Question Paper No.

2
Q 1. Define vectors and public health pest. Also brief the possible control
method? (3)
Vector: According to WHO “vectors are living organisms that transmit
infectious diseases between humans or from animals to humans. For example,
mosquito, fleas, ticks etc.
Public health pest: Public health pest are organisms that are a nuisance
(Annoyance) to humans or general public but do not transmit diseases. The
most common public health pest is bedbug. Similarly booklice, silverfish and
earwig also do not transmit disease and considered the public health pest.
Possible Control Methods: IPM, Chemical Control, Physical Control (using
non-chemical items), heat treatment, vacuuming and habitat alteration.
Q 2. State the main taxonomy for insects up to class level. (3)
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Sub-Phylum: Hexapoda
Class: Insects

Q 3. Explain the differences between gradual metamorphosis and complete

metamorphosis.
Gradual/Incomplete Metamorphosis (Hemimetabolous metamorphosis):
When the egg changes to nymph (immature form usually similar to adult) and
then becomes an adult. In gradual metamorphosis there is no larva or pupa, the
nymph resembles to adult except they do not have wings and may be colored
differently than the adults. Nymph and adult occupy the same habitat and host.
For example, cockroach, bedbug, tick, booklice, silverfish, earwig etc.
Complete Metamorphosis (Holometabolous Metamorphosis): Type of
metamorphosis in which the egg changes to larva then pupa and in last to an
adult. Larva and pupa do not resembles to adult. In incomplete metamorphosis
the larva, pupa and adult may occupy different habitats and hosts. For example,
Mosquito, fleas, carpet beetle, flies etc.
Q 4. Piercing Sucking mouth parts, Chewing mouth parts, sponging mouth
parts, siphoning mouth parts.
Piercing-Sucking mouth parts: The piercing sucking mouth parts insects have
been evolved into the fine stylets that can pierce (cut) plant and an animal
tissue to extract fluid. This type of insect mouth parts are found in those
species which feed on liquids and chewing type mouth parts are not suitable for
that. Insects with piercing-sucking mouth parts can feed both internally and
externally. Mouth parts determine how an insect feed and play role in the type
of insect control. Example, some flies, ticks, mosquitoes, fleas, aphids, true
bugs and their relatives.
Chewing mouth parts: Chewing mouth parts allow the insects to bite or rasp
(rubbing) off and swallow solid food. Insects with chewing mouth parts feed
externally. Example, cockroaches, termites, most wasps, beetles.
Sponging mouth parts: This type of mouth parts are adapted for sucking up
liquids or semi liquid food and found in houseflies, moths and some other flies.
Siphoning-sucking mouth parts: Insect with siphoning-sucking mouth parts
do not chew their food, but have a siphon-like structure that allows them to suck
or siphon liquid into their body. This feeding is similar to inserting a straw into
a drink to withdraw liquid. Example, mosquito, butterfly, moth.
Q 5. What are the main differences between insects and arachnids?
The main differences between insects and arachnids are that:
1. Insects have six legs (three pair of legs) while arachnids have eight legs (four
pair of legs).
2. Insect have three body regions Head, thorax and Abdomen, arachnids on the
hand have cephalothorax (head and thorax fused together) and abdomen.
3. Insects have antennae while arachnid don’t have antennae.
Insects Examples, Cockroach, mosquito, housefly, bedbugs etc.
Arachnid example, Scorpion, spider, tick etc.
Q 6. Centipede correct statement about legs.
Centipede have only one pair of legs on each body segment.
Q 7. Bedbugs have siphoning mouth parts. Ture or false.
True. They have small proboscis use to draw blood from their host. When not
in use they hide it under the mouth.
Q 8. Mention two types of mosquitoes found in UAE and the diseases
caused by them.
1. Anopheles stephensi= Malaria
2. Aedes aegypti = Dengue, Yellow fever, Chickengunya and Zika

The third type is not found in UAE.

3. Culex pipiens= West Nile virus (Fever), Filariasis.
Q 9. Which mosquito is called the Asian Tiger?
Aedes sp. (Aedes alpobictus) is small mosquito ¼ inch long. The name Asian
tiger come from its white and black color pattern.
Q 10. Specify three control methods for rats.
Glue boards: Glue traps are not recommended because the adhesive plate
that is used to capture rodents can also trap birds, baby animals, lizards
and even pets. These traps also cause excessive suffering to rodents. The
CDC warns that captured rats or mice might urinate and increase the risk
of spreading disease.
1. Electronic traps: This battery-powered trap delivers high voltage
electric shock that kills rodents quickly. This is a newer type of trap,
and models are available for both rats and mice. A high protein bait is
applied before starting. It’s easy to handle.
2. Snap traps/Break back trap: This is the oldest type of trap and uses a
spring-loaded bar to kill a rodent on contact. Some modern snap traps
prevent risk children and pets by enclosing the device in a plastic box.
3. RBS: A rodent bait station is small, usually plastic box with a hole that
allow the pest to enter and easy approach to bait inside the box. Inside the
box is highly toxic bait, so any rodent that consumes the bait will die.
Many rodents also transfer bait back to their harborage where it will be
shared and a domino effect is initiated. It may contain solid or liquid bait.
Can be used inside and outside.
4. Live traps.
Q 11. What is anticoagulant? Explain their mode of action and its specific
antidote.
Anticoagulant: An agent that is used to prevent the formation of blood clots.
Chlorophacinone, diphacinone and warfarin are first generation
anticoagulants. The second generation anticoagulanta are Brodifacoum,
Difenacoum, Bromedialone, Difethialone. We mostly used second generation
anticoagulants in our rodent bait station.
Mechanism: Anticoagulant achieve their effect by suppressing the synthesis or
function of various clotting factors (thrombin, fibrinogen) that are normally
present in the blood. Vitamin k storing is limited in the body, the body recycles
it. Our liver make a special enzyme vitamin k-epoxide reductase that allows
our body to recycle the vitamin k through a process called vitamin k-epoxide
cycle. Body need vitamin k to make the blood clotting agents (thrombin,
fibrinogen) that protect us from bleeding too much. Anticoagulants stops this
enzyme from doing its function.

NO CHEMICAL GROUPS ANTIDOTE

1 Organophosphate Atropine, pralidoxime
(Chlorpyrifos,propetmaphos) chloride
2 Carbamate insecticides Atropine
(Peopoxur, carbaryl)
3 Neonicotinoid Activated carbon some
(Imidacloprid) time helps
4 Anticogulant (bromadialone) Vitamin k1
5 Synthetic pyrethroid There is no antidote for
(Cypermethrin,deltamethrin) pyrethroid poisoning
Q 12. Specify cockroaches and their habitats.

GERMAN COCKROACHES: (Blatella germanica)

Length: 0.6 inches; smaller than American or Asian cockroaches

Color: Light-brown
Distinguishing features: Two dark parallel stripes on pronotum (Head),
from head to wings.
Found: Areas near water sources with food, such as kitchens, storage areas
and bathrooms.
Flight: Hardly, but can move smoothly and quiet. Most notorious of
roaches.
Entry: Typically carried in via visitors, packages, clothing, purses, used
furniture, etc., but also easily spread through walls in multifamily houses.
BROWN-BANDED COCKROACHES: (Supella longipalpa)

Length: 0.5 inches; smaller than American or Asian cockroaches.

Color: Males are dark-brown at base and Golden-tan toward wing tips,
females have reddish-brown wings and dark-brown bodies
Distinguishing features: Males and females have two light-yellow bands
across the back.
Found: Warm and dry indoor areas, ceilings, behind picture frames and
clocks, in hollowed-out wood and clutter, inside electric devices.
Flight: Only males can fly, more likely to jump
AMERICAN COCKROACHES: (Periplaneta americana)

Length: 1 to 3 inches; Largest

Color: Brown to reddish-brown
Distinguishing features: Light-yellow or pale brown bands around the edge
of the pronutum.
Found: Prefer outdoors but love warm, damp areas, gutters, drains,
kitchens, laundry rooms, basements and bathrooms.
Flight: Both adult males and females, can fly
Entry: Can come in under doors, basement windows, garages or sewer
system
SMOKY BROWN COCKROACHES: (Periplaneta fuliginosa)
Length: 1.5 inches; a bit smaller than American roach
Distinguishing features: Dark brown almost black heads while the rest of
their bodies is a rich mahogany color. Wings longer than bodies
Found: Gutters, attics and crawl spaces
Flight: Both adult males, and females, can fly
Entry: plumbing, vents, where trees, vegetation, shrubs, etc., meet the
house.
ORIENTAL COCKROACHES: (Blatta orientalis)
Length: 1 to 1.25 inch
Distinguishing features: Dark-brown or glossy-black. Male wings shorter
than body, female wings underdeveloped.
Found: Areas with tons of moisture, decaying organic matter and below
ground level (e.g., sewers, damp basements, etc.)
Flight: No
Entry: Can come in under doors, basement windows, garages or sewer
system.
Q 13. How rodent snap trap and fly attractant bottle trap works?
Snap traps/Break back trap: This is the oldest type of trap and uses a spring-l
oaded bar to kill a rodent on contact. When the spring is triggered a metal bar
snaps (break suddenly and completely with a cracking sound) and kill the
rodent. These traps inexpensive and available in 2 sizes, small for mice and
large for rats. Several snap traps are set at the proper locations to maximize the
effectiveness. The size of the trap is very important for better work. Some mod
ern snap traps prevent risk children and pets by enclosing the device in a plastic
box.
Fly attractant bottle trap: Victor fly magnet (Bait) attracts and traps flies.
The attractant lures them into the bottle, but does not let them escape. The victor
fly magnet use poison free bait which is safe and effective.
How to use fly magnet trap:
• Open the trap (bottle) and pour in the victor fly magnet bait. The packet is
already in the bottle.
• Add warm water to the fill line on the bottle and swirl to mix the
contents. Water is added so flies stay submerged.
 • Hang approximately 10-12 ft. from the ground in a warm sunny area.
• When the trap is full, dispose it.
Q 14. How does rescue fly trap works?
It comes as a bag made of plastic. Add water to the fill line and its ready to go.
Flies will find it fast. The attractant packet inside the bag dissolves and activates
when you add water. Lured by the scent, flies enter the trap through the yellow
top cap and drown in the water.
Q 15. What are the application methods to control mosquitoes inside the
building and briefly explain each of them with an explanation of pesticides
used?
The two methods to control the mosquitoes inside the building:
1. Residual spraying: Residual spraying is usually carried out in the form
of a fine spray made to the surface where mosquitoes may come into
contact. As its name indicate, IRS involves coating the walls and other
surfaces of a house with residual insecticide As the droplets of the spray
are much larger, they settle very quickly on the surface of treated areas.
Residual effects usually last from a few days to about a week to sever
months depending on the product used. Mosquitoes rest or land in treated
areas may be killed. Equipment used for spraying can range from a small
hand-held compression sprayer to a gas-powered backpack sprayer to a
hydraulic mist blower. Residual spraying should only be conducted when
the mosquito population reaches an annoying level and there is a threat of
mosquito-borne diseases. When it is applied in areas to where the general
public may have access, it is necessary to post warning notices so that
passersby will not touch the treated areas unintentionally.
Residual spray applied inside are, Malathion 25% WP 6-8 weeks,
Deltamethrin 2.5% WP 10-12 weeks, cyfluthrin 10% WP 10-12
weeks.
2. ULV Treatment: An ULV type of cold fogger. The cold fog is
produced by a special device “Cold Fogger” that breaks up the
chemical into microscopic droplets (5-20 micron) by mechanical
means, basically with a high-pressure pump and an extreme fine
nozzle. Ultra-Low Volume uses small amount of chemical for
coverage of a large area. Same as with thermal foggers, the fogging
solution is stored into a tank and when fogger is operating the fogging
liquid gets pumped out of the tank. Solution then gets pumped into a
special nozzle that is construed in such a way to give the air flow a
 spinning motion. A high air pressure produced by the motor helps to
spray the fogging liquid trough the nozzle separating it into tiny
particles. The liquid solution gets sprayed out of the nozzle in form of
a fog or a fine mist. ULV foggers mostly work on electricity, which is
needed to power an electrical motor. Also, because ULV foggers use
cold fogging techniques and do not get heated to high temperatures,
they can be used both indoors without fire risk. Also, ULV foggers
produce almost invisible fog and allow to adjust particle size, so they
can be used in more applications than thermal foggers. ULV foggers
are often used to sanitize houses and large warehouses as well as
control unpleasant odors in such areas. ULV fogger can be left to work
automatically and there is no need for a person to operate the fogger all
the time as with thermal foggers. ULV foggers are also used with
special chemicals to get rid of molds in indoor areas.
3. Fumigation
4. Electric Fly killers
Q 16. What is PPE?
• Apron
• Boots, Knee
• Protective Coveralls
• Hearing Protection
• Face shield
• Rubber or PVC Gloves
• Goggles/ glasses
• Helmet
• Canister Respirator
• Hat, Insect Net
Q 17. What are the recommendations before and after pesticides
application indoors? Also explain the reason of this practice.
Recommendations before pesticides application:
1. Make sure that the pesticide label indicates that the product can be used
indoors.
2. Inform all the inhabitants before applying the pesticides.
3. Always use clean water for pesticide mixing and prepare outside.
4. PPE must be used to avoid any hazard.
5. Keep children, pets including birds and fishes, toys including pet toys
away from areas where you mix and apply pesticide.
 6. Do not eat, drink or chew while mixing or filling the spray tank.
7. Provide adequate ventilation.
8. Two type of ventilation i.e. open and closed.
9. Cover equipment and food contact that cannot be moved.
10. Be familiar with first aid information in case of any unfortunate incident.
Recommendations after pesticides application:
1. Dispose of unused pesticides and pesticides containers properly.
2. Do not transfer pesticides to other container.
3. Inhabitants must be warned, to not enter the treated area immediately.
4. While leaving make sure that nothing is left behind.
5. Clean and wash PPE after pesticides application.
6. Wash the empty bottles 2-3 times and drain the water safely. Then
puncture the bottles, put in the bag, tight it with a tap and trash safely.
7. Wash, rinse and sanitize food contact surfaces after application.
Q 18. Mention three of the main general pesticide group with active
ingredients.
Organophosphates:
Active Ingredients: Parathion, Diazinon, Dichlorvos, etc.
Organophosphates are human made chemicals that poison insects and humans.
They are the most widely used insecticides today. Organophosphates affect the
nervous system by disrupting the enzyme that regulates acetylcholine, a neurot
ransmitter that function in the brain and body. Most organophosphates are insect
icides. They were developed during the early 19th century, but their effects on i
nsects and on humans is same, which was first discovered in 1932. Some are
very poisonous (they were used in World War II as nerve agents). However, th
ey usually are not persistent (Hang On) in the environment.
Carbamate:
Active ingredient: propoxur, carbaryl, bendiocarb, methomyle.
Carbamate are used as sprays or baits to kill insects by affecting their brain a
nd nervous system. They are used to kill roaches, ants, fleas, crickets etc. Carb
amate pesticides affect the nervous system by disrupting an enzyme that regulat
es acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter. The enzyme effects are usually reversible.
Phyrethroids:
Active ingredients: permethrin, cypermethrin, pyrethrin, bagon etc.
They were developed as a synthetic version of the naturally occurring pestici
de pyrethrin, which is found in chrysanthemums (Flowering plant). They ha
ve been modified to increase their stability in the environment. Pyrethroid tar
gets the CNS in both target and non-target organism. They interact with sod
ium channels in neurons.
Q 19. Define I.P.M and I.G.R with explanation.
I.P.M (Integrated Pest Management)
Integrated pest management also known as integrated pest control, is a broad
based approach that integrates practices to suppress pest population below the
economic injury level. OR
It can be defined as “combination of cultural, physical, biological and chemical
control techniques to minimize adverse effect to the public and the environmen
t”.
Steps involved:
• Thresholds
• Inspection and monitoring
• Client education and communication
CONTROL METHODS:
1) Habitat alteration
2) Sanitation
3) Exclusion
4) Physical control
5) Chemical control
6) Biological control
7) Cultural control
8) Evaluation and follow-up
I.G.R (Insect Growth Regulators)
An insect growth regulator is a substance (chemical) that inhibits the growth or
life cycle of an insect. IGRs are typically used to control populations of harmful
pests, such as cockroaches, flies, fleas etc. IGRs target harmful insect populati
on while causing less effects to beneficial insects. IGRs do not affect the CNS a
nd thus are friendlier to “worker insects” within closed environment. IGRs prev
ent an insect from reaching maturity by interfering with the molting process. I
GRs kill the insects within 3 to 10 days. Some IGRs cause insects to stop feedin
g long before they die. IGRs can be used in-house and is safe to spray on
carpets and furniture and lasts up to six months. As IGR is hormone so it has no
side effects on other animals such as mammals, birds etc.
Q 20. Recommended formulation for rodent control.
Rodenticides are pesticides that kill rodents, including mice and rats. They are
often formulated as baits (liquid with attractive substances like peanut butter. It
can provide short term control of rodent infestation. The most common
rodenticide used in the 21st century is anticoagulant. Rodifen pasta, Final all
weather blocks etc.
Brand names: Havoc (Active ingredient: Brodifacoum)
Ramik Green (Active ingredient: Diphacinone)
Q 21. State the two methods for control of mosquito larvae in breeding
sites. Specify the technical name chemicals/active ingredient. Mention the
common name two products available in U.A.E.
Two methods to control larvae are:
1. Larvicide application.
1. VectoBac (WDG): (Bti 37%).
2. Biopren (EC) 4GR (S-Methoprene 4g/Kg).
3. Starycide SC (Triflumuron 48g/L).

2. Biological agents:
Effective biological control includes predatory fish that feed on mosquito larvae
such as 1.mosquitofish (Gambusia/Gambezi) and some 2.cyprinid fishes (carps
and minnows). 3. Dragonfly is also predator of mosquito larvae. 4. Some duck
also feed on mosquito larvae. 5. Toxorhynchites mosquito also called
elephant mosquito or mosquito eater. These mosquitoes offer an alternative
form of biological control because their predatory larvae often feed upon the
larvae of vector species of mosquitoes. 6. The use of elongated round-headed
nematode worms like Mermithidea is also among the list of suggested
biological agents.
Q 22. Control of flies, German cockroaches and rats in two stories building
utilized as high class restaurant consist of catering area, food processing
and preparation area, storage area, dining hall, reception area, bathrooms
and staff rooms.
Pest control in hotels:
Identification and Inspection:
We should use IPM in hotels and should go with no or least chemicals. An
important aspect during this procedure is to inspect and monitor for pest
outbreaks to know the infestation rate. For this purpose sticky traps with
attractants help identify insects inside entrances and in places where food is
stored, served and disposed. Ultraviolet lights and synthetic pheromones can
be used to lure flying insects to the traps. Once the problem is identified it is
important to record this information. The specific pest should be determined
because targeted treatments tend to be more effective and cause less pesticide
exposure than general treatment. Information should be recorded by location
and number of pests. Communication standards should be followed for each
type of pests.
1. Exclusion and sanitation:
Exclusion is the one of the most important approach to commercial pest
management. Pest exclusion is a preventative tactic that involves sealing up
areas of your building where pests are likely to enter. Pest exclusion tools
include door sweeps, air curtains, water resistant sealant, sealing up all points of
entry etc. A little different approach is used for each pest to control them though
exclusion because different pests enter the building by different ways.
2. Insect Light Traps and Sticky Traps:
To keep pests from entering the hotels install ultraviolet lights inside entrances
and doors to food service area and delivery areas to lure flying insects. For
maximum effectiveness remember to replace the bulbs in the fly lights at least
one per year. . The top recommendations for fly light traps is the Matrix II. In
kitchen and storage areas, sticky boards are also a monitoring and control tool
for pests. It can also detect the warming signs of a potential infestation. Sticky
traps are available of different types for different pests. Sticky traps can be
placed behind and under equipment, travel path of pests, entry points, along the
walls, outside or inside the door etc. Always check the sticky boards after some
time and changes their location daily or after few days.
3. Glue traps with pheromones attractants: Like Musca-stick fly trap. It has g
lue on its body and a catch basin at the end of the stick. Pheromone attractant is
applied into the catch basin and is hanged in house flies activity area. The flies
will attracted and stick to it and eventually dies.
4. I.G.R:
An insect growth regulator is a substance (chemical) that inhibits the growth or
life cycle of an insect. IGRs are typically used to control populations of harmful
pests, such as cockroaches, flies, etc. IGRs target harmful insect population wh
ile causing less effects to beneficial insects. Similarly lab-created version of
insect hormones delay pest growth and prevent reproduction keeping pest
population from expanding. IGRs are non-toxic to humans and other animals, so
they will not harm the guests and their pets.
5. Repellants and desiccants:
Small amount of repellent dust can keep pest away from the areas that we don’t
want to be occupied by the pests in the hotel. Insects are repelled upon contact
with the repellent which contains pyrethhrins, silica gel and inorganic
compounds that damages the insect exoskeleton through a process called
desiccation. Desiccants are those substances that absorb moisture from the air or
surrounding environment. As we know most insects are moisture loving so such
substances can also be used which reduces or eliminate the moisture like
diatomaceous earth.
6. Baits and bait stations (inside and outside):
Non-volatile baits are often a good alternate for chemical treatment and are
another environmentally friendly way to keep pests from interfering with
guests, so they can enjoy party and food. Different baits are used for different
pests to control their population. These baits are odorless and won’t have guests
complaining about a strong odor in the hotel. These targeted bait treatments can
help eliminate whole pest population because once insects consume it they will
take it back to the nets/harborage area where the rest of the pest population can
be affected as they also feed on this bait.
7. Aerosols:
8. ULV Treatment:
An ULV type of cold fogger. The cold fog is produced by a special device “Col
d Fogger” that breaks up the chemical into microscopic droplets (5-20 micron) b
y mechanical means, basically with a high-pressure pump and an extreme fine n
ozzle. Ultra-Low Volume uses small amount of chemical for coverage of a l
arge area. Same as with thermal foggers, the fogging solution is stored into a ta
nk and when fogger is operating the fogging liquid gets pumped out of the tank.
Solution then gets pumped into a special nozzle that is construed in such a way t
o give the air flow a spinning motion. A high air pressure produced by the moto
r helps to spray the fogging liquid trough the nozzle separating it into tiny partic
les. The liquid solution gets sprayed out of the nozzle in form of a fog or a fine
mist. ULV foggers mostly work on electricity, which is needed to power an elec
trical motor. Also, because ULV foggers use cold fogging techniques and do not
get heated to high temperatures, they can be used both indoors without fire risk.
Also, ULV foggers produce almost invisible fog and allow to adjust particle siz
e, so they can be used in more applications than thermal foggers. ULV foggers a
re often used to sanitize houses and large warehouses as well as control unpleas
ant odors in such areas. ULV fogger can be left to work automatically and there
is no need for a person to operate the fogger all the time as with thermal foggers.
ULV foggers are also used with special chemicals to get rid of molds in indoor
areas.
9. Residual spraying:
Residual spraying is usually carried out in the form of a fine spray made to the
surface where mosquitoes may come into contact. As its name indicate, IRS inv
olves coating the walls and other surfaces of a house with residual insecticide A
s the droplets of the spray are much larger, they settle very quickly on the surfac
e of treated areas. Residual effects usually last from a few days to about a week
to sever months depending on the product used. Mosquitoes rest or land in treat
ed areas may be killed. Equipment used for spraying can range from a small
hand-held compression sprayer to a gas-powered backpack sprayer to a hy
draulic mist blower. Residual spraying should only be conducted when the mo
squito population reaches an annoying level and there is a threat of mosquito-bo
rne diseases. When it is applied in areas to where the general public may have a
ccess, it is necessary to post warning notices so that passersby will not touch the
treated areas unintentionally.
Residual spray applied inside are:
Malathion 25% WP 6-8 weeks,
Deltamethrin 2.5% WP 10-12 weeks,
cyfluthrin 10% WP 10-12 weeks.
10. Fumigation

Pest control in Farm house:

Pests found in farm house are ticks and flies.
1. Identification and Inspection:
The first step in control is identification and inspection. Biting stable flies cause
horses and other livestock to move their tails, twitch their flanks (side, edges), a
nd stamp their feet. House flies will feed at horses' eyes, body openings, and fre
sh manure.
Tick control requires a very thorough inspection while flies can be detected
easily. Fleas have complete metamorphosis (Egg, Larva, Pupa, Adult). Adult is t
he most common that can be seen. Animals do scratching and for the confirmati
on that if fleas are present the first thing is to check the pets properly wearing gl
oves. Location to look for ticks is tail area, head and neck and belly. These areas
are always evaluated. Use fingers and brush to check inside the hairs.
Flies in farm house are:
1. Houseflies
2. Filth Flies
3. Blow Flies
4. Cluster Flies
5. Moth/ Drain Flies
6. Black Flies
7. Horse Flies or Deer Flies
8. Mosquito
Other pests:
1. Fleas
2. Ticks
3. Sucking Lice

1. Housefly Control Products:

Insecticide Residual spray: House flies rest on sunny surfaces in the daytime,
and having a tendency to come inside or under eaves at night. These areas wher
e the flies are resting can be sprayed with residual or contact insecticides. The fl
ies rest on the sprayed surface and pick up enough insecticide to kill them. Whe
n spraying the surfaces, it should be wet enough to the point of runoff, but not e
nough to form puddles.

Pyrethrin Insecticide Aerosols:

For immediate results, use pyrethrins in an aerosol form and space spray. Pyreth
rins work quickly but give no lasting residual. These aerosols can be used as a q
uick kill insecticide, reducing populations of flying insects for short term results.

Fly Baits - Outside Use:

Fly Spot Bait is a convenient form of Maxforce Fly Bait, applied directly on su
rfaces indoors and outdoors. Imidacloprid as active ingredient. Fly bait spot is
applied as a spray or paint as a paint on application (just like painting on the wal
ls). Its not RTU diluted with solvent and then applied.
Zyrox Fly Bait: Excellent choice for lots of flies, with low use rates. May be us
ed inside or outside. It is available in granules form which is then diluted with
water. This bait can be used in the chamber of apache bait station
Golden Malrin Fly Bait: Comes with a sugar based attractant in small varia
ble granules placed in the flies infested area. It is effective but have high risks t
o pets and children.
FBS-1: Holds granular fly bait. Liquid bait can also be used in FBS-1. The FB
S-1 Fly Station has locking system and has keys to open and put granules inside
the small trays. It is also tamper-resistant. It has specifically designed openings
allow flies into station, while protecting bait from wind, rain, & other elements
as it can be folded and locked.
Apache Fly Bait Station: Holds 2 ounces of Golden Marlin or MaxForce Fly B
ait. Can be set on flat surface or hung above ground. Simply fill the middle cha
mber with your preferred bait and the flies will be attracted to the bait either thr
ough the holes along the middle chamber or by using the feeding below. Keep o
ut of children and pets. It attracts flies within 250 sq ft. area around the bait.
Inside Use:
1. Fly Light Traps
 These electronic fly light traps are very efficient and functional to be used in
side only. They are very popular in restaurants and commercial buildings. W
e carry fly zappers, fly lights with glue pads. The top recommendations for fl
y light traps is the Matrix II (All Seasons Fly) traps.

2. Glue traps (with pheromones attractant): Musca-stick

As with all fly control, sanitation is extremely critical when using fly bait. R
emove trash and other breeding sources, so the Fly bait will be there only fee
ding source. Make sure the baits are inaccessible to animals or children. But
extremely harsh cleaning agents can interfere with the activity of baits.
1. Filth flies (stable fly and house fly):
These flies are called filth flies because they develop in moist organic
debris such as aging feces, soiled animal bedding, and rotting feed debris.
Stable fly adults have seven black spots on a gray abdomen, and their
heads have hardened, bayonet-like mouth parts that penetrate the
skin
to take in a blood meal. Biting stable flies cause horses and other
livestock to switch their tails, twitch their flanks (side, edges), and stamp
their feet. Of all adult stable flies around horses, only 5% will be on the
animal at any one time; the other 95% will be perched on nearby fencing,
buildings, and vegetation. House flies do not bite animals, but can be a
nuisance to people around animals, and can spread fecal bacteria. House
flies have fleshy, sponging mouth parts that suck up fluids. House flies
will feed at horses' eyes, body openings, and fresh manure. Like stable
flies, only a small percentage of house flies are on a horse at any one
time. Source reduction for filth fly control Filth flies in and around barns
can be controlled through debris management, which should be guided by
weekly investigation for potential maggot breeding sites. In the long term,
preventive debris management will be more effective than chemical
controls.
Pyrethrum or resmethrin fogs and space sprays can be used to kill adult flies i
ndoors, but relief will be temporary because these insecticides break down quic
kly. Longer lived pyrethroid and organophosphate residual premise sprays ca
n be applied indoors and outdoors, and will be most effective if applied to fly pe
rching areas. Residual sprays may be effective up to 3 weeks, depending on site
dustiness. Neither fogs nor residual insecticides will be very effective without g
ood debris management, because the flies have a high reproductive potential. Fo
r safety, users of chemical insecticides should always carefully read and precisel
y follow label instructions. Commercial fly traps are also available for purchase.
Baited traps will attract and kill house flies, but not stable flies. While fly traps
of all kinds can catch impressive numbers of flies, effectiveness will be limited i
f debris management is inadequate, or in outdoor environments if flies are immi
grating from off-premise sources.

Biological control:
Stingless parasitic wasps are small, ant-like insects that kill filth fly pupae. Thes
e wasps occur naturally around animal sites, provide natural biological control o
f filth flies, and yet are harmless to people and animals. Wasp females search fo
r fly pupae in fly breeding media. When encountered, females lay eggs inside fl
y pupae, and then the wasp larvae eat and kill the developing fly pupae. Horse o
wners can purchase and release parasitic wasps to supplement natural populatio
ns. Unfortunately, success has been inconsistent among different research studie
s, and probably depends on supply of fly breeding media and numbers of fly pu
pae that need to be killed.
Fly repellants: Can provide temporary relief from attacking stable flies. Effecti
veness is likely to be limited to a few hours, but this may be enough to keep hor
ses comfortable to show or ride safely. Active ingredients in effective products
contain botanical pyrethrins, synergists (piperonyl butoxide etc), and synthe
tic permethrin and cypermethrin. These products should be applied to legs w
here stable flies are most likely to attack, and will need to be reapplied if the hor
se walks through wet vegetation.
For stable fly and other biting fly repellents include Citronella and Camphor.
In general flies hate smoke but when the smoke is from citronella candle or
a piece of camphor then it becomes doubly effective against them. Other
repellents include vinegar, bath oil, mouthwash, plant oils, and herbal extra
cts. Some plant oils have been shown to repel mosquitoes under laboratory cond
itions, but synergized pyrethrins and permethrin are more effective and last muc
h longer. Horse owners should know that none of the home recipes has been sho
wn to protect outdoor horses from biting insects, and some of the ingredients ma
y injure horses with sensitive skin. Products that are registered with the Environ
mental Protection Agency (EPA) have undergone extensive safety testing and pr
oducts carry an EPA number on their label.
Reduce moisture:
Horse/animal owners also frequently using barn lime to control fliers. Hydrate
d lime or calcium hydroxide (commonly sold as barn lime) is commonly use
d reduce moisture and can reduce ammonia odor in barn stalls. When use i
n large quantities, it can also increase soil pH. Fly maggots are tolerant of wide
ranges in pH. If you are using lime in a pasture, significant use of the lime may i
ncrease the pH enough to inhibit some plant growth.

2. Blow Flies:
Blow flies adult are commonly shiny with metallic coloring often with blue,
green or black thoraces and abdomen. Female blow fly typically lays 150-200
eggs per batch in rotting meat, dung or in open wound of animals. A female
blow fly lays up to 2000 eggs in her life time. Hatching from eggs to first larval
stage take about 8 hours to a day. Larvae have three stages of development.
Blow flies commonly gather around dead animals, meat processing plants.
Garbage dumps and slaughterhouses but they can also enter homes when they
detect filth or food indoors. They are very dangerous as they cause a lot of
diseases. Blow flies do not bite humans. Sticky traps, Ultra-violet traps and
fly bait traps can reduce the blow fly population. Exclusion, sanitation,
proper litter/garbage management and manuring can reduce the
population. Chemical control is effective with insecticides that contain
pyrethrins.
3. Cluster flies:
Cluster flies can be recognized by distinct lines or stripes behind the
head, short golden colored hairs on the thorax and irregular light and dark
gray areas on abdomen. They lasts for 13 to 22 days. Cluster flies are
completely harmless to humans because they do not lay eggs in human
food and are not known to carry any disease. They are parasitic to
earthworms, the female lay their eggs near earthworm burrows and the
larvae then feeds on the worms. They can be controlled by insecticides
spray, citronella smoke, electric fly killers, sticky traps etc.
4. Moth flies/ Drain flies:
Drain flies are mostly found in moist places. They are also found in
drains and houses and can also be spotted near decaying logs and
compost piles. Drain flies are not known to carry any human disease but
have been known to be opportunistic. Complete their life cycle 21-27
days. For effective drain fly treatment use three product. Forid drain Gel
 Cleaner, Gentrol IGR, Aerosol and Pyrid. Forid Drain Gel Cleaner is
an organic microbial grease degrader that breaks down organic material
and wastes which will eliminate the food sources and their breeding
grounds.

5. Black flies:
These 1/16 inch long, gnat-like (that resembles mosquitoes) insects commonly a
ttack horses housed outdoors from May into July in Minnesota. Black flies have
cutting-sponging mouth parts that stab skin and cause blood to flow to the surfa
ce. Larvae develop only in flowing bays, streams and rivers. Unfortunately, adul
ts can travel several miles from their larval sources, so horses on premises witho
ut flowing water may still be attacked. During outbreak times, horses can develo
p scaly cuts from repeated biting, especially in their ears, or on their necks, ches
ts and bellies. Black flies bite only during the day (not at night), and few will en
ter dark, shady areas.
6. Horse flies and deer flies:
These 1/3 to 1 inch long stout flies are active around marshes, where their larva
e develop as predators eating other soft bodied animals in swamp mud. Adults t
end to be concentrated nearby, but can travel several miles in search of hosts. Li
ke black flies, horse flies and deer flies are only active in bright daylight.
2. Exclusion and sanitation:
Sanitation is the first measure of defense, even though there are various traps an
d sprays that are used to kill ticks and flies, it is necessary to eliminate the sourc
es in order to eliminate them. Whenever possible, all the materials on which the
flies can lay their eggs must be removed or destroyed, which will isolate the eg
g-laying adult. Killing adult flies will reduce infestation, but elimination of bree
ding areas is necessary. Openings of building should be tightly screened with sc
reen. Filling in all those gaps through which flies can come inside. Using the
appropriate sealant can minimize the pest entry. Pets also need close attention as
they can pick tick to the areas where they stay or pass through.

3. Habitat alternation/Manipulation:
Making the changes to the habitat are important if long term control is the goal.
It is one of the effective method to control the invading pests, because they
don’t find the conditions that suit these pest best. This can affectively suppress
pest population.
4. Physical control:
Keeping grassy areas cut, shrubbery trimmed up or removed if necessary.
Remove all leaf litters and keep the areas clean where pest stays. Limiting the
pets to reduce the tick population outdoors.
5. Chemical control:
Synthetic pyrethroids should be excellent product for tick control. Houseflies
can be controlled by applying different bait techniques inside and outside
according to the label instruction.

Agita 10WG (Thiamethoxam, tricosene). 1 Kg/650 ml water.

Fasnox 10sc (alpha-cypermethrin 10%)
Lambda star CS (pyerethrin)
IGRs, such as Pector is used on the animals and Archer and Nylar for use on
the indoor surfaces. They help to prevent the development of immature ticks so
that any breeding indoors will be interrupted.
6. Outdoor inverted cone trap:
Consist of a cone with a hole in the top that opens into a space enclosed
with screening from which flies cannot escape. Smelly bait under the cone
will attract flies so they fly up through the hole in the top of the cone into
the enclosed space where they die. These traps should be placed in full
sunlight, sheltered from strong winds, and within 6 feet of active
breeding areas, such as at the ends of barns manure piles or calf hutches
(Separate and small single house in which only on cow or buffalo can
stay).
7. Use bug zappers to kill flies:
These devices are most effective when the bulbs are replaced frequently eno
ugh to keep the ultraviolet wavelength attractive to insects. Keep records of t
heir date of installation; a light that appears all right to the human eye may n
ot maintain that proper wavelength. This device should be placed at least 1.5
meters high. Bug zappers have to be 20 to 25 feet away because when insect
s are electrocuted, bug zapper can spread a mist containing insect parts up to
about 7 feet from the device. The air around the zapper can become more co
ntaminated by bacteria and virus that can be inhaled by humans.
8. Evaluation and follow up:
After chemical treatment make evaluation and follow up. These are the
actual results and outcomes evaluated and documented.