Extraction and Application of Natural Dye from the Petals of Red Rose

(Rosa Centifolia ) on Cotton Yarns

Thu Zar Thant

Abstract
Red rose (Rosa centifolia) is one of the most important ornamental plants mainly
growing in garden and rich in red and pink colors. In the present study, the dyeing
pigments present in petals of red rose were extracted by using aqueous methods. The
physical properties (pH, specific gravity, viscosity) of selected dye solution were
determined by using respective equipments. The four different mordants were used to
isolate dye on cotton yarns by together-mordanting method. The results revealed that
different shades of pink and bluish colour were obtained from the dye when subjected
to mordant. On dyed cotton, together-mordanting method gave the attractive and
uniform color. The final results of rating of fastness properties of cotton yarns in four
different mordants are found to be good.
Key words: Red rose (Rosa centifolia), pH, specific gravity, viscosity, mordants

Introduction
Dyes are the colouring materials that colour commodities of our day to day use.
By definition dyes can be said to be coloured, ionizing and aromatic organic
compounds which shows on affinity towards the substrate to which it is being applied.
Dye is generally applied in a solution that is aqueous. Dyes may also require a mordant
to better the fastness of the dye on the material on which it is applied. (Jothi, D., 2008)
Dyes may be divided into two groups, natural and synthetic dyes. Natural dyes
are derived from naturally occurring sources such as plant (eg. indigo and saffron);
insects (eg. cochineal beetles and lac scale insects); animals (eg. some species of
moullusks or shellfish); and minerals (eg. ferrous sulfate, ochre and clay) without any
chemical treatment. (Patil, D.B. K.N. Patil, P.V. Gaikwad, P.J. Patil, U.L. Shewale and S.B.
Bhamburdekar, 2016)
Every herb can be used to make dye. The most common herbal parts used for
extracting dyes are seeds, flowers, leaves, berries, stem, bark, roots. Natural dyes are
now-a-days in demand not only in textile industry but in cosmetics, food, leather and
pharmaceutical industry. Natural dyes are biodegradable eco-friendly. (Sachan, Kiran
and VP Kapoor, 2007)

Aim and Objectives

Aim
The aim of this research work is to extract natural dye from the petals of red
rose (Rosa centifolia) and dyeing in cotton using extracted natural dye with several
natural mordant.


Lecturer, Department of Chemistry, Yadanabon University
Objectives
- To collect the samples (Petals of Red Rose) from Pyin Oo Lwin Township, Mandalay Region
- To extract the natural dye from the samples
- To determine the physical properties of dye solution
- To dye cotton yarns with various mordants using together-mordanting method

- To determine the rubbing fatness and the washing fastness properties of dyed
cotton yarns.
Botanical Description
Scientific name: Rosa centifolia
Family: Rosaceae
Myanmar name: Hnin si ni
English name: Red Rose
Part used: Petals

Figure 1. Flowers of Rosa centifolia

Materials and Methods
Sample Collection and Treatment
Petals of Red Rose were collected from Pyin Oo Lwin Township, Mandalay
Region. Fresh petals of Red Rose free from diseases were collected in clean and clear
bags from Pyin Oo Lwin garden.
Extraction of Dye from Fresh Petals of Red Rose
Procedure
Fresh raw material (100 g) was soaked in distilled water (1400 ml) and kept
overnight. The resulted coloured solution was subjected to warming at 90°C with
continuous stirring for 1hr. The extracted solution was filtered by cotton cloth for 10
minutes to remove suspended impurities. The resulted solution (800 mL) was used as
dye solution.
Dyeing of Cotton
Substrate
Cotton yarns were purchased from White Rose Natural Dye Cotton Shop, in
Amarapura Township.
Chemicals
Laboratory grade chemicals: copper II sulphate, ferrous II sulphate, alum and
myrobalan were used.
Equipment
Equipment used in the present study are weighing balance and water bath.
Scouring the Cotton Yarns
The raw cotton yarns were hit with washing stick for about 15-30 minutes,
followed by washing with water. This cotton yarns were dried under sunshine and it
was cut about 12 inches.
Preparation of Mordants Solution
The collected mordant was ground with motor and pestle. The mordant powders
were dissolved with distilled water (1:50 w/v).
Copper II Sulphate Solution
Copper II sulphate 1.00 g was placed in a beaker. Into this beaker 50 ml of
distilled water was added to dissolved copper II sulphate.
Ferrous II Sulphate Solution
Ferrous II sulphate 1.00 g was placed in a beaker. Into this beaker 50 ml of
distilled water was added to dissolved ferrous II sulphate.
Alum
1.0 g of alum was placed in a beaker. Into this beaker 50 ml of distilled water
was added to dissolved alum.
2.0 Myrobalan
1.00 g of myrobalan was placed in a beaker. Into this beaker 50 mL of distilled
water was added to dissolved myrobalan.

Methods
Extraction of Dye from Petals
Extraction of colour dye was carried out by aqueous methods.
Aqueous Extraction Method
10 g of fresh petals of red rose were boiled in 100 mL distilled water at 100°C for
30 minutes. The decolorized petals were taken out from extraction solvent.
Scouring of Cotton Yarns
 Cotton yarns used for dyeing were boiled in 10 % NaOH solution for 10 min to
remove starch and other impurities from the cloth. The NaOH treated cotton cloths
were then thoroughly washed with cold distilled water.

Dyeing and Mordanting

The clean scouring cotton yarns were treated with different Mordant such as
copper II sulphate (CuSO4), ferrous II sulphate (FeSO4), alum and myrobalan.
Dyeing with Mordants
Most of the natural dyes have colour instability. Therefore, mordants are needed
to set the colour when using natural dyes. The four different mordants of dyeing
employed were together mordanting. The 1 % concentration of each mordant (copper II
sulfate, ferrous II sulfate, alum and myrobalan) was used.

Together-mordanting
The cotton yarns were immersed in 50 mL of 1 % mordant and dye solution at
80-90°C for 45 minutes. After cooling and filtering, the dyed cotton was dried in air (1:1
v/v).

Physical Investigation on Effective Dye Solution

Determination of Specific Gravity

The specific gravity bottle was washed thoroughly with distilled water, dried and
weighed. Then, the bottle was filled with the sample (dye solution) at room
temperature. The excess solution from the capillary was wiped with the piece of tissue
paper and weighed. The above procedure was carried out by using distilled water.
Determination of Viscosity
To determine the viscosity of the dye solution, U-tube viscometer was used. It
was cleaned by using distilled water and then dried. The viscometer was filled with dye
solution through a tube using a long pipette to minimize any wetting of the tube above
the filling mark A. The viscometer was allowed to stand for 20 minutes to reach the test
temperature (27°C) and the volume was adjusted using the liquid. After the sample has
reached the test temperature, suction was applied to bring the liquid level up to a point
1 cm above the timing mark B. The suction was released and the time required for the
bottom of the meniscus to pass from the top edge of mark B to the top edge of mark C
was measured. The above procedure was carried out by using distilled water.
Determination of pH
Petals of Red Rose dye solution (20 mL) were placed into a beaker. The pH of
dye sample solution was measured by means of pH meter.
 Results and Discussion
Physical Investigation of Effective Dye Solution
Physical properties such as pH, specific gravity, and viscosity were determined.
The results are shown in Table (1).
Table 1. Physical Properties of Effective Dye Solution
No. Characteristics Composition
1. pH 5.5
2. Specific gravity 0.9381
3. Viscosity 2.015 cP
According to Table (1), the pH of the dye solution was found to be 5.5. Specific
gravity was found to be 0.9381and viscosity was found to be 2.015 cP.
All the determination was repeated three times and the mean value was
described.
Figure-2 Dyeing Process of Cotton Yarn (four different mordant) by Together-
Mordanting

Copper sulphate Ferrous Alum Myrobalan

sulphate
To determine the effectiveness of dye sample solution on dyeing of cotton yarns,
four different mordants (copper II sulphate, ferrous II sulphate, alum and myrobalan)
were used. Four yarns of NaOH treated cotton yarns were dyed in each of the 1%
mordant solution add together-mordanting method. It can be seen that the colour of
cotton yarns were different by using the four different mordants of dye solutions. The
observerd different colours are shown in figure-2.

Rating of Fastness Properties of Cotton Yarns

The different colour shades were obtained from various mordants of petals of
red rose. The extracts shows variation in colour and which mainly depends upon the
various mordants. The Rating of fastness properties of dye and mordant are given in the
Table (2).
 Table 2. Rating of Fastness Properties of Cotton Yarns
Sr. No. Mordants Cotton yarns

1 Copper II Sulphate Good

2 Ferrous II Sulphate Good

3 Alum Good

4 Myrobalan Good

The three different methods of dyeing employed were pre-mordantation,

together-mordantation and post-mordantation. In the pre-mordanting method, the
substrate is treated with the mordant and then dyed. In the together-mordanting, the
mordant is added in the dye both themselves. In the post-mordanting, the dyed
material is treated with a mordant. In the three mordanting methods, together-
modanting method gave the bright and uniform attractive colour more than two other
methods. A mordant is a substance used to set dyes on fabrics or tissue sections by
farming a coordination complex with the dye which then attaches to the fabric or
tissue. It may be used for dyeing fabrics, or for intensifying stains in cell or tissue
preparations. According to table (2), four different mordants copper II sulphate, ferrous
II sulphate, alum and myrobalan are good results in together-mordanting method for
dyeing process.

Conclusion
Thus, results obtained from the present investigation revealed that, the petals of
red rose flower have the dying potential as a source for cotton dying. Dyes obtained
from the petals of red rose can be used as cost effective and economically commercial
for various industries such as textile, cosmetic, leather, food and pharmaceuticals. Of
the three mordanting methods, together-mordanting method gave the attractive colour
than two other methods. This study revealed that the petals of red rose could be used
as a dye for dyeing cotton yarn and the dye does not make any problems to the
environment.
Acknowledgements
I would like to express my profound gratitude to Dr. Mg Mg Naing, Rector, and Dr. Si Si Khin and
Dr Tint Moe Thu Zar, Pro-rectors, Ethic Review Committee, Yadanabon University. I am also grateful to all
members of the Ethic Research Committee of our university including Dr. Pa Pa Sein, Professor-cum-
Head of the department of English. I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to Professor Dr. Hlaing
Hlaing Myat, Head of the Department of Chemistry, Yadanabon University, for her helpful suggestions and
permission to carry out this project work and for allowing me to use indispensable facilities of the
Department. I am also greatly indebted to my professor, Dr. Htay Htay Win, from the Department of
Chemistry, Yadanabon University, for her guidance, invaluable suggestions, comments and
encouragement off throughout the entire process of conducting the research and writing this paper.
Finally, my thanks also go to my husband and closet friends for their kind help in executing the research
work.
References
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Chapman and Hall Ltd., U.S.A
Jothi, D., (2008) “Extraction of natural dyes from African marigold flower (Tagetes erecta L) for textile
coloration”, Autex Research Journal, 8 (2), 49-53,
Patil, D.B. K.N. Patil, P.V. Gaikwad, P.J. Patil, U.L. Shewale and S.B. Bhamburdekar, (2016) “Extraction of
natural dyes from rose flower for dying cotton fabrics”, International Journal for
Innovative Research in Multidisciplinary Field, ISSN – 2455-0620, Vol. 2, Issue-8
Sachan, Kiran and VP Kapoor, (2007), “Optimization of Extraction and Dyeing Condition for Traditional
Tumeric Dye”

Online Materials
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_dye retrieved on 27 March 2019
http://www.sciencedirect.com/synthetic-dye retrieved on 27 March 2019