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D”Pwk¶v cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi Dci wbf©i K‡i Avm‡Q| µg Dbœqbkxj KvwiMwi wk¶v Ges
Zvi Abyl½x wn‡m‡e mgvR KvVv‡gvi RwUjZv †hfv‡e e„w× †c‡q‡Q Zvi d‡j D”Pwk¶vi
cwiwa I cwimi mg‡qi mv‡_ m¤úÖÖmvwiZ n‡”Q Ges GB cÖwµqv Ae¨vnZ _vK‡e|
e¨emvq I evwYR¨ Ges wkí I †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î GK we®§qKi AMÖMwZ mvwaZ n‡q‡Q
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m¤ú` wbqš¿Y I mبenv‡ii e¨vcv‡i gvby‡li ¶gZv cÖPzi cwigv‡Y †e‡o †M‡Q Ges
cÖvK…wZK kw³ Áv‡bi we‡kl †¶‡Î we®§qKi mgv‡ivn m„wó K‡i‡Q| D”Pwk¶v
cÖwZôvbmg~n‡K Aek¨B GBme wel‡q cÖ`Ë wk¶vi gvb m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb n‡Z n‡e|
Kv‡RB AvaywbK we‡k¦i D”P wk¶v‡K Aek¨B A‡bK¸‡jv we‡kl we‡kl avivq Ges AwaK
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cvV - 1.1 D”P wk¶vi aviYv

cvV - 1.2 D”P wk¶vi ˆewkó¨, j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨
cvV - 1.3 D”P wk¶vi mgm¨vejx I Zvi cÖwZKvi
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cvV 1.1 D”P wk¶vi aviYv

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cvi‡eb;

XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi cÖwZôvKvjxb eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡eb Ges

D”P wk¶v cÖmv‡i wek¦we`¨vjq gÄyix Kwgk‡bi f‚wgKv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

c„_K ch©vq wnmv‡e D”P wk¶v

evj¨Kvj n‡Z AvbyôvwbK wk¶v aviv AbymiY K‡i AšÍZc‡¶ ev‡iv eQi hveZ †Kvb
we`¨vj‡q Aa¨qb K‡i‡Q Ges eq‡mi mv‡_ mv‡_ eyw×MZ Kv‡h©i e¨vcv‡i †hvM¨Zv AR©b
K‡i‡Q Ges fvexKv‡j wewfbœ ch©v‡q I mKj †¶‡Î RvZxq †bZ…Z¡ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z m¶g
n‡e- Giƒc ZiæY QvÎQvÎx‡`i ewa©Z Ávb jv‡fi Rb¨ Mfxi D‡Ïk¨ m¤^wjZ †h ai‡bi
wk¶v e¨e¯’v cÖeZ©b Kiv nq Zv‡KB mvaviY A‡_© D”P wk¶v e‡j|

Av`k© A‡_© D”P wk¶v we`¨veË©vi GKwU we‡kl †¶Î| wk¶v_x© GLv‡b A‡c¶vK…Zfv‡e
AwaK ¯^vaxbZvi mv‡_ KvR Ki‡e wKš‘ Zv m‡Ë¡I GLv‡b Ggb GKwU cwi‡ek _vK‡e, †h
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AZ›`ª g‡bi wgjb †K‡›`ªi cwi‡e‡k wPšÍvi Hk¦h© m„wó n‡e Ges mg‡SvZv e„w× cv‡e|
D”P wk¶vq cix¶v MÖnY I wWwMÖ cÖ`vb Acwinvh©iƒ‡c cÖ‡qvRbxq bq| wk¶K I Ávb
wccvmy wk¶v_x©MY cieZ©x cÖR‡b¥i g½j Kvgbv‡_© Abykxjbx M‡elYvq hv‡Z AvZ¥wb‡qvM
Ki‡Z cv‡ib, D”PZi wk¶vq †Zgb e¨e¯’v _vK‡Z n‡e|

Kv‡RB D”P wk¶v ej‡Z Ggb GKwU c„_K wk¶v ¯Í‡ii K_v wPšÍv Ki‡Z n‡e, hv cÖv_wgK
I gva¨wgK ¯Íi †_‡K ¯^Zš¿ Ges GB ch©v‡qi wk¶v e¨e¯’v‡K †mfv‡e cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z
n‡e| G ch©šÍ evsjv‡`‡k gva¨wgK wk¶v I D”P wk¶vi g‡a¨ †h cwimxgv i¶v Kiv n‡”Q
D”P wk¶v wK? Zv †hb Lye GKUv ¯úó bq| D”P gva¨wgK wk¶v‡K gva¨wgK wk¶vi Ask we‡ePbv Kiv
n‡jI †Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î Zv Avevi D”P wk¶vi Ask wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡”Q Ges D”P
gva¨wgK wk¶v‡K K‡jR wk¶vi ch©vq e‡j MY¨ Kiv n‡”Q| `k eQi Aa¨q‡bi ci †h
cix¶v MÖnY Kiv nq Zv‡K AZx‡Z G›UªvÝ cix¶v ejv n‡Zv| hvi A_© wek¦we`¨vj‡q
Aa¨q‡bi †hvM¨Zvi K_v †evSvq| cieZ©x‡Z GB cix¶vi bvg †`Iqv nq g¨vwUªKz‡jkb
cix¶v Ges eZ©gv‡b Gi bvg GmGmwm| wKš‘ GmGmwm cvk wk¶v_x© GB mg‡q
wek¦we`¨vj‡q Aa¨qb ïiæ Kivi Dc‡hvMx eq‡m †cuŠQvq bv| 15 A_ev 16 eQi eq‡m
m`¨ GmGmwm cvm Kiv †Kvb evjK-evwjKv wek¦we`¨vj‡q wk¶vi wecyj cwim‡i cÖ‡qvRb
†gUvevi gZ h‡_ó cwiYZ gvbwmKZv AR©b K‡i bv| GmGmwm cvm Kivi ci `yB eQi
e¨vwc †h D”P gva¨wgK †Kvm© i‡q‡Q Zv cvm Kivi c‡iB †m h_vh_ ch©v‡q †cuŠQv‡Z cv‡i

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e‡j g‡bv‰eÁvwbKfv‡e a‡i †bIqv nq| eZ©gvb Ae¯’vq wk¶vi †¶‡Î mKj †`‡kB
AšÍZc‡¶ m‡Zi †_‡K Ewbk eQi eqm bv n‡j ev †Kvb we`¨vj‡q ev‡iv eQi Aa¨qb bv
Ki‡j †Kvb Qv·K wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wk¶vi Dchy³ e‡j g‡b Kiv nq bv| Avgv‡`i †`‡kI
eZ©gv‡b G e¨e¯’v Pvjy Av‡Q|

Avgv‡`i †`‡ki D”P wk¶vi eZ©gvb avivi cÖeZ©b nq Bs‡iR Avg‡j Ges Bs‡iR
kvmK‡`i D‡`¨v‡M| 1857 wLª÷v‡ã GB Dcgnv‡`‡k ¯’vwcZ wZbwU wek¦we`¨vj‡qi
Ab¨Zg KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq| Ab¨ `yBwUi g‡a¨ GKwU gv`ªv‡R Ges Ab¨wU †ev‡¤^‡Z
¯’vwcZ nq| eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡ki AšÍewZ© GjvKvi D”Pwk¶vi cÖwZôvb¸‡jv KjKvZv
wek¦we`¨vj‡qi AvIZvaxb wQj| m¨vWjvi Kwgk‡bi (1917-19) mycvwi‡ki wfwˇZ
1921 mv‡j XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq cÖwZôv jvf K‡i wKš‘ XvKv kn‡ii cÖwZôvb¸‡jv Qvov
GjvKvi Ab¨vb¨ wk¶v cÖwZôvb KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Aax‡b I wbqš¿‡Y †_‡K hvq|
ZLb A_©vr, 1921 mv‡j XvKv wk¶v †evW©I cÖwZôv jvf K‡i Ges Zvi cwimi XvKv
kn‡ii g‡a¨B mxgve× _v‡K| ïaygvÎ B›UviwgwW‡qU K‡jR¸‡jv‡K XvKv wk¶v †ev‡W©i
wbqš¿‡Y †`Iqv nq|

M‡elK gybZvmxi gvgyb-Gi g‡Z e½f½ i‡`i ¶wZc~iY wn‡m‡e cÖwZôv Kiv n‡qwQj
XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq| e½f½ i` nIqvi ci bIqve mwjgyj- vn, bIqve ˆmq` bIqve Avjx
cÖwZôv †PŠayix, G †K dRjyj nK cÖgyL †bZv 1912 mv‡ji 31 Rvbyqvwi fvBmiq jW© nvwW©‡Äi
m‡½ mv¶vr K‡i XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq MV‡bi `vwe Rvbvb| 1912 mv‡ji 2 †deªæqvwi XvKv
wek¦we`¨vjq MV‡bi cÖ¯Íve †NvlYv Kiv nq ZrKvjxb miKv‡ii c¶ n‡Z|

cÖK…Zc‡¶ fviZxq AvBb mfv, 1920 mv‡j Òw` XvKv BDwbf©vwmwU A¨v± bs 13, 1920ÕÕ
cvk K‡i| 1921 mv‡j wZbwU Abyl`, eviwU wefvM, lvURb wk¶K, AvUkZ mvZvËi Rb
wk¶v_x© Ges wZbwU AvevwmK nj wb‡q GB wek¦we`¨vjq hvÎv ïiæ K‡i|

1947 mv‡j GB Dcgnv‡`k wefv‡Mi ci XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi AvevwmK PwiÎ A‡bKvs‡k

eR©b Kiv nq Ges ZrKvjxb c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi D”P wk¶vi mKj cÖwZôvb Gi AvIZvax‡b
G‡m hvq| ejv evûj¨ B›UviwgwW‡qU K‡jR¸‡jvi wbqš¿YI XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Aaxb
P‡j Av‡m Ges GKgvÎ gva¨wgK we`¨vjq¸‡jv ZrKvjxb Bó‡e½j †m‡KÛvix GWz‡Kkb
†evW© XvKvi Aax‡b b¨¯Í nq Ges GB e¨e¯’v 1962 mvj ch©šÍ Pj‡Z _v‡K| 1961 mv‡ji
GK AwW©b¨vÝ e‡j GKvwaK †evW© ¯’vwcZ nq| XvKv Qvov ivRkvnx, h‡kvi I Kzwgjøvq
wk¶v †ev‡W©i msL¨v AviI wZbwU †ev‡W©i m„wó nq| ZLb †_‡KB †`‡ki mKj gva¨wgK we`¨vjqI
B›UviwgwW‡qU K‡jR¸‡jv‡K wefvMIqvix GB †evW©¸‡jvi Aax‡b b¨¯Í Kiv nq Ges
†evW©¸wji bvg †`Iqv nq †evW© Ae B›UviwgwW‡qU GÛ †m‡KÛvix GWz‡Kkb| cieZ©x‡Z
ewikvj I wm‡jU wefvM m„wó nIqvi ci D³ `yBwU wefv‡M `yBwU bZzb †evW© ¯’vwcZ nq
Ges Gi c~‡e© e„nËi PÆMÖvg †Rjv‡K wb‡q AviI GKwU †evW© A_©vr PÆMÖvg wk¶v †evW©
Rb¥ jvf K‡i| eZ©gv‡b GB mvZwU wk¶v †evW© †`‡ki gva¨wgK I D”P gva¨wgK cix¶v
MÖnY K‡i _v‡K| GB †evW©¸wjB mKj gva¨wgK we`¨vjq I B›UviwgwW‡qU K‡jR¸‡jvi
`vq`vwqZ¡ enb Ki‡Q| hvi g‡a¨ A‡Q cix¶v MÖnY, cwi`k©b, msMVb BZ¨vw` hveZxq
welq|

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Gici ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq 1953 mv‡j Ges PÆMÖvg wek¦we`¨vjq 1961 mv‡j ¯’vwcZ
n‡j ivRkvnx wefv‡Mi mKj K‡jR Ges mv‡eK ewikvj †Rjv Qvov Lyjbv wefv‡Mi mKj
K‡jR ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vj‡qi AvIZvaxb Ges PÆMÖvg wefv‡Mi mKj K‡jR PÆMÖvg
Ab¨vb¨ wek¦we`¨vjq wek¦we`¨vj‡qi AvIZvaxb †bIqv nq| XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi AvIZvq †_‡K hvq XvKv
cÖwZôv wefv‡Mi I mv‡eK ewikvj †Rjvi K‡jR¸‡jv| Rvnv½xibMi wek¦we`¨vjq AvevwmK
wek¦we`¨vjq iƒ‡c ¯’vwcZ nIqvq Gi Aax‡b †Kvb K‡jR †`Iqv nq wb| GB
wek¦we`¨vjq¸‡jv Qvov gqgbwms‡n evsjv‡`k K…wl wek¦we`¨vjq bv‡g GKwU K…wl
wek¦we`¨vjq Ges XvKvq evsjv‡`k cÖ‡KŠkj wek¦we`¨vjq bv‡g GKwU cÖ‡KŠkj
wek¦we`¨vjq i‡q‡Q| Gici †`‡ki mßg wek¦we`¨vjq ¯’vwcZ nq Kzwóqv-wSbvB`n
mxgvbvq kvwšÍWv½vq, hvi bvgKiY Kiv nq BmjvwgK wek¦we`¨vjq| Aóg wek¦we`¨vjq
¯’vwcZ nq wm‡j‡U Ges bvgKiY Kiv nq kvnRvjvj weÁvb I cÖhyw³ wek¦we`¨vjq| Lyjbv
wek¦we`¨vjq bv‡g Lyjbvi Mjøvgvix‡Z †`‡ki beg wek¦we`¨vjq cÖwZwôZ nq| beŸB
`k‡Ki cÖvi‡¤¢ evsjv‡`‡k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq Ges RvZxq wek¦we`¨vjq bv‡g AviI `yBwU
wek¦we`¨vjq cÖwZôv jvf K‡i|

RvZxq wek¦we`¨vjq ¯’vc‡bi m‡½ m‡½ †`‡ki mKj wWwMÖ cÖ`vbKvix K‡jR¸‡jv GB
wek¦we`¨vj‡qi AvIZvax‡b P‡j Av‡m| d‡j XvKv, ivRkvnx I PÆMÖvg wek¦we`¨vjq
AvevwmK PwiÎ jvf K‡i Ges G‡`i Awafzw³ ¶gZv †jvc cvq| G‡`i Aax‡b Avi †Kvb
K‡jRB _vKj bv| eZ©gv‡b RvZxq wek¦we`¨vj‡qi AvIZvax‡b GK nvRv‡iiI †ewk wWwMÖ
RvZxq wek¦we`¨vjq cÖ`vbKvix K‡jR Av‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ Abvm© wWwMÖ cÖ`vbKvix K‡j‡Ri msL¨v 140wU, gv÷vm©
Awafy³ K‡j‡Ri (1g ce©) †Kvm© cÖ`vbKvix K‡j‡Ri msL¨v 72wU Ges gv÷vm© (†kl ce©) †Kvm© cÖ`vbKvix
msL¨v K‡j‡Ri msL¨v cÖvq 73wU| ZvQvov 60wU AvBb K‡jR Ges 60wUiI †ewk wUPvm© †Uªwbs
K‡jR GB wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Aax‡b Awafzw³ jvf K‡i‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K Bbw÷wUDU Ae †cv÷
MÖ¨vRy‡qU †gwWwmb GÛ wimvP©‡K Ges MvRxcy‡ii K…wl K‡jR‡K wek¦we`¨vj‡q DbœxZ Kiv
n‡q‡Q| GQvovI †`‡ki wewfbœ ¯’v‡b †emiKvwi D‡`¨v‡M cÖvq 30wU wek¦we`¨vjq cÖwZwôZ
n‡q‡Q|

wek¦we`¨vjq gÄyix Kwgkb

GKwU D`vi‰bwZK wk¶ve¨e¯’v I `¶ gvbem¤ú` m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i Ggb GKwU
wk¶ve¨e¯’v cÖwZôvi e¨vcv‡i evsjv‡`k wek¦we`¨vjq gÄyix Kwgkb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb
K‡i Avm‡Q| Kwgk‡bi `vwqZ¡ wek¦we`¨vjq¸‡jvi g‡a¨ mxgve× n‡jI D”P wk¶vi †¶‡Î
Kwgk‡bi Ae`vb‡K AwaK djcÖm~ I my`~icÖmvix K‡i Zzj‡Z n‡e| †m j‡¶¨ evsjv‡`k
wek¦we`¨vjq gÄyix Kwgkb †`‡k D”P wk¶vi †¶‡Î mgš^q mvab I †bZ…Z¡ cÖ`vb K‡i
Avm‡Q| evsjv‡`k wek¦we`¨vjq gÄyix Kwgkb Áv‡bi cÖwZwU kvLvq D”P wk¶v I M‡elYv
Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ Ae¨vnZ `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Q Ges µgvMZ ch©v‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g D”P wk¶v
I M‡elYvi gvb hv‡Z GKwU gh©v`vm¤úbœ Avm‡b cÖwZwôZ nq Zvi e¨e¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z
Zrci|

BDwbU- 1 D”P wk¶v e¨e¯’vcbv- 4

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cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 1.1

A) eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ
mwVK DËi wb‡`©kg~jK A¶iwU‡K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb| (D`vniY: Avcbvi wbe©vwPZ DËiwU
K n‡j G‡K K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb)
1. KZ mv‡j KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq ¯’vwcZ nq?
K. 1800
L. 1857
M. 1882
N. 1921
2. †Kvb Kwgkb/KwgwUi mycvwi‡ki wfwˇZ XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq cÖwZwôZ nq?
K. nv›Uvi Kwgkb
L. nvU©M KwgwU
M. mv‡R©›U KwgwU
N. m¨vWjvi Kwgkb
3. RvZxq wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Aax‡b cÖvq KZwU K‡jR gv÷vm© 1g ce© I 2q ce© †Kvm©
cÖ`vb K‡i?
K. 72
L. 110
M. 140
N. 1056
4. KZ mv‡ji AwW©b¨vÝ e‡j GKvwaK wk¶v †evW© ¯’vwcZ nq?
K. 1921
L. 1947
M. 1961
N. 1972

Av) msw¶ß DËi cÖkœ

1. D”P wk¶v Kv‡K e‡j eY©bv Kiæb?
2. D”P wk¶v‡K GKwU ¯^Zš¿ ch©vq wnmv‡e we‡ePbv Kiv DwPZ †Kb - e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
3. wek¦we`¨vjq gÄyix Kwgkb wK - D‡jøL Kiæb|

B) iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. Avgv‡`i †`‡ki D”P wk¶vi eZ©gvb aviv cÖeZ©‡bi msw¶ß weeiY w`b|

mwVK DËi
A) 1| L 2| N 3| K 4| M|

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D”P wk¶vi j¶¨ wK Zvi weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb Ges

D”P wk¶vi D‡Ïk¨vejx D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

D”P wk¶v gvbe m¤ú` Dbœq‡bi †giæ`Û ¯^iƒc| RvZxq j¶¨, †bZ…Z¡ I w`K wb‡`©kbvi
Afve Z…Zxq we‡k¦i †`k¸‡jv‡Z mvgwMÖKfv‡e wk¶vi Dbœqb `viæYfv‡e e¨vnZ n‡”Q|

Z…Zxq we‡k¦i †`k¸‡jvi D”P wk¶vi ˆewkó¨

1. Z…Zxq we‡k¦i †`k¸‡jv‡Z D”P wk¶v m¤úwK©Z †h mg¯Í cwimsL¨vwbK Z_¨ cvIqv
hvq Zv Aweb¨¯Í, mxwgZ Ges A‡bK ‡¶‡Î wbf©i‡hvM¨ bq|
2. wk¶vi cwiKíbvi †¶‡Î AvaywbK weÁvb I cÖhyw³i a¨vb-aviYv LyeB mxwgZ Ges
ZvQvov wk¶v cwiKíbv †¶‡Î Lye †ewk we‡klÁ cvIqv hvq bv|
3. wk¶v cwiKíbv †¶‡Î nvj bvMv` Ávb Ges Kjv, weÁvb I AvaywbK cÖhyw³i Dci
†h Ávb cÖ‡qvRb GKKfv‡e †Kvb e¨w³i c‡¶ Zv AvniY Kiv m¤¢e bvI n‡Z cv‡i|
Kv‡RB G mKj Kv‡Ri `vwqZ¡ †Kvb GKwU we‡klÁ Uxg‡K wb‡Z n‡e| Z…Zxq we‡k¦i
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m¤ú‡`i h_vh_ e¨envi I myôz eȇbi †¶‡Î GLbI bvbv mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb n‡Z nq|
4. wk¶K, wk¶v_©x I Ab¨vb¨ Kg©KZ©v‡`i mxwgZ Ávb I cÖwk¶‡Yi d‡j ZvivI D”P
wk¶vi cwiKíbvi †¶‡Î †Kvb D‡jøL‡hvM¨ f‚wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡ib bv| we‡kl K‡i
wk¶v_©xiv wbgœewY©Z Kvi‡Yi d‡j D”P wk¶vi cwiKíbvq h_vh_fv‡e AskMÖnY
Ki‡Z cv‡i bv Ges †Kvb g~j¨evb Ae`vb ivLvI Zv‡`i c‡¶ m¤¢e nq bv|
• wk¶v_©x‡`i cÖwZ miKv‡ii g‡bvfve ZZUv bgbxq bq|
• wk¶vi cwiKíbvi welqwU m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c miKvi wbqš¿Y K‡i †K›`ªxqfv‡e| †mLv‡b
wk¶K I wk¶v_©x‡`i †Kvb f‚wgKv _v‡K bv|
• mvgvwRK Dbœq‡bi wZb cÖavb kÎæ †ivM-e¨wa, `vwi`ª, AÁZv Z…Zxq we‡k¦i
†`k¸‡jv‡K Ggbfv‡e Av‡ó-c„‡ô †eu‡a †i‡L‡Q †h †mLv‡b Dbœq‡bi aviv A‡bK
mgq eÜ n‡q hvq| d‡j wk¶v Dbœq‡bi Kg©m~wP `viæYfv‡e evavcÖvß nq|
• miKv‡ii Dbœqb cwiKíbv A‡bK mgq e¨_© n‡q hvq d‡j RbM‡Yi Av¯’v
nviv‡Z _v‡K|
5. Z…Zxq we‡k¦i †`k¸‡jv mxwgZ m¤ú‡`i Kvi‡Y wewfbœ mg‡q Ggb me mgm¨vi
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