it to interface with the computer, usually over USB or eSATA.

ROM

Short for Read-Only Memory, ROM is a storage

medium that is used with computers and other
electronic devices. As the name indicates, data
stored in ROM may only be read. It is either
modified with extreme difficulty or not at all. ROM
is mostly used for firmware updates. A simple
example of ROM is the cartridge used
with video game consoles, which allows one system to run multiple games. Another
example of ROM is EEPROM, which is a programmable ROM used for the computer
BIOS, as shown in the picture below. Unlike Random Access Memory (RAM), ROM is
non-volatile, which means it keeps its contents regardless of whether or not it has power.

RAM
Alternatively referred to as main memory, primary memory, or system memory,
Random Access Memory (RAM) is a computer storage location that allows information
to be stored and accessed quickly from random locations within DRAM on a memory
module. Because information is accessed randomly instead of sequentially like a CD or
hard drive the computer can access the data much faster than it would if it was only
reading the hard drive. However, unlike ROM and the hard drive RAM is a volatile
memory and requires power in order to keep the data accessible, if power is lost all data
contained in memory lost.

As the computer loads

parts of the operating
system and drivers are
loaded into memory,
which allows
the CPU to process the instructions much faster and your computer to load faster. After
the operating system has loaded, each program you open such as the browser you're
using to view this page is loaded into memory while it is running. If too many programs
are open the computer will swap the data in the memory between the RAM and the hard
disk drive.

Flash memory

Alternatively referred to as flash storage, flash memory

is a non-volatile computer memory. This type of memory is an
integrated circuit that does not need continuous power to retain
the data, but is a bit more expensive than magnetic storage.
Today, flash memory is
becoming more popular, and solid-state drives are a practical replacement for large
hard drives if you have the extra money.
Flash memory is widely used with car radios, cell phones, digital cameras,
PDAs, solid-state drives, and printers. The picture is an example of a MicroSD flash
memory card.
Memory slot

A memory slot, memory socket, or

RAM slot is what allows computer
memory (RAM) to be inserted into
the computer. Depending on the
motherboard, there may be 2 to 4
memory
slots (sometimes more on high-end motherboards) and are what determine the type of RAM
used with the computer. The most common types of RAM are SDRAM and DDR for
desktop computers and SODIMM for laptop computers, each having various types and
speeds. In the picture below, is an example of what memory slots may look like inside a
desktop computer. In this picture, there are three open available slots for three memory
sticks.

CPU

Alternatively referred to as the brain of the computer,

processor, central processor, or microprocessor, the CPU
(pronounced as C-P-U) is short for Central Processing
Unit. The computer CPU is responsible for handling all
instructions it receives from hardware and software
running on the computer. In the picture below, is an
example of what the top and bottom of an Intel
Pentium processor looks like. The processor is placed
and secured into a compatible CPU socket found on the
motherboard, and because of the heat it produces it is
covered with a heat sink to help keep it cool and
running smoothly.

As can be seen by the picture, the CPU chip is usually

in the shape of a square or rectangle and has one
notched corner to help place the chip into the computer properly. On the bottom of the
chip are hundreds of connector pins that plug into each of the corresponding holes on
the socket. Today, most CPU's resemble the picture shown above; however, Intel and
AMD have also experimented with slot processors that were much larger and slid into a
slot on the motherboard. Also, over the years there have been dozens of different types
of sockets on motherboards, each socket only supports so many different processors,
and each has its own pin layout.
In the CPU, the primary components are the ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) that performs
mathematical, logical, and decision operations and the CU (Control Unit) that directs
all of the processors operations. Over the history of computer processors, the speed
(clock speed) and capabilities of the processor have dramatically improved.

Heat sink

A heat sink is an electronic device that incorporates either a fan or

a peltier device to keep a hot component such as a processor cool.
There are two heat sink types: active and passive.
Passive heat sinks are 100% reliable, as they have no mechanical
components. Passive heat sinks are made of an aluminum-finned
radiator that dissipates heat through
convection. For Passive heat sinks to work to their full capacity, it is recommended that
there is a steady air flow moving across the fins.

PowerSupply

Short for Power Supply and sometimes

abbreviated as PSU, which is short for Power
Supply Unit. The PS is an internal hardware
component used to supply the components in a
computer with power by converting potentially
lethal 110-115 or 220-230 volt alternating
current (AC) into a steady low-voltage direct
current (DC) usable by the computer.
Caution: Do not open the power supply, it
contains capacitors that are capable of holding
hold electricity even if the computer is off and unplugged for a week, if not longer.
On the back end of the power supply as shown in the above picture is where you connect
the power cord to the computer. In addition to the power cord connection the back also
has a fan opening to draw air out of the power supply, a small red switch to change the
power supply voltage, and the rocker switch to turn the power supply on and off.
On the front-end, which is not visible unless the computer is opened is several dozen
other cables that connect the power supply to each of the devices and the computer
motherboard.
PCI
Short for Peripheral Component Interconnect, PCI is an
expansion to the ISA bus. The PCI bus is a 32-bit
(133MBps) computer bus that is also available as a 64-
bit bus and was the most commonly found and used
computer bus in computers. In the picture, there are
three PCI slots, PCI4, PCI5, and PCI6.

Today's computers and motherboards have replaced PCI

with PCI Express (PCIe) slots.

Examples of PCI devices

• Modem
• Network card
• Sound card
• Video card

AGP

Short for Accelerated Graphics Port, AGP is an advanced port designed for Video cards
and 3D accelerators. Designed by Intel and introduced in August of 1997, AGP
introduces a dedicated point-to-point channel that allows the graphics controller direct
access the system memory. Below is an illustration of what the AGP slot may look like
on your motherboard.

Each computer with AGP

support will either have one AGP
slot or on-board AGP video. If
you needed more than
one video card in the computer, you can have one AGP video card and one PCI video
card or use a motherboard that supports SLI.

NOTE:Not all operating systems support AGP because of limited or no driver support.
For example, Windows 95 did not incorporate AGP support. Today, AGP is being
replaced by PCI Express.

NIC
Short for Network Interface Card, the NIC is also
referred to as an Ethernet card and network
adapter. It is an expansion card that enables
a computer to connect to a network; such as a home network, or the Internet using an
Ethernet cable with an RJ-45 connector.

Due to the popularity and low cost of the Ethernet standard, most new computers have
a network interface build directly into the motherboard. The top image shows 10/100
PCI network card, one of the more common examples.

same network using a network switch or if only two computers a direct connection. If
computers on your network need to connect to a different network (e.g. the Internet)
they must be eventually connected to a router that allows networks to communicate with
each other.

SATA

Short for SerialATA, SATA 1.0 was first released in August 2001 and
is a replacement for the Parallel ATA interface used in IBM
compatible computers. SerialATA is capable of delivering 1.5Gbps
(150MBps) of performance to each drive within a disk array, offers
backwards compatibility for existing ATA and ATAPI devices, and
offers a thin, small cable solution This cable helps make a much
easier cable routing and offers better airflow in the computer when
compared to the earlier ribbon cables used with ATA drives.

In addition to being an internal solution, SATA also supports

external drives through External SATA more commonly known
aseSATA. eSATA offers many more advantages when compared
to other solutions. For example, it is hot-swappable, supports faster transfer speeds and
no bottleneck issues when compared with other popular external solutions such as USB
and Firewire, and supports disk drive technologies such as S.M.A.R.T..
Unfortunately, however, eSATA does have some disadvantages such as not distributing
power
through the cable like USB, which means drives will require an external power source
and it only supports a maximum cable lengths of up to 2m.
CMOS

Alternatively referred to as a Real-Time Clock (RTC), Non-

Volatile RAM (NVRAM) or CMOS RAM, CMOS is short for
Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor. CMOS is an on-
board semiconductor chip powered by a CMOS battery inside
computers that stores information such as the system time and
date and the system hardware settings for your computer. The
picture shows an example of the most common CMOS coin cell battery used in a
computer to power the CMOS memory.
IDE

Short for Integrated Drive Electronics or IBM Disc Electronics, IDE is more commonly known as
ATA or Parallel ATA (PATA) and is a standard interface for IBM compatible hard drives. IDE
is different from the Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI) and Enhanced Small Device
Interface (ESDI) because its
controllers are on each drive, meaning the drive can connect directly
to the motherboard or controller. IDE and its updated successor,
Enhanced IDE (EIDE), are the most common drive interfaces found
in IBM compatible computers today. Above, is a picture of the IDE
connector on the back of a hard drive, a picture of what an IDE cable
looks like, and the IDE channels it connects to on the motherboard.

Sound card
Alternatively referred to as an audio output device, sound board, or
audio card. A sound card is an expansion card or IC for producing
sound on a computer that can be heard through speakers or
headphones. Although the computer does not need a sound device to
function, they are included on every machine in one form or another,
either in an expansion slot or built into the motherboard (onboard).
Sound card connections
The picture is an example of a sound card audio ports or audio jacks on the back of your
computer, associated colors, and the connector symbols.

• Digital Out (White or Yellow; words: "Digital" or "Digital Out") - Used with
surround sound or loudspeakers.
• Sound in or line in (Blue; Arrow pointing into waves) - Connection for external
audio sources, e.g. tape recorder, record player, or CD player.
• Microphone or Mic (Pink; Microphone) - The connection for a
microphone or headphones.
• Sound out or line out (Green; Arrow pointing out of waves) - The primary sound
connection for your speakers or headphones. This sound card also has a second
(black) and third (orange) sound out connector.
• Firewire (Not pictured) - Used with some high-quality sound cards for digital
video cameras and other devices.
• MIDI or joystick (15 pin yellow connector) - Used with earlier sound cards to connect
MIDI keyboard or joystick.

Uses of a computer sound card

• Games
• Audio CDs and listening to music
• Watch movies
• Audio conferencing
• Creating and playing Midi
• Educational software
• Business presentations
• Record dictations
• Voice recognition

Parallel port

Less commonly referred to as the Centronics interface or

Centronics connectorafter the company that originally
designed it, the port was later developed by Epson. The
parallel port is found on the back of IBM compatible
computers and is a 25-pin (type DB-25)
computer interface commonly used to connect printers to the computer. Below is an example of
the DB25 interface found on the back of the computer.
Serial port

An Asynchronous port on the computer used to connect a

serial device to the computer and capable of transmitting one
bit at a time. Serial ports are typically identified on IBM
compatible computers as COM (communications) ports. For
example, a mouse might be connected to COM1 and a modem
to COM2. With the introduction of USB,
FireWire, and other faster solutions serial ports are rarely
used when compared to how often they've been used in the past. The picture shows the DB9 serial
port on the back of a computer.

USB

Short for Universal Serial Bus, USB (pronounced yoo-es-bee) is a plug-and-play interface that

allows a computer to communicate with peripheral and other devices. USB-connected devices

cover a broad range; anything from keyboards and mice, to music players and flash drives. For

more information on these devices, see our USB devices section.

USB may also be used to send power to certain devices, such as smartphones and tablets, as

well as charge their batteries.

USB transfer speeds

USB 1.x is an external bus standard that supports data

transfer rates of 12 Mbps and is capable of supporting up
to 127 peripheral devices. The picture shows an

example of a USB cable being connected into the USB port.

USB 2.0, also known as hi-speed USB, was developed by

Compaq, Hewlett Packard, Intel, Lucent,
Microsoft, NEC and Phillips and was introduced

in 2001. Hi-speed USB is capable of supporting a

transfer rate of up to 480 megabits per second (Mbps), or 60 megabytes per second (MBps). Hi-

speed USB is backward compatible, meaning it is capable of supporting USB 1.0 and 1.1 devices
and cables.

USB 3.0, also known as SuperSpeed USB, was first made available in November 2009by
Buffalo Technology, but the first certified devices weren't available until January 2010. USB
3.0 improved upon the USB 2.0 technology with speed and performance increases, improved

power management and increased bandwidth capability. It provides two unidirectional data paths

for receiving and sending data at the same time. USB 3.0 supports transfer rates up to

5.0 gigabits per second (Gbps), or 640 megabytes per second (MBps). Following the release of
USB 3.1, it has been officially renamed to "USB 3.1 Gen1" for marketing purposes. The first

certified devices included motherboards from ASUS and Gigabyte Technology. Dell began
including USB 3.0 ports in their Inspiron and Dell XPS series of computers in April 2011.

USB 3.1, also known as SuperSpeed+, was made available as of July 31, 2013 and is the latest
version of the USB protocol. USB 3.1 is capable of transfer rates of up to 10 Gbps, putting it in line

with the first generation of Apple's Thunderbolt channel. Today, many devices use the USB

3.0 and 3.1 revisions for improved performance and speed.

USB Type-C was developed around the same time as USB 3.1 and is a reversible-plug, 24-pin,

double-sided connector for use with USB devices.

Viva Questions:

1) Differentiate the following: Dual Core, Core 2Duo, i3, i5, i7

2) Differentiate between DDR2, DDR3, DDR4
3) What is meant by Firmwire?
4) What is meant by hot swappable
5) Compare HDD vs SDD.
6) Compare FAT, FAT32 with NTFS.
7) Write the memory storage specification from smallest unit
8) Write down any 15 Keyboard Shortcut keys with description.
 EX. NO 2: ASSEMBLING AND DISASSEMBLING OF PC
Every student should disassemble and assemble the PC back to working
condition. Lab instructors should verify the work and follow it up with a Viva. Also
students need to go through the video which shows the process of assembling a PC. A
video would be given as part of the course content.

AIM: To assemble and disassemble the system

Why should one learn about hardware?

1. Troubleshoot you and save time.
2. Knowing about system internals and components.
3. Very easy installation for modern hardware.
4. Install extra memory.
5. Removing components.

Safety Precautions:
1. Beware of electrostatic discharge (ESO)
2. Build computer on a hard surface, away from concepts.
3. Wear shoes and the short sleeved cotton wear.
4. Use Phillips, head screw driver.
5. Keep the components away from moisture.
6. Avoid using pressure while installing.

Steps for Assembling

1. Setting the cabinet ready.
2. Preparing to fit the components.
3. Fitting the mother board.
4. Fitting the RAM, processor and cooler.
5. Installing PCI cards.
6. Fitting the hard disk and floppy drive.
7. Installing the CD ROM drives.
8. Connecting the ribbon cables.
9. Powering the drives and mother board.
10. Connecting the cables for the case front panel.
11. Final check.
Getting the Cabinet ready:
1. Check how to open the cabinet and determine where to fix the components.
2. Determine if the case has the appropriate risers installed.
Preparing to fit the Components:
1. Network adapter drive.
 2. Cables.
3. Hard disk.
4. CD-ROM Drive.
5. RAM
6. CPU
7. Heat sink / cooler / fan.
8. Mother board.

Fitting the Mother board.

1. Line up the patch on the motherboard ( ps/l, USB, etc ) with the appropriate
holes in the block panel I/O shield of the case.
2. Check the points where you and to install
3. Install them and make the mother board sit on them and fix screws if required.
Mother board parts:
1. ACR slot.
2. PCI Slot.
3. AGP Slot.
4. ATX Connectors.
5. CPU Fan.
6. Chipset North Bridge.
7. CPU socket.
8. System memory.
9. Chipset south bridge.
10. Panel connector.
11. Power supply.
12. IDE connectors.
ATXConnectors:
1. PS, Mouse.
2. Key board.
3. USB.
4. Parallel (Prints)
5. Serial COM1.
6. Serial COM 2.
7. Joystick.
8. Sound.
Fitting the processor:
1. Raise the small lever at the side of the socket.
2. Notice that there is a pin missing at one corner, determine the direction to fit
in the processor.
3. You should not force the CPU. When inserting it. All pins should slide
smoothly into the socket.
4. Lock the lever back down.
5. Install the heat sink over it (Different type for each processor). Heat sink /
CPU fan.
Fitting the RAM:
1. The RAM must be suitable for motherboard.
2. There are currently 3 types of RAM available.
a) SD RAM.
b) DDR SD RAM.
c) RD RAM.
3. The mother board’s chipset determines which type of RAM may be used.
Installing the PCI Cards:
1. Most of the cards are inbuilt these days.
2. NIL, Sound Cards etc. are fitted into PCI slots.
Fitting the hard disk and Floppy disk:
1. Place the floppy and hard disks in their slots.
2. Leave some space above HDD to prevent heat building.
3. Check the jumper configuration.
4. Fix the screws.
Installing the CD-ROM Drives:
1. CD-ROM drive is similar to installing a hard disk.
2. 1ST check that the jumper configuration is correct.
3. Fix the screw.
Connecting the Cables:-
1. Attach the long end of the cable to the IDEU connector on the motherboard
first.
2. The red stripe on the IDE cable should be facing the CD Power.
Powering the driver and motherboard:
Connecting the cables for the case front pane
1. SD, SPK or SPEAK: The loud speakers o/p. it has 4 pins.
2. RS, RE, RS or RESET: Connect the two pin Reset cable here.
3. PWR, PW, PWSW, PS or power SW: Power switch, the pc’s on (switch, the
plug is two pin ).
4. PWLED, PWRLED or Power LED: The light emitting diode on the front panel
 of the case illuminates when the computer is switched on. It’s a 2-pin cable.
5. HD, HDD, and LED: These two pins connect to the cable for the hard disk
activity LED.
Final Check:-
1. Mother board jumper configurations are the settings for the processor
operator.
2. Drive jumper settings, master/ slave correct?
3. Are the processor, RAM modules and plug in cards finally seated in there
sockets?
4. Did you plug all the cables in? Do they all fit really?
5. Have you frightened all the screws in plug- in cards or fitted the clips?
6. Are the drive secure?
7. Have u connected the power cables to all driver?
Powering up for the first time:
1. Ensure that no wires are touching the CPU heat sink fan.
2. Plug your monitor, mouse and keyboard.
3. Plug in power card and switch the power supply.
4. If everything is connected as it should be
● All system, fans should start spinning.
● U should hear a single beep and after about 5-10 sec.
● Amber light on monitor should go green.
● You will see computer start to boot with a memory check.
● Now check front LED’S to see if u plugged them in correctly.
● Check all other buttons.
● Power afford change any wrong settings.
Viva Questions:
1) Define assembling of a system?
2) Explain the steps involved in the installation of the mother board>
3) What is the use of pin 1 indicated on the processor?
4) What is the use of locking level at the processor slot?
EX. NO 3: Installation of Operating Systems – Windows
Every student should individually install MS windows OS on the personal computer. Lab
instructor should verify the installation and follow it up with a Viva.

INSTALLATION OF WINDOWS OS:

AIM: To install Windows 7 Operating System

BASIC FILE SYSTEMS:
• FAT: File Allocation Table.
• NTFS: New Technology File System. Format and create using NTFS partition

BASIC STEPS IN INSTALLATION:-

A clean install is intended for users who want to freshly install Windows on their
computer (by deleting all of the data on the hard disk and then installing Windows) or
computers that do not have an operating system yet.

1. Enter your computer's BIOS. Turn off the computer that you want to install
Windows on then turn it back on. When the BIOS screen appears or you are
prompted to do so, press Del, Esc, F2 , F10 , or F9 (depending on your computer’s

motherboard) to enter the system BIOS. The key to enter the BIOS is usually shown
on the screen.

2. Find your BIOS's boot options menu. The boot options menu of your BIOS may vary in
location or name from the illustration, but you may eventually find it if you search
around.
If you can't find the boot options menu, search the name of your BIOS (most likely
located in the BIOS menu) online for help.
3 Select the CD-ROM drive as the first boot device of your computer.
Although this method may vary among computers, the boot options menu is
typically a menu of movable device names where you should set your CD-ROM drive
as the first boot device. It can also be a list of devices that you can set the order of
their boot on. Consult a manual or the internet for help if you're stuck.

4 Save the changes of the settings. Press the button indicated on the screen or select
the save option from the BIOS menu to save your configuration.

5. Shut off your computer. Either turn off the computer by choosing the shut-down option
in your current operating system, or hold the power button until the computer
powers off.
6. Power on the PC and the insert the Windows 7 disc into your CD/DVD drive.
7. Start your computer from the disc. After you have placed the disc into the disc drive, start
your computer. When the computer starts, press a key if you are asked if you would
like to boot from the disc by pressing any key. After you choose to start from the
disc, Windows Setup will begin loading.
• If you are not asked to boot from the disc, you may have done something
wrong. Retry the previous steps to solve the problem.

8. Choose your Windows Setup options. Once Windows Setup loads, you'll be
presented with a window. Select your preferred language, keyboard type, and
time/currency format, then click Next.
9. Click the Install Now button.

10. Accept the License Terms. Read over the Microsoft Software License Terms, check I
accept the license terms, and click Next.

11. Select the Custom installation.

12. Decide on which hard drive and partition you want to install Windows on. A hard drive is a
physical part of your computer that stores data, and partitions "divide" hard drives into
separate parts.
 • If the hard drive has data on it, delete the data off of it, or format it.
• Select the hard drive from the list of hard drives.
• Click Drive options (advanced).
• Click Format from Drive options.
• If your computer doesn't have any partitions yet, create one to install Windows
on it.
• Select the hard drive from the list of hard drives.
• Click Drive options (advanced).
• Select New from Drive options.
• Select the size, and click OK.
13. Install Windows on your preferred hard drive and partition. Once you've decided on
where to install Windows, select it and click Next. Windows will begin installing.

Viva Questions:
1) NTFS stands for ?
2) What is the use of product key in the installation process of a software?
3) Installing - What does "upgrade" mean?
4) Write the procedures to create bootable disc?
5) Describe different kinds of Microsoft Operating systems?
6) What are the pre-arrangements for installing the windows OS?

Ex. No 4:Installation of Operating Systems –LINUX

Every student should install Linux on the computer .This computer should have
windows installed. The system should be configured as dual boot with both windows
and Linux. Lab instructor should verify the installation and follow it up with a viva.
AIM: To install Linux operating system(Ubuntu 12.04 LT)
PROCEDURE:
Ubuntu is one of the most popular and easy-to-use versions of Linux available, and
you can download and install it absolutely free. All you need is a CD burner and an
internet connection, and you can have Ubuntu up and running in just a few minutes.

1. Download the Ubuntu image. Ubuntu is available for free from the Ubuntu website. It is
downloaded in ISO format, which needs to be burned to a CD or DVD before you can
use it. Most newer computers (built after 2011) will use the 64-bit version, while older
computers will need the 32-bit version.

2. Burn the image to a disc. There are a variety of free image burning programs
available, and Windows 7, 8 and Mac OS X all have image burning capabilities built-
in.

• In Windows 7 and 8, navigate to the downloaded ISO file and double-click on it.
Insert a blank disc into your burner, and follow the on-screen instructions to
burn the disc
 • In Mac OS X, open the Disk Utility. This is located in the Utilities folder, in your
Applications folder. Insert your blank disc into your disc drive. Drag and drop the
ISO file into the left frame of Disk Utility. Select the ISO file in the frame and
click Burn.

3. Set your computer to boot from the CD/DVD drive. In order to install Ubuntu, you
will need to set your computer to boot from discs. This is because the
installation has to occur before your existing operating system is loaded from
the hard disk.
• When you reboot your computer, press the BIOS setup key to enter your
BIOS menu. In the Boot section, select your CD/DVD drive as the primary
boot device. Once you have it set, save and exit the BIOS. Your computer
will reset again.
• In Windows 8, hold the Shift key while clicking Restart in the Power menu.
This will reboot the computer into the Advanced Startup Options. From
here, you can choose to boot from a CD or DVD.

4. Try Ubuntu before you install. If you’d like to take Ubuntu for a test drive before you
commit to installing it, you can run Ubuntu directly from the installation CD
without making any changes to your computer. Click the “Try Ubuntu” button to
test it out.
5. Start the installation process. Click the Install Ubuntu button to begin the
installation. If you are trying out Ubuntu before installing, you can start the
installation by opening the Install file on the test desktop.
• You will need around 5 GB of free space on your computer to install Ubuntu.
• Installation works best if you are connected to the internet. The easiest way to do
this is to plug an Ethernet cable directly into your computer from the router.
• You can also connect to a wireless network if Ubuntu recognizes your wireless
adapter.

6. Check the boxes inthe “Preparing to install Ubuntu” window. Ubuntu can automatically
download updates during the installation, and can install software that will allow
you to play MP3 files and Flash video (YouTube). Installing these updates and
software during installation will save you a significant amount of time and
headaches when the operating system is installed.
7. Choose your installation type. You can choose to install Ubuntu alongside your existing
operating system, you can replace your existing operating system, or you can
create new partitions yourself. If you choose to install alongside your existing
operating system, you will be given the option to set how much space is allocated
for each operating system.
• If your computer doesn’t have an operating system installed yet, you will need
to select “Something else” and create a partition to install Ubuntu on. Make
sure that the partition is formatted as Ext4.
• If you install Ubuntu alongside your existing operating system, you will be
given the option to choose your operating system every time your computer is
rebooted.
• If you replace your existing operating system with Ubuntu, you will lose all of your
files and programs. Make sure that you have everything backed up that you want
to save.

8. Select youruseroptions.Ubuntu will ask for your location in order to set the
correct timezone. If you are connected to the internet, this should happen
automatically. You will also need to select your keyboard layout, which is
typically automatically picked for you.
9. Select a username and password.In the “Who are you?” window, you will need to enter
your name, your computer’s name, and a username and password that you will use
to log in. You will need the password when making administrative changes to the
computer as well.

10. Wait for the installation to complete. Once you have set your options, Ubuntu will
begin to install. This can take 30 minutes or more depending on your computer’s
speed. Tips for using Ubuntu will be displayed above the progress bar. Once the
installation is complete, you will be prompted to reboot your computer. Ubuntu is
ready to use.

• If you have multiple operating systems installed, you will be given the option to
choose the one you want to load when your computer starts.
• If you don’t have any other operating systems installed, Ubuntu will begin
automatically.
Viva Questions:
1) Give the advantages of Linux over other OS?
2) What do you mean by open source OS?
3) What do you mean by dual boot systems?
4) Where the all directories are stored in Linux
5) Which command is used to make directory
6) Which command is used to change directory
7) Which command is used to copy from one file to another file?
8) Which command is used to move data from one file to another file?

Ex. No 5:Hardware Troubleshooting

 It is a process of sorting out the problems.
The set of steps we follow during trouble shooting are:
a) Identify the problem.
b) Identify the set of solutions.
c) Analyze any one solution which is less costly and more efficient.
d) Apply the solution.
e) Test the output.
Trouble shooting is generally of 2 types:
1) Hardware troubleshooting:deals with the process of eliminating bugs related to PC
components.
2) Software trouble shooting:refers to removal of problems rising due to system
software or application software.

HARDWARE TROUBLESHOOTING:
The list of techniques under this are:
Hard disk troubleshooting
Monitor troubleshooting
Modem troubleshooting
Keyboard troubleshooting.

a) HARD DISK TROUBLESHOOTING

It contains platters, head arms, classes and headaqualators. Most of the HDDS are
connected by either the ATA(i.e.; another name for IDE) or we use SCSI(small
computer system interphase) cables.

The difference between SCSI and IDE is

Using IDE we can connect almost two hard disks
Using SCSI we can connect 7to 15 hard disks
Maintenance of SCSI is very difficult when compared to IDE
The cost of SCSI is more compared to IDE.
Problems related to Hard disk
If the HDD is not detected inside the configurations
If the system files on the hard disk drive are missing or if they because
corrupt.
The computer does not boot up when turned on.
Solutions related to hard disk
Check whether HDD is physically available or NOT.
Check if the bias is connected to the hard disk and if it is detected.
On the existing hard disk make sure that you scan the disk very well using
the current version of antivirus
Make sure that you setting up a disk or charge of its partitions.

b) MONITOR TROUBLESHOOTING:
Which is physically connected to video cards like TV monitor also contains CRT
(cathode ray tube).CRT contains 3guns, red, green and blue. These guns stream
electrons from left to right.
Set of troubleshooting etc:

PROBLEM: If the picture is not visible

SOLUTION: Check the signal cable is into the power socket or not.
Set of troubleshooting steps are: Check if the signal cable is connected
to graphic admor.
Check brightness of the screen.

PROBLEM: If the screen is too bright or dark.

SOLUTION: Check the brightness value. Check if the specified voltage is applied or not.
Check if the frequency is horizontal as well as vertical.

PROBLEM: If the screen is blurred

SOLUTION: More all the objects that emit magnetic field away. Check whether the
specified is applied or not.Check if the signal timing of system is with in
the specification.

MONITOR ICONS:
Power
Brightness
Contrast
Horizontal size
Vertical size
Full screen
Degauss(de magnetizers the crt)
Comer(user can more the picture)
Monitor status
Language
c) MODEM TROUBLESHOOTING:
We can call a modem as translator, demodulator, which describes a method by
which digital data is converted to analog while receiving the data by the computer
it is converted to digital from analog.
There are 2 types of modem which are available they are RJ11 and RJ45.RJ11
consists of 6 pins and RJ45 of 8 pins.

Steps of troubleshooting for modem are:

Check the telephone cable connections 10 feet or less than contain a RJ11
cable connection.
Check to ensure that you are plugged to the correct modem jack i.e; RJ45
will not fit in RJ11 but RJ11 will fit into RJ45.
Check for the error message i.e wrong user name and password the contact
your ISP (Internet service provider)for the correct account settings.
Reduce your port speed in your modem settings.
Check the initialization settings
Use hyper terminal on another tool to test the modem.

d) KEYBOARD TROUBLESHOOTING:
If the keyboard is not working then check if the keyboard cable is inserted
properly in the connector on the motherboard.
Swap a non-functional keyboard with a functioning one.

Check if the cable is twisted or damaged.

Other Hardware Issues:

1. Disk Boot Failure

2. S.M.A.R.T Command Failed
3. Automatic Restart of your Computer
4. Fix MBR issues
5. Hide computer Hard disk Drive
6. How to Change Computer Hard Disk Drive Letters
7. Protect your PC from Over heating
8. Use Flash Memory (USB Memory) as Virtual RAM
9. Problems in booting computer in safe mode
10. Connect two Systems using USB cable
11. Bios Backdoor Passwords for Laptops
12. Reset Bios Passwords
Viva Questions:
1) Define trouble shooting?
2) Mention a few problems associated with Modem.
3) What is the function of a modem?
4) What are the different key board problems?
 Ex. No 6: Software Troubleshooting

Students have to be given a malfunctioning CPU due to system software problems.

They should identify the problem and fix it to get the computer back to working
condition. The work done should be verified by the instructor and followed up by the
viva.

AIM: Software troubleshooting

PROCEDURE:

Error messages encountered during boot before Windows loads

Ensure that your computer BIOS settings are correctly configured to the hardware
that is installed in your computer
1. Issues and questions related to the Windows taskbar.
2. Information about the Taskbar.

Verify Auto hide is not activated by following the below steps

1. Press CTRL + ESC or your Windows key to make Start menu appear
2. Click Settings and choose Taskbar & Start menu
3. Verify that Auto Hide is not checked

If Auto Hide is not enabled move the task bar up by following the below steps

Press CTRL + ESC or your Windows key to make Start menu appear
Try to notice where the Start menu appeared; generally, it should be the bottom left
corner.
Press ESC. You should now notice a small gray line at the location of where the start
was.

Issues and questions related to Rundll

Rundll and rundll32 enable users to run a DLL file as an application.

Below are some examples of how the rundll.exe rundll32.exe files can be used
in Microsoft Windows to perform numerous windows commands from the
command prompt. Because of the different versions of rundll and rundll32,
 not all of the below options will work. If rundll or rundll3

encounter an error, it is possible that the command will fail without any error messages.

Shutdown, restart, logoff, and/or poweroff the computer

Users can shutdown Windows through the command line using rundll32 and the
shell32.dll file.

Additional information and help with the boot.ini:

The "boot.ini" is a Microsoft initialization. This file is always located on the root
directory of the primary hard disk drive. In other words, it is located at "C:\"
directory or the "C Drive". This file is used by Microsoft Windows as a method of
displaying a menu of operating systems currently n the computer and allowing
the user to easily select which operating system to load. In addition, this file is
also used to point to the locations of each of the operating systems.

Basic example of the boot.ini file:

[boot loader]
timeout=5
default=multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(1)partition(1)\WINDOWS
[operating systems]
multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(1)partition(1)\WINDOWS="Microsoft Windows XP
Home
Edition" /fastdetect

In the above example, the boot.ini contains two sections, the "[boot loader]",
and "[operating systems]". Within the boot loader section there are two lines.
The "timeout" line is used for how long the boot menu time should be
displayed, in seconds; we recommend that the timeout be set to at least five if
you wish the computer to boot faster and commonly use the default operating
systems. The "default" line is the default operating system that the boot.ini will
load. If multiple operating systems are in the boot.ini, the default operating
system will be automatically selected and used if the user does not specify a
different operating system by the time the timeout value expires.

How to modify the boot.ini:

The boot.ini file is a hidden system file located in the root directory of your primary
hard disk drive. To edit this file we recommend you follow the below steps.

1. From Windows, open an MS-DOS prompt by clicking "Start"

and then "Run" and typing "cmd" in the text box. If you are
 not able to get into a MS-DOS prompt to edit the boot.ini
file, boot into the recovery console to edit the file.
2. At the MS-DOS prompt, type:
c: <press enter>
cd\ <press enter>
attrib -r -a -s -h boot.ini <press enter>
edit boot.ini <press enter>

Windows restarts without warning

This issue could be caused by any of the below possibilities

1. Software issue or error
2. Hardware issue or error
3. Heat related issue.
4. Computer virus.
5. Issue with operating system.

Error messages while windows loading

1. If you have recently installed or changed something that could have caused normal
windows to stop loading, try loading the last known good configuration
2. If you are unable to get into Normal windows and believe that removing or
uninstalling a program or changing a setting may help enable you to get into
windows, boot the computer into Windows OS safe mode
3. If your computer has worked fine in the past but recently has been experiencing the
issue you are encountering run the system restore option to restore the computer to
an earlier date

Other error messages that occur while windows is loading or after windows is loaded
1. If error occurs but windows still loads, verify no issues or conflict exits in device
manager
2. Ensure that if programs are loading automatically that these errors are not
associated with these programs
3. Make sure Windows OS is up to date by checking Microsoft windows update page
4. If your computer has virus protection installed make sure that it is up to date and
that no virus are being detected
5. If your computer has worked fine in the past but recently has been experiencing the
issue you are encountering run the system restore option to restore the computer to
an earlier date

Viva questions:
1) Define a software
2) How to perform BIOS update?
E x.No 7:Providing Internet connectivity

Students should get connected to their Local Area Network and access the Internet. In
the process they configure the TCP/IP setting. Finally, students should demonstrate, to
the instructor, how to access the websites and email. If there are no internet connectivity
preparations need to be made by the instructors to simulate the WWW on the LAN

AIM: To learn Local Area Network and access the Internet. In the process they configure
the TCP/IP setting. Finally, students should demonstrate, to the instructor, how to
access the websites and email

THEORY:
The internet is a worldwide, publicly network of interconnected computer networks

Network Cables

Several standard types of network cables exist, each designed for specific purposes.

Coaxial Cables

A Coaxial cable is a cable used in the transmission of video,

communications, and audio. This cable has high
bandwidths and greater transmission capacity. Most users
relate to a coaxial or coax cable as a cable used to connect
their TVs to a cable TV service. However, these cables are
also used in networks and what allow a broadband cable
Internet connection using a cable
modem. The picture is an example of a coaxial cable. As can be seen in this picture, the
cable is a thick cable with a metal male connector end that is screwed onto a female
connector.

Twisted-pair cable

A twisted-pair cable is a cable made by intertwining two separate insulated wires.

There are two twisted pair types: shielded and unshielded. A Shielded Twisted Pair
(STP) has a fine wire mesh surrounding the wires to protect the transmission;
 an Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) do not. Shielded cable is
used in older telephone networks, as well as network and data
communications to reduce outside interference. The illustration
gives an example of how the inside of these looks.

Straight Through

A network cabling that connects a computer to a network

device. For example, straight through cables connect a
computer to a network hub, network switch, and network routers.

Crossover Cable

Networking cable that connects two computers or network devices directly to one
another. When purchasing this cable, the packaging must indicate that it's a
crossover cable for the required network interface; otherwise, it's likely a typical straight
through cable. Often, crossover cables are used to connect two computers with network
cards together without using a network hub, network router, or network switch.

CAT5

Alternatively referred to as an Ethernet cable, a

CAT5 or Category 5 is a description of network
cabling that consists of four twisted pairs of copper
wire terminated by an RJ-45 connector. Cat5 has a
maximum length of 100m, exceeding this length
without the aid of bridge or other
network device could cause network issues. The picture shows an example of what a
CAT5 cable may look like with the connector, as well as the other end of the cable with
each of the wires it contains.

Fiber Optic Cable

A fiber optic cable defined in IEEE 802.8 is cable that

contains optical fibers (usually glass) coated in
plastic that are used to send data by pulses of light.
The coating helps protect the fibers from heat, cold,

54
 electromagnetic interference from other types of wiring, as well as some protection
from ultraviolet rays from the sun. Fiber optics allow for a much faster data
transmission than standard copper wires, because they have a much higher
bandwidth. They are common amongst corporate networks or world-wide networks,
such as Internet backbones, because of the capabilities of the cable.

Networking Devices:

Hub

When referring to a network, a hub is the most basic

networking device that connects multiple computers or other

network devices together. Unlike a network switch

or router, a network hub has no routing tables or intelligence

on where to send information
and broadcasts all network data across each connection. Most hubs can detect basic

network errors such as collisions, but having all information broadcast to multiple ports
can be a security risk and cause bottlenecks. In the past, network hubs were popular
because they were cheaper than a switch or router. Today, switches do not cost much
more than a hub and are a much better solution for any network.

Switch

A switch is a piece of a physical circuitry component that governs

the signal flow. Having a switch or toggle switch allows a connection to be opened or
closed. When opened, the switch allows a signal or power to flow through the
connection. When closed, the switch stops the flow and breaks the circuit connection.

On a network, a switch is a hardware device

that filters and forwards network packets,
but often not capable of much more A
network switch is more advanced than a hub
but not as advanced as
a router. The picture shows an example of a NETGEAR5 port switch.

55
Router

A router is hardware device designed to receive,

analyze and move incoming packets to another
network. It may also be used to convert the
packets to another network interface, drop them,
and perform other actions relating to a network.

A router has a lot more capabilities than other

network devices, such as a hub or a switch that
are only able to perform basic network functions. For example, a hub is often used to
transfer data between computers or network devices, but does not analyze or do
anything with the data it is transferring. By contrast, routers can analyze the data being
sent over a network, change how it is packaged, and send it to another network or over
a different network. For example, routers are commonly used in home networks to share
a single Internet connection between multiple computers.

In the above example, of a home network, there are two different types of a router: the
router and the wireless router. In this example, the router allows all the computers and
other network devices to access the Internet. The wireless router allows a laptop
to wirelessly connect to the home network and access the Internet as well. Below are
some additional examples of different types of routers used in a large network.

TCP/IP(Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol): Collection of methods used to connect

servers on the internet and to exchange data.
HTML(Hyper Text Markup Language): The coding used to control the look of documents on the
web
HTTP(Hyper Text Transfer Protocol): Part of a url that identifies the location as one that uses
HTML
IP(Internet Protocol): A format for contents and addresses of packets of information sent
over the internet
IP ADDRESS: An identifier for a computer or device on a TCP/IP network

PROCUDURE:
● Goto start>control Panel
● open Network Connections
● Click create a new connection and then click next
● The new conection wizard window opens , click next to continue

56
 ● Choose one of the options in the next dialog box
● Choose one of the three options in the next dialog box
✓ If you do not have an internet account click choose from a list of ISPs and
then click next
✓ If you have an account click Set up my connection manually
✓ If you have a CD from the ISP click use the CD I got from an ISP and then
click next
● Follow the next steps as per the option you selected.

LAN Proxy Settings:

● select tools menu in Internet Explorer

● Select Internet Options
● Select Connections
● You end up in two options
✓ Dial-up and virtual network settings
✓ LAN setting

● The selection at this step is dependent on the kind of connection you are trying to
configure. They are:
✓ Dial-up modem connection
✓ LAN connection
✓ DSL or Cable modem

Viva Questions:
1. What is subnet mask?
2. What do you mean by network?
3. Briefly describe NAT.
4. What is NIC?
5. What is a private IP address? Give some examples
6. What is DHCP?
7. What is Ping?
8. What is ipconfig?

57
 Ex.No 8: Study of Modern Application Development

• HTML
• Wordpress

Introduction to HTML &Basic syntax of html Attributes, elements, lists, and basic
programs.

AIM: Home page using HTML Consisting of photo, name, address and education
details as a table

THEORY

HTML – Hypertext Markup Language

Hypertext is the text stored in electronic form with cross-reference links between pages.
Hypertext documents are written in languages called Markup Languages. HTML (Hypertext
markup language) is one of such languages. It features hypertext links which can
transport you to a site or anywhere else in the world. The new document is located by
its URL and can be another HTML document, pictures, sound files, etc. HTML is
designed to be platform independent, not bound to a particular hardware or software

environment.

HTML Editors

HTML programs are written as plain, ASCII text files. Any text editor can work as HTML
editor. Notepad is one of most widely used HTML editors around

Essentials for every HTML Page

An HTML tag is a coded command used to indicate how part of a Web page should be
displayed. In every HTML page, the words starting with <and ending with >are actually
called HTML tags because they tag pieces of text and tell the Web browser what kind of
text it is. This allows the Web browser to display the text appropriately.

Most HTML tags have two parts: an opening tag, to indicate where a piece of text begins,
and a closing tag, to show where the piece of text ends. Closing tags start with a /
(forward slash) just after the <symbol. Many tags also include attributes, in the form
attribute name = attribute value which adds options to that particular tag. Tags may be in
either upper case or lower case.

58
Every Web page created must include the following tags:

<html> tag - Putting <html> at the very beginning of a document simply indicates that
this is a Web page. The </html> at the end indicates that the Web page is over.
<head> tag - Encloses the header of the document. Information that goes includes
title together with other information to make the page more search-engine friendly.
</head> is the ending tag.
<title> tag - The header must include the this title tag, which contains the page title.
This title appears in the title bar of the browser and is used when saving bookmarks.
Only one title can appear in a document and the title cannot contain links or
highlighting. </title> is the ending tag.
<body> tag - The <body> tag tells the Web browser where the actual body text of
the page begins, and </body> indicates where it ends. It contains all the text, images,
hyperlinks and other material to be displayed in the main display area of the Web
browser window. It has numerous attributes that control the default colors and
background properties for the page.

Other Important tags

Paragraph Tags
When a Web browser displays HTML pages, it pays no attention to line endings or
the number of spaces between words. To set apart a block of text as a paragraph, it
should be placed in between a pair of paragraph tags, <p> and </p>. Any text places
between these two tags will be set apart as a paragraph, with a blank line above it
and a blank line below it.
<p align=center>
The text here becomes a paragraph
</p>

This will centrally align the given text, leaving lines above and below it.

Break
Sometimes the user wants to force a line break in text without beginning a new
paragraph. For this break tag, <br> is used. The text which immediately follows will
jump to the next line. This tag does not have an ending tag.

Font Color
The use of font color tag is similar to the font size tag, except that the attribute
used here is
‘color’. For example,

<font color=red>Text to be effected here</font>

59
 Color name can also be replaced by six digit hexadecimal color code, which are
used to express amount of red, blue and green in any given color.

More Text Styling & Formatting Tags

The following tags can be used to add various styles to text.

• <font size=value> Defines the size of the font from 1 to 7 (with 1 being the
smallest.)
• <font face=value> Will display the text in the font face like (Times New
Roman, etc)
• <I>..</I> Usually puts it in italics.
• <b>..</b> Usually puts it in bold.
• <small> Small text
• <big> Big text
• <super> Superscript
• <sub> Subscript
• <strike> Strikethrough (draws a line through text)
• <u> Underline

Background Color, Text Color & Base Font

This command, bgcolor is used to change the background color and is added as RGB
code to
the existing body tag. By default background color of all WebPages is white. To change
the color of whole text in the body, text command is used as attribute in the body tag.
For example,

<body bgcolor=blue text=white>

This will write white text on a blue background.

Similarly, to set a single font for all the text in the body, use <basefont SIZE=5>just
after
the <BODY>tag. <basefont>is just a time-saving tag for setting the overall size of all
text in
a document. The size of all headings will also be relative to the <BASEFONT SIZE>.
This tag
can't take any attributes other than SIZE, and doesn't require a closing
</BASEFONT>tag.

The <hr> tag

The <hr>tag causes a horizontal rule line. Inserting a horizontal rule with the <hr>tag
also

60
causes a line break, even if a <br>tag in not included along with it. For a little extra
blank spaceabove or below a horizontal rule, a <p>tag before or after the <HR>tag can
be used. No ending tag is required. Various attributes like width, size, align, color, etc
can be used with to customizethe line. For example,

<hr width=50% align=left size 10 nonshade color=green>

HTML Links - Hyperlinks

HTML links are hyperlinks.

You can click on a link and jump to another document.
When you move the mouse over a link, the mouse arrow will turn into a little hand.

<a href="url">link text</a>

Example
<a href="https://www.w3schools.com/html/">Visit our HTML
tutorial</a>

HTML Images

Images can improve the design and the appearance of a web page.

The browser expects to find the image in the same folder as the web page.
However, it is common to store images in a sub-folder. You must then include the
folder name in the src attribute:

<img src="/images/html5.gif"style="width:128px;height:128px;">

<img src="https://www.w3schools.com/images/w3schools_green.jpg" >

Headings

For creating headings on WebPages a separate command heading, <h>is used.

Headings can
also be made by using font command and its size attributes, but heading command
can do it in asimpler way. For example, consider the following text without using
heading tag:

<p align=center><b><font size=6>welcome</font></b><p/>

With heading command it will reduce to the following piece of code:

<h1 align=center>welcome</h1>

The heading tags come in six unique sizes, ranging from <h1>to <h6>, with 6 being
the smallest. Beside align attribute, other attributes like color, etc can also be used
with the heading tag.

61
Example Program

<html>
<head>
<title>Page Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>

Output:

For more details Read: https://www.w3schools.com/html/

EXERCISES

1. Write a complete HTML Web page with the title "Foo Bar Home Page" and a heading
at the top which reads "Happy Hour at the Foo Bar," followed by the words, "Come on
down!" in regular type.

62
2. Write the HTML to produce the following:
Come for cheap free H2O on May 7th at 9:00PM

3. a. Create a web Page using hreftag.when user clicks on the link it should go to the
bottom of the page.
b. create a web page of pink color and display moving message ”Welcome to Computer
Workshop Lab” in red color from Left to right

63
4. Design a presentation style for your Web pages using an external CSS. Use a
presentation style with three boxes as suggested in below Figure. Use <div> tags
with different classes to implement the boxes. (refer Cascading Style Sheet (CSS)
topic).

5. a. Create a web page which should contain a table having two rows and two columns.
b. Fill in the data in the table created by you in question 5a.
c. Create the following table in HTML with Dummy Data

Time
Name of train Place Destination Train No. Fare
Arrival Departure

64
Rubrics for HTML Assessment:

Criteria (20) Developing Achieving (8- Excelling (15- Score

(1-7 mark) 14 marks) 20 marks)
The pages are The pages appear “busy” The pages are well
unattractive. Text is or “boring”. Text may be organized with tables.
Layout/ Design
difficult to read. The difficult to read. The Text spacing and
backgrounds are backgrounds are alignment make reading
distracting. somewhat distracting. easy. The backgrounds
enhance the page.
Graphics There are no photos, Photos are blurry or Photos, icons, and clip
icons or clip art or fuzzy; icons and clip art art are used creatively
they are do not “fit” with the and may follow a theme.
inappropriate or of topic. Too many pictures
low quality. make the download time
slow.
Information Information is Information could be Information is creatively
poorly written, better written and too written and cleverly
inaccurate, or much information is presented.
incomplete. given in each section.
Navigation/ Links The user may The user may become Links are created with
become lost or links confused when images and icons to
may be missing or navigating between enhance the text links.
not working. pages. Some links may
not work.
Creativity Minimal effort. Poor Was clever at times; Was extremely clever
layout/design. Did incorporated most of the and presented with
not incorporate attributes; used a limited originality. Excellent
required attributes, variety of appropriate layout/design work
graphics, did not graphics. incorporating all
resize pictures, required attributes,
inappropriate great variety of
graphics. appropriate graphics
that enhanced the
pages.
Total

65
8 b. Introduction to Wordpress and learn how to create a website using wordpress.

Introduction:

WordPress is an open source Content Management System (CMS), which allows the
users to build dynamic websites and blog. WordPress is the most popular blogging
system on the web and allows updating, customizing and managing the website from
its back-end CMS and components.

you start with this tutorial, we are assuming that you are already aware about the
basics of HTML and CSS.

To learn about How to use Wordpress in detail, follow the link:

https://easywpguide.com/wordpress-manual/

Rubrics for Wordpress:

Criteria (20) Developing Achieving (8- Excelling (15- Score

(1-7 mark) 14 marks) 20 marks)
The pages are The pages appear “busy” The pages are well
unattractive. Text is or “boring”. Text may be organized with tables.
Layout/ Design difficult to read. The difficult to read. The Text spacing and
backgrounds are backgrounds are alignment make reading
distracting. somewhat distracting. easy. The backgrounds
enhance the page.
Graphics There are no photos, Photos are blurry or Photos, icons, and clip
icons or clip art or fuzzy; icons and clip art art are used creatively
they are do not “fit” with the and may follow a theme.
inappropriate or of topic. Too many pictures
low quality. make the download time
slow.
Information Information is Information could be Information is creatively
poorly written, better written and too written and cleverly
inaccurate, or much information is presented.
incomplete. given in each section.
Navigation/ Links The user may The user may become Links are created with
become lost or links confused when images and icons to
may be missing or navigating between enhance the text links.
not working. pages. Some links may
not work.
Creativity Minimal effort. Poor Was clever at times; Was extremely clever
layout/design. Did incorporated most of the and presented with
not incorporate attributes; used a limited originality. Excellent
required attributes, variety of appropriate layout/design work
graphics, did not graphics. incorporating all
resize pictures, required attributes,
inappropriate great variety of
graphics. appropriate graphics
that enhanced the
pages.
Total

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8c. Build a Website on Drupal

Drupal is one of the most powerful website building platforms on the internet.
However, it’s a bit complicated to set up your site with Drupal
So, before building a website with Drupal, we recommend you have some basic
knowledge of HTML, PHP, and other common web programming languages.

Benefits of Building a Website with Drupal

1. Improved performance. Drupal pages typically load more quickly and have faster
response times than those made with other website builders.

2. Highly customizable. It’s easy to customize with many widely available plug- ins,
themes and other configurable options to choose from. You can also edit the root
files directly, which is perfect for those developers who need to make more
significant changes.

3. Free. The Drupal software is free to download and install on your hosting server.

How to Build a Website on Drupal: The Step-by-Step Guide Step 1. Get Your Own

Domain Name

Before you can build a website, you need a solid domain name. You see, your domain
name is a key element of your website. It can make or break you. It’s your “first
impression” to website visitors, and it defines your brand.

Here are a few tips to get you started:

• Keep it concise. When it comes to the length of your domain, the shorter the
better (aim for 6-14 characters).
• Think long-term. Keep your long-term vision in mind when choosing your
domain – because if you decide to change the domain in the future, it will cost
you money, branding, and SEO rankings.
• Easy to type and pronounce. Your visitors should be able to type and say your
domain name without a problem.
• Avoid hyphens and numbers. Your domain name should be smooth and
punchy, and hyphens and numbers get in the way of that

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Step 2: Get a Web Hosting Service

Aside from a domain name, you’ll also need a hosting service. When choosing a hosting
service, you should consider 4 big factors:

1. Uptime. Uptime percentage shows how many times your site will be up and running.
We recommend you choose something that meets or exceeds the industry standard
of 99.90%.
2. Page load speed. You should choose a host that loads faster than 850ms, which is
the current average.
3. Customer support. You’ll have to sort out issues with support at some point – so you
should choose a host that has quality and responsive customer support.
4. Price. Hosting services vary widely on price. Choose the one that you can afford and
also that has satisfactory ratings on the first 3 factors.

Step 3. Download and Install Drupal

Downloading and installing Drupal is a fairly straightforward process

Step 4. Choose a Compelling Title for Your Site

Okay, now it’s time to dive into Drupal and actually start building your website. When
you get started with Drupal, you’ll have the boring, “My Site” title.

You should change this to the name of your site, and add a compelling slogan
underneath it as well.
To change the site name, go to “Configuration” -> “Site Information“. In the Site Name
field, enter the name of your site.

Make sure the email address you entered during installation is shown in the “Email
field“. Save all your changes and navigate back to the site home page—you may need to
refresh the page to see the changes.

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Step 4. Choose an Eye-Catching Theme

The original Drupal theme is a bit bland – so you may want to switch it up. Here’s how
you can find additional themes from the Drupal site:
• Navigate to the “Appearance” menu
• Click “Install New Theme”
• Click “Themes” and you’ll be taken to this page with over 2,300 themes to
choose from
But with so many themes, you may be a bit overwhelmed.

Step 5. Create an Informative “About Me” Page

Your “About Me” is likely to become one of the most useful and popular pages on your
blog. We’ll talk about how to write the page in a second though. First, let’s talk about
how to set up the page.

1. Simply navigate to “Content” -> “Add Content” -> “Basic Page

2. Type “About Me” in the title and add relevant information in the body.

3. To get the About page to appear in the main menu, check the box “Provide A
Menu Link” under Menu Settings. Save the page and you should be able to see
About Me in the main menu.

4. To change the order of the items, navigate to “Structure” -> “Menus” -> “Main
Menu”. The items can be shifted around by grabbing the little crosses with the
mouse and dragging them up or down.

You can create other simple pages on your website with this same process.

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Step 7. Add Contributed Modules

Drupal has a loyal, supportive community. One of the benefits of that community is that
they contribute excellent modules to the Drupal system. You can find the whole list of
the contributed modules here: https://www.drupal.org/project/project_module.

Here’s how you can add modules:

1. Download the zip or tar file to your hard drive.

2. Use your FTP client to upload them to the “sites/all/modules” directory of the
Drupal installation on your webhost.
3. Unzip the files.
4. GO to the Admin/Modules section to enable the new modules
Similar to themes, there are many modules to choose from.

Admin Menu Module

With the default “Toolbar”, you’ll waste time loading a ton of pages just to get to a single
admin function. But you can avoid this with the Admin Menu Module. This module gives
you cool drop-down menus of the entire admin area. Simply turn off the existing “Toolbar”
then activate the Admin Menu Module.

CKEditor Module

Drupal does not provide a default WYSIWYG text editor. WYSISYG stands for What You
See Is What You Get, which provides a visual HTML text area editor, similar to popular
word processors. This makes text more visually appealing and easier to format.

Here’s how to make this module work:

1. Install the Drupal Module, and download the standalone CKEditor from the
download section at CKEditor.com.

2. Unpack those contents in the sites/all/modules/ckeditor/ckeditor directory on

your Drupal site.

IMCE Module

Every post looks better with images – and that’s where this module comes in handy. It helps
you add images to posts.
Here’s how to make this module work:

• Install and enable IMCE.

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 • Go to “Configure –> Content Authoring –> CKEditor –> Profiles –> Advanced –>
Edit –> File Browser Settings”.
• Select IMCE from the dropdown menus for the link dialog window, image dialog
window, and flash dialog window.
• Save the settings.

Token Module

Tokens are little sections of text that are placed via a placeholder system. With Drupal
7, much of the functionality of the Token module has been written into Drupal core,
but some modules still require it, like the Pathauto module.

Pathauto Module

Drupal’s built-in Path module lets you create better URLs by hand. This is annoying to
do manually for every post, and Pathauto relieves that drudgery.

You can assign custom replacement patterns and user account page paths so the URLs
match your SEO and usability standards. But remember: Pathauto requires the Token
module.

Views Module

Drupal 8 is the next version Drupal 7. Views has been incorporated into Drupal 8, but
is a great addition for any Drupal 7 installation. Views lets you display content in a
variety of forms, from simple lists to image slideshows. In doing so, you can keep things
interesting for your audience.

It’s a little more complicated than other modules, but after working with it a little, you
will get a sense of its power and possibilities. Views for Drupal 7 requires you to also add
the Chaos Tools Suite module, which you’ll see below.

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Chaos Tools Suite Module

Chaos Tools Suite, AKA Ctools, is required to use the Views module. But that’s not the
only reason you should get it.
It also has some useful features on its own. For example, you can start to create your
own modules, as well as forms, dialog boxes, sanitize CSS, pluggable content types,
and more.

Quicktab Module

Ever see those cool tabbed boxes on the big websites that list recent and popular
content? Quicktabs creates great tabbed views, nodes and blocks quickly and easily
without writing custom JavaScript.
After installing and enabling the module, you’ll find a Quicktabs selection under the
Structure menu.

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Step 8. The Blocks

• Once you have the key contributed modules in place, you may want to add a sidebar
with “Blocks” of different features.
• Blocks are the boxes of content (such as “User Login” or “Who’s Online”) that can be
displayed in the header, footer, sidebar, and other regions on your page.

• Once you create a Block, you can adjust its appearance, shape, size, and position, as
well as which website page it appears on.
• Here’s a type of Block content you might want to add: Recent Content.
• And here’s how you add it:

1. Navigate to Structure Blocks. You’ll see some Blocks disabled here.

2. Locate the “Recent Content” Block and look across to the Region column.
3. Choose the region where you want the content to be located (there are several regions to
choose from, and they vary by theme).
4. Save the Blocks page and navigate back to the front page.
5. To add content, click Add New Content, click Article and add a title, fill in pertinent tags
and add text to the body.

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 6. Save the article and navigate back to the main site. You’ll see your article appear as
well as the block with Recent Content.

Step 9. Consider Other Resources

The first 7 steps will give you a solid foundation for building a website on Drupal.

But keep in mind – while Drupal is powerful, it takes some patience to harness that power. The
learning process takes time – and the best way to learn is to play around with the tools and the system.

So, back your database up often and have some fun working with Drupal.

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Rubrics for Drupal:

Criteria (20) Developing Achieving (8- Excelling (15- Score

(1-7 mark) 14 marks) 20 marks)
The pages are The pages appear “busy” The pages are well
unattractive. Text is or “boring”. Text may be organized with tables.
Layout/ Design difficult to read. The difficult to read. The Text spacing and
backgrounds are backgrounds are alignment make reading
distracting. somewhat distracting. easy. The backgrounds
enhance the page.
Graphics There are no photos, Photos are blurry or Photos, icons, and clip
icons or clip art or fuzzy; icons and clip art art are used creatively
they are do not “fit” with the and may follow a theme.
inappropriate or of topic. Too many pictures
low quality. make the download time
slow.
Information Information is Information could be Information is creatively
poorly written, better written and too written and cleverly
inaccurate, or much information is presented.
incomplete. given in each section.
Navigation/ Links The user may The user may become Links are created with
become lost or links confused when images and icons to
may be missing or navigating between enhance the text links.
not working. pages. Some links may
not work.
Creativity Minimal effort. Poor Was clever at times; Was extremely clever
layout/design. Did incorporated most of the and presented with
not incorporate attributes; used a limited originality. Excellent
required attributes, variety of appropriate layout/design work
graphics, did not graphics. incorporating all
resize pictures, required attributes,
inappropriate great variety of
graphics. appropriate graphics
that enhanced the
pages.
Total

77
Ex.No 9:Configuring Firewalls and installation of Antivirus software
Students would be exposed to the various threats on the internet and would be asked to
configure their computer to be safe on the internet. They need to first install an anti
virus software, configure their personal firewall and windows update on their computer.
Then they need to customize their browsers to block pop ups, block active x downloads
to avoid viruses and/or worms

PURPOSE: To learn various threats on the internet and configure the computer to be safe
on the internet.

THEORY: Antivirus:

Antivirus software is a program that either comes installed on your computer or that
you purchase and install yourself. It protects your computer against most viruses,
worms, Trojan horses and other unwanted invaders that can make your computer sick.

Firewall:

A firewall is a special software or hardware designed to protect a private computer

network from unauthorized access. A firewall is a set of related programs located at a
network gateway server which protects the resources of the private network from users
from other networks.

Software firewalls

Software firewalls are designed to protect a computer by blocking

certain programs from sending and receiving information from a
local network or the Internet. The image to the right shows the
icon for Windows Firewall, an example of a firewall software
program.

Hardware firewalls

Hardware firewalls are found on most network routers and can

be configured through the router setup screen. The image
shows the ZyXELZyWALL, which is a Unified Security
Gateway with a firewall and other security features.

P ROCEDURE:

Installing Symantec antivirus for Windows:

● Insert Symantec antivirus CD into your CD drive

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 ● Double click on the Symantec-setup.exe
● The installer will open
● Click next to proceed
● License agreement will open . Click I accept the terms of the license
agreement and then click next.
● Follow the instruction on the screen to complete the installation.
Get Computer Updates:
● Click start> settings>control panel
● Click Automatic Updates icon to open Automatic Updates dialog box
● Check the box Keep my computer up to date
● Choose a setting
● Click OK
Block Pop ups:
● In the IE open tools>pop-up blocker
● Click on Turn on Pop- up blocker
Windows Firewall:
● Go to Start>control panel>Network and Internet
Connections>windows firewall
● In the general tab check the On(recommended) box
● If you don’t want any exceptions check on Don’t allow exceptions box

Viva Questions:

1) What is antivirus software?

2) Define virus
3) Define worm
4) What are the advantages of antivirus software?
5) What are the types of antivirus software’s available?

79