c1.

Discuss the factors that led to the rise of nationalism in southern Rhodesia
among Africans from 1898-1965.
 Land alienation / exploitation / creation of reserves – Land Apportionment Act
(LAA).
 Loss of sovereignty / loss of traditional powers by chiefs.
 Job colour – bar reservation, skilled, semi – skilled for whites and unskilled
labour and low salaries for Africans according to the Industrial Conciliation
Act (1934).
 Brutalities e.g. at work places.
 Pass Laws – restricting freedom of movement.
 Lack of voting rights – inadequate parliamentary representation.
 Educational bottlenecks / racial imbalances in education / racists education
e.g. group A and B schools.
 Forced labour e.g. in mines, public works.
 Taxation – hut tax, cattle tax, etc.
 Poor working conditions – low salaries / wages, not allowed to form trade
unions, poor housing, unhealthy working conditions.
 Colonial Legislation – Masters and Servants Act (1901), Maize Control Act
(1934), Land Husbandry Act (1951).

2. Discuss the results of the partition and colonisation of Africa by European

powers.
Positive Results
 Spread of Christianity and Education.
 Introduction of new methods of Farming.
 A wide variety of food for the people – increase in population.
 New medicines, hospitals and clinics – increase in population.
 Construction of roads and railways.
 Growth of towns, industries and new forms of employment.
 End of slave trade and slavery – indigenous people needed in Africa to work in
the mines, farms and industries in Africa itself.
 Negative Results
 Loss of independence and power by the local indigenous rulers.
 European exploitation and plundering of African resources.
 African natural resources taken to Europe to develop European
Industries and European wealth and Capitalism.
 Undermining of traditional society, culture and religion.
 Wars and loss of life during the Partition and Colonisation as Africans were
resisting the partition.
 Africans were dispossessed off their land and freedom.
 Drastically change in Africa‟s political structure.
 Africans were discriminated against and were politically and socially oppressed.

3. Discuss the social and economic achievements of the Zimbabwean

government between 1980 and 1990.
Social achievements:
Education:
 Reconstruction of schools.
 Building new schools.
 Expansion of primary and secondary education.
 Expansion of technical education, teacher training and
 University education.
Health:
 Additional health facilities i.e. clinics and hospitals.
 Training of more health personnel.
 Employment of expatriate personnel.
 Free health services up to 1990.
Social Welfare facilities:
 School fees, hospital fees, catering for the blind and disabled, drought relief.
Co-operatives:
 Social and economic, to encourage people to work together, irrigation schemes,
poultry projects, bread making, sewing and knitting cooperatives.
Legislation:
 Legal age of majority Act – 18 years. Voting and independent decisions, human
rights, freedom of expression, Labour Relations Act.
Economic Achievements:
 Subsidies on basic commodities.
 Parastatals, expansion of economic Activities and employment.
 Government shares in strategic industries e.g. NRZ, ZISCO, ZESA, and Hwange
Colliery.
 Resettlement of peasant farmers.
 Price controls.
 Minimum Wage Act 1980.
 Training of manpower – ZIMDEF.
Agricultural expansion.
4.Discuss the social; political and economic post independence development
in Zimbabwe from 1980-1990.
Social:
Education:
 Reconstruction of schools destroyed during the War.
 Infrastructural Development such as primary, secondary, tertiary and vocational
institutions.
 ZINTEC programmes to alleviate teacher shortage.
 Free Education (primary), compulsory education, and mass education.
 Expansion of enrolment at all educational institutions.
 Employment of expatriate teachers.
 Free social services ceased with the introduction of IMF- induced ESAP (1990).
Health:
 Reconstruction of health facilities destroyed during the War.
 Additional health facilities built, that is, clinics & hospitals.
 Licensing of private players in the health sector.
 Deliberate attempt to expand Health Human Resources that is training more
health personnel.
 Employment of expatriate health personnel.
 Free medical service up to 1990.
 Provision of contraceptive/family planning.
 Free social services ceased with IMF-induced ESAP (1990).
 Social welfare facilities providede.g. school fees, hospital fees
Catering for the blind and disabled.
Co-operatives:
 These were encouraged e.g. irrigation schemes & various projects such as
poultry.
Economic:
 Subsidies on basic commodities e.g. mealie-meal.
 Infra-structural development e.g. roads, dams, bridges, etc.
 Oriented markets were taken to the people e.g. GMB, CMB depots.
 Government participation in major industries through acquisition of shares e.g.
NRZ, ZISCO, and ZESA.
 Resettlement of peasants e.g. 52 000 resettled by 1989 (Robin Palmer), though a
far cry from initially intended target of 162 000.
 Price controls put in place.
 Minimum wages promulgated – Minimum Wage Act (1980) making random /
wanton retrenchment difficult – needed Ministerial approval.
 Deliberate attempt by the Government to boost training of manpower e.g.
ZIMDEF.
 Donor funding to promote economic development e.g. ZIMCORD.
Political:
 Blacks got into corridors of power.
 Enfranchising the blacks.
 Integration of the Army.
 Political pluralism (ZUM, ZANU NDONGA).
 Dissident problem - ethnic skirmishes (security).
 Unity Accord – 1987.
 Creation of Executive Presidency.
 RENAMO menace.
 South Africa de-stabilisation.
 Adoption of socialism as the countries ideology.
5. Explain the meaning and purpose of:
(a). The National Flag
 (b). The National Anthem
The National Flag
Was worked out at independence and has the following Features:
Colours
 Green - representing the country‟s Agriculture and Vegetation [Flora & Fauna].
 Red – representing the blood of Heroes shed during the War of liberation.
 Black – representing the Black majority of Zimbabwe.
 Yellow –representing the country‟s mineral wealth.
 White – Peace and Reconciliation, which came with the Independence of
Zimbabwe.
 The Red Star – The country‟s Socialist Ideals.
 The Zimbabwe Bird – Our distant Origins and powers in History and Civilisation.
Purpose and Significance:
 Carries the important message of peace, freedom, equality, co-operation and
independence.
 An achievement which marked the end of the War and independence
 Represent Statehood and maturity.
 Indicates the authority and the existence of the State of Zimbabwe
 Indicates / States the Sovereignty of Zimbabwe.
 Promotes unity and nationalism.
 Reminds us of the country‟s resources.
The National Anthem:
Introduction
Was written by Professor Solomon Mutsvairo of the University of Zimbabwe and is in
three languages, Shona, Ndebele and English. It is sang every morning on the ZTV,
at National gatherings, the opening of Sporting Festivals, at Schools Assemblies and
at Football Tournaments involving Zimbabwe Soccer National team and teams from
other countries.
Purpose of the National Anthem:
 Reminds the nation that it was born out of War of Liberation.
 That Zimbabwe was born out of the blood of our heroes.
 It calls on the citizens to be prepared to defend the nation against all foes.
 It praises God to bless the land.
 It is the rallying point of the nation.
 It unites and inspires the people.
 It cultivates and promotes nationalism.
 It cultivates patriotism.
 It encourages commitment to national development.
6. Explain the causes and objectives of the third Chimurenga?
Introduction:
The Third Chimurenga is the struggle by the people of Zimbabwe to regain
possession of the means of production, e.g. land that had largely been in the hands
of the white settlers for more than one hundred years. This struggle is a follow-up to
the First and Second Chimurenga especially of the latter, which brought about
political independence.
Causes of the Third Chimurenga:
The Lancaster House Agreement
 Which legalised the maintenance and continued possession of the land by the
settlers.
 Controlled the legislative competency and sovereignty of the new State through
the “willing seller, willing buyer” clause, which was not meaningfully implemented.
 Britain‟s failure to honour the Lancaster Agreement by not funding the Land
Reform.
 Continued economic marginalisation of the indigenous people.
 The Land Donor Conference of 1998 and failure by the donors to fund the land
reform programme.
 White settlers and the British support for the opposition party, which was against
the land reform programme.
Objectives of the Third Chimurenga:
 To repossess and re-distribute land among the landless indigenous people of
Zimbabwe.
 To emphasise the country‟s sovereignty and independence.
 To fight neo – colonialism and remove the vestiges of imperialism.
 To gain possession of other means of production.
 To encourage the indigenous people to participate in all the business and
economic Activities of the country.
 To facilitate the possession of capital with which to start a business.
 To translate the victory in armed combat of the Second Chimurenga into a social
and economic victory.
7. “Every individual in a State is expected to carryout civic responsibilities”
State any five civic responsibilities and explain their meaning and purpose?
Definition:
Civic responsibilities are the social, economic and political and cultural obligations
and responsibilities that every citizen is expected to carryout in the society for his/her
benefit and for the common good of the country.
Civic Responsibility
Diseases And Health Management
Personally avoiding drugs and excessive drinking in order to be productive and
maintain good healthy relations with others. To assist in preventing the spread of
diseases such as AIDS, EBOLA, SARS, etc. by avoiding irresponsible behaviour.
Disaster Management
Helping by donating food, clothes and shelter to victims of disasters.
Preventing the occurrence of accidents at work so as to help in controlling injury and
destruction of property and equipment.
Defending The Nation
Spreading the good name of the country, Paying tax to assist in building public
revenue, preserving cultural value and being patriotic.
Economic Responsibilities
Working hard and being productive, being creative, establishing businesses, using
resources economically, exposing corruption and theft.
Political Civic Responsibilities
The citizens must be constructive in political discussion, registering as a voter and
voting in all elections, Cherishing and respecting unity and national heritage and
respecting and tolerating other races, tribes, religions, opinions and beliefs.
8. Discuss the impact of NGOs in Zimbabwe
Positive(Economic Impact)
 Employment creation for locals and externals.
 Project funding.
 Improvement in the standard of living.
  Providing assistance in times of disasters e.g. drought, floods, earthquakes,
cyclones, etc.
Social Impact:
 Donation medical equipment and drugs to fight chronic diseases e.g. Aids, Ebola,
Sars, etc.
 Education on health and hygiene.
 Offering educational assistance to orphans and the underprivileged.
 Child feeding in rural areas.
Negative Impact:
 Sponsoring opposition parties.
 Representing the interests of their mother countries.
 Dumping products.
 Testing of drugs on people.
 Encouraging the dependency syndrome of locals.
9. Discuss the role of the media in Zimbabwe and how it has shaped the
perceptions and values of Zimbabwe Society?
The Role Of The Media
 Entertain the masses/people.
 Educate the masses.
 Inform the public.
Extended Role of the Media
 Shape perceptions.
 Create opinions
 Shape response patterns to issues.
 Peers the public positive and pragmatic thinking.
 Influence thinking and decision-making.
The media in the contemporary world:
 Propagate Cultural values from foreign countries.
 Propagate Global issues with elusive principles.
 Imposition of ideologies e.g. neo – liberalism, moral values e.g. homosexuality and
military protest.
 Politicising of socio- economic issues e.g. land issue of Zimbabwe.
Impact on shaping perceptions in Zimbabwe
  Media has cultivated negative opinions.
 Built self-denial in Zimbabweans.
 Lack of identity.
10. Justify the 1998 Land acquisition process
Social Reasons
 A society is identified by the ownership of resources particularly land.
 Need of re-distribution of land equitably.
 Population pressure especially in communal areas.
 Create space for urban infrastructural development especially accommodation.
Political:
 Land was the major grievance of the first and second Chimurenga.
 Failure of the Lancaster House Agreement.
 Failure of Land Amendment Act (1992).
 1998 Land Donor Conference
Economics
 Land is the major means of production for Zimbabwe and need to transform
political liberation to economic liberation by empowering the black majority.
 Land reform was necessary to gain control and access to strategic resources like
minerals, flora and fauna which were/still in the hands of a minority white
population.
 Need to utilise idle land so as to achieve optimum economic growth.
11. Anglo companies continue to dominate the economy of Zimbabwe. Outline
the BSAC economic Activities from 1890 – 1923
There are about at least 450 Anglo- Companies operating and controlling strategic
economic sectors in Zimbabwe.
Basic Economic Activities
Mining
 Primary economic Activity from the company.
 Precious minerals such as gold, iron and copper.
 Gave settlers‟ concessions, but BSAC retained exclusive rights to buy and sell
minerals.
Agriculture
 Gained priority after failure to secure minerals.
 Legislative support for settler Agriculture at the expense of African Sector e.g.
Land Bank Act, European Produce Act.
 Dispossession of Africans of land and translocation them to reserves.
Trade
 Realigned local trade to South Africa, in place of the Portuguese along Zambezi
River that had been in existence before the Settler occupation.
 Traded in goods such as minerals, livestock, food commodities, etc.
 Imposition of trade barriers to stop African involvement.
Allocation
 Imposition of a variety of taxes on Africans e.g. hut tax, poll tax, dog tax, cattle
levy, dip tank tax, etc.
 Revenue would assist in the Administration and Development of the Colony.
 Taxes meant to stop African Entrepreneurship and to force them to labour in
European farms and mines.
Responsible Government (1923)
 Ensured that British interest would remain dominant
12. Discuss The Steps, Which Were Taken In The Colonisation Of Zimbabwe
From 1880-1889
 Scramble for territories by European powers to end imperial and industrial
ambitions. These powers included Britain, Portugal, Belgium, German and
France.
 In Zimbabwe numerous explorers, hunters, adventurers, missionaries and
concession seekers appeared.
Berlin Conference 1884
 Delimitation of the Sphere of Influence.
 Doctrine of effective occupation.
 Resolutions fostered Active interests in areas occupied by Boers, Portuguese and
British.
Grobler Treaty 1887
 Diplomatic Treaty by Transvaal Republic and Ndebele State.
 Defensive pack.
 Create friendship between two States.
 To protect all Boer citizens.
 To get a way to the sea/coast.
Moffat Treaty 1888
 Diplomatic treaty between British and Ndebele State.
 Led to the cancellation of the Grobler Treaty.
 Lobengula agreed not to enter into any diplomatic negotiations with any other
foreign power without British knowledge and consent at the Cape.
 British would protect Ndebele from Foreign Aggression.
Rudd Concession 1888 (October)
 Signed by Lobengula and Charles Rudd and his party.
 Terms:Lobengula and other Ndebele leaders were to receive a monthly pension
of £100.
 1000 rifles/guns.
 100 000 rounds of ammunition.
 A gunboat to patrol the Zambezi River in order to stop the Portuguese.
To Rhodes
 Rights to metals and minerals in Lobengula‟s Kingdom.
 Right to do anything they deemed necessary in the Ndebele State.
 To dig one hole.
13. Justify the rise of mass nationalism from 1948 – 1978
Introduction: African resented their loss of independence.
Grievances / Causes
 Long standing political and economic issues remained unresolved.
 Negative effects of successive settler legislation on land distribution e.g. Land
Apportionment Act; Land Husbandry Act, Land Tenure Act.
 Dispossession of Traditional Territories and translocation to overcrowded dry,
tsetse fly infested reserves fuelled the resentment.
 Loss of major means of production.
Issues
 Resentment of coercive labour resentment tactics like Chibharo.
 Resentment over unfair labour legalisation e.g. passes laws, industrial
Cancellation Act.
 Rise of militant Trade Unions in 1940s as a reaction to settler indifference to
labour problems.
 Violent / ruthless suppression of African strikes and repressive laws.
 Discrimination at work places and repressive laws.
 Rise to independence / loss of independence.
 Political.
14. Identify 5 Acts Of Parliament Used To Disadvantage
Indigenous People From 1898 – 1975
 (Native Reserves Order Council 1898.
 Hut Tax 1903.
 Dog Tax and Land Bank Acts 1912.
 European Produce Act 1917.
 Morris Charter Commission 1925.
 Land Apportionment Act 1934.
 Cattle Levy Act 1934.
 Industrial Conciliation Act 1934.
 Racial discrimination 1934.
 Maize Control Act.
 Land Husbandry Act 1951.
15. Discuss three major Legislative Provisions or Instruments that led to the
marginalisation of the Native Africans in the then Rhodesia from 1898-1965.
The Land Apportionment Act of 1930
This Act disadvantaged and marginalised Africans because of the following:
 It legalised the displacements of Africans from large, rich fertile & prime regions.
 It led to unfair land distribution.
 More land was given to few whites, e.g., 4,9million acres to 100 000 whites.
 Prime or virgin land to whites.
 Less land to the black majority in regions 4 and 5 that are hot, dry, tsetse fly
infested, infertile and with very low rainfall (28.6million acres).
 It impoverished the blacks as they produced little in the poor areas.
 It led to overcrowding in African areas leading to pressure on the land, such as
overgrazing.
 Kept blacks politically inactive due to stringent requirements according to property
and income.
Industrial Conciliation Act
 It led to low salaries for blacks.
 Denied blacks the right to join trade Unions.
 Reserved higher paying jobs for the whites (skilled and semi-skilled).
 Restricted skilled training to whites.
The land Husbandry Act
 It limited land ownership among Africans in reserves to between 5-8 acres of land
per person and this led to poor harvests and lower productivity as the Africans
had little land in poor areas.
 It limited the number of cattle per African to less than 12 in some cases to less
than 6.
 The limited number of cattle also impoverished the Africans.
 The poverty drove Africans into towns and farms to look for employment.
16. Discuss The Causes Of The Slave Trade And Its Effects On The African
Continent:
Slavery is the highest level of degrading another human being. Slavery is as ancient
as human existence. Slave trade was the capture and sale of, especially of Africans
by Arabs and Europeans to Asia, Europe, South and North America and the
Caribbean‟s. Slavery and Slave Trade in Africa began about 700 A.D. and lasted
until 1805. Biblically slave trade existed, that is, Pyramids in Egypt were built through
slave labour.
Causes Of Slave Trade
European labour was consolidated to be unsuitable because:
 The European Population was sparse and it was felt that it should be allowed to
grow bigger.
 The Industrialists needed the European labour to work in the mines and
industries, which were expanding fast.
 Exporting labour from Europe at that time would have had a negative effect on
the infant capitalist economy.

The Indigenous Population Of The Las Americas Was Deemed Unsuitable

Because:
 It had been reduced drastically as a result of its first contact with Europeans
because it was not immune to the new diseases such as small pox brought by
these strangers.
 Much of the indigenous population, which was enslaved, failed to adapt to the
rigorous life of slave trade.
Africans Were Favoured Because They
 Were accustomed to settled farming and mining societies with discipline labour
demands.
 It was believed that they were strong and industrious.
 Africans had been in contact with Europeans for a long time and had developed
immunity to some diseases brought by the whites.
Effects Of Slave Trade On The African Continent
Estimated total numbers of slaves located is about 15 000 000 lives.
 It promoted civil Wars amongst African Kingdoms to unbelievable levels.
 Great reduction of population in Africa.
 Loss of African labour force (the young able-bodied men and women were the
target).
 Brain drain from Africa-the captured were farmers, miners, traders, artisans,
entrepreneurs, etc. who were exported to Europe, Asia and the Las Americas.
 Established a system of International Trade where Africa exported human labour
in exchange for whatever goods Europeans were prepared to sell.
 Entrenched capitalism as a world economic system whose terms of trade were
controlled by Europeans.
 Sowed the roots of Africa‟s underdevelopment and dependence of goods
manufactured in Europe.
 Provided resources for Europe‟s development.
 Gave birth to racism e.g. African‟s inferiority and European superiority.
 Gave birth to Multi-National companies with branches and subsidiaries all
over the world, trading monopolies who have a large inflorescence on polices
of their governments.
17. „Peace And Unity’ Has Been In Existence Before Colonisation And Was
More Consolidated In Zimbabwe. Evaluate This Statement In The
Context Of The Existence Of The Pre-Colonial States With Specific
 Reference To The Political, Economic And Social Aspects Of The
People.
Political Peace And Unity Existed Due To
 Chiefs under Mambo and Mzilikazi showed allegiance (loyalty) to the capital ruler.
 Allegiance (loyalty) was in several ways depending on specialisation. i.e. hunters
paid using the animal skins, ivory. Agriculturalist paid using agricultural labour,
crops or grains; miners paid using minerals, etc.
 The use of the advisory Council by the Mambo and Mzilikazi showed that peace
and unity was consolidated since this was a traditional democratic system of
governance, which involved other people.
 Power was decentralised, that is, it involved kraal heads, village chiefs, and etc.
 The Dare concept consolidated peace in the sense that the Mambo /King would
get advice from the People.
 The civilians supported the Army in maintaining Law & order.
 The use of many advisors & Ministers by the Mambo.
 Mambos and Kings were believed to represent God.
Socially Peace and Unity Existed Due To
 The non-existence of classes in the Shona society created peace and unity.
 Advisory Council was made up of the elders noted for their wisdom on traditional
custom and History.
 Intermarriages brought peace and unity and increased the size of the clan.
 Religious ceremonies, which recognised the existence of Mwari the creator of all
things whom all people worshipped. The Ndebele even adopted the Shona way
of worshipping.
 Recognition of succession ceremonies.
 Zundera Mambo concept- it was the responsibility of the King to see to it that no
one died of famine/drought. Again the concept encouraged collective work.
 Family was nucleus & was the foundation of the nation.

Economically Peace & Unity Existed Due To

 Collective ownership of wealthy, e.g. land and even the King redistributed the
tribute.
 Payment of tribute, which the King redistributed during a drought or famine.
 Domestic and international trade.
 Subsistence farming/agriculture done when there was peace and unity.
18. Discuss Any Five Effects Of Colonisation To Africa?
Negatives
 Balance of trade disequilibria, that is, negative trade relations between Africa and
European countries during and after colonisation through a new form of
relationship called neo-colonialism.
 Dependence on European Economies.
 Underdevelopment of Africa since there was no technological transfer to facilitate
industrialisation.
 Cultural destruction.
 Loss of individual and national identity by Africans during and after colonisation.
 Exploitation and depletion of Africa‟s natural resources without benefit to Africa or
plundering of Africa‟s natural Resources.
 Super enrichment and development of Europe and their extensions in Africa and
Australia
 Loss of independence by Africans
Positives
 Brought education through Mission Schools
 Infrastructural Development e.g. Communication lines
 Introduction of Modern medicine
 Christianity
 Civilisation
19. Trace The Development Of Mass Political Parties In Colonial Southern
Rhodesia Between 1955 And 1963?
1955 – there was the development or formation of the City Youth League by
impatient young politicians such as George Nyandoro, James Chikerema, Edson
Sithole, among others. It organised protest marches.
 1957- New ANC (African National Congress) was a merger between old ANC and
the City Youth League led by Joshua Nkomo. It demanded majority rule. It
organised mass resistance against the Land Husbandry Act urging Peasants not
to corporate with the settler government. In towns it organised mass protests and
demonstrations. 1960-January-National Democratic Party (NDP) was formed with
 Michael Mawema as President holding on for Joshua Nkomo. They demanded
one-man one vote and majority rule, held mass demonstrations.
 1961-Constitution allowed the Blacks into Parliament and this divided the NDP as
some were happy with the constitution and others were not/rejected it as
inadequate. NDP was banned in 1961
 1961-Zimbabwe‟s African peoples Union (ZAPU) was formed with the same
leadership as NDP. They encouraged Acts of arson and sabotage. Members
agreed to remain as ZAPU even if it was banned. However, ZAPU split when
Joshua Nkomo suspended some members, e.g. Malinga, Mugabe, Sithole and
Takawira.
 1963-Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) was formed under the leadership
of Ndabanengi Sithole and its first Secretary was R.G. Mugabe.
b) Why Did Africans In Southern Rhodesia Fail To Secure Independence
By 1965?
 Leaders put too much faith in Britain‟s ability to solve their problems.
 Britain was unwilling to give up a developed country like Rhodesia with a lot of
white man‟s investment to in experienced black rulers
 Southern Rhodesia was being ruled by white who were determined to continue
ruling
 African political leaders were arrested and detained at a time others were being
given independence
 UDI blocked any hope for independence
The federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland also strengthened the whites
Questions for discussion
 Is there any truth in the often-heard statement that “African Kings of the 19th
Century sold their Kingdoms to the Europeans for the love of goods from Europe?
 Could the colonisation of Africa in 19th century have been prevented?
 Why was the Berlin Conference of 1884 - 5 held, and which countries
participated, and what resolutions were made at this conference? What were the
effects of these resolutions?
Study the map of the partitioned Africa and identify the colonial
powers of all the African states.
LEGAL AND PARLIAMENTARY STUDIES
1. Most developing countries are said to be lawless countries by the
developed States especially United States and United Kingdom. “The Rule
of Law is a subjective Statement” Discuss
The rule of law is a subjective Statement because it depends on whose
interest/taste/side/opinion you are, etc.
 Law is not universally acceptable.
 Rule of law refers to the Adherence to:
 Governance Principles.
 Democratic principles.
 Human rights recognition.
 Consistent application of legal instruments within a Sovereign State.
 The term rule of law becomes controversial.
N.B. Students to take note of the fact that developed countries have certain
interests in the developing countries. Therefore students should identify those
interests and then apply them in an attempt to answer the question. For example,
third world leaders who do not adhere to the interests of the super powers are
perceived lawless. Such leaders are then demonised by the west, could be removed
from power, and in their place puppets leaders are installed. All this is done to further
their interests.
 The following raw materials are in Great demand by the Developed world:
 Oil/petroleum in such countries like Iraq, Iran, Saudi Arabia (The Middle East).
 Uranium in Zimbabwe.
 Platinum in Zimbabwe.
 Diamonds in DRC.
 Rubber DRC.
 Gold.
 Land in Zimbabwe, etc.
Again consider the characteristics/principles that comprise or govern the rule of law,
in such countries like Zimbabwe.
2. Describe the main functions of the Executive
 Executive Authority is vested in the President.
 He upholds the constitution.
 Appoints cabinet Ministers
 Has prerogative of mercy.
 Has the power to proclaim public emergencies.
 Appoints the judiciary.
 Represents the nation.
 Make laws through decrees
 He ascends to all legislation.
3. Describe the main sources of law:
Customs law / Natural law
 These are behaviour patterns man developed according to his instincts and
the rules of conduct he adopts to meet environmental challenges (social customs
and legal customs that include African /Traditional Customs, Societal values,
Norms, Beliefs, etc.)
 It is the constant application and repetition of habits that leads to the
development of firm customs, which all members of the community are obliged to
comply.
 Social customs show duties that may be obeyed
 Legal customs show duties that must be obeyed
Judicial precedent
 It is where a previous judicial decision in a novel case serves as a rule or guide
for similar cases to heard in the future. ( In novel cases where a legal rule exists,
a case may be decided on set precedents, that is, used judge‟s principles,
prudence and wise counsel.).
 Once court has given a ruling concerning the legal position applicable in a
particular set of circumstances, this ruling becomes the law for the future.
Legislation /statute
 The law making process through parliament, crafting of binding rules of law in a
precise well-defined form by a body legally constituted. (A person or body of
persons having power to pass laws that keeps pace with the changing conditions
in a community.)
 Creates laws known as Acts or statutes and it has the power to amend or repeal /
cancel laws already in existence.
 It is the most important and modern sources of law
 Also has statutory instruments or subsidiary legislation, which are enactments
that provide for detailed Administration of the Act and implementation of Principles,
involved, e.g. Rules Proclamations, By-laws, Orders and Notices.
 Debate and passed by Parliament, Acts, Statutory Instruments Proclamations,
By–Laws, Delegated Authorities, Orders, Statutes etc.
Roman Dutch
 It is function of the ancient Roman law and Dutch customary practices.
 Roman Law spread with e spread of the Roman Empire. Thus as the Romans
occupied the Netherlands, they spread their law which got infused with Dutch
customs producing Roman Dutch Law.
 When the Duct colonised the Cape in 1652, they made the Roman and Dutch law
the law of the land.
 Roman and Dutch law was spread to Zimbabwe by the BSAC, which had been
asked by the high Commissioner at the Cape to make it law of the colony
 Although we call it Roman- Law in Zimbabwe, it also has traits of the English law
for example, Insurance law, banking law and Company Law, etc.
1. Discuss briefly the following parliamentary terms
 Motion – Is a proposed topic presented/moved for debate. A notice is given
before the motion is moved.
 Bill –Is a proposed legislation for public or private interests. There are public
Bills and private Bills.
 Mace – This is the symbol of authority for the House of Assembly, the Speaker of
Parliament uses it.
 Act – Is a legal item or statute enacted through Parliament and signed by his
excellence.
 Caucus –Is a place where party business is discussed in the House. The chief
whip chairs caucus motions.
 Hansard – is the official publication of parliament, produced in verbatim, all the
discussion, motions and debates in the House of Assembly
 Order Paper – It is also referred to as the agenda for the House of Assembly. It
shows the votes and proceedings of the House.
 Standing Order – An order/ rule procedure set to govern the proceedings of the
House at large. Assembly and or Parliament at large
 Parliamentary privilege – Is a privilege granted to members of Parliament to
protect them from legal course as long as their behaviour or Actions are in the
interest or said during parliamentary proceedings
 Precedent –Is a ruling for future reference, where a situation occurs and there
are no standing rules and orders governing or stipulating otherwise on a certain
case or process. The leader of the House often sets such precedents during
votes and proceedings of the House.
 Election- can be defined as a contest in which individuals freely choose, by
secrete ballot, the leaders and representatives they want.
 Voters-these are individuals that are given the opportunity to choose from
various candidates representing different political parties-mulitipartism.
5. Identify the three Arms of the State in Zimbabwe and discuss their
functions:
Legislature
 To legislate / to make laws.
 To debate on matters of public interests, national and international issues.
 To control government finance.
 To monitor administration of line ministries.
 To represent the electorate.
Executive
 Maintain law and order.
 Government and administration.
 Protect sovereignty of the State.
 Decide on national issues in pursuance with public interest.
 Uphold democratic values and leadership.
Judiciary
 Put law into practice.
 Upholds justice.
 Ensures that enacted laws are constitutional.
 Guards the fundamental rights and liberties of the people of Zimbabwe.
 Ensures peace and social justice in the nation.
6. State And Explain Any Four Fundamental Rights And Freedoms Enshrined
In The Constitution Of Zimbabwe:
Right To Freedom Of Expression
 Freedom of speech, of opinion, free to express themselves to others; freedom
from interference with one‟s correspondence. May be limited.
 To protect the interests of defence, public order and safety, morality and
economic interests of the State.
 To protect reputation, rights and freedom of others.

Freedom Of Movement
 To move freely within Zimbabwe, not to be expelled from Zimbabwe, the right
to enter and leave the country. May be limited when:
 A person is lawfully detained.
 Restrictions are in the interests of defence, public health and public morality.
 Restrictions are imposed on convicted persons.
 Restrictions are on non-citizens.
Freedom of Assembly
 Freedom to associate with any person of your choice, to associate with any
political party, trade union or organisation of one‟s choice, the right to organise
and to attend peaceful meetings. This freedom may be limited:
 Where parents control the right of association of their children.
 To protect the interests of public order, defence, public safety, and public
morality – refer to POSA.
Freedom of Conscience
 Freedom of religion, freedom of thought, the right not to be forced at school to
attend religious ceremonies other than his own, not to be forced to take an oath in
conflict with his beliefs.
N.B. Students could explain any of the following freedoms
 Freedom from inhuman treatment.
 Freedom from slavery.
 Right to freedom from deprivation of property.
 Right to freedom from arbitrary search or entry.
 Protection of right to life etc.
7. Outline and explain the Provisions of the Constitution of Zimbabwe
The following are the major provisions of the constitution of Zimbabwe:
The declaration of Human Rights
Right to Freedom of Expression, Right to Freedom of Association, Right to Freedom
of Conscience, Right to Life.
The Executive
Composition
 Headed by the President.
 Include the Vice-Presidents.
 Ministers.
 Cabinet.
 Security Agencies such as: The Police, the Army, CIO, CID, Prison Service,
etc.
Functions
 Executive Authority is vested in the President.
 He upholds the constitution.
 Appoints cabinet Ministers.
 Has prerogative of mercy.
 Has the power to proclaim public emergencies.
 Appoints the judiciary.
 Represents the nation.
 Make laws through decrees.
 He ascends to all Legislation.
The Legislation: Composition:
 There are 152 Members of Parliament, who can be divided as follows:
 120 Constituent Members who are elected by the people registered in the
Common Voter‟s Role.
 10 Governors-Appointed by the President.
 10 chiefs –who are appointed by the chief‟s Council.
 12 None Constituent Members- who are Appointed by the President.
Functions
 To make law.
 To approve / disapprove of national budget.
 To monitor line ministries‟ expenditure.
 To review / amend laws.
 To debate the Presidential address / Speech.
 Sending adhoc committees to investigate problem areas e.g. committee on
education.
The Judiciary: Composition:
 Community Courts.
 Magistrate Courts.
 High Court.
 Supreme Court.
Functions
 To interpret the law, apply and enforce the law
 Citizenship.
 The functions of the Police Force, Defence Forces, Prison Service and the
Public Service.
 The Ombudsman, his Appointment, duties and powers.
 The Electoral Supervisory Commission and the Delimitation Commission.
 Chiefs and the Chiefs Council.
 Public Office of Attorney General and Comptroller and Audit – General. 8.
Discuss the various Freedoms as outlined in the Constitution of
Zimbabwe:
Freedom Of Speech / Expression
 Everyone to be allowed to express his/her own opinion freely.
Freedom Of Movement
 Free to move in and around Zimbabwe-not expelled from Zimbabwe.
Freedom Of Conscience
 Should enjoy Freedom of Conscience – Freedom of Religion, Freedom to think,
to worship, believe or not to believe.
Freedom Of Assembly
 Freedom to meet / gather with people of your choice.
Freedom Of Assembly
 Freedom to associate with any people / political / trade union / origins of one‟s
choice.
9. List Five Functions Of Parliament
 To make law.
 To approve / disapprove of national budget.
 To monitor line ministries‟ expenditure.
 To review / amend laws.
 To debate the Presidential address / speech.
 Sending adhoc committees to investigate problem areas e.g. committee on
education.
10. Discuss The Law Making Process In Zimbabwe
Presentation Of Proposal To Cabinet
 This is the time when proposed law is presented to the cabinet. They will
consider its constitutionality to the nation and present it to the legal advisor of
government who is the Attorney General.
 Legal drafting of the Bill by the Attorney General. This is the Stage when the
proposal is drafted in legal terms to a Bill and put in the provision to be
addressed.
 Consideration by Cabinet Committee chaired by the Minister of Justice Legal and
Parliamentary Affairs. At this Stage, the Draft Bill is considered by the Cabinet to
make sure that it does not violate, adversely affect the Executive Functions and
indirectly amend the Constitution.
 Gazetting in the Government Gazette and references to the Parliament Legal
Committees. At this Stage, the Bill is presented for printing and Gazetting for
Public Information. It is then referred to the Parliament Legal Committees, which
then thoroughly scrutinise it to ensure that it is not adverse to Constitutional
Provisions.
First Reading
 At this Stage the Bill is read in the House with no question being put. It is read for
member‟s information so that they can prepare it in the House of Parliament.
Second Recording
 At this Stage the Bill is read and any-adverse reports or questions raised to be
considered and amendments are done forthwith.
Committee Stage
 At this Stage, the Bill is considered by various Committees of Parliament to verify
any sections that have an impact on committees put in place such as Public
Construction and National Housing Committee, Public Accounts, Education
Committee, etc.
Report
 At this Stage, the Bill is reported back in the House for continuous assessment
and subsequent endorsement for it being Constitutional and serving the needs of
society.
Third Reading
 At this Stage, the Bill is read with questions and agreements being put. It is the
last reading and all members of the House and movers propose its adoption.
The Senate
The Presidential Assent and Enrolment of the Act
 At this Stage, the Bill, upon and agreed to, are adopted and sent to the office of
the President for his signature and upon its Publication in the Government
Gazette, it becomes Law.
11. Explain why elections are important?
 Provide a mechanism for peaceful and legitimate competition for Political power
and Authority.
 Give citizens the opportunity to participate in the Governance and Development
of their community or country.
 Make elected leaders and their representatives accountable to the people.
 Give legitimacy to governments.
 Provide peace and stability necessary for the development of a community or
country.
12. Discuss The Composition And Functions Of The Senators?
Introduction
 The Constitution of Zimbabwe Amendment Bill No.17 provides for the constituting
of Parliament as a Bicameral legislature consisting of the House of Assembly of
150 members and Senate of 66 members.
Composition
 Of the 66 members, 5 are elected in each f the 10 provinces [50].
 Plus the President and Deputy President of the Council f Chiefs.
 8 Chiefs elected by the College f Chiefs Council to represent the 8 non-
metropolitan provinces.
 Remaining 6 are Appointed by the President and these represent special interest
groups.
Functions and Roles of the Senate
 The Upper House (Senate) has a broader mandate to utilize the Senator‟s
experience to ensure that any laws that are passed are in the ultimate national
interest.
 The Senate is the custodian of certain national, values and principles that may
have been overlooked, forgotten, or unknown to the members of the lower
House.
 The Senate is a safeguard for prudence and an assurance that all interest,
including those that are not fully represented in the Lower House, are
represented in the legislative process.
 The Senate provide checks and balances, which help prevent the passage of into
law of ill-conceived legislation.
 It is a safeguard against hastily authored legislation that may not be in the
national interest.
13. Describe The Functions Of The Following In
Parliament
Chief Whip
 Is member of a Party whose responsibility is to carry out the functions of a whip
on behalf of the party
 Responsible for the organisation of the party in the House, ensuring the
maximum practicable attendance of the members of the party and maintain party
discipline
 Promoting support for the party business in the House and determining how the
party should vote to particular proposal.
 Maintaining a quorum of supporters for the business the party is interested in how
to behave towards the business of Parliament
 Call for party caucus meetings on Parliamentary business that require / needs
party consultations and party whipping of the members
Speaker
 Presiding officer of parliament
 Runs all parliamentary proceedings
 Maintains order
 Interprets and applies the Standing Orders
 Upholds the rights and privileges of members and the House
Leader of the House
 Arranges the business of the House
 Protects and to some extent defines the position of the government in the House
 Helps determine the scope and content of the legislative programme for the
session as well as the businesses of the week
 Moving of the motion for the adjournment of the House
 Responsible for moving formal motions such as motions of condolences, paying
tribute.
Sergeant-At -Arms
 Records attendances of members
 Responsibility for security
 Escort suspended members
 Housekeeping duties
 Carries the mace
Leads the speakers processions

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
1. Discuss The IMF And World Bank (Breton Wood’s Institutions) That
Advocate For The Uninterrupted Operation Of Market Forces.
Conditions
 Devalue currency.
 Trade Liberalisation / Remove Tariffs.
 Privatise Government owned Enterprises e.g. NRZ, CSC, ZISCO, etc.
 Reduce expenditure on social services e.g. education,health, reduce budget
deficit, etc.
 Raise Interest Rates to their natural (market) level.
 Remove Government Subsidies on goods and services.
 Remove Minimum Wages and allow market forces to determine wages.
2. Discuss the meaning and importance of the three C’s of International
Relations
Introduction
The three Cs of International Relations are Conflict, Competition and Co-operation.
Conflict
 Disagreement sparking diplomatic wrangles between nations.
 Serious differences associated with hostilities that may lead to an outbreak of
War.
 Conflict can be caused by competition and by a scramble for scarce
resources.
 It may be a result of differences in trade and political relations.
 If not resolved, conflict can lead to hostility and Wars, gaps on co-operation,
poor relations and may hinder internal, regional and international development.
 Conflict can be resolved through negotiations, compromising, and external
intervention.
 It can also be resolved through the International Court of Justice through the
United Nations intervention (ICJ).
Competition
 Involves rivalry, struggling and competing for supremacy and resources.
 Competition in trade and international sports, in technological development, in
space exploration and in agriculture, etc.
 Has led to allegiances, regional blocs and the development of trade routes.
 Can lead to development and attainment of targets if managed well
 Can also develop into conflict and cause poor relations if not managed
properly
Co-operation
 Involves collective efforts nations put to the development of States.
 A concept of practice used by the principle of interdependence of nations.
 Working together to ensure development and to promote peace and security.
 Co-operation can also be used to solve problems that know no boundaries
e.g. AIDS, Ebola, Soars and Malaria.
 The need to co-operate to resolve problems have led to the formation of
regional and international organisations such as UN, AU, SADC, and NATO etc.
3. Justify Zimbabwe’s Intervention In Mozambique And In The Democratic
Republic Of Congo.
In Mozambique
 Was in response to the request of the Government of Mozambique, which
was in a State of a Civil War.
 Long-standing friendship between ZANU (PF) and the Frelimo Government.
 To help Mozambique maintain its integrity and sovereignty.
 Restore peace in Mozambique and the region.
 Protect Mozambique from the destructive and destabilising Activities of the
RENAMO or the MNR.
 Protect railway lines, which Zimbabwe used to export her products through
Port of Biera and Maputo.
 To prevent RENAMO Activities spilling into the Eastern Zimbabwe.
Zimbabwe Intervention in DRC
 In response to an appeal by the DRC government led by Laurent Kabila.
 Together with Angola and Namibia to drive off Rwandan and Ugandan forces
which were attacking the D. R. Congo.
 To protect the integrity and sovereignty of the D. R. Congo.
 To prevent the division of the DRC into three or more States.
 To help restore peace in the DRC – since she had not known peace for
decades.
 To show and express solidarity with the DRC in line with SADC principles
and objectives.

4. Discuss The Major Features Of Globalisation

Globalisation is a process of linking all parts of the globe to each other through the
opening up of borders to allow free movement of goods and resources, in short
trade liberalisation accompanied by closer political ties through the mechanism of
the UN. This process is facilitated by modern methods of communications in
transport and through cyberspace or the Internet.
Internet Is Quiet Central In Facilitating Globalisation.
 New forms of transport and information technology are faster and economic.
 Investors can trade stocks on Internet.
 Standardisation of products – services and communication / civilisation.
 Competition to produce products that measure up to international standards.
 Imperialism or Global capital is the major beneficiary of Globalisation in that
the exportation of capital supersedes all other forms interaction and this leads to
the de-industrialisation of or in the smaller States or those that import capital.
 Cultural domination / disintegration of smaller States by dominant players e.g.
the USA.
 Schisms and conflict as in the Middle East.
 Super power unilateralism.
5. Explain the Doctrine of Interdependence
No one country is endowed with all resources. Consequently all countries rely on
each other through international trade.
6.Discuss the purpose,structure and composition of the AU and SADC
Organisation

[African Union] AU
Purpose
 To Promote unity and solidarity among African States.
 To co-ordinate and intensify their co-operation.
 To achieve better life for the people of Africa.
 To defend the African State‟s Sovereignty, Territorial integrity and
Independence.
 To eradicate all forms of colonialism from Africa.
 To respect the principles of sovereign equality of all member countries.
 To encourage peaceful settlements of dispute between member States.
 Not to interfere in domestic affairs of fellow citizens.
Structure
The structure of the African Union remains that of the OAU, which disbanded in
2001.Its policy-making body, is the annual assembly of Heads of State and
Government. The assembly coordinates policy and approves decisions made at the
periodic meetings of the Council of Ministers, which consists of the foreign Ministers
of member countries. Efforts to resolve disputes are handled by the commission of
Mediation, Conciliation, and Arbitration. In 19991 the OAU decided to set up a
conflict management division to monitor potential disputes and to try and prevent
them erupting into violence; a peace fund was created to finance the division‟s
operations. The OAU had a number of specialised commissions dealing with areas
such as Economics, Transport and Communications, and Education as well as a few
specialised agencies-including the Pan African News Agency, the pan African-
Postal Union, and the Scientific, Technical, and Research Commission. The
organisation while maintaining its political nature became increasingly involved with
promoting economic integration and cooperation. These efforts led to the decisions
to establish an African Economic Community whose Treaty was signed by African
leaders in 1991. After receiving the two-thirds ratification, the Treaty entered into
force in April 1994, and in early 2001 African leaders agreed in principle to proposals
to set up an African Union similar to that of the European Union.
The permanent administrative body of the organisation is the general secretariat. It is
headed by the Secretary General, elected for a four-year term and aided by five
assistant secretaries in charge of the various departments. The secretariat carries
out the resolutions and decisions of the assembly, keeps archives, and conducts the
organisation‟s public relations.
Composition
 All independent African Countries belong to the AU.
SADC was established in August 1992 and is the successor to the Southern African
Development Coordinating Conference (SADCC), which was initially set p in 1980.
The former Front line States in Southern Africa and nine members formed this and
were as follows: Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Swaziland,
Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe.
Structure The headquarters of SADC will remain in Gaborone. It is governed by a
Summit comprising the Head of State and Government of all member States and the
Council comprising the Minister from each Member to advise the Summit on matters
of Policy and efficient and harmonious functioning and development of SADC.
Purpose
 To promote collective self-reliance, the whole region to be able to support
itself, in food, fuel, energy goods and services.
 To promote and defend peace and security.
 To protect the people and safeguard the development of the region
against internal instability, inter-State conflict and external aggression.
 To promote political co-operation.
 Promote and defend peace and security.
 Promote and maximise productive employment and utilisation of
resources of the region.
Composition
 SADC now consists of the following members: Angola, Botswana, DRC,
Lesotho, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Seychelles, SA, Swaziland,
Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe.
7. Critically Assess Their Activities As Well As Their Impact In The Region
Positive Impact
 It established an African Development Bank in 1964.
 Has Acted and mediated in several disputes between African States.
 It has provided forum for debate and meeting place for the continent‟s Heads
where they debate issues of mutual concern.

Negative Impact Of AU
 National Interests at times appear to be more important to individual countries
than common interests of AU.
 Its non- intervention policy is a hand cap as it can watch helplessly when
member countries are ravaged by civil War.
 It has failed to take a serious stance against human rights.
 It has failed to stop conflicts.
 Africa is poverty stricken, no funds to support or promote policies.
 Problems of economic integration.
 Uneven development among member States, which have their roots in
colonial period.
 Those with resources and technology dominate the grouping, e.g. Nigeria and
SA.
 SADC members do not yet have Free Trade among themselves so tariffs are
still charged on goods moving between countries in the region.

Positive Impact Of SADC

 Implementing projects covering the duties assigned to each member.
 Rehabilitation of transport systems to Mozambique, that is, part of Beira
through Active participation of SADC Governments. And International Foreign
Donors.

8. Identify The Various Stages Through Which International Capital Has

Developed?
 Hunter-gatherer State of Nature Mode of Production.
 Feudal Mode of production.
 Mercantile.
 Competitive.
 Monopoly.
 Multilateral/Finance Capital Mode of Production.
9. “The Highest Stage Of Imperialism Is Finance Capital” Comment On The
Three Major Characteristics Of Finance Capital?
Domination of weaker States by stronger States or domination of developing
countries by the developed countries:
 Developing countries being indebted o the developing countries.
 Exportation of capital.
 Monopolisation of capital.
 Creation of external markets.
 International Division of Labour.
 Determination of prices by developed countries characterised by borrowers
who are in most cases developing nations.
 Dumping of access goods in the developing nations.
 Globalisation.
 Control of International Finance Capital of developed countries, e.g. IMF and
the World Bank.
 Money class owners, e.g. America and Britain.
 Demise of trade and use f Tariffs and brutal force to extract surplus.
10. Fully Explain The Objectives Of The Zimbabwe’s Foreign Policy?
 Zimbabweans original foreign policy has been that of non-aligned that is of
not taking sides between the competing superpowers of the Warsaw Pact under
the leadership or guidance of the former USSR and the West (NATO) under the
guidance of USA. Of late the Zimbabwean Government has adopted a look East
Policy as a result of illegal sanctions put in place by the West and its North
American allies who are opposed to Zimbabwean government policy of
empowering its people.
Objectives
 To formulate policies that promote the preservation of natural sovereignty
 To be an equal partner in the regional / international affairs especially in the
maintenance of piece and stability
 To purse and promote Pan-Africanism
 To protect the Zimbabwean national and self-interest and promote its prestige
and reputation
 To determine the most suitable regional and international economic relations
 To promote friendly relations with other countries
11. Discuss The Objectives Of Donor Countries In Giving Aid To Developing
Countries And The Merits And Demerits Of Foreign Aid To Developing
Countries.
 Foreign Aid is the transfer of concessional resources from one government to
another or from a government to aid international aid agency or any NGO, which
then transfers those resources to poor nations.
Objectives
 Goal of promoting development in less developed countries
 Reflecting on the humanitarian values
 Gaining diplomatic recognition
 Establishing military bases
 Obtaining a supportive vote e.g. in the Un
 Maintaining a cordial relationship with a recipient government where other
foreign Governments are also providing Aid
Merits
 Assist in the development of the recipient country
 Help establish cordials relationships
 The donor countries obtain s supportive vote
 Helps in the balance of payments
 Creates employment through relief, advocacy and developmental
 Brings in new technology
 Brings relief in times of natural disasters such as drought, earthquakes,
diseases, etc.
Demerits
 The donor country may interfere in the political systems of the recipient
country, that is, by helping puppets to power for example in Zimbabwe, the Case
Of the MDC.
 It can be aid with strings attached
 Can lead to further exploitation of the recipient country‟s resources.
 The recipient country can develop a dependency syndrome
 The recipient country can become a dumping ground for irrelevant and
out dated technology
 Donors may gain political mileage through their donations at the
expense of the third world governments
May determine national Sovereignty of recipient countries