Q. who is the cabinet minister for law of india ?
Ambedkar, who served in first Nehru ministry during 1947–52. On 18 May 2023, Arjun Ram
Meghwal
Q. who was the originator of ahinsha movement?
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi successfully promoted the principle of Ahimsa to all spheres of
life, in particular to politics. His non-violent resistance movement was revolutionary; it was for the
first time that ahimsa was used as a political weapon to influence the oppressors.
Q.The full form of PIL
Public Interest Litigation.
Q. in which area the main focus in first five year plan?
The First Five-Years Plan's main focus was on agricultural development. India was primarily an
agricultural country at the time of independence.
Q. who head panchayat
Sarpanch is the head of the Gram panchayat.
Q.who was the CJI whose tenure was the longest ll date?
Justice Yeshwant Vishnu Chandrachud served as the 16th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
from 1978 to 1985.
Q. IT act came in which year
The Information Technology Act, 2000 (also known as ITA-2000, or the IT Act) is an Act of the
Indian Parliament (No 21 of 2000) notified on 17 October 2000.
Q. E-governance,here E stand for
In the context of e-governance, the "E" stands for "electronic
Charitable remainder annuity trust (CRAT).
IPL stands for Indian Premier League.
Objective of Lokpal:
The primary objective of the Lokpal is to address and combat corruption within the Indian
government. Here are the key objectives of the Lokpal:
1. **Investigation of Corruption Complaints:** The Lokpal is tasked with investigating complaints of
corruption against public officials, including high-ranking officials such as Members of Parliament,
Ministers, and civil servants.
2. **Prosecution of the Guilty:** Once an investigation is complete, the Lokpal has the authority to
prosecute individuals found guilty of corruption. This includes taking legal action against those
involved in bribery, embezzlement, abuse of power, or other corrupt practices.
3. **Deterrence of Corruption:** The existence of the Lokpal is intended to act as a deterrent to
corruption by creating a credible threat of investigation and prosecution. The fear of facing the
Lokpal is expected to discourage public officials from engaging in corrupt activities.
4. **Promotion of Transparency and Accountability:** The Lokpal aims to promote transparency
and accountability in government functioning. By independently investigating corruption
allegations, it acts as a check on the misuse of power and helps ensure that public officials are
held accountable for their actions.
5. **Redressal for Citizens:** One of the primary goals of the Lokpal is to provide a formal
mechanism for citizens to file complaints against corrupt practices. This gives individuals an
avenue to seek redressal when they encounter corruption in public administration.
6. **Protection of Whistleblowers:** The Lokpal is designed to safeguard whistleblowers who
expose corruption. Protecting individuals who come forward with information about corrupt
practices encourages transparency and helps in building public trust.
7. **Promotion of Ethical Governance:** By investigating and prosecuting corruption cases, the
Lokpal contributes to the promotion of ethical governance. It sends a message that unethical
behavior in public service will not be tolerated.
8. **Enhancement of Public Trust:** Establishing the Lokpal is aimed at enhancing public trust in
government institutions. It demonstrates a commitment to addressing corruption at the highest
levels and ensures that those responsible for corrupt practices are held accountable.
9. **Independence and Impartiality:** The Lokpal is expected to operate independently and
impartially, free from undue influence from the executive or legislative branches. This
independence is crucial for ensuring fair and unbiased investigations.
10. **Establishment of Lokayuktas at the State Level:** The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013,
envisions the establishment of Lokayuktas at the state level. This extends the anti-corruption
mechanism to the state governments, covering a broader spectrum of public administration.
Government of india act 1935
The Government of India Act of 1935 was a significant piece of legislation that marked a crucial
stage in the constitutional development of British India. It was the longest and most detailed
constitutional act enacted by the British Parliament for India.
Key features of the Government of India Act 1935 include:
1. **Federal Structure:** - The act proposed the establishment of a federal structure for India,
with separate provinces and autonomous princely states. The federal structure, however, never
came into operation as the princely states did not accede to it.
2. **Provincial Autonomy:** - The act increased the powers of the provinces, allowing them
greater autonomy in their internal affairs. Provincial governments were given the authority to
legislate on a range of subjects, and they were responsible for their own finances.
3. **Federal Legislature:** - The act established a federal legislature consisting of two houses –
the Council of States (analogous to the Rajya Sabha in the present-day Indian Parliament) and the
Federal Assembly (analogous to the Lok Sabha). Members of the Council of States were to be
indirectly elected by provincial assemblies, while members of the Federal Assembly were to be
elected by direct election.
4. **Governor-General and Executive Council:** - The Governor-General continued to be the head
of the government but was to act on the advice of an Executive Council, with the majority of its
members being elected representatives.
5. **Separation of Powers:** - The act attempted to introduce a separation of powers between
the executive and the legislature at both the federal and provincial levels.
6. **Reserved and Transferred Subjects:** - Legislative powers were divided into "reserved" and
"transferred" subjects. Reserved subjects were to be administered by the Governor-General and
his Executive Council, while the provinces had legislative powers over transferred subjects.
7. **Emergency Provisions:**- The act provided for emergency powers, allowing the Governor-
General to assume vast powers in case of a proclaimed emergency.
8. **Abolition of Diarchy:** - The system of diarchy (dual government) that existed in the provinces
under the Government of India Act 1919 was abolished.
Despite its comprehensive provisions, the Government of India Act 1935 was not fully
implemented. World War II intervened, and political circumstances changed, leading to the
demand for a new constitutional framework after the war. Eventually, India gained independence in
1947, and the newly formed Constituent Assembly framed the Constitution of India, which came
into effect on January 26, 1950.
what will you do after become pm?
**Objective of the IT Act:**
1. **Legal Recognition of Electronic Transactions:** The IT Act aims to provide legal recognition to
electronic transactions, making electronic records and digital signatures equivalent to their paper-
based counterparts.
2. **Promotion of E-Governance:** The Act encourages government bodies to adopt electronic
means for internal processes and the delivery of public services, with the goal of improving
efficiency and transparency.
3. **Digital Signatures:** It establishes a legal framework for the use of digital signatures, ensuring
secure authentication and verification of electronic documents and transactions.
4. **Regulation of Certifying Authorities:** The Act regulates certifying authorities issuing digital
signatures, setting standards and procedures for issuance and revocation to enhance the reliability
and security of digital signatures.
5. **Cybercrime Prevention and Punishment:** The Act defines and penalizes various cybercrimes,
including unauthorized access, hacking, and the transmission of computer viruses, aiming to deter
such activities.
6. **Data Protection and Privacy:** It includes provisions for the protection of personal data,
outlining obligations for entities collecting and processing data and establishing principles for the
lawful handling of personal information.
7. **Establishment of Cyber Appellate Tribunal:** The Act provides for the establishment of a Cyber
Appellate Tribunal to hear appeals against decisions related to cyber offenses, offering a legal
recourse for aggrieved parties.
8. **Intermediary Liability:** It addresses the liability of intermediaries for content hosted on their
platforms, striking a balance between user interests, content providers, and the responsibility of
intermediaries for certain illegal activities.
9. **Promotion of Electronic Commerce:** The Act facilitates electronic commerce by providing a
legal framework for electronic contracts and transactions, recognizing electronic documents and
supporting the use of electronic means in commercial activities.
10. **Protection of Critical Information Infrastructure:** The Act includes provisions to protect
critical information infrastructure against cyber threats, acknowledging the importance of
safeguarding essential systems and networks.
**Drawbacks of the IT Act:**
1. **Outdated Legislation:** The Act, enacted in 2000, may be outdated and might not fully
address the evolving challenges of the digital landscape.
2. **Ambiguity in Provisions:** Some provisions are criticized for being vague or ambiguous,
leading to challenges in interpretation and enforcement.
3. **Limited Data Protection Framework:** While the Act includes provisions on data protection,
there is a need for a more comprehensive data protection law to address privacy concerns
adequately.
4. **Enforcement Challenges:** Enforcement of cybercrime provisions can be challenging, and
there are concerns about the adequacy of law enforcement capabilities to address sophisticated
cyber threats.
5. **Intermediary Liability Concerns:** Ongoing debates exist regarding the extent of responsibility
that intermediaries should bear for content posted on their platforms.
6. **Limited Penalties:** Some argue that penalties prescribed for certain offenses may not be
sufficiently deterrent, and there is a need for stronger penalties for cybercrimes.
7. **Challenges in International Cooperation:** Cooperation with other countries in addressing
cybercrimes may be challenging, given the international nature of many cyber threats.
8. **Limited Public Awareness:** Many individuals and businesses may not be fully aware of their
rights and responsibilities under the Act, indicating a need for increased public awareness.
Addressing these drawbacks requires continuous amendments and the introduction of
complementary legislation to ensure that the legal framework remains relevant and effective in the
dynamic digital landscape.
E-governance, meaning 'electronic governance' is using information and communication
technologies (ICTs) (such as Wide Area Networks, the Internet, and mobile computing) at various
levels of the government and the public sector and beyond, for the purpose of enhancing
governance.
Electronic governance or e-governance implies government functioning with the application of ICT
(Information and Communications Technology). Hence e-Governance is basically a move towards
SMART governance implying: simple, moral, accountable,responsive and transparent governance.
What are Fundamental Rights?
Fundamental rights are the basic human rights enshrined in the Constitution of
India which are guaranteed to all citizens. They are applied without discrimination on
the basis of race, religion, gender, etc. Significantly, fundamental rights are
enforceable by the courts, subject to certain conditions.
Why are they called Fundamental Rights?
These rights are called fundamental rights because of two reasons:
1. They are enshrined in the Constitution which guarantees them.
2. They are justiciable (enforceable by courts). In case of a violation, a person can approach a
court of law.
6 Fundamental Rights of India
In this section, we list the fundamental rights of India and briefly describe each of them.
1. Right to Equality (Articles 14 – 18)
The right to equality is one of the important fundamental rights of the Indian
Constitution that guarantees equal rights for everyone, irrespective of religion, gender,
caste, race or place of birth. It ensures equal employment opportunities in the
government and insures against discrimination by the State in matters of employment
on the basis of caste, religion, etc. This right also includes the abolition of titles as well
as untouchability.
Aspirants can read more about the Right to Equality in the linked article.
2. Right to Freedom (Articles 19 – 22)
Freedom is one of the most important ideals cherished by any democratic society. The
Indian Constitution guarantees freedom to citizens. The freedom right includes many
rights such as:
Freedom of speech
Freedom of expression
Freedom of assembly without arms
Freedom of association
Freedom to practise any profession
Freedom to reside in any part of the country
Read more on the Right to Freedom in the linked article.
Some of these rights are subject to certain conditions of state security, public morality
and decency and friendly relations with foreign countries. This means that the State
has the right to impose reasonable restrictions on them.
Aspirants can find the details on Right to Life (Article 21), in the linked article.
3. Right against Exploitation (Articles 23 – 24)
This right implies the prohibition of traffic in human beings, begar, and other forms of
forced labour. It also implies the prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc.
The Constitution prohibits the employment of children under 14 years in hazardous
conditions.
Read more on the Right against Exploitation in the linked article.
4. Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25 – 28)
This indicates the secular nature of Indian polity. There is equal respect given to all
religions. There is freedom of conscience, profession, practice and propagation of
religion. The State has no official religion. Every person has the right to freely practice
his or her faith, and establish and maintain religious and charitable institutions.
Read more on the Right to Freedom of Religion in the linked article.
5. Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29 – 30)
These rights protect the rights of religious, cultural and linguistic minorities, by
facilitating them to preserve their heritage and culture. Educational rights are for
ensuring education for everyone without any discrimination.
Read more on Cultural and Educational Rights in the linked article.
6. Right to Constitutional Remedies (32 – 35)
The Constitution guarantees remedies if citizens’ fundamental rights are violated. The
government cannot infringe upon or curb anyone’s rights. When these rights are
violated, the aggrieved party can approach the courts. Citizens can even go directly to
the Supreme Court which can issue writs for enforcing fundamental rights.
Read more on the Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32) in the linked article.
All civil services exam aspirants must go through the features of the Fundamental
Rights discussed further below in this article.
