By Rakesh Karmakar
Table of Contents
Definition
Hierarchy of Verb
Form of Verb
Various Types of
Verbs with Definition
and Examples
Definition of a Verb
The Oxford Learners’ Dictionary
defines a ‘verb’ as “a word or group
of words that express an action
(such as eat), an event (such
as happen) or a state (such as exist)”.
According to the Cambridge
Dictionary, a ‘verb’ is defined as “a
word or phrase that describes an
action, condition, or experience”.
Form of Verb
1. Verb-এর Present Form go Form of Finite
2. Verb-এর Past Form went Verb
3. Verb-এর Past Participle Form gone Non-Finite
4. Verb-এর সে ‘ing’ যাগ going Verb
5. Verb-এর পূেব ‘To’ ( to + V1)
য কােনা Verb –এর এই 5 Form থাকেত পাের ।
Note: ( 1 ও 2) হল Finite Verb –এর Form
( 3 ও 4) হল Non-finite Verb –এর Form
পূেব Auxiliary Verb থাকেল (3 ও 4) Finite
Verb হয়।েযমন – I have done the work .-এখােন
‘have done’ হল Finite Verb
to + V1 (Base Form) হল Non-finite Verb
Verb-এর Base Form vs Verb-এর Present Form
Verb –এর Base Form এবং Present Form উভয়
Present Tense –এ হয়। িক , এেদর মেধ পাথক আেছ ।
Base Form হল মৗিলক Present Form মৗিলক
অথাৎ এেক ভা েল আর নাও হেত পাের। এর
কােনা Verb পাওয়া যােব সােথ ‘S’ বা ‘es’ যু
না । এর সােথ কােনা ‘S’ থাকেত পাের আবার
বা ‘es’ যু থােক না। নাও পাের ।
For example,
Do Base Form
Does Present Form
Hierarchy of Verb
Verb
Finite Verb Non-Finite Verb
Auxiliary Principal Gerund Participle Infinitive
Verb (V + ing) ( To + V1)
Peak Point Tutorials
Verb
Present Participle Past Participle Perfect Participle
Primary Modal Semi Modal (V + ing) (V3) (Having + V3)
Auxiliary Auxiliary Auxiliary
Verb Verb Verb
Transitive Intransitive Linking
Verb Verb Verb
Finite Verb ( সমািপকা ি য়া)
Definition:
Finite verbs mean those verbs which can change their form in
accordance with the subject. It defines the time (past or present)
and the subject. It tells you who is doing the action and when it is
being done.
Finite Verb – িল হল Verb-এর সই প, যা Subject –এর বা
কতার person, number এবং tense –এর সােথ পিরবতনশীল ।
For example,
I eat rice. / He eats rice.
I go to school / He goes to school.
I am a student. / He is a student.
এখােন ‘eat’ , ‘go’ , ‘am’ , ‘is’ , ‘are’ হল Finite Verb.
Subject অনুসাের verb এর Form পিরবিতত হেয়েছ ।
Types of Finite Verbs
Finite Verb মূলত দুই কার –
1. Principal Verb 2. Auxiliary Verb
Finite Verb
Principal Verb Auxiliary Verb
Principal Verb
Principal Verb:
The principal verb is also called the lexical verb or the main
verb. This term refers to the important verb in the
sentence, the one that typically shows the action or state
of being of the subject.
য Verb বােক মূল ি য়া িহসােব কাজ কের এবং িনেজই
িনেজর অথ েকই কাশ কের, তােক principal verb বেল।
Main verbs can stand alone, or they can be used with
a helping verb, also called an auxiliary verb.
For example,
They did the work / The train has left the station
principal verb
Transitive Verb (সকমক ি য়া)
Verbs that take a direct object alone are called transitive verbs.
The direct object is the noun, pronoun, or noun phrase. Transitive
Verbs usually answer the questions with ‘what’ or ‘whom’.
Principal Verb-এর পর Object থাকেল তােদর Transitive Verb বেল
এবং Object থাকেল তােদর Intransitive Verb বেল ।
For example,
What does he read ?
He reads books.
Transitive Verb Direct Object
They took shelter in a cave.
What did they take ?
He found the owner of the house
Whom did he find ?
Transitive Verb Noun Phrase
intransitive Verb (অকমক ি য়া)
Those verbs that do not take either a direct object or an indirect
object are called intransitive verbs. While an intransitive verb does
not take a direct object, it can be used along with an adverb or
adverbial phrase.
Principal Verb-এর পর Object না থাকেল তােদর Intransitive Verb বেল ।
For example,
The old man is walking Slowly
Intransitive Verb Adverb – Not an Object
We sleep at night
Note: Some verbs are ditransitive, meaning they have two objects:
a direct object and an indirect object (usually the person for whom the
action is being performed).
For example, Amita gives me a book. Direct Object
Intransitive Verb
Indirect Object
Linking Verb
Subject এবং Complement এর মােঝ য Verb বেস তােদর Linking Verb
বেল । A subject complement describes or identifies the subject of the
sentence or clause. Linking verbs can function as intransitive verbs,
which do not take direct objects. Generally, linking verbs are called ‘be’
verbs which are - am, is, are, was, were. However, there are some other
verbs that can work as linking verbs. Those verbs are:
Act, feel, remain, appear, become, seem, smell, sound, grow, look, prove,
stay, taste, turn.
For example,
She appears ready for the game. (She is ready for the game.)
The food seemed delicious. (The food was delicious.)
You look happy. (You are happy.)
Regular & Irregular Verb
Regular verbs follow the standard conjugation rules for English verbs—
most verbs are regular. A verb is considered regular if its simple past
and past participle are formed by adding the suffix “-ed” (or “-d” if the
word already ends in the letter “e”).
For example,
Present Past Past Participle
Walk Walked Walked
Talk Talked Talked
Clean Cleaned Cleaned
Choke Choked Choked
Irregular verbs form their simple past and past participles in some way
other than by adding the suffix “-ed.”
For example,
Present Past Past Participle
Shut Shut Shut
Drink Drank Drunk
Break Broke Broken
Beat Beat Beaten
Auxiliary Verb
Auxiliary Verb: Auxiliary Verbs are helping verb those are used with a main
verb to indicate tense, mood, voice and modify the meaning
of verbs.
Auxiliary Verb মূল Verb – ক সাহায কের ।
ইংেরিজ ব করেন Auxiliary Verb 12 ।
( Be Verb, Have Verb, Do Verb, Can, Shall, Will, May,
Must, Need, Dare, Ought to , Used to )
Auxiliary Verb
Primary Auxiliary Verb Modal Verb ( 5 )
Semi Modal Verb ( 4 )
(14 )
Be Verb ( 8 )
Have Verb ( 3 ) Do Verb ( 3 ) Need, 1. Can & Could
Dare, 2. Shall & Should
Ought (to), 3. Will & Would
Am, Is, Are, Have, Has, Had Do, Did, Done
Used (to) 4. May & Might
Was, Were,
5. Must
Be, Being, Been.
Non-finite Verb
Non-finite verbs are verbs that are not inflected for person or number
and do not indicate tense. Non-finite verbs can function as either verbs,
nouns or adjectives in a sentence.
There are three types of non-finite verbs:
Non-Finite Verb
Gerund (V + ing) Participle Infinitive ( To + V1)
Present Participle Past Participle Perfect Participle
(V + ing) (V3) (Having + V3)
Simple Perfect
Infinitive
Bare Split
Infinitive
Gerund
A gerund is a verb in its ‘ing’ (Present Participle) form that functions as a
noun that names an activity rather than a person or thing. Any action verb
can be made into a gerund. A gerund can be used as a verb when used
with an auxiliary verb to indicate an action that is continuing at a
particular period of time.
V + ing –যু শ যিদ Noun এর মেতা কাজ কের তেব তােক Gerund বেল।
For example, Noun Verb
Reading is a good habit. He is eating an apple.
Gerund Gerund
Use of Gerund:
As a subject – Waking is good for health. Sleeping is necessary to life.
As a object – I love swimming. Suddenly he began singing .
Gerund as Complement - Her pleasure was singing. My favourite hobby
is reading.
Gerund after preposition - He is afraid of missing the train. I am tired of
talking.
In Apposition to a Pronoun – It is foolish saying that.( In apposition to It )
It is of no use crying now.( In apposition to It )
Gerund vs Verbal Noun
Gerund এবং Verbal Noun উভেয়ই Noun িহসােব কাজ কের। তেব বােক
ব বহােরর ে গঠনগত পাথক রেয়েছ।
Verbal Noun: As verbal nouns are often preceded by a or the and followed
by a prepositional phrase (e.g., ...of men, ...about women), they are pretty
inefficient from a word count perspective.
For example,
Noun Determiner Prepositional Phrase
Reading is a good habit. The reading of books is a good habit.
Gerund Verbal Noun
More examples,
The catching of fish is very interesting.
The writing of a letter is a difficult job.
A brilliant reading of the poem won the competition.
Participle
A word that is formed from a verb and that ends in -ing (present participle)
or -ed, -en, etc. (past participle). Participles are used to form tenses of the
verb, or as adjectives .
V + ing শ যিদ Adjective এর মেতা কাজ কের তাহেল তােক বেল Participle.
Participle – ক Double Parts of Speech বলা হয় কারণ এ Adjective &
Verb উভেয়র মেতা কাজ কের ।
For example, Adjective Noun
He is in the reading room. Reading is a good habit.
Types of Participle: Participle Gerund
Present
Participle
Past
Participle Participle
Perfect
Perticiple
Verb + ing-যু Word বা ed / en Word –এর আেগ ‘be’ Verb জাত Auxiliary Verb থাকেল
ব ািত ম ওই ing যু Verb- Finite Verb হেব, Participle নয়। তেব িকছু ব িত ম আেছ যমনঃ
They were tired. The audience was bored. The entire game was boring.
Infinitives
Infinitives are a form of verb that allow the word or a group of words to
be used as a noun, adjective, or adverb. Every type of verb can be put
into the infinitive form, even phrasal verbs.
For example, He wants to go. Infinitive Verb
Infinitive To
Infinitive েপ Verb-এর কােনা পিরবতন হয় না, তাই to goes/to
going/ to gone/ to went - এরকম ব বহার হেব না।
িবেশষ ে to + Verb + ‘ing’–এরকম ব বহার পাওয়া যেত পাের, িক
সে ে To – এই maker- Infinitive To নয়, এ তখন Preposition. িকছু
Phrase / Idiom-এর সে এরকম ব বহার হয়।
Infinitive To এবং Preposition To-এর মূল পাথক ঃ
Verb-এর আেগ to বসেল Infinitive To.
Noun/ Pronoun-এর আেগ to বসেল Preposition To.
For example, He went to market to buy a book.
Noun
Preposition to Infinitive To Verb
Pronoun
He came to me to take book.
Types of Infinitives
Simple 1. Simple Infinitive( The Noun-Infinitive):
Infinitive
Perfect For example,
Infinitive To obey our teachers is our duty. Subject to a Verb
Infinitives I like to win. Object to a Verb
Split It is easy to speak but very difficult to do. Complement to a Verb
Infinitive
He is about to die. Preposition to a Verb
Bare
Infinitive 2. Perfect Infinitive:
For example, He seems to have done it.
I am sorry not to have come on Friday.
3. Split Infinitive:
For example, He wanted to quickly finish the work. Quickly and Kindly
I request you to kindly grant my prayer. both are adverb.
4. Bare Infinitive:
Infinitive-এর িচ হল Verb-এর আেগ to বেস, িক িবিভ ে Verb-এর
আেগ Infinitive to উহ থােক। এেক Bare Infinitive বেল।
For example, (a) See, hear, need, feel, dare, make, let, bid, watch- এই Verb িলর পর to উহ থােক।
(b) Auxiliary ও Defective Verb –এর পর to উহ থােক।
(c) Had better/ had rather/ had sooner had as soon... As এই ধরেনর phrase-এর পর to উহ
থােক।
(d) But/ except/ than এেদর পর সাধারণ ভােব to উহ থােক।
(e) যখন দু Infinitive structure and, or, except, but, than, as এবং like িদেয় যু থােক তখন
ি তীয় Infinitive- র to উহ থােক।
(f) Affirmative Sentence-এ সাধারনত dare Verb-এর পর to উহ হয় না।
Uses of bare Infinitive
(A) See, hear, need, feel, dare, make, let, bid, watch- এই Verb িলর পর to উহ থােক। যমন-
I saw him dance. We heard him speak. You need not come.
to dance to speak To come
(B) Auxiliary ও Defective Verb –এর পর to উহ থােক। যমন-
I can do it. I am able to do it.
You should come You ought to come.
(C) Had better/ had rather/ had sooner had as soon... As এইধরেনর phrase-এর পর to উহ
থােক। যমন- You had better go (to go). She had as soon run as walk.
(D) But/ except/ than এেদর পর সাধারণ ভােব to উহ থােক। যমন-
He did nothing but sit ( to sit ) idle. The boy did everything except write. ( to write )
(E) যখন দু Infinitive structure and, or, except, but, than, as এবং like িদেয় যু থােক তখন
ি তীয় Infinitive- র to উহ থােক। যমন-
I would like to lie down and sleep.(to sleep) I have to help him as well as look after (to look
after ) him. I am ready to do anything but tell (to tell ) a lie.
(F) Affirmative Sentence-এ সাধারনত dare Verb-এর পর to উহ হয় না। যমন-
He dares ( has the courage ) to go there alone. The boy dares to disobey the rules.
