TOPICS FOR DISCUSSION

1.

Certainly! Here are explanations of each method of word formation along with examples:

a) Affixation: Affixation involves adding prefixes, suffixes, or infixes to a base word to create a new word.

Example:

 Prefix: "un-" (unhappy, unclear)

 Suffix: "-ly" (quickly, happily)

 Infix: "abso-freakin-lutely"

b) Word-composition: Word composition involves combining two or more separate words to create a
new word.

Example:

 "Snow" + "ball" = "snowball"

 "Book" + "shelf" = "bookshelf"

c) Conversion: Conversion involves changing the grammatical category of a word without changing its
form. For example, using a noun as a verb or a verb as a noun.

Example:

 Noun to verb: "text" (noun) becomes "text" (verb) as in "I will text him."

 Verb to noun: "run" (verb) becomes "run" (noun) as in "I went for a run."

These methods are frequently used in language to expand vocabulary and convey new meanings
efficiently.

2. Certainly! Here's an overview of semi-productive ways of word formation with examples for each:

a) Shortening and its types:

 Acronyms: Acronyms are formed by taking the initial letters of a phrase or compound word and
using them to create a new word.

Example:

 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

 NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)

b) Clipping and its types:

 Back-formation: Back-formation involves creating a new word by removing an affix (typically a

suffix) from an existing word.

Example:

 Edit (from "editor")

 Donate (from "donation")

c) Abbreviation and its types:

 Initialism: Initialisms are formed by taking the initial letters of a phrase or compound word and
pronouncing each letter separately.

Example:

 FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation)

 CEO (Chief Executive Officer)

 Contractions: Contractions are formed by combining two words and omitting one or more
letters, often with an apostrophe representing the omitted letters.

Example:

 Can't (cannot)

 I'm (I am)

d) Back-formation: Back-formation involves creating a new word by removing an affix (typically a suffix)
from an existing word.

Example:

 Edit (from "editor")

 Donate (from "donation")

e) Blending: Blending involves combining parts of two or more words to create a new word.

Example:

 Brunch (breakfast + lunch)

 Smog (smoke + fog)

f) Reduplication: Reduplication involves repeating all or part of a word to create a new word with a
similar or related meaning.

Example:

 Chit-chat

 Ping-pong

These semi-productive methods are often used informally and creatively in language to create new
words or shorten existing ones for convenience or stylistic effect.

3.

Certainly! Here are explanations of each non-productive way of word formation along with examples:

a) Change of stress: Change of stress involves altering the stress pattern within a word, typically
resulting in a change in meaning or grammatical category.

Example:

 Noun to verb: "present" (noun) vs. "present" (verb)

 Verb to noun: "conduct" (verb) vs. "conduct" (noun)

b) Sound interchange (gradation, deflection): Sound interchange involves changing sounds within a
word, often due to historical or phonetic reasons, resulting in a variation of the original word.

Example:

 "Sing" (original form) → "sang" (past tense)

 "Goose" (original form) → "geese" (plural)

c) Sound imitation (onomatopoeia): Onomatopoeia involves the formation of words that imitate natural
sounds or the sounds associated with objects or actions they represent.

Example:

 "Buzz" (imitating the sound of a bee)

 "Boom" (imitating the sound of an explosion)

f) Eponymy: Eponymy involves forming words based on the name of a person, often the inventor or
associated figure with the concept or object.

Example:

 "Boycott" (from Charles C. Boycott, a landlord whose tenants refused to deal with him)

 "Sandwich" (named after John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich)

These non-productive methods often arise naturally through linguistic evolution or historical processes,
rather than being actively used to create new words in a systematic way.

1.

1. Southerner:

 Immediate Constituents:

 Root: south

 Suffix: -er

 Explanation matching: Explanation 2: Designating persons from the object of their

occupation or labor or from their place of origin or abode.

2. Beautiful:

 Immediate Constituents:

 Root: beauty

 Suffix: -ful

 Explanation matching: Explanation 8: Possessing the quality of.

3. Youngish:

 Immediate Constituents:
  Root: young

 Suffix: -ish

 Explanation matching: Explanation 6: Characterized by or inclined to the substance or

action of the root to which the affix is attached.

4. Touchy:

 Immediate Constituents:

 Root: touch

 Suffix: -y

 Explanation matching: Explanation 5: Insufficiency of quality.

5. Fishy:

 Immediate Constituents:

 Root: fish

 Suffix: -y

 Explanation matching: Explanation 6: Characterized by or inclined to the substance or

action of the root to which the affix is attached.

6. Womanly:

 Immediate Constituents:

 Root: woman

 Suffix: -ly

 Explanation matching: Explanation 1: Full of, characterized by.

7. Womanish:

 Immediate Constituents:

 Root: woman

 Suffix: -ish

 Explanation matching: Explanation 7: Used to indicate an effeminate man and certainly

implies criticism.

8. Flowery:

 Immediate Constituents:

 Root: flower

 Suffix: -y

 Explanation matching: Explanation 6: Characterized by or inclined to the substance or

action of the root to which the affix is attached.

9. Flowered:

 Immediate Constituents:
  Root: flower

 Suffix: -ed

 Explanation matching: Explanation 4: The result of an action or process.

10. Flowering:

 Immediate Constituents:

 Root: flower

 Suffix: -ing

 Explanation matching: Explanation 4: The result of an action or process.

11. Bookish:

 Immediate Constituents:

 Root: book

 Suffix: -ish

 Explanation matching: Explanation 6: Characterized by or inclined to the substance or

action of the root to which the affix is attached.

2.

1. To book: This is a conversion of the noun "book" into a verb, meaning to reserve or arrange for
something in advance.

 Sentence: I need to book a hotel room for our trip next weekend.

2. To comb: This is a conversion of the noun "comb" into a verb, meaning to untangle or groom
hair with a comb.

 Sentence: She combed her hair before heading to the party.

3. To even: This is a conversion of the adjective "even" into a verb, meaning to make something
level or equal.

 Sentence: Please even out the surface of the soil before planting the seeds.

4. To parrot: This is a conversion of the noun "parrot" into a verb, meaning to repeat or mimic
someone or something mindlessly.

 Sentence: He tends to parrot whatever his friends say without understanding the
context.

5. To afar: This is a compounding of the preposition "a" and the noun "far," creating an adverb
meaning at a distance.

 Sentence: The sound of the bells echoed afar, signaling the start of the festival.

6. To table: This is a conversion of the noun "table" into a verb, meaning to postpone or put aside
for future consideration.

 Sentence: Let's table the discussion on budget cuts until the next meeting.
7. To buttonhole: This is a compounding of the noun "button" and the noun "hole," creating a verb
meaning to detain or corner someone in conversation.

 Sentence: He buttonholed me at the party and wouldn't stop talking about his travels.

8. A break: This is a noun phrase referring to a pause or interruption in an activity.

 Sentence: I need to take a break from studying and relax for a while.

9. A make: This is a noun referring to the style or manner in which something is made or
constructed.

 Sentence: The car's sleek design and solid make impressed the buyers.

10. A move: This is a noun referring to an action or gesture made with intent or purpose.

 Sentence: His sudden move surprised everyone in the room.

11. A return: This is a noun referring to something given or received in response to something else.

 Sentence: The company offered a refund as a return for the faulty product.

12. The ups and downs: This is an idiomatic expression referring to the fluctuations or vicissitudes
of life.

 Sentence: Marriage has its ups and downs, but communication is key to overcoming
challenges.

13. A gain: This is a noun referring to an increase or advantage obtained.

 Sentence: Learning a new language is a gain that opens up opportunities for personal
and professional growth.

14. A natural: This is a noun referring to someone with an inherent talent or ability.

 Sentence: She's a natural at playing the piano; she hardly needs any lessons.

15. The how and the why: This is an idiomatic expression referring to the reasons or explanations
behind something.

 Sentence: Understanding the how and the why of climate change is crucial for
implementing effective solutions.

16. To hand: This is a conversion of the noun "hand" into a verb, meaning to pass or give something
to someone.

 Sentence: Can you hand me the remote control, please?

17. To back: This is a conversion of the noun "back" into a verb, meaning to support or endorse
someone or something.

 Sentence: The board decided to back the new project proposal.

18. To face: This is a conversion of the noun "face" into a verb, meaning to confront or deal with a
situation directly.

 Sentence: It's time to face your fears and overcome them.

19. To eye: This is a conversion of the noun "eye" into a verb, meaning to look at or observe closely.

 Sentence: She eyed the suspicious package with caution.

20. To mouth: This is a conversion of the noun "mouth" into a verb, meaning to articulate or say
something without sincerity.

 Sentence: He mouthed his apologies, but I could tell he didn't mean it.

21. To nose: This is a conversion of the noun "nose" into a verb, meaning to search or pry into
something.

 Sentence: The detective nosed around the crime scene for clues.

22. To dog: This is a conversion of the noun "dog" into a verb, meaning to persistently follow or
pursue someone or something.

 Sentence: The memory of his past mistakes continued to dog him wherever he went.

23. To wolf: This is a conversion of the noun "wolf" into a verb, meaning to devour or consume food
quickly and eagerly.

 Sentence: He wolfed down his dinner as if he hadn't eaten for days.

24. To monkey: This is a conversion of the noun "monkey" into a verb, meaning to tamper or play
with something in a mischievous manner.

 Sentence: Stop monkeying around and focus on your work!

25. To can: This is a conversion of the noun "can" into a verb, meaning to preserve or store food in a
can.

 Sentence: We need to can the tomatoes before they spoil.

26. To coal: This is a conversion of the noun "coal" into a verb, meaning to supply or fuel something
with coal.

 Sentence: The locomotive was coaled up before the long journey ahead.

27. To pale: This is a conversion of the noun "pale" into a verb, meaning to decrease or become less
significant in comparison.

 Sentence: His achievements pale in comparison to those of his older brother.

28. To yellow: This is a conversion of the noun "yellow" into a verb, meaning to become yellow or
discolor over time.

 Sentence: The old photograph has yellowed with age.

29. To cool: This is a conversion of the noun "cool" into a verb, meaning to lower or reduce the
temperature of something.

 Sentence: Let's cool the soup before serving it.

30. The ins and outs: This is an idiomatic expression referring to the intricate details or complexities
of something.

 Sentence: Understanding the ins and outs of the legal system requires years of study.

31. The like of me and the like of you: This is an idiomatic expression referring to someone similar
to oneself.

 Sentence: Only the like of me and the like of you would understand the struggles we've
faced.
3.

1. The name of a tool or implement → The verb denotes an action performed by the tool:

 To shovel (noun: shovel) - the action of using a shovel to move or lift material.

2. The name of an animal → An action or aspect of behavior considered typical of this animal:

 To mouse (noun: mouse) - the action of navigating a computer using a mouse,

reminiscent of how a mouse moves.

3. The name of a part of the human body → An action performed by it:

 To foot (noun: foot) - the action of walking or moving on foot.

4. The name of a profession or occupation → An activity typical of it:

 To nurse (noun: nurse) - the action of providing medical care and attention to patients.

5. The name of a place → The process of occupying the place or of putting something/somebody in
it:

 To park (noun: park) - the action of placing a vehicle in a designated parking area.

6. The name of a container → The act of putting something within the container:

 To bottle (noun: bottle) - the action of putting a liquid into bottles for storage or
transport.

7. The name of a meal → The process of taking it:

 To breakfast (noun: breakfast) - the action of eating the first meal of the day, typically in
the morning.

4.

Sure! Here are the words arranged according to the type of clipping along with their full forms:

Initial clipping (apheresis):

1. Ad - Advertisement

2. Exam - Examination

3. Fridge - Refrigerator

4. Flu - Influenza

5. Lab - Laboratory

6. Maths - Mathematics

7. Specs - Spectacles

8. Plane - Airplane

9. Rep - Representative

10. Gator - Alligator

 11. Gas - Gasoline

12. Gym - Gymnasium

13. Memo - Memorandum

14. Photo - Photograph

15. Pub - Public House

16. Coon - Racoon

17. Phone - Telephone

18. Burger - Hamburger

19. Copter - Helicopter

20. Demo - Demonstration

21. Amp - Amplifier

22. Disco - Discotheque

23. Disc - Discus

24. Groom - Bridegroom

25. Non-veg - Non-vegetarian

26. Varsity - University

27. Karchief - Handkerchief

28. Lunch - Luncheon

29. News - Newspaper

30. Rehab - Rehabilitation

31. Hitch - Hitchhike

32. Zoo - Zoological Garden

33. Fred - Frederick

34. Dora - Dorothea

Medial clipping (syncope):

 Fancy - Fantasy

Final clipping (apocope):

 Pants - Pantaloons

Mixed clipping:

 N/A

5.
Blends, or portmanteau words, are formed by combining parts of two or more words to create a new
word with a new meaning. In each blend provided, one element usually dominates in determining the
overall meaning of the word. Let's comment on the formation of each blend and identify the controlling
element:

1. Motel:

 Blend Explanation: Motor + Hotel

 Comment: In this blend, "motel," the element "motor" dominates in determining the
overall meaning. It suggests accommodation primarily designed for motorists,
emphasizing convenience and accessibility for travelers by car.

2. Smog:

 Blend Explanation: Smoke + Fog

 Comment: In "smog," both elements contribute to the meaning, but "smoke"

dominates. It refers to a type of air pollution characterized by a mixture of smoke and
fog, with "smoke" being the more prominent factor.

3. Heliport:

 Blend Explanation: Helicopter + Airport

 Comment: In "heliport," the dominant element is "helicopter." It denotes a landing area

specifically designed for helicopters, indicating its primary use and function.

4. Brunch:

 Blend Explanation: Breakfast + Lunch

 Comment: In this blend, "brunch," the element "breakfast" controls the meaning. It
refers to a meal that combines elements of breakfast and lunch, typically eaten in the
late morning or early afternoon.

5. Yarvard:

 Blend Explanation: Yale + Harvard

 Comment: In this blend, "Yarvard," both elements contribute to the meaning equally,
suggesting a combination or comparison between Yale and Harvard universities.

6. Infomercials:

 Blend Explanation: Information + Commercials

 Comment: In "infomercials," the dominant element is "commercials." It refers to

television programs that present information or advertise products, with the emphasis
on the commercial aspect.

7. Oxbridge:

 Blend Explanation: Oxford + Cambridge

 Comment: In "Oxbridge," both elements contribute to the meaning equally, referring

collectively to the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, often used in discussions about
higher education in the UK.

8. Advertorial:
  Blend Explanation: Advertisement + Editorial

 Comment: In this blend, "advertorial," the element "advertisement" controls the

meaning. It refers to a type of advertisement that resembles editorial content, often
designed to promote a product or service.

9. Chunnel:

 Blend Explanation: Channel + Tunnel

 Comment: In "Chunnel," the dominant element is "tunnel." It refers specifically to the

underwater tunnel that connects England and France beneath the English Channel.

10. Affluenza:

 Blend Explanation: Affluence + Influenza

 Comment: In this blend, "affluenza," the element "affluence" controls the meaning. It
refers to a social condition characterized by excessive materialism and consumerism,
suggesting a negative impact similar to a disease.

11. Slanguage:

 Blend Explanation: Slang + Language

 Comment: In "slanguage," both elements contribute to the meaning, but "slang"

dominates. It refers to informal language or vocabulary characteristic of a particular
group or subculture.

12. Guesstimate:

 Blend Explanation: Guess + Estimate

 Comment: In this blend, "guesstimate," the dominant element is "estimate." It refers to

an approximate calculation or judgment made without precise data, with the emphasis
on the estimation aspect.

13. Medicare:

 Blend Explanation: Medical + Care

 Comment: In "Medicare," both elements contribute to the meaning, but "care"

dominates. It refers to a government program providing medical care and insurance
primarily for elderly or disabled individuals.

14. Docufantasy:

 Blend Explanation: Documentary + Fantasy

 Comment: In this blend, "docufantasy," the element "fantasy" controls the meaning. It
refers to a genre of film or television that combines elements of documentary and
fantasy, with the emphasis on imaginative or speculative content.

15. Eurovision:

 Blend Explanation: Europe + Vision

 Comment: In "Eurovision," the dominant element is "Europe." It refers to an annual

international song competition primarily involving countries from Europe, emphasizing
its continental scope and focus.
In many blends, one element tends to dominate in determining the overall meaning of the word,
although both elements often contribute to the blend's connotation or association.

6.

To determine whether the meaning of a compound word can be regarded as the sum of its constituents'
meanings, let's divide the given compounds into three groups:

Meaning is deducible from the constituent parts:

1. Classroom

2. Bedroom

3. Evening-gown

4. Blackboard

5. Blackbird

6. Football

7. Pickpocket

8. Good-for-nothing

9. Tallboy

10. Lazybones

11. Chatterbox

12. Dining-room

13. Sleeping-car

14. Reading-room

15. Dancing-hall

16. Wall-flower

One of the components (or both) has changed its meaning:

1. Horse-marine

2. Bluebottle

3. Mother-of-pearl

4. Ladybird

5. Lady-killer

6. Butter-fingers

7. Man-of-war

8. Bluestocking

Meaning is not deducible from the constituent parts:

 1. Working-man

2. Straphanger

Explanation:

 In the first group, the meaning of the compound can be deduced from the meanings of its
constituent parts. For example, "classroom" refers to a room where classes are conducted,
combining "class" and "room."

 In the second group, one or both components have changed their meanings to create a new,
distinct concept. For instance, "horse-marine" doesn't refer to a horse or a marine, but rather to
someone unfamiliar or inept at something, blending the literal meaning of "horse" and
"marine."

 In the third group, the meaning of the compound cannot be deduced from the meanings of its
constituent parts. For instance, "working-man" refers to a laborer, but the individual words
"working" and "man" do not directly convey this meaning when combined.

This analysis shows that while some compound words derive their meanings directly from their
constituents, others undergo semantic shifts or combine meanings in ways that are not immediately
obvious from their parts. Therefore, it cannot be universally concluded that the meaning of a compound
word is always the sum of its constituents' meanings.

7.

1. To beg:

 Source Word: Beggar

 Comment: The verb "to beg" is derived from the noun "beggar," indicating the action of
soliciting or asking for something as a beggar would.

2. To burgle:

 Source Word: Burglar

 Comment: The verb "to burgle" is derived from the noun "burglar," which refers to
someone who illegally enters a building with intent to commit theft.

3. To cobble:

 Source Word: Cobbler

 Comment: The verb "to cobble" is derived from the noun "cobbler," which refers to
someone who repairs shoes. It is used metaphorically to mean the act of making or
repairing something clumsily or roughly.

4. To butle:

 Source Word: Butler

 Comment: The verb "to butle" is derived from the noun "butler," which refers to a
household servant responsible for various tasks. However, "to butle" is not commonly
used in contemporary English.

5. To baby(-)sit:
  Source Word: Babysitter

 Comment: The verb "to baby(-)sit" is derived from the compound noun "babysitter,"
indicating the action of supervising or caring for a child in the absence of their parents.

6. To force-land:

 Source Word: Force-landing

 Comment: The verb "to force-land" is derived from the compound noun "force-landing,"
indicating the action of making an emergency landing of an aircraft.

7. To blood-transfuse:

 Source Word: Blood transfusion

 Comment: The verb "to blood-transfuse" is derived from the compound noun "blood
transfusion," indicating the action of transferring blood from one person to another for
medical purposes.

8. To peddle:

 Source Word: Peddler

 Comment: The verb "to peddle" is derived from the noun "peddler," which refers to
someone who travels around selling goods, typically door-to-door or in public places.

9. To edit:

 Source Word: Editor

 Comment: The verb "to edit" is derived from the noun "editor," which refers to
someone who prepares written material for publication by correcting, condensing, or
otherwise modifying it.

10. To sleep-walk:

 Source Word: Sleepwalker

 Comment: The verb "to sleep-walk" is derived from the compound noun "sleepwalker,"
indicating the action of walking while asleep.

11. To housekeep:

 Source Word: Housekeeper

 Comment: The verb "to housekeep" is derived from the noun "housekeeper," which
refers to someone employed to manage a household and perform domestic chores.
However, "to housekeep" is not commonly used in contemporary English.

8.

1. A. D. - Anno Domini (Latin for "in the year of our Lord") - used to indicate years following the
birth of Jesus Christ.

2. p. m. - Post meridiem (Latin for "after midday") - used to denote time in the afternoon or
evening.

3. e. g. - exempli gratia (Latin for "for example") - used to introduce examples or illustrate a point.
 4. cf. - confer (Latin for "compare") - used to direct the reader to consult a different source or
compare with another statement.

5. i. e. - id est (Latin for "that is") - used to clarify or rephrase a statement.

6. P. S. - post scriptum (Latin for "written after") - used to denote additional information added
after the main body of a letter or document has been completed.

7. q. v. - quod vide (Latin for "which see") - used to direct the reader to another place in a text for
further information.

8. op. cit. - opere citato (Latin for "in the work cited") - used in footnotes or bibliographies to refer
to a previously cited work.

9. vs. - versus (Latin for "against") - used to indicate a comparison or opposition between two
things.

10. CEO - Chief Executive Officer - the highest-ranking executive in a company.

11. Ph. D. - Doctor of Philosophy - an advanced academic degree awarded by universities.

12. CWYL - Chat With You Later - an informal way to indicate the intention to talk to someone again
later in an online chat or text conversation.

13. WC - Water Closet - a euphemism for a bathroom or restroom.

14. CUL - See You Later - an informal farewell, indicating the intention to see someone again later.

15. ROFL - Rolling On the Floor Laughing - used in online communication to indicate extreme
amusement.

16. BA - Bachelor of Arts - an undergraduate academic degree typically awarded in liberal arts or
social sciences.

17. BS - Bachelor of Science - an undergraduate academic degree typically awarded in natural

sciences, mathematics, or engineering.

18. blvd. - boulevard - a broad street or avenue often lined with trees and buildings.

19. tsp or t - teaspoon - a unit of volume measurement used in cooking.

20. misc. - miscellaneous - used to denote a collection of various items or topics grouped together.

21. CU2NITE - See You Tonight - an informal expression indicating the intention to meet or see
someone later in the evening.

9.

1. Procrustean - From Procrustes, a character in Greek mythology who stretched or cut off the
limbs of travelers to make them fit his bed.

 Additional Example:

 Boycott - From Charles C. Boycott, an English land agent whose ostracism by

Irish tenants gave rise to the term "boycott."

2. Hermetic - From Hermes Trismegistus, a legendary Hellenistic figure associated with alchemy
and esoteric wisdom.
  Additional Example:

 Mentor - From Mentor, a character in Homer's Odyssey who serves as a trusted

adviser to Telemachus.

3. Cereal - From Ceres, the Roman goddess of agriculture and fertility.

 Additional Example:

 Amazon - From the Amazons, a legendary tribe of warrior women in Greek

mythology.

4. Cupidity - From Cupid, the Roman god of desire and erotic love.

 Additional Example:

 Quixotic - From Don Quixote, the main character in Miguel de Cervantes' novel,
often used to describe someone idealistic but impractical.

5. Fortune - From Fortuna, the Roman goddess of luck and fortune.

 Additional Example:

 Tantalize - From Tantalus, a figure in Greek mythology punished in the

underworld, often used to describe something desirable but just out of reach.

6. Grace - From Grace, a concept in Christianity representing divine favor or forgiveness.

 Additional Example:

 Narcissistic - From Narcissus, a character in Greek mythology who fell in love

with his own reflection, often used to describe excessive self-admiration.

7. Gargantuan - From Gargantua, a giant king in François Rabelais' novels known for his enormous
size and appetite.

 Additional Example:

 Panglossian - From Pangloss, a character in Voltaire's Candide who maintains

unwavering optimism despite adversity.

8. Begonia - From Michel Bégon, a French patron of botany in the 17th century.

 Additional Example:

 Maverick - From Samuel Maverick, a Texas rancher who left his cattle
unbranded, leading to the term "maverick" for an independent-minded person.

9. Chesterfield - From Philip Dormer Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield, who popularized a
particular style of sofa with deep button tufting.

 Additional Example:

 Lynch - From Charles Lynch, a Virginia justice of the peace known for extralegal
punishment, leading to the term "lynch" for summary execution without due
process.

10. Sandwich - From John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich, who is said to have ordered meat
between slices of bread so he could eat without interrupting his gambling.

 Additional Example:
  Cardigan - From James Brudenell, 7th Earl of Cardigan, who popularized a
knitted woolen waistcoat with buttons down the front, now known as a
cardigan.

11. Champagne - From the Champagne region of France, known for its sparkling wine.

 Additional Example:

 Mesmerize - From Franz Mesmer, an Austrian physician who developed a

theory of "animal magnetism," leading to the term "mesmerize" for hypnotizing
or spellbinding.

12. Cheddar - From the village of Cheddar in Somerset, England, where Cheddar cheese is said to
have originated.

 Additional Example:

 Bloomer - From Amelia Bloomer, a women's rights advocate who popularized a

style of pants for women, now known as bloomers.

10.

1. Aginda - A combination of "agenda" and "kinda," suggesting a somewhat informal or relaxed

approach to planning or scheduling.

 Additional Example:

 Brunch - A combination of "breakfast" and "lunch," referring to a late morning

meal.

 Infomercial - A combination of "information" and "commercial," referring to a

television program that presents information or advertises products.

2. Circumtreeviation - A blend of "circumvent" and "abbreviation," implying the act of avoiding or

bypassing a lengthy or cumbersome abbreviation.

 Additional Example:

 Infotainment - A blend of "information" and "entertainment," referring to

media content that combines educational or informative elements with
entertainment value.

3. Literate - A portmanteau of "literal" and "illiterate," suggesting someone who is literate in a

literal sense but may struggle with more abstract or metaphorical concepts.

 Additional Example:

 Glocal - A blend of "global" and "local," referring to the blending of global and
local perspectives or the adaptation of global ideas to local contexts.

4. Fagony - A blend of "fag" (a British slang term for cigarette) and "agony," suggesting the pain or
distress associated with smoking or nicotine addiction.

 Additional Example:

 Brangelina - A blend of the names "Brad" and "Angelina," referring to the

former celebrity couple Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie.
 5. Hicgap - A blend of "hiccup" and "gap," suggesting a pause or interruption in progress or
continuity, similar to a hiccup in speech or action.

 Additional Example:

 Bromance - A blend of "brother" and "romance," referring to a close, non-

sexual relationship between two men.

Neologisms are newly coined words or expressions that have not yet been fully accepted into
mainstream language but are used in specific contexts or by particular groups. They often arise to
describe new concepts, technologies, or cultural phenomena.