Drugs

Any substance that prevents or cures

diseases,
or enhances physical or mental welfare.

Any chemical agent that alters the biochemical

or physiological processes of tissues or
organisms.

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)

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https://publications.nigms.nih.gov/medbydesign/images/ch1_drugadmin.jpg
Drugs

Legal Drugs
(Prescribed and OTC Over-the-
counter Drugs)

Illegal
Drugs
(Psychoactive
Substances)
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
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 Psychoactive
Substances
Substances that modify a person’s perception,
mood,
cognition, behavior, or motor functions

Substance Abuse
The harmful use of psychoactive
substances, including alcohol and other
drugs (AOD).

World Health Organization, 2000

 The sustained use of psychoactive
substances can lead to dependence
syndrome
a cluster of behavioral, cognitive,
and physiological phenomena.

World Health Organization, 2000

Understanding Drug Dependence

Typically characterized by:

A strong desire to consume

drugs Difficulty controlling its
use
Persistent use despite detrimental effects
Preference to use drugs than to other
activities Increasing tolerance to the drug
used
World Health Organization, 2016
Understanding Drug Dependence

Addiction is progressive.
Without intervention or treatment, it can
cause disability or even death.
Common Signs of Drug Use

Changes in attendance in school or

work Abrupt changes in overall
attitude Irritable, discourteous,
aggressive
Usually untrustworthy and lacks self-
confidence
Low frustration tolerance
Lacking
World interest
Health Organization, 2000in one’s studies or work
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Common Signs of Drug Use

Blames everybody but

oneself Prefers to stay with
peers May frequent odd
places Poor physical
appearance
Wearing of sunglasses at inappropriate times
Unusual effort to cover arms to hide needle
marks
World Health Organization, 2000
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Common Signs of Drug Use

Stealing items which can be readily sold

Unusual borrowing of money from relatives
and friends
Association with known drug abuses

World Health Organization, 2000

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Effects of Drug Abuse

Person
Family

Community

Society
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Effects on the Person

Medical and Physical Deterioration

Respiratory, digestive, and other health problems

Personal Deterioration
Manipulativeness; negative attitudes; selfishness;
low frustration tolerance; poor family relations;
non-
trustworthiness; depression; absence of good
manners and right conduct, among others.
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Effects on the Person

Mental Deterioration
Loss of interest to productive activities; emotional
immaturity; no initiative for self-improvement; inability
to
concentrate; psychosis, among others.

Spiritual Deterioration
Drug abusers are godless; no spiritual beliefs, no
spiritual obligations, nor religious responsibilities.

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Effects on the Family

Family members develop intense feelings

of
humiliation and guilt
Low self esteem of family members
Spirit of togetherness and unity are
broken
Domestic violence
Loss of money or valuables
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Effects on the Community

Increase in petty crimes within

neighborhoods Increase of drug
dependents and drug pushers Developing
fear of drug users among residents,
especially at night
Neighborhood association and interaction is
reduced

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Effects on Society

Increase in heinous and anti-social crimes

Overwhelming fear towards drug dependents,
limiting
people’s movement especially at night
Disregarding of moral values and the
deterioration of the moral fiber of society (leading
to prostitution, pedophilia, child abuse, and other
immoral acts)
A threat to national security
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Myths & Misconceptions

“Recreational use of drugs is not

harmful”

All illegal drugs are dangerous and can cause

physical and psychological changes to the
user.

Prolonged drug use worsens the harmful

effects. Prescription drugs should always be
administered and used only at the direction of
Image Source http://www.drugrehab.us/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/recreational-drug-use.jpg

a physician.
Myths & Misconceptions
“Marijuana is no worse than using
alcohol
or tobacco”

Alcohol leaves the body within 24 hours (it is

water- soluble)
Marijuana is fat-soluble. It attaches to fatty parts
of the body (usually the brain and reproductive
organs) and can be detected up to 30 days after
initial use.
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Myths & Misconceptions
“Marijuana is no worse than using
alcohol
or tobacco”
Marijuana:

Impairs short term memory

Interferes with reproductive functions
Impairs lung and respiratory functions
Interferes with perception, judgment, and
fine motor skills
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Myths & Misconceptions

“Everybody is taking drugs. Only

the weak
ones become drug dependent.”
The majority of the population do not use
illegal
drugs.

Peer pressure is always difficult to cope with

and it takes more courage and strength to
stand up for what you know is right.
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jpg.4882/
Myths & Misconceptions

“Drug abuse is a ‘victimless’

crime that
only hurts the user.”

It affects the user, one’s family, friends,

immediate
community, and society at large.

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Myths & Misconceptions

“If a person wants to take

drugs,
governments should not
interfere”
The rights of an individual must be consistent
with
the safety and welfare of all.

No one has a right to behave in a manner

destructive to others. Users must accept
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responsibility for the damage, disruption
Myths & Misconceptions

“All drug users should be

imprisoned.”

Imprisonment does not solve the problem.

Counseling, medical treatment, and long-

term support are essential as intervention
tools.

Imprisonment does not cure the disease

and he/she is likely to return to the drug
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cycle upon release.
 School

Family Risk Factors Social

Other Factors
Risk Factors (Family)
Drug Use and Criminal Behavior
Drug use in the family is a factor
associated with the initiation and
frequency of drug abuse by
children.

Poor, Inconsistent Family

Management Practices
Children in families with low disciplinary practices
and interaction with parents are at high risk for
delinquency and drug abuse.
Risk Factors (Family)

Family Conflict
Children raised in families with high rates of
conflict
appear at risk for delinquency and drug abuse.
Homes broken by marital discord are at higher
risk of delinquency and drug use.

Family Social Deprivation

Children living in families characterized by social isolation and multiple
entrapments of parents in extreme poverty are at elevated risk of drug
abuse.
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Risk Factors (Social)

Early Exposure and Frequency of Antisocial Behaviors

Early antisocial behavior in the

primary grades predicts frequent use
of drugs in adolescence.
Delinquent behavior may lead to drug
addiction later in adolescence.
Risk Factors (Social)

Attitudes and Individuals with values different from

those dominant in society are likely to
Beliefs become delinquents and drug abusers.
These values include:

Low religiosity
Rebelliousness
High tolerance of deviance
Resistance to authority
A strong need for independence

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Risk Factors (Social)

Attitudes and Beliefs

Knowledge about the health effects

has preventive effect on drug use.
Positive beliefs and attitude towards
use of drugs, alcohol, and tobacco
leads to use of these vices.

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Risk Factors (Social)

Peer Pressure and Other

Factors
Drug behavior and drug-related
attitudes of peers are among the
strongest and most potent
predictors of drug involvement.

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Risk Factors (School)

School Failure
Delinquency is related to academic
performance in school.

School failure in elementary grades

precedes delinquency.

Poor school performance is a

common antecedent into drugs.
Risk Factors (School)

Low Degree of Commitment to

Education and Attachment
to School

Those who are committed to participating in school activities,

hold high achievement and educational aspirations are the
least prone to delinquency and drug abuse.

Drug users are more likely to be absent from school, cut classes
and to perform more poorly than non-users.
Risk Factors (Social)

Neighborhood Attachment and

Community
Disorganization
High population densities, high crime rates, and
lack of natural surveillance in public places can
cause increased delinquency and drug abuse.

Similar to crime rates, community values and

norms also affect rate of adolescent delinquency
and drug abuse.
Risk Factors (Other Factors)

M obilit
y Increased antisocial behavior results when
experiencing transitions (transferring schools
or moving between levels)
Residential mobility can also predict
delinquency, and is also related with drug
initiation and frequency of use.

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Risk Factors (Other Factors)

Constitutional, Genetic and Personality

Factors

Children with biological or psychological deficiencies are at

greater risk of abusing drugs.

Those displaying abnormal mood, anxiety or behavior disorders

are at increased risk.

Those who are clinically depressive, display anxiety

disorders, or impulse control disorders are vulnerable to
substance abuse.
Risk Factors (Other Factors)

Media
Advertising is powerful in influencing
youth decisions.

Film and TV stars, pop stars and fashion

models make smoking seem attractive (Ary,
1988) and the adolescents imitate them to
smoke their style.

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Commonly Abused Substances

Alcohol
Other Terms: Ethyl alcohol or ethanol
How it is Used: Drinking
Effects on the Body: Slows reflexes and
causes drowsiness when used in excess,
dementia, stroke, cardiovascular problems,
hypertension, increased risk of many kinds of
cancer.
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Commonly Abused Substances

Caffeine
Found in: Coffee, tea, cocoa, soft drinks, and
some medications
How it is Used: Orally in pill form or
consumed in food and drinks
Effects on the Body: Reduces fine motor
coordination, increases alertness, alters sleep
patterns, and can cause headaches,
nervousness, and dizziness.
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Commonly Abused Substances

Nicotine
Other Terms: Tobacco; found in cigarettes,
cigars, and smokeless tobacco
How it is Used: Smoked or chewed
Effects on the Body: Reduces appetite and
can
cause nausea and vomiting, increases
alertness.
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Commonly Abused Substances

Marijua
na Other Terms: Grass, pot, reefer, and
weed
How it is Used: Usually smoked; baked
into brownies; brewed like tea
Effects on the Body: Marijuana
impairs memory, concentration,
perception, and movement.

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https://d14rmgtrwzf5a.cloudfront.net/sites/default/files/joints_shutterstock-52960849.jpg
Commonly Abused Substances

Cocaine
Other Terms: Crack, blow, rock, snow, coke
How it is Used: Snorted, smoked, or injected
Effects on the Body: Causes dizziness,
headache, stimulates the brain and spinal
cord, and increased heart rate. Elevated
blood pressure, increased body temperature,
increased breathing rate.

Image source: http://www.wicenet.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Nicotine.jpg

Commonly Abused Substances

Ecsta
sy Other Terms: X, Molly, Happy Drug, Love
Drug
How it is Used: Orally in pill form
Effects on the Body: Increased heart rate,
blood pressure, and body temperature,
dehydration, nausea, muscle cramping,
involuntary teeth clenching, blurred vision,
chills, sweating.
Image source: https://sossafetymagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/ecstasy-1.jpg.
http://drugabuse.com/wp-content/uploads/drugabuse-shutterstock307243289-buying_pills.jpg
Commonly Abused Substances

Shab
Other Terms: Shabs, S, bato
u
How it is Used: Snorted
Effects on the Body: Tachycardia,
hypertension, atrial and ventricular arrhythmias,
chest pain, accelerated atherosclerosis,
dyspnea, edema, abscess, cellulitis, seizures,
hypotension, dental caries, periodontal abscess
(meth mouth), pupillary dilatation.
Image source: http://www.wicenet.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Nicotine.jpg
Commonly Abused Substances

Benzodiazepi
nes Other Terms: Vs, Downers, Benzos
How it is Used: Taken orally
Effects on the Body: Euphoria,
drowsiness, stupor, coma, respiratory
depression, seizures, slurring of speech,
disorientation, delayed reflexes.

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http://blog.tranquilene.com/Portals/207868/images/benzodiazepines_pills.jpg
How to Avoid Drug Use
Understand how alcohol and drug
addiction develops
Get help if you have an alcohol or
drug
problem
Avoid temptation and peer pressure
Find support that you need
Maintain physical wellness and
mental
health
Use drugs properly
Image source: http://www.formulatedfitness.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/FF-Kids-healthy-Habits.jpg.
http://img.aws.livestrongcdn.com/ls-article-image-400/cme/cme_public_images/www_livestrong_com/photos.demandstudios.com/getty/article/171/18/76764132_XS.jpg.
How to Avoid Drug Use
Accept yourself
Develop your potentials and engage
in
productive and fulfilling activities
Communicate your issues and
concerns
Learn how to cope with your
problems
Seek professional help if you feel
you cannot cope with problems
Develop strong moral and spiritual
Image source: https://feelpositive.files.wordpress.com/2016/08/accept_yourself.jpg?w=300&h=225.
foundations.
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Drug Treatment

Withdrawal Management (WM)

Medical and psychological care of patients who are

experiencing withdrawal symptoms as a result of
ceasing or reducing use of their drug of dependence

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK310652/
Drug Treatment

Detoxification

The process of expelling toxins and substances from the

body
and suppressing withdrawal symptoms.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2006). "Detoxification and Substance Abuse Treatment": 4–5.
Drug Treatment

Rehabilitation
Program
Sets of medical or psychotherapeutic treatment for
dependency on psychoactive substances such as alcohol,
prescription drugs, and street drugs such as cocaine, heroin
or amphetamines.

Potenza, M. N (12 October 2008). "The neurobiology of pathological gambling and drug addiction: an overview and
new findings".
Drug Treatment

Out-patient Treatment

Drug dependency treatment where the patient is not

admitted
to the hospital or facility.
Drug Treatment

Residential Rehabilitation

Treatment programs for substance dependency

provided for
patients in residential settings.

https://www.addiction.com/a-z/residential- rehabilitation/
Drug Treatment
LEVEL OF USE MANAGEMENT

Abstainer Preventive Education

Follow-up and
Experimenters
Aftercare Occasional Users Counseling
Regular Users
Support services for Drug Dependent Drug Rehabilitation
persons discharged from
hospitals and rehabilitation Psychiatric treatment
Mentally Ill Chemical
centers. (Substance Induced
Abuser
Psychosis)
How to Help a Friend

Listen
Encourage
Share

Inform
Support