M6 b.

Psychological factors
ME AND MY MENTAL HEALTH ○ Personality traits
○ Emotions
INTRODUCTION TO MENTAL HEALTH ○ Thoughts
● Mental health is the result of a complex ○ Attitudes
interaction between many individual and ○ A person's ability to deal with
environmental factors thoughts and feelings and to
○ Personal stress manage him/herself in daily life, as
○ Academic or workplace stress well as the capacity to deal with the
○ Lifestyle social world all contribute to his
○ economic hardship mental well-being.
○ Genetics ○ Ways to manage stress
■ Deep breathing
1. Stigma ■ Grounding
2. Lack of Understanding ■ Exercising
3. Uncertainty ■ Meditation
4. Fear ■ Having enough rest
c. Biological factors
FACTORS INFLUENCING MENTAL ○ genetic predisposition gives an
HEALTH OUTCOMES individual an increased risk of having
a. Social and environmental factors mental disorder
○ Unfavorable social, economic, and
environmental circumstances,
inter-related with gender, ethnicity
and disability, increase the risk of
developing mental health problems
○ poor mental health condition is
associated with socioeconomic
disadvantage MENTAL HEALTH IN THE PHILIPPINES
○ Condition at home ● Discrimination
■ Lack of quality simulation ● made fun of like using the terms
■ Poor attachment “abnoy”, “may sayad”, “may toyo”
■ Neglect from primary caregivers ● Indigenous Psychology: Traditional
○ Family breakdown Psychomedicine
■ Parental separation ○ Concept of Bahala na
■ Absentee parent ○ Reliance on religion
○ Experience of disasters, tragedies, ○ Faith healers
and war ○ Influenced by teh socio-economic
status of Filipinos
I. Poverty and Disadvantage (Debt, ■ Rich = med institutions
Unemployment, Housing and Environment) (Albularyos as last resort)
II. Inequality ■ Poor = albularyos
III. Social Support and Relationship
● Lack of professionals the family, at work, and with the
○ One psychiatrist for every 250, 000 environment
Filipinos 3. Kaginhawaan (Peace of mind)
○ Ideal ratio of one psychiatrist to 50, a. State of inner peace which may be
000 population sustained by faith in a “higher
● Mental health awareness power” or ability togive positive
● improve the mental health programs meaning to the adverse event
● Natasha Goulbourn Foundation (NGF) 4. Kakayahan (empowerment)
and the Manila Lifeline Centre (MLC) a. Comes from our ability to
have put up 24/7 hotlines to aid recognize and use our own
individuals who are in need. resources as the availability of
● Hospitals now have assigned staff external support
dedicated to assist clients who have
mental health concerns
● Access to these facilities and institutions
are still limited (Metro Manila)
● June of 2018, the Republic Act No.
11036 or the Philippines Mental
Health Law has finally been signed and
will soon be implemented.

Mga Bilog ng Buhay: A Filipino

Framework on Mental

Mga Bilog ng Buhay

● shows the process of coping and
transformation from being victims to
survivors from a Filipino psychology
perspective
● framework developed by the University
of the Philippines and the Department of
Health in 2009
● Tells about the four dimensions of Mga Bilog ng Buhay Framework
Filipino Identity
COMMON MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS
Four Dimensions Of Filipino Identity ● Health problems are a growing public
1. Loob (inner reality) health concern
a. Consists of positive and negative ● Vos (2013) found that mental health
changes in thoughts and feelings problems are one of the main causes of
which result from the adverse or the overall disease burden worldwide.
extreme life event ● depression and anxiety are the most
2. Kapwa (external reality) predominant mental health problems
a. Consists of adaptive or maladaptive worldwide
changes in our relationships with
 ○ major contributors to the burden of ● Psychomotor agitation or retardation
suicide and ischemic heart disease ● Feelings of worthlessness or guilt
● Evidence about adolescent mental ● Poor concentration or memory /
health indecisiveness
○ 1 in 5 adolescents experience ● Hopelessness or suicidal thoughts with
significant symptoms of emotional intention to act
distress ● symptoms are not due to a medical
○ 1 in 10 are emotionally impaired condition or substance capable of
○ 90% of people diagnosed with influencing the central nervous system
anxiety and depression are treated
● there are many individuals who are Factors that play a role in depression
undiagnosed and therefore do not seek a. Biological factors
treatment i. Disturbances in neurotransmitters
ii. Abnormal immune system function
Depression iii. Abnormal regulation hormones
● decline in mood that persists for an b. Genetic factors
extended period i. Implicated through studies of
● a decrease from a previous level of patterns of illness in families and
function studies of genetic material
● causes some impairment in function c. Psychosocial factors
● contributes significantly to the global i. Life events and environmental
burden of disease affecting an estimated stressors
350 million people worldwide d. Socioeconomic factors
● 1 in 20 people on average reported an i. Economic instability
episode of depression in the previous ii. Poverty
year iii. Unequal distribution of resources
● expressed commonly as somatic or iv. Economic pressure
physical complaints (e.g. fatigue, e. Social and cultural factors
generalized pain, digestive problems, i. Cultural norms and societal
headache, etc) expectations
● Psychotic symptoms also occur f. Stigma surrounding mental health
● may be diagnosed through psychiatric g. Access to mental health services
history, mental status examination and
eliminating other causes with laboratory Counseling Interventions for Depression
or other diagnostic tests. ● If symptoms are persistent and severe,
● treated with counseling interventions refer to a crisis center/doctor/hospital for
and, in severe cases, medication. further evaluation, diagnosis, &
treatment.
Signs and characteristics ● emphasize that there is no shame in
● Persistent depressed mood and loss of feeling depressed;
pleasure in activities that normally give ● help the individual identify others who
pleasure; can serve as a support (family, friends);
● Weight loss or gain
● Insomnia or hypersomnia
● help him/her identify & focus on Stress vs. Anxiety
personal strengths and the positives in a
challenging situation;
● help him/her identify & focus on what
they can control; ask about hopeless
and suicidal feelings and the intent to
act on these feelings

Anxiety
● State of neurological arousal
characterized by both physical and
psychological signs
● May be a normal reaction that acts as a
signal to the body that aspects of its
systems are under stress
● generally higher in developed countries
than in developing countries
● specific neurobiological mechanisms
underlying anxiety are complex and may
involve genetic, biological, and
psychological factors (acad pressure,
financial stress, uncertain future, and
social expectations)

Common signs of anxiety

Physical Signs Psychological Signs

Headache Hyper-vigilant
reflexes (easily
Muscle tension startled; “jumpy”)

Back pain Feeling of dread

Abdominal pain Poor concentration

Tremulousness or Impaired sleep

“shakiness”
Impaired sexual
Fatigue Numbness desire

Shortness of breath

Palpitations

Sweating
Suicide Warning signs
● Depression carries a high risk of suicide ● Always talking or thinking about death
● best way to minimize the risk of suicide ● Clinical depression
is to know the risk factors and to ○ Deep sadness
recognize the warning signs of suicide ○ Loss of interest
● Take signs seriously ○ Trouble sleeping and eating
● Know how to respond to them ● Having a "death wish," tempting fate by
● Risk factors for suicide vary by age, taking risks that could lead to death,
gender, and ethnic group such as driving fast or running red lights
○ Often occur in combinations ● Losing interest in things one used to
● 90% of people who die by suicide have care about
clinical depression or another ● Making comments about being
diagnosable mental disorder hopeless, helpless, or worthless
● Many times, people who die by suicide ● Saying things like "it would be better if I
have a substance abuse problem. wasn't here" or "I want out"
● studies show that the neurotransmitter ● Sudden, unexpected switch from being
serotonin plays a central role in the very sad to being very calm or
neurobiology of suicide appearing to be happy
● Researchers have found lower levels of ● Talking about suicide or killing one's self
serotonin in the brainstem and ● Visiting or calling people to say goodbye
cerebrospinal fluid of suicidal individuals
● suicidal behavior sometimes runs in What should I do if someone I know
families shows warning signs of suicide?
● Adverse or traumatic life events in ● take that person seriously
combination with other risk factors, such ● Listen to what he or she is saying
as clinical depression, may lead to ● Take the initiative to ask that person
suicide what he or she is planning
● suicide and suicidal behavior are ● Don't attempt to argue him or her out of
never normal responses to stress committing suicide
● Let the person know that you care and
Other risk factors of suicide understand and are listening
a. one or more prior suicide attempts ● Avoid statements like: "You have so
b. family history of mental disorder or much to live for."
substance abuse ● Encourage him/her to seek the help of a
c. family history of suicide mental health professional
d. Family violence ○ Be persistent and go with him/her to
e. Physical or sexual abuse the doctor
f. Family violence ● Do not leave him/her alone
g. Physical or sexual abuse ● Remove any weapons or drugs he/she
h. Keeping firearms in the house could use
i. Chronic physical illness (e.g. chronic ● If the person is your friend or classmate,
pain) notify his/her parents right away about
j. Incarceration your observations so they can monitor
k. Exposure to suicidal behaviour of others
 his/her movements at home and outside inhibitory control centers experience a
the home. system failure.
● During treatment, be supportive. Help
the person remember to take prescribed Factors
medications and to continue any other ● socioeconomic
therapy that has been prescribed. ● Accessibility of drugs
● Cultural and social norms
Addiction ● Peer pressure and influence
● addiction has been associated with
substance abuse, such as alcohol and Effects on an individual’s life
other drugs ● Relationships
● recent events point out that adolescents ○ often neglected in favor of the
can be addicted to other forms that addictive behaviour
include a wide range of behaviors such ○ Undermining trust
as problem gambling, sexual activities, ○ Putting pressure
food and eating, exercise, computer ● School
games, video games, shopping and ○ Failing in their academic
work performance
● Behavioral addictions are patterns of ● Appearance and grooming
behavior, which follow a cycle similar to ○ Neglection
that of substance dependence ○ Looks haggard, untidy, and unkept
● This begins with the individual
experiencing pleasure in association Difference between a habit and addiction
with a behavior and seeking that Addiction
behavior out, initially as a way of ● has a psychological/physical component
enhancing their experience of life, and ● In tolerance, the addicted person needs
later, a way of coping with stress. larger and more regular amounts of
○ becomes more frequent and whatever they are addicted to in order to
ritualized, until it becomes a receive the same effect.
significant part of the person's daily ● initial reward is no longer felt, and the
life addiction continues because withdrawal
● An addicted person experience urges or is so unpleasant
cravings to engage in the behavior,
which intensify until the person carries Habit
out the behavior again, usually feeling ● done by choice
relief and elation ● The person with the habit can choose to
● Increasing evidence involving brain stop and will subsequently stop
mechanisms similar to substance-based successfully if they want to
addictions ● psychological/physical component is not
● Advances in neuroimaging showed that an issue as it is with an addiction
the brain’s reward system — based
largely on the neurotransmitter
dopamine — thirsts for more, while
How would you know if you are with addiction may engage in risky activities,
addicted? such as driving fast, or engage in a fight
1. Substance or addictive behavior
dependence - not able to control the use of 7. Dealing with problems - the person with
that substance or behavior. They continue addiction commonly feels they need their
taking or doing it, even though it may cause drugs to deal with their problems.
harm (the individual may or may not be
aware of the potential harm). 8. Obsession - the person with addiction
may spend more and more time and energy
2. Withdrawal symptoms - may trigger focusing on ways of getting hold of their
powerful cravings, physical and substance or behavior, and in some cases
mood-related symptoms, a feeling of being how to use it.
depressed and empty, frustration, anger,
bitterness and resentment, insomnia, 9. Secrecy and solitude - in many cases
constipation or diarrhea, violence, trembling, the person with addiction may take their
seizures, hallucinations, and sweats. substance alone, and even in secret.

3. Addiction continues despite health 10. Denial - a significant number of people

problem awareness - the individual who are addicted are in denial. They are not
continues taking the substance or doing the aware (or refuse to acknowledge) that they
behavior regularly, even though they have have a problem.
developed illnesses linked to it.
11. Excess consumption - consequences
4. Social and/or recreational sacrifices - can be blackouts (cannot remember chunks
some activities are given up because of an of time) or physical symptoms, such as a
addiction to something. sore throat and bad persistent cough (heavy
smokers).
5. Maintaining a good supply - people
who are addicted to a substance will always 12. Dropping hobbies and activities - as
make sure they have a good supply of it, the addiction progresses the individual may
even if they do not have much money. stop doing things he/she used to enjoy a lot.
Sacrifices may be made in the house
budget to make sure the substance is as 13. Having problems with the law - this is
plentiful or the addictive behavior can be more a characteristic of some drug, alcohol
done. and sex addictions. Happens because
addiction impairs judgment.
6. Taking risks (1) - in some cases the
person with addiction may make take risks 14. Financial difficulties - if the substance
to make sure he/she can obtain his/her is expensive the person with addiction may
substance or sex, such as stealing or sacrifice a lot to make sure its supply is
trading sex for money/drugs or sexual secured.
molestations or rape (2) - while under the
influence of some substances the person 15. Relationship problems - these are
more common in any form of addiction
What are the risk factors for addiction? 7. The nature of the substance - some
● regardless of age, sex or social status substances, such as crack, heroin or
can potentially become addicted to cocaine can bring about addiction more
some substances or behaviors, there rapidly than others.
are certain factors which may increase
the risk 8. Age when substance was first
consumed - studies of alcoholism have
1. Genetics (family history) - anybody who shown that people who start consuming a
has a close relative with an addiction drug earlier in life have a higher risk of
a problem has a higher risk of eventually eventually becoming addicted, than those
having one itself. who started later.

2. Gender - a significantly higher 9. Stress - if a person’s stress levels are

percentage of people addicted to a high, there is a greater chance a substance,
substance are males. such as alcohol may be used in an attempt
to blank out the upheaval. Some stress
3. Having a mental illness/condition - hormones are linked to alcoholism.
people with depression, ADHD
(attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder) and 10. How the body metabolizes
several other mental conditions/illnesses (processes) the substance - in cases of
have a higher risk of eventually becoming alcohol, for example, individuals who have a
addicted. higher dose to achieve an effect need have
a higher risk of eventually becoming
4. Peer pressure - trying to conform with addicted.
other members of a group and gain
acceptance can encourage people to take 11. Illness: it has been found that
up the use of potentially addictive prescribed drugs such as valium (calming
substances or addictive behaviors and effect), heroin and morphine (for cancer
eventually become addicted to them. Peer pain) and similar treatment drugs can
pressure is an especially strong factor for eventually result in addiction to that drug.
young people.
The 4D’s of Abnormal Psychology
5. Family behavior - young people who do ● Psychiatric disorders are diagnosed
not have a strong attachment to their through
parents and siblings have a higher risk of
becoming addicted to something one day, 1. DEVIANCE - unusual behaviour
compared to people with deep family 2. DISTRESS - extreme anxiety, sorrow,
attachments. pain
3. DYSFUNCTION - interference with an
6. Loneliness - consumption of substances individual’s life
or engagement in gambling and computer 4. DANGER - harmful behaviours
games as a way of coping; resulting in a
higher risk of addiction.
NOTE: Avoid self-diagnosis! It is best to DE-INSTITUTIONALIZATION
consult a mental health professional ● movement that advocates the transfer of
regarding mental health concerns mentally disabled people from public or
private institutions back to their families/
PSYCHOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS community-based homes
● Research has shown that people with a
mental illness can recover DURING THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT
● may mean that they will not experience ● A policy for state hospitals began
physical or emotional symptoms as ● Three forces drove the movement of
much as they used to, or that the people with severe mental illness from
symptoms go away completely hospitals into the community:
● Recovery is different for everyone ○ belief that mental hospitals were
○ May mean an improvement in their cruel and inhumane;
relationships ○ the hope that new antipsychotic
○ Could be going back to school or medications offered a cure
work ○ and the desire to save money
○ means that having a mental health ● Some people with severe mental illness
problem does not inhibit you from can still be found in deplorable
having a meaningful life environments
○ described as a deeply personal,
unique process of changing one’s COMMUNITY SUPPORT SYSTEM: THE
attitudes, values, feelings, goals, PRELUDE TO THE RECOVERY VISION
skills, and/or roles What is a community support system?
● Recovery from mental illness involves ● includes the entire array of treatment,
much more than recovery from the life support, and rehabilitation services
illness itself needed to assist persons with severe,
● recovering from a mental health problem disabling mental illness to function at
and maintaining positive mental health optimal levels within the community
could prove difficult for people
○ help and support from families, THE EMERGENCE OF PSYCHIATRIC
friends, and the community are REHABILITATION RELIED ON WORLD
necessary HEALTH ORGANIZATION’S 1980
CLASSIFICATION OF THE
INSTITUTIONALIZATION CONSEQUENCES OF DISEASE
Eugenics thinking ● emphasis on treating the consequences
● gained popularity during the early 20th of the illness rather than just the illness
century ● it provided the conceptual framework for
● scientifically erroneous and immoral describing the impact of severe mental
theory of “racial improvement” and illness
“planned breeding.
● Used methods such as involuntary
sterilization, segregation and social
exclusion
○ Sexual Sterilization Act
CONCEPT OF RECOVERY PREVENTION AND EARLY
● Received little attention in both practice INTERVENTIONS
and research with people who have a 1. Identify the mental health problem
severe and persistent mental illness early
● But in actuality, a person with mental ● check on each other once in a while
illness can recover even though the
illness is not “cured” 2. Know when to seek a mental health
intervention and seek it if needed.
THE RECOVERY-ORIENTED MENTAL ● Delaying so allows it to lead to more
HEALTH SYSTEM psychological damage.
● Incorporates the critical services of a
community support system organized 3. Know more about the intervention and
around the rehabilitation model’s show support.
description of the impact of severe ● express your love and support for
mental illness—all under the Recovery him/her
Vision ● Let your friend know you’re there to
● Basic assumptions include listen and to help.
○ recovery can occur without ● Help reduce self and social stigma about
professional intervention mental health by educating yourself and
○ a common denominator of recovery others with mental health facts.
is the presence of people who ● treat your friend with respect,and never
believe in and stand by the person in define him or her by a mental illness
need of recovery diagnosis.
○ a recovery vision is not a function of
one’s theory about the causes of 4. Follow through.
mental illness ● Prevention and intervention do not end
○ recovery can occur even though with simply seeking help.
symptoms reoccur ● It is necessary to conduct follow
○ recovery does not feel like a linear sessions, or to ask your friend how
process he/she is doing in treatment or therapy.
○ recovery from the consequences of ○ Asking about their trials and
the illness is sometimes more milestones lets them know that you
difficult than recovering from the care about his/ her wellbeing and
illness itself serves as a source of motivation for
○ recovery from mental illness does them to continue on their path to
not mean that one was not “really recovery.
mentally ill. ”