Dr.

Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological

University Aurangabad (M.S.)

People’s Education Society’s P.E.S. College of

Engineering, Aurangabad Department of Electronics and
Computer Engineering
 A

Seminar report

On

Brain Chips
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree
Of Electronics

Guided by Submitted by
Prof Dr.Vasudha Syed Saqlain Hussain
Kashirsagar E 44

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that, the Seminar “ Brain Chips” submitted

by Syed Saqlain Hussain has successfully submitted Seminar /
Mini project under my supervision and guidance in partial
fulfillment in F.Y. B.Tech in Electronics and Computer
Engineering and in the academic year 2023 - 2024 of Dr.
Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University,Lonere(Riagad)
and is

being submitted to P. E.S. College of Engineering,

Aurangabad(M.S.).

Place : Aurangabad

Date : 17/5/24
Prof. Dr. Vasudha Kashirsagar
Guide Head of Department

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CONTENTS:

1. Introduction
2. What is blue brain?
3. What is virtual brain?
4. Why we need virtual brain?
5. Function of brain
6. Brain Simulation
7. Hardware and software requirement
8. Current research work
9. Advantage and disadvantage
10. Conclusion

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 INTRODUCTION

Human brain, the most valuable creation of God. The man is called intelligent because of the brain
.Today we are developed because we can think, that other animals can not do .But we loss the
knowledge of a brain when the body is destroyed after the death of man. That knowledge might have
been used for the development of the human society. What happen if we create a brain and up load the
contents of natural brain into it.

“Blue brain” –The name of the world’s first virtual brain. That means a machine that can function as
human brain. Today scientists are in research to create an artificial brain that can think, response, take decision,
and keep anything in memory. The main aim is to upload human brain into machine. So that man can think, take
decision without any effort.

After the death of the body, the virtual brain will act as the man .So, even after the death of a person
we will not loose the knowledge, intelligence, personalities, feelings and memories of that man that
can be used for the development of the human society. No one has ever understood the complexity of
human brain.

It is complex than any circuitry in the world. So, question may arise “Is it really possible to create a
human brain?” The answer is “Yes”. Because what ever man has created today always he has followed
the nature. When man does not have a device called computer, it was a big question for all .But today
it is possible due to the technology. Technology is growing faster than every thing. IBM is now in
research to create a virtual brain. It is called “Blue brain “.If possible, this would be the first virtual
brain of the world.

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What is Blue brain?

The IBM is now developing a virtual brain known as the Blue brain. It would be the
world’s first virtual brain. With in 30 years, we will be able to scan ourselves into the
computers. Is this the beginning of eternal life?

What is Virtual Brain?

We can say Virtual brain is an artificial brain, which does not actually the natural brain,
but can act as the brain .It can think like brain, take decisions based on the past experience, and
response as the natural brain can. It is possible by using a super computer, with a huge amount of
storage capacity, processing power and an interface between the human brain and this artificial
one .Through this interface the data stored in the natural brain can be up loaded into the
computer .So the brain and the knowledge, intelligence of anyone can be kept and used for ever,
even after the death of the person.

Why we need virtual brain?

Today we are developed because of our intelligence. Intelligence is the inborn quality
that can not be created .Some people have this quality ,so that they can think up to such an extent
where other can not reach .Human society is always need of such intelligence and such an
intelligent brain to have with. But the intelligence is lost along with the body after the death. The
virtual brain is a solution to it. The brain and intelligence will alive even after the death.

We often face difficulties in remembering things such as people's names, their birthdays,
and the spellings of words, proper grammar, important dates, history facts, and etcetera. In the
busy life every one want to be relaxed .Can not we use any machine to assist for all these?
Virtual brain may be the solution to it. What if we upload ourselves into computer, we were
simply aware of a computer, or maybe, what if we lived in a computer as a program?

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How it is possible?
First, it is helpful to describe the basic manners in which a person may be uploaded into a
computer. Raymond Kurzweil recently provided an interesting paper on this topic. In it, he
describes both invasive and noninvasive techniques. The most promising is the use of very small
robots, or nanobots. These robots will be small enough to travel throughout our circulatory

systems. Traveling into the spine and brain, they will be able to monitor the activity and structure
of our central nervous system. They will be able to provide an interface with computers that is as
close as our mind can be while we still reside in our biological form. Nanobots could also
carefully scan the structure of our brain, providing a complete readout of the connections
between each neuron. They would also record the current state of the brain. This information,
when entered into a computer, could then continue to function as us.

All that is required is a computer with large enough storage space and processing power. Is the
pattern and state of neuron connections in our brain truly all that makes up our conscious selves?
Many people believe firmly those we posses a soul, while some very technical people believe
that quantum forces contribute to our awareness. But we have to now think technically. Note,
however, that we need not know how the brain actually functions, to transfer it to a computer.
We need only know the media and contents. The actual mystery of how we achieved
consciousness in the first place, or how we maintain it, is a separate discussion.

Really this concept appears to be very difficult and complex to us. For this we have
to first know how the human brain actually works.

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How the natural brain works?
The human ability to feel, interpret and even see is controlled, in computer like calculations, by
the magical nervous system. Yes, the nervous system is quite like magic because we can't see it,
but its working through electric impulses through your body.

One of the worlds most "intricately organized" electron mechanisms is the nervous system. Not
even engineers have come close to making circuit boards and computers as delicate and precise
as the nervous system. To understand this system, one has to know the three simple functions
that it puts into action: sensory input, integration, motor output.

Sensory input:

When our eyes see something or our hands touch a warm surface, the sensory cells, also known
as Neurons, send a message straight to your brain. This action of getting information from your
surrounding environment is called sensory input because we are putting things in your brain by
way of your senses.

Integration:

Integration is best known as the interpretation of things we have felt, tasted, and touched with
our sensory cells, also known as neurons, into responses that the body recognizes. This process is
all accomplished in the brain where many, many neurons work together to understand the
environment.

Motor Output:

Once our brain has interpreted all that we have learned, either by touching, tasting, or using any
other sense, then our brain sends a message through neurons to effecter cells, muscle or gland
cells, which actually work to perform our requests and act upon our environment. The word
motor output is easily remembered if one should think that our putting something out into the
environment through the use of a motor, like a muscle which does the work for our body.

How we see, hear, feel, smell, and take decision:

Nose

Once the smell of food has reached your nose, which is lined with hairs, it travels to an olfactory
bulb, a set of sensory nerves. The nerve impulses travel through the olfactory tract, around, in a
circular way, the thalamus, and finally to the smell sensory cortex of our brain, located between
our eye and ear, where it is interpreted to be understood and memorized by the body.

Eye

Seeing is one of the most pleasing senses of the nervous system. This cherished action primarily
conducted by the lens, which magnifies a seen image, vitreous disc, which bends and rotates an

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image against the retina, which translates the image and light by a set of cells. The retina is at the
back of the eye ball where rods and cones structure along with other cells and tissues covert the
image into nerve impulses which are transmitted along the optic nerve to the brain where it is
kept for memory.

Tongue

A set of microscopic buds on the tongue divide everything we eat and drink into four kinds of
taste: bitter, sour, salty, and sweet. These buds have taste pores, which convert the taste into a
nerve impulse and send the impulse to the brain by a sensory nerve fiber. Upon receiving the
message, our brain classifies the different kinds of taste. This is how we can refer the taste of one
kind of food to another.

Ear

Once the sound or sound wave has entered the drum, it goes to a large structure called the
cochlea. In this snail like structure, the sound waves are divided into pitches. The vibrations of
the pitches in the cochlea are measured by the Corti. This organ transmits the vibration
information to a nerve, which sends it to the brain for interpretation and memory.

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 -: BRAIN SIMULATION:-
Now the question is how to implement this entire natural thing by using artificial things.Here is a
comparative discussion.

Natural Brain Simulated Brain

1. INPUT
1. INPUT
In a similar way the artificial nervous system can be
In the nervous system in our body the neurons
created. The scientist has already created artificial neurons
are responsible for the message passing. The
by replacing them with the silicon chip. It has also been
body receives the input by the sensory cells.
tested that these neurons can receive the input from the
These sensory cells produces electric impulses
sensory cells .So, the electric impulses from the sensory
which are received by the neurons .The neurons
cells can be received through these artificial neurons and
transfer these electric impulses to the brain.
send to a super computer for the interpretation.

2. INTERPRETATION
2. INTERPRETATION
The interpretation of the electric impulses received by the
The electric impulses received by the brain from
artificial neuron can be done by means of a set of register
the neurons are interpreted in the brain .The
.The different values in these register will represent
interpretation in the brain is accomplished by the
different states of the brain.
means of certain states of many many neurons.
3. OUTPUT
3. OUTPUT
Similarly based on the states of the register the output
signal can be given to the artificial neurons in the body
Based on the states of the neurons the brain
which will be received by the sensory cell.
sends the electric impulses representing the
responses which are further received by the
sensory cell of our body to respond. The sensory
cells of which part of our body is going to
receive that, it depends upon the state o f the
neurons in the brain at that time.

Natural Brain Simulated Brain

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 Natural Brain Simulated Brain
4. MEMORY. 4. MEMORY

There are certain neurons in our brain which represent It is not impossible to store the data
certain states permanently. When required these state is permanently by using the
interpreted by our brain and we can remember the past secondary memory .In the similar
things. To remember thing we force the neurons to way the required states of the
represent certain states of the brain permanently or for registers can be stored
any interesting or serious matter this is happened permanently. And when required
implicitly. these information can be retrieved
and used.
5. PROCESSING

When we take decision, think about something, or make 5. PROCESSING

any computation, Logical and arithmetic calculations are
done in our neural circuitry .The past experience stored In a similar way the decision
and the current input received are used and the states of making can be done by the
certain neurons are changed computer by using some stored
to give the output . states and the received input and by
performing some arithmetic and
logical calculations .

Uploading human brain:

The uploading is possible by the use of small robots known as the Nanobots .These robots are
small enough to travel through out our circulatory system. Traveling into the spine and brain,
they will be able to monitor the activity and structure of our central nervous system.

They will be able to provide an interface with computers that is as close as our mind can be
while we still reside in our biological form. Nanobots could also carefully scan the structure of
our brain, providing a complete readout of the connections. This information, when entered into
a computer, could then continue to function as us. Thus the data stored in the entire brain will be
uploaded into the computer.

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CURRENT RESEARCH WORK

1.

IBM, in partnership with scientists at Switzerland's Ecole Polytechnique

Federale de Lausanne's (EPFL) Brain and Mind Institute will begin simulating
the brain's biological systems and output the data as a working 3-dimensional
model that will recreate the high-speed electro-chemical interactions that take
place within the brain's interior.

These include cognitive functions such as language, learning, perception and

memory in addition to brain malfunction such as psychiatric disorders like
depression and autism.

From there, the modeling will expand to other regions of the brain and, if
successful, shed light on the relationships between genetic, molecular and
cognitive functions of the brain.

NEWS: The EPFL Blue Gene was the 8th fastest supercomputer in the world

2.

Researchers at Microsoft's Media Presence Lab are developing a "virtual

brain," a PC-based database that holds a record of an individual's complete
life experience. Called MyLifeBits, the project aims to make this database of
human memories searchable in the manner of a conventional search engine.

"By 2047, almost all information will be in cyberspace including all

knowledge and creative works, said one of the project's leaders, Gordon Bell.

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 3.
According to the new scientist Magazine report Rodrigo Laje and
Gabriel Mindlin of the University of Buenos Aires in Argentina
have devised a computer model of a region of the brain called the
RA nucleus which controls muscles in the lungs and vocal folds.

The model brain can accurately echo the song of a South

American sparrow. The bird sing by forcing air from their lungs
past folds of tissue in the voice box.
Despite the fact the most BCHIs are based on electrical signaling between neurons and
microelectronics sensors, the definition is wide and comprehensive of other technological
approaches. It includes, for example, other physical means of information exchange, such
as those based on chemical or optical signals. In addition, the definition takes into
account that interfacing can occur at different levels, either of individual cells or
ensembles, and that communication can be uni- or bi-directional.

1.2. Levels of brain-chip interfacing

At least three basic levels of brain-chip interfacing are identified on the basis of the
dimensional scale of the biological entities involved: neurons, tissue and brain [2]. At
present, neurons are most frequently interfaced to metal microelectrodes [1], [6] or oxide-
insulated electrical microtransducers (e.g. EOSFETs or Electrolyte-Oxide-
Semiconductor-Capacitors) to record or stimulate their electrical activity in dissociated
cultures [2], [7]. This first-level of interfacing implies that single cells are contacting and
signaling to cell-sized microdevices. A recent and original example of such a BCHI was
proposed within the Brain Storm project (http://www.bio-
ict.org/index.php/projects/brainstorm) where a tight electrical coupling between neurons
and chip was achieved through gold micro-nail shaped microelectrodes that were
engulfed by neurons through a phagocytosis-like mechanism [8]. Large-scale high-
resolution recordings from individual neurons in a network can be obtained, instead,
thanks to a chip featuring a large Multi-Transistor-Array (MTA), as demonstrated with
neuronal networks “in vitro” [9]. A second level of interfacing implements the concept of
establishing an interaction with the brain tissue. This is achieved, usually, by placing a
tissue slice a several hundred micrometers thick in contact with the chip. We report, as an
example, the MTA recording of slices from the rat hippocampus [10]. In these cases,
individual microdevices sample the activity of a population of cells rather than of single
neurons. Signals are in the form of Local-Field-Potentials (LFPs), multi-unit or single-
unit activity. In general, even if single-units can be detected and identified, they originate
from the activity of several neurons distributed in the proximity of the sensor and can be
reduced, therefore, to a population recording scheme. Finally, the third level of
interfacing is represented by chip implants in the brain or other parts of the nervous

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system, such as the spinal cord, peripheral nerves or sensory organs. To this respect,
recent results from the CyberRat project (http://www.cyberrat.eu) show that high-
resolution recording from the rat brain somatosensory cortex can be performed using
MTAs [11].
2. CMOS Chips for Neural Tissue Interfacing
Extracellular recording and stimulation techniques have been developed with the aim of
interfacing (in vitro) neural tissue simultaneously at a number of sites distributed in
space [12]. With this type of approach, the tissue is located in an electrolyte above the
surface of a solid-state chip with the surface of the chip providing voltage-sensitive sites
in a regular spatial arrangement. Moreover, between the tissue and the surface a cleft of
the order of 50 nm thickness is formed. In Fig. 2 depicts two different approaches to form
the voltage-sensitive device: On the left, the site is made by means of a noble metal
electrode, which is connected to further signal-processing circuitry. Commercially
available Multi-Electrodes-Arrays (MEAs) use this approach and separate a number of
such noble metal electrodes arranged within a 2D array from each other in the lateral
direction by an insulating substrate material. Ideally, noble metal electrode and
electrolyte form a capacitor with a very thin so-called Helmholtz double layer
capacitance. Whereas in this case the capacitance per area is very high, so that cleft-
voltage coupling to the electrode is very efficient, the entire surface consists of a
chemically non-homogeneous surface, as electrodes and the insulating material between
the electrodes periodically alternate.

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The electric impulses from the brain that force the lungs had been recorded and when the
equivalent impulses were passed to the computer model of the lungs of the bird it begins to sing
like the bird.

Mr. Mindlin told the weekly science magazine he was surprised that simple instructions
from the brain change a constant signal into a complex series of bursts to produce the intricacies
of birdsong.

He plans to add more brain power to his model which might reveal how birds improve their
songs and learn them from other birds.

He hopes it might one day be possible to use similar models to map the neural [brain]
circuitry of animals without distressing lab experiments - just by recording their calls and
movements, the magazine said.

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ADVANTAGES AND DISADVENTAGES

Advantages:

1. We can remember things without any effort.

2. Decision can be made without the presence of a person.

3. Even after the death of a man his intelligence can be used.

4. The activity of different animals can be understood. That means by interpretation of the
electric impulses from the brain of the animals, their thinking can be understood easily.

5. It would allow the deaf to hear via direct nerve stimulation, and also be helpful for many
psychological diseases. By down loading the contents of the brain that was uploaded into the
computer, the man can get rid from the mad ness.

Disadvantages:

Further, there are many new dangers these technologies will open. We will be susceptible to new
forms of harm.

1. We become dependent upon the computer systems.

2. Others may use technical knowledge against us.

3. Computer viruses will pose an increasingly critical threat.

4. The real threat, however, is the fear that people will have of new technologies. That fear may
culminate in a large resistance. Clear evidence of this type of fear is found today with respect to
human cloning.

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HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIRMENT
1. A super computer.

2. Memory with a very large storing capacity.

3. Processor with a very high processing power.

4. A very wide network.

5. A program to convert the electric impulses from the brain to input signal, which is to be
received by the computer, and vice versa.

6. Very powerful Nanbots to act as the interface between the natural brain and the computer

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CONCLUSION

In conclusion, we will be able to transfer ourselves into computers at some point. Most
arguments against this outcome are seemingly easy to circumvent.

They are either simple minded, or simply require further time for technology to increase. The
only serious threats raised are also overcome as we note the combination of biological and digital
technologies.

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REFERENCE

• www.google.com
• www.wikipedia.com
• www.studymafia.org

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