2017 考研英语基础讲义

考研核心语法及长难句解析

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1
 考研语法教材

全真题演练

第一部分 简单句
第一章 简单句的核心
第一节 简单句的核心构成
1. 主谓 ＝ 主语 ＋ 不及物动词(vi.)

 Smaller species survived. (2006, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)

 More apparent reasonableness followed. (2014,Reading Comprehension, Part

A Text 1)

2. 主谓宾＝ 主语 ＋ 及物动词(vt.) ＋ 宾语

 Everybody loves a fat pay rise. (2005, Reading Comprehension, PartA, Text1)

 Many students experience both varieties. (2011, Reading Comprehension, Part

B)

 …very few women have 15 children. (2000, Reading Comprehension, Part A

Text 2)

2
 Several of his staff members have military-intelligence backgrounds. (2003,

Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)

3. 主谓双宾 ＝ 主语 ＋ 及物动词(vt.) ＋ 两个宾语（人＋物）

 They gave justices permanent positions...(2012, Use of English)

 … railroadscharged all customers the same average rate... (2003, Reading

Comprehension, Part A Text 3)

4. 主谓宾补＝ 主语 ＋ 及物动词(vt.) ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语的补足语（简称宾补）

 You always keep your eyes open...(2004, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text

1)

 The spooks call it "open source intelligence,"...(2003, Reading Comprehension,

Part A Text 1)

5. 主系表＝ 主语 ＋ 系动词＋ 表语

 This is a dangerous game... (2005, Reading Comprehension, PartA, Text2)

考研真题中常出现的系动词，总结如下：

系动词 表达含义 真题例句

be 单独出现 Anthropology is one of the social sciences.

（无其他实义动词） (2003, Translation)

“是”

3
 get “变得” …their behavior became markedly different.

become (2005, Reading Comprehension, PartA, Text1)

turn

go

grow

look 感官动词 They look cute. (2005, Reading Comprehension,

sound “看/听/闻/尝/感 PartA, Text1)

smell 觉起来……”

taste And most folks still feel pretty comfortable

feel about their ability...(2004, Reading

Comprehension, Part A Text 3)

keep / remain “保持着……” The prospect seems remote. (2010, Reading

seem／appear “似乎……” Comprehension, Part A Text 1)

prove “证明出，显示

出……” Nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a

major goal.(2012, Translation)

真题演练：
请用下划线标出谓语动词的部分，并判断谓语动词的种类及简单句的种类。

1. … our president calls himself ‘the Decider’. (2009, Reading Comprehension,

Part A Text 1)

2. The humiliation continues. (2004, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)

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3. The computer is the 21st century' s culture machine. (2012, Reading

Comprehension, Part B)

4. …poetry of many kinds gave him great pleasure. (2008, Translation)

5. … even the word “habit” carries a negative implication. (2009, Reading

Comprehension, Part A Text 1)

第二节 简单句的核心变化
一、 谓语动词的变化
1. 谓语动词的时态

“一般” 时态
一般过去时：谓语动词 ＝ did（动词的过去式）

 Last year Japan experienced 2,125 incidents of school violence... (2000,

Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4)

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 …this city was one of the largest human settlements in the world. (2014,

Reading Comprehension, Part B)

一般现在时：谓语动词 ＝ do / does （动词的原形或第三人称单数）

 So far the results are inconclusive. (2009, Use of English)

 But most law graduates never get a big-firm job. (2014, Reading

Comprehension, Part A Text 2)

 Archaeologists commonly use computers to map sites and the landscapes

around sites. (2014, Reading Comprehension, Part B)

 Today it makes almost no difference. (2000, Reading Comprehension, Part A

Text 2)

 Pearson also predicts a breakthrough in computer-human links. (2001,

Translation)

一般将来时：谓语动词 ＝ will + do 或 am / is / are going to + do

 We will have a less civil society. (2004, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4)

 I don’t know if other clients are going to abandon me, too...(2004, Reading

Comprehension, Part A Text 3)

 …the problems will be different. (2002, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)

 Clearly, only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to

be able to compete in such a rich and hotly-contested market. (2005,

Translation)

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（一般）过去将来时：谓语动词 ＝ would + do 或 was / were going to + do

 They gave justices permanent positions so they would be free to upset those

in power ...(2012, Use of English)

 … it simply didn ’ t foresee what would happen next. (2012, Reading

Comprehension, Part A Text 2)

 For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors… was going to

be the next casualty.(2000, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)

“进行”时态
过去进行时：谓语动词 ＝ was / were + doing

 He was searching for tiny engraved seals... (2014, Reading Comprehension,

Part B)

 Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford

Financial Services Group... (2011, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)

现在进行时：谓语动词 ＝ am / is / are + doing

 Home prices are holding steady in most regions. (2004, Reading

Comprehension, Part A Text 3)

 Every cat with an owner…is running a small-scale study in operant

conditioning. (2009, Use of English)

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将来进行时：谓语动词 ＝ will be + doing（其中 be 动词永远用原形 be）

过去将来进行时：谓语动词 ＝ would be + doing（其中 be 动词永远用原形 be）

以上两种时态在考研真题当中，几乎不出现，建议考研的同学们不用掌握。

“完成” 时态
过去完成时：谓语动词 ＝ had + done

 He had never gambled before the casino sent him a coupon for $20 worth of

gambling. (2006, Reading Comprehension, Part B)

 The interviewers had ratedapplicants on a scale of one to five.(2013, Use of

English)

 …he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed

during the preceding twenty or thirty years. (2008, Translation)

 Roman Catholicism had been the state religion... (2007, Use of English)

现在完成时：谓语动词 ＝ have / has + done

 Time…has given them legitimacy. (2014, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text

3)

 The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an

important issue recently.(2012, Use of English)

 For the most part, the response has been favorable... (2011, Reading

Comprehension, Part A Text 1)

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 Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited success,

and expansion abroad. (2010, Reading Comprehension, Part B)

 Families have also experienced changes these years. (2004, Use of English)

将来完成时：谓语动词 ＝ will have + done

 … relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have

arrived. (2001, Translation)

“完成进行”时态
现在完成进行时：谓语动词 ＝ have / has been + doing

角度相同 都表示“现在的之前”

两种时态 现在完成时 现在完成进行时

have/has + done have/has been + doing

强调不同 强调结果（做完与否都可以） 强调过程

例句 We have not won the match. We have been working hard for

several months.

 That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades. (2003, Reading

Comprehension, Part A Text 1)

 Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. (2010,

Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4)

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过去完成进行时：谓语动词 ＝ had been + doing

将来完成进行时：谓语动词 ＝ will have been + doing

以上两种在考研真题中没有出现过，不用掌握。

真题演练：
请用下划线标出谓语动词的部分，并判断谓语动词的时态及时态表达的含义。

1. Amazon.com received one for its “one-click” online payment system. (2010,

Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)

2. … insects would eat us up ifbirds failed to control them.(2010, Translation)

3. I am going to suggest that it is not true. (2006, Translation)

4. We will become a second-rate country. (2004, Reading Comprehension, Part A

Text 4)

5. And a significant number of the homeless have serious mental disorders.

(2006, Use of English)

6. Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. (2008, Reading

Comprehension, Part A Text 1)

7. A growing number of researchers and organisations are now thinking

seriously about that question. (2013, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)

8. Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market.(2000,

Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)

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9. By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become

independent nations. (2007, Use of English)

10. Americans’ life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. (2003,

Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4)

11. This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social

sciences too. (2012, Translation)

12. … for a century, past conditions of life have been conditionally speeding up...

(2000, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)

2. 谓语动词的情态
考研中常出现的情态动词如下：

现在时 过去时

must 无

can Could

will Would

shall（考研真题中不常出现） Should

may Might

以上几个情态动词详细用法如下：

情态 含义 真题例句

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动词

must “必须”  … we must also tread with caution. (2012, Reading C

omprehension, Part B)

 Scientists must communicate their message to the

public in a compassionate, understandable way...

(2003, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)

can “能够／可  … and the right mental workoutscan significantly

could 以” improve our basic cognitive functions.(2014, Use of

English)

 Similarly, the physical act of laughter could improve

mood.(2011, Use of English)

will “愿意／将  Will you marry me?

would 要”  The first draft will appear on the page... (2008,

（表示“将要” Reading Comprehension, Part B)

时常用于将来  Potential home buyerswould cheer for lower interest

时态） rates. (2004, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)

may “可以／可  … expressionsmay influence emotions rather than just

might 能” the other way around.(2011, Use of English)

 Such bodily reaction might conceivably help

moderate the effects of psychological stress.(2011,

Use of English)

should “应该”  America should follow. (2014, Reading Comprehensi

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 on, Part A Text 2)

 Those suffering from persistent nightmares should

seek help from a therapist. (2005, Reading

Comprehension, PartA, Text3)

除了表示“情绪和态度”之外，每一个情态动词都能表示推测：

 The details may be unknowable... (2010, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text

4)

 Such searches can take years. (2014, Reading Comprehension, Part B)

 … this loss of mental focus can potentially have a damaging impact on our

professional, social, and personalwellbeing. (2014, Use of English)

情态动词的用法变体：

 … the peculiar way of conducting the experiments may have led to misleading

interpretation of what happened.(2010, Use of English)

 Now something similar could be happening in the oceans. (2006, Reading

Comprehension, Part A Text 3)

真题演练：
请用下划线标出谓语动词的部分，并找到情态动词，写出含义。

1. Could it really be that simple? (2013, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)

13
2. Employers wouldn’t mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market. (2004,

Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)

3. These can only come from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system.

(2007, Translation)

4. In such a case, the company’s response may not be sufficiently quick or

thoughtful... (2011, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)

5. Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next... (2008,

Reading Comprehension, Part B)

6. Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the

segments of European wholesaling ... (2010, Reading Comprehension, Pa rt B)

3. 谓语动词的语态
被动语态的构成：be + done

 Unfortunately, these critics are…forgotten. (2010, Reading Comprehension,

Part A Text 1)

被动语态与时态的结合

 For example, lighting was always changed on a Sunday.(2010, Use of English)

 Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers. (2002, Reading

Comprehension, Part A Text 2)

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 The truth will not be known for years. (2010, Reading Comprehension, Part A

Text 4)

 But the great universal of male mortality is being changed. (2000, Reading

Comprehension, Part A Text 2)

 The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual

discipline in European universities. (2007, Translation)

被动语态与情态的结合

 In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced. (2013,

Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)

 … weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more

advanced races and societies. (2009, Reading Comprehension, Part B)

真题演练：

请用下划线标出谓语动词的部分，并找到被动语态，分辨被动是与时态还是情态相结合并理

解其含义。

1. “Benefits” have been weighed against “harmful” outcomes. (2002, Use of

English)

2. Research institutions could be opened to tours...(2003, Reading

Comprehension, Part A Text 2)

3. A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide...

(2001, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)

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4. People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery. (2006, Reading

Comprehension, Part A Text 4)

5. The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic. (2008,

Reading Comprehension, Part B)

6. Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own

products. (2011, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)

4. 谓语动词的否定
American professors did not possess one. (2011, Reading Comprehension, Part B)

 They do not fund peer-reviewed research. (2014, Reading Comprehension,

Part A Text 3)

 To be sure, the future is not all rosy. (2013, Reading Comprehension, Part A

Text 3)

 With other audiences you mustn't attempt to cut in with humor ... (2002,

Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)

 …average height…hasn’t really changed since 1960. (2008, Reading

Comprehension, Part A Text 3)

5. 补充：谓语动词的强调

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 Although the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter: ... (2006,

Use of English)

 But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future… (2005,

Reading Comprehension, PartA, Text2)

 It did know he had a problem. (2006, Reading Comprehension, Part B)

二、 主语、宾语、表语的变化
（一）名词、代词作主语、宾语、表语
 The process is natural selection. (2008, Use of English)

 But most law graduates never get a big-firm job. (2014, Reading

Comprehension, Part A Text 2)

 They financed them. (2001, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)

（二）非谓语动词 doing 作主语、宾语

1. doing 作主语
 ..suffering is inevitable... (2014, Translation)

 …laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness. (2011, Use of

English)

 Making friends is extremely important to teenagers...(2003, Use of English)

 …buthaving only a foggy view of the future is of little good. (2007, Reading

Comprehension, Part B)

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2. doing 作宾语
 Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. (2000, Reading

Comprehension, Part A Text 1)

 Thinking is essentially a process of making connections in the brain. (2014, Use

of English)

（三）非谓语动词 to do 作主语、宾语、表语
1. to do 做主语
 …to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. (2009, Reading Comprehension,

Part A Text 1)

 To take this approach to the New Englanders normally means to start with the

Puritans’ theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church...

(2009, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4)

 It is important to do so.(2002, Use of English)

 It is painful to read these roundabout accounts today. (2010, Translation)

2. to do 作宾语
 They may then decide to go elsewhere. (2011, Reading Comprehension, Part

B)

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 Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. (2005, Reading

Comprehension, PartA, Text2)

 The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors available for unfamiliar and

emergency signals… (2005, Use of English)

3. to do 作表语
 The trick is to direct these funds better. (2013, Reading Comprehension, Part

B)

 … one benefit of a “national” organization would be to negotiate better

prices… with drug manufacturers. (2005, Reading Comprehension, PartB)

（四）并列多个主语／宾语／表语
 Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity... (2013, Reading

Comprehension, Part A Text 3)

 Social science disciplines include geography, economics, political science,

psychology, and sociology. (2003, Translation)

 That doesn't mean lying down and becoming fooled, or letting foreign

corporations run uncontrolled. (2001, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)

 …it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and

concentrating… technique... (2007, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)

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 In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking,

spontaneity over craft. (2005, Reading Comprehension, PartA, Text4)

 The researchers mapped not only the city’s vast and ornate ceremonial areas,

but also hundreds of simpler apartment complexes... (2014, Reading

Comprehension, Part B)

 Surveys can cover a single large settlement or entire landscapes. (2014,

Reading Comprehension, Part B)

 …the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come

together nationally in a different way. (2001, Reading Comprehension, Part A

Text 1)

 …today’s immigration is neither at unprecedented levels nor resistant to

assimilation. (2006, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)

真题演练：
找到主语的部分，并判断是什么来充当的。

1. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact... (2010, Reading

Comprehension, Part A Text 1)

2. …spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation. (2014,

Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)

3. It is not easy to talk about the role of the mass media in this overwhelmingly

significant phase in European history.(2005, Translation)

20
4. Setting the proper investment level for security, redundancy, and recovery is a

management issue, not a technical one... (2007, Reading Comprehension, Part

A Text 4)

5. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have

increased people’s anxiety. (2005, Reading Comprehension, PartA, Text3)

找到宾语／表语的部分，并判断是什么来充当的。

6. Americans have generally stopped growing. (2008, Reading Comprehension,

Part A Text 3)

7. …artists’ only job is to explore emotions... (2006, Reading Comprehension,

Part A Text 4)

8. Owning slaves was “like having a large bank account ”...(2008, Reading

Comprehension, Part A Text 4)

9. … the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service ... (2004, Reading

Comprehension, Part A Text 1)

10. In order to achieve these objectives, we must concentrate more on

co-productions, the exchange of news, documentary services and training.

(2005, Translation)

第二章 简单句的扩展
第一节 词性角度的扩展
21
一 、限定词修饰名词
 The roughly 20 million inhabitants of these nations looked hopefully to the

future. (2007, Use of English)

 By the third generation, one third of Hispanic women are married to

non-Hispanics, and 41 percent of Asian-American women are married to

non-Asians. (2006, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)

 Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism.

(2004, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4)

 Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. (2010,

Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)

二、形容词 adj./副词 adv.

（一）形容词、副词作修饰成分
 The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. (2012,

Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)

 Their thinking often had a traditional superstitious quality. (2009, Reading

Comprehension, Part A Text 4)

 …and the right mental workouts can significantly improve our basic cognitive

functions. (2014, Use of English)

22
 Strangely, it has involved little physical change. (2000, Reading

Comprehension, Part A Text 2)

 The tourist streams are not entirely separate. (2006, Reading Comprehension,

Part A Text 2)

 …because they are so closely tied.(2012, Use of English)

真题演练：
请划出形容词和副词的部分，并且判断其作用。

1. Hence it is metaphysical; but the means of expression is purely and exclusively

physical: sound. (2014, Translation)

2. Predictably, and regrettably, Quebec refused to join. (2005, Reading

Comprehension, Part B)

3. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training.

(2009, Translation)

4. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim. (2013, Reading

Comprehension, Part A Text 4)

5. Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. (2009,

Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)

（二）形容词、副词的三种比较级别
23
adj. ／ adv. 形式 真题例句

的 3 种比较

级别

原级比较 as + adj./adv.原形（比  Few people are as fertile as in the past. (2000,

较的内容） + as ＋比 Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)

较的对象  The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as

the criticism. (2014, Reading Comprehension, Part

“ 和 …… 相 比 一 样 A Text 3)

的……”

比较级 adj./adv.的比较级 (＋  …younger, healthier people can realize their

than ＋ 比较的对象) potential.(2003, Reading Comprehension, Part A

Text 4)

“(比……)更……”  Rich economies are also less dependent on oil

通常用于两者之间的比 than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in

较 the oil price. (2002, Reading Comprehension, Part

A Text 3)

最高级 adj./adv.的最高级 (＋  Some of the biggest developments will be in

介词短语表示比较的范 medicine... (2001, Translation)

围)  The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of

money... (2014, Reading Comprehension, Part A

“(……范围内)最……” Text 2)

24
 通常用于三者或以上的

比较

真题演练：
请划出形容词、副词的比较部分及比较的对象，并且判断是哪一种级别。

1. At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. (2012, Reading

Comprehension, Part A Text 4)

2. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can't approach that kind of

ability... (2002, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)

3. As a mere 68-year-old, I wish to age as productively as they have. (2003,

Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4)

4. During the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in

America grew twice as fast as inflation. (2014, Reading Comprehension, Part A

Text 2)

5. As time went by, computers became smaller and more powerful... (2002, Use

of English)

6. …the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for combating world

poverty… (2001, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)

三、介词短语
25
 Carter sifted through rubble in the Valley of the Kings for seven years before

he located the tomb in 1922. (2014, Reading Comprehension, Part B)

 You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or

the telephone system. (2002, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)

 At its peak around AD 600, this city was one of the largest human settlements

in the world. (2014, Reading Comprehension, Part B)

 They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius. (2014, Reading Comprehension,

Part A Text 3)

 The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process…

(2011, Reading Comprehension, Part B)

 One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box. (2010, Reading

Comprehension, Part A Text 2)

 For years ex ecutives and headhunters have adhered to the rule… (2011, Reading

Comprehension, Part A Text 2)

 In the past decade, the Japanese divorce rate… has increased by more than 50

percent, and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter. (2000, Reading

Comprehension, Part A Text 4)

 …most people stick with default settings. (2013, Reading Comprehension, Part

A Text 2)

 First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of

consequences. (2012, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4)

 It often comes from the unexpected. (2002, Reading Comprehension, Part A

26
 Text 1)

 Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death... (2010, Reading

Comprehension, Part A Text 1)

 During his lifetime, … he was also one of England’s foremost classical-music

critics... (2010, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)

 It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. (2011,

Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)

 Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting

standard-setters. (2010, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4)

 Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. (2012, Reading

Comprehension, Part B)

 But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too. (2012,

Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4)

 My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness"... (2012, Reading

Comprehension, Part B)

 There is no gap between mind and matter. (2010, Translation)

 In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as Love Life recruits young

people to promote safe sex among their peers. (2012, Reading

Comprehension, Part A Text 1)

 Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world

downloading. (2012, Reading Comprehension, Part B)

27
 Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. (2012, Reading

Comprehension, Part A Text 3)

 Despite these factors, many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such

problems. (2013, Reading Comprehension, Part B)

真题演练：
1. The goals identified in the report are generally admirable. (2014, Reading

Comprehension, Part A Text 4)

2. Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture ... (2006, Reading

Comprehension, Part A Text 1)

3. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. (2011,

Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)

4. For earned media, such marketers act as the initiator for users’ responses.

(2011, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)

5. … there is no radical innovation without creative destruction. (2013, Reading

Comprehension, Part B)

6. For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck

in download mode. (2012, Reading Comprehension, Part B)

第二节 成分角度的扩展
28
一、非谓语动词作定语/状语

非谓语动词作定语

1. It also raises questions concerning "values." (2002, Translation)

2. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the

results of their research to a journal. (2008, Reading Comprehension, Part A

Text 2)

3. The human nose is an underrated tool. (2005, Use of English)

4. The networked computer is an amazing device... (2012, Reading

Comprehension, Part B)

5. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a public trust. (2012, Reading

Comprehension, Part A Text 2)

6. America’s new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work... (2010, Reading

Comprehension, Part A Text 4)

非谓语动词作状语

29
1. In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work, transforming

basic family economics. (2007, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)

2. To promote this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. (2013,

Use of English)

3. Archaeologists commonly use computers to map sites and the landscapes

around sites. (2014, Reading Comprehension, Part B)

4. People are… poor at considering background information when making

individual decisions. (2013, Use of English)

5. …even people insensitive to a certain smell at first can suddenly become

sensitive to it when exposed to it often enough. (2005, Use of English)

真题演练：
请划出非谓语动词的部分，并判断它作定语还是状语（即判断它修饰什么）。

1. …and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to

the journal. (2008, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)

2. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a

reality check. (2012, Translation)

3. With this in mind we can begin to analyze the European television scene. (2005,

Translation)

4. The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder… (2009,

Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)

30
5. …it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method

patents. (2010, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)

6. Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own

products. (2011, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)

二、同位语／插入语
1 同位语
 … the number of papers including the keywords “environmental change” or

“ climate change ” have increased rapidly since 2004. (2013, Reading

Comprehension, Part B)

 In another case, American archaeologists Rene Million and George Cowgill

spent years systematically mapping the entire city... (2014, Reading

Comprehension, Part B)

 Brendon Lynch, Microsoft’s chief privacy officer, blogged: “We believe

consumers should have more control.” (2013, Reading Comprehension, Part A

Text 2)

 It usually leads to no good—drinking, drugs and casual sex. (2012, Reading

Comprehension, Part A Text 1)

 Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting

standard-setters. (2010, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4)

31
2 插入语
 No one, he submits, could have written it without possessing some power of

reasoning. (2008, Translation)

 You can, Mr. Menand points out, become a lawyer in three years and a medical

doctor in four. (2011, Reading Comprehension, Part B)

 These facts, however, have previously been thought unrelated. (2008, Use of

English)

 Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a major subject for

journalists. (2007, Translation)

 Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. (2012, Use of

English)

 Other standardized tests, such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) and the

Graduate Record Exam (GRE), capture the main aspects of IQ tests. (2007,

Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)

真题演练：
1. That, at least, is the hope.(2012, Translation)

2. … positive health habits—as well as negative ones—spread through networks

of friends via social communication. (2012, Reading Comprehension, Part A

Text 1)

32
3. Sapir’s pupil, Benjamin Lee Whorf, continued the study of American Indian

languages. (2004, Translation)

4. In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and

seeks a theory of everything — a single generative equation for all we see.

(2012, Translation)

5. People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information ... (2013,

Use of English)

6. Bob Herz, the FASB’s chairman, cried out against those “who question our

motives. ” (2010, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4)

第二部分 长难句
第一章 并列句
（一）并列句的构成

 The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind.

(2007, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)

 The environment is obviously important, but its role has remained obscure.

(2002, Translation)

 We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death

as a problem to be solved. (2003, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4)

33
 Most archaeological sites have been located by means of careful searching,

while many others have been discovered by accident. (2014, Reading

Comprehension, Part B)

 Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are

independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it, whereas

Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between

particular types of word-order relations. (2012, Translation)

 Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply

didn’t foresee what would happen next. (2012, Reading Comprehension, Part

A Text 2)

 Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite, so their

work tends to reflect the conventional values of this elite. (2001, Reading

Comprehension, Part A Text 3)

（二）并列句的省略

 The program keeps track of your progress and provides detailed feedback on

your performance and improvement. (2014, Use of English)

 …the peoples… died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.

(2004, Translation)

 …the federal government must support job training programs, raise the

minimum wage, and fund more low-cost housing. (2006, Use of English)

 He must either sell some of his property or seek extra funds in the form of

34
 loans. (2000, Use of English)

 But the 47-year-old manicurist isn’t cutting, filling or polishing... (2004,

Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)

真题演练：
请找到并列连词，并划出并列的部分。

1. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life

experience. (2012, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)

2. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for

publication or decline it. (2008, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)

3. In such a case, the company’s response may not be sufficiently quick or

thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. (2011, Reading

Comprehension, Part A Text 3)

4. Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next, but do

not permit it to railroad you. (2008, Reading Comprehension, Part B)

5. History and news become confused, and one’s impressions tend to be a

mixture of skepticism and optimism. (2005, Translation)

6. In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite

big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices

than in the past. (2002, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)

35
 第二章 复合句

第一节 名词性从句
一、 宾语从句

 The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of

years…(2013, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)

 …scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate according to

mental effort. (2014, Use of English)

 This may also explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells...

(2005, Use of English)

 … users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed. (2013,

Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)

 This and other similar cases raise the question of whether there is still a line

between the court and politics. (2012, Use of English)

 … he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics.(2008,

Translation)

 Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the

structures of the languages are lineage-specific and not governed by

universals. (2012, Translation)

 That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be

accepted as impartial judgments. (2012, Use of English)

36
二、 表语从句

 Part of the problem is that the justices are not bound by an ethics code. (2012,

Use of English)

 And that is why America's Second Wave infrastructure — including roads,

harbors, highways, ports and so on — were built with foreign investment.

(2001, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)

 For Williams, these activities become what he calls “electronic morphine.”

(2006, Reading Comprehension, Part B)

 Yet the fact remains that the merger movement must be watched. (2001,

Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4)

 The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that the brain finds it

inefficient to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can create new

receptors if necessary. (2005, Use of English)

三、 主语从句
 What’s needed is a package deal. (2006, Use of English)

 That the seas are being overfished has been known for years. (2006, Reading

Comprehension, Part A Text 3)

 What motivated him… was his zeal for “fundamental fairness”... (2014,

Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)

37
 And whether the community ’ s work contributes much to an overall

accumulation of knowledge is doubtful. (2013, Reading Comprehension, Part

B)

 It did not matter what was done in the experiment; ... (2010, Use of English)

 It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a

simplification, ...(2012, Translation)

 It turns out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles

do, ... (2014, Use of English)

 This year, it was proposed that the system be changed:... (2013, Reading

Comprehension, Part B)

 It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. (2013, Reading Comprehension,

Part A Text 2)

 Second, it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science

rather than go elsewhere. (2014, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)

四、 同位语从句
 Writing in the last year of his life, he expressed the opinion that in two or three

respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years.

(2008, Translation)

 Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and

mixed. (2012, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)

38
 A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were

the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; ... (2005, Reading

Comprehension, Part A, Text3)

 For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a

good one. (2011, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)

 Part of the fame of Allen’s book is its contention that “Circumstances do not

make a person, they reveal him.” (2011, Translation)

真题演练:
请找出下列句子中的名词性从句，并根据位置判断是哪一种名词性从句。

1. There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our

behavior. (2012, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)

2. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job.

(2014, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)

3. The sobering aspect of Allen’s book is that we have no one else to blame for

our present condition except ourselves. (2011, Translation)

4. However, it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell at

first can suddenly become sensitive to it... (2005, Use of English)

5. Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no

account in his society? (2006, Translation)

39
6. One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic

motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value.

(2010, Translation)

7. But what we forget… is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain.

(2006, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4)

8. The resulting settlement maps show how the distribution and density of the

rural population around the city changed dramatically between AD 500 and

850, ... (2014, Reading Comprehension, Part B)

第二节 定语从句

定语从句的写法
 Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary

subjects for journalists. (2007, Translation)

 To a certain extent, our ability to excel in making the connections that drive

intelligence is inherited. (2014, Use of English)

 Most archaeological sites, however, are discovered by archaeologists who

have set out to look for them. (2014, Reading Comprehension, Part B)

 Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect

to rake in substantial profits thereby. (2010, Reading Comprehension, Part B)

 America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans

and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed. (2000, Reading

40
 Comprehension, Part A Text 1)

 On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic

level, seems to be the natural world. (2013, Translation)

 It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age

of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in

most big-city newspapers. (2010, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)

 But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than

America. (2014, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)

 In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead

people speak. (2005, Reading Comprehension, PartA, Text3)

 The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership

structure of the business. (2014, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)

 Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? (2009, Use of English)

 But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine

years. (2011, Reading Comprehension, Part B)

 The definition also excludes the majority of teachers, despite the fact that

teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn

their living. (2006, Translation)

非限定性定语从句
 If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on advertising, it has

chosen an indirect method: (2013, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)

41
 In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the noncommercial

tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be

preserved as such, within reason. (2010, Translation)

 A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of

his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. (2009, Reading

Comprehension, Part A Text 4)

 The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open Source

Solutions, whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.

(2003, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)

定语从句的补充
 One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new

music that is not yet available on record. (2011, Reading Comprehension, Part

A Text 1)

 However, many leading American universities want their undergraduates to

have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person

should possess. (2011, Reading Comprehension, Part B)

 The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is

one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. (2008, Use of English)

 … we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day. (2012, Reading

Comprehension, Part A Text 1)

 Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be

42
 altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous. (2006, Reading Comprehension,

Part A Text 1)

 A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental

structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.(2012,

Translation)

 Nevertheless, as any biographer knows, a person’s early life and its

conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual.(2011, Translation)

 As a News Feature article in Nature discusses, a string of lucrative awards for

researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years. (2014, Reading

Comprehension, Part A Text 3)

 Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which

they live... (2003, Translation)

 … commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to

which a sample is compared. (2009, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)

 Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and

conveyed... (2005, Translation)

 This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me,

here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. (2012,

Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)

真题演练：
43
请划出下列句子中的定语从句，判断是哪种定语从句（限定性或非限定性定语从句），并且

找出定语从句的关系词和所修饰的先行词是哪个（或哪句）。

1. Ground surveys allow archaeologists to pinpoint the places where digs will be

successful. (2014, Reading Comprehension, Part B)

2. Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity

and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. (2000,

Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4)

3. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment

in which they take their stand. (2013, Translation)

4. Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by

a third. (2014, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)

5. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing knowledge

that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. (2012, Reading Comprehension, Part

A Text 3)

6. Bob Herz, the FASB’s chairman, cried out against those “who question our

motives. ” (2010, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4)

7. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that

threatened the existence of earlier humans, ... (2013, Reading Comprehension,

Part A Text 3)

8. As Nature has pointed out before, there are some legitimate concerns about

how science prizes – both new and old – are distributed. (2014, Reading

Comprehension, Part A Text 3)

44
9. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not lately thought to have a

bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy

when it was first suggested. (2008, Use of English)

10. Straitford's briefs don't sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing,

whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be

wrong. (2003, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)

第三节状语从句
1 时间状语从句
 But in some cases, one marketer’s owned media become another marketer’

s paid media—for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its

Web site. (2011, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)

 In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while

Japan has been struggling. (2000, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)

 As the brain fades, we refer to these occurrences as “senior moments.” (2014,

Use of English)

 Carter sifted through rubble in the Valley of the Kings for seven years before

he located the tomb in 1922. (2014, Reading Comprehension, Part B)

 Witness payments became an issue after West was sentenced to 10 life

sentences in 1995.(2001, Use of English)

45
 And since the first Internet gambling site was created in 1995, competition for

gamblers’ dollars has become intense. (2006, Reading Comprehension, Part

B)

 As soon as that report runs, we'll suddenly get 500 new internet sign-ups from

Ukraine… (2003, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)

 …by the time 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. (2005,

Reading Comprehension, PartA, Text2)

2 地点状语从句
 “The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are, but that’s been

fundamentally inverted, ” says one headhunter. (2011, Reading

Comprehension, Part A Text 2)

3 原因状语从句
 However, because these connections are made through effort and practice,

scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate accordin g to

mental effort. (2014, Use of English)

 Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not

accord with desire, Allen concluded: “We do not attract what we want, but

what we are.” (2011, Translation)

46
 Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper

appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic

flu to climate change. (2013, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)

 Now that you have developed a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble

your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made. (2008,

Reading Comprehension, Part B)

4 结果状语从句
 Indeed, homelessness has reached such proportions that local governments

can’t possibly cope.(2006, Use of English)

 We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that

other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that

environment. (2011, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)

5 目的状语从句
 To make revising easier, leave wide margins and extra space between lines so

that you can easily add words, sentences, and corrections. (2008, Reading

Comprehension, Part B)

6 条件状语从句

47
 If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a

general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism

educators. (2007, Translation)

 Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual

credit. (2012, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)

 This is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. (2013,

Reading Comprehension, Part B)

7 让步状语从句
 Although sadness also precedes tears, evidence suggests that emotions can

flow from muscular responses. (2011, Use of English)

 The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, even

though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be. (2007, Reading

Comprehension, Part A Text 2)

 While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance

amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers.

(2007, Translation)

 A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need,

as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need. (2013, Translation)

8 比较状语从句

48
 Rich economies are also less dependent on oilthan they were, ... (2002,

Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)

 In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we’ve

pretty much gone as far as we can go, …(2008, Reading Comprehension, Part A

Text 3)

9 方式状语从句
 During most of his walking life he will take his code for granted, as the

businessman takes his ethics. (2006, Translation)

 Beethoven’s music tends to move from chaos to order as if order were an

imperative of human existence.(2014, Translation)

真题演练：
1. If no surplus is available, a farmer cannot be self-sufficient. (2000, Use of

English)

2. Now, boy babies survive almost as well as girls do. (2000, Reading

Comprehension, Part A Text 2)

3. “But we are taught instead to ‘decide’, just as our president calls himself

‘the Decider’.” (2009, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)

4. Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be

rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems. (2002,

Translation)

49
5. … the old and infirm “have a duty to die and get out of the way”, so that

younger, healthier people can realize their potential.(2003, Reading

Comprehension, Part A Text 4)

6. Meanwhile, as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious.

(2010, Reading Comprehension, Part B)

7. Open-source spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to

tell good information from bad. (2003, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)

8. Although the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter: that the

number of the homeless is increasing. (2006, Use of English)

9. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. (2005,

Reading Comprehension, Part A, Text3)

10. Moreover, IQ tests do not necessarily predict so well once populations or

situations change. (2007, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)

11. More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first became

available without prescriptions last year, ... (2009, Reading Comprehension,

Part A Text 2)

12. In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the

price of petrol than it did in the 1970s. (2002, Reading Comprehension, Part A

Text 3)

13. And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and

operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological

disorder—kitchen rage. (2001, Translation)

50
14. As education improved, humanity’s productivity potential increased as well.

(2009, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)

15. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind ’s emotional

thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is “off-line”. (2005, Reading

Comprehension, PartA, Text3)

16. The White House argued that Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement

priorities, even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter. (2013,

Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4)

第三章 特殊句式
第一节 倒装
一、 全部倒装
 On the north bank of the Ohio River sitsEvansville, Ind., ... (2006, Reading

Comprehension, Part B)

 Also unclear iswhy Microsoft has gone it alone. (2013, Reading

Comprehension, Part A Text 2)

 There is no gap between mind and matter. (2011, Translation)

 There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseeker’s allowance. (2014,

Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)

51
 butthere have been controversial views about its economic, political, social

and cultural implications. (2002, Use of English)

 There may be more matches in the database... (2004, Reading Comprehension,

Part A Text 1)

二、 部分倒装
 … and perhaps never beforehas it served so much to connect different

peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe. (2005, Translation)”

 Not onlydid they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they

had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system ... (2012, Reading

Comprehension, Part B)

 Only recentlydid linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very

different from their own. (2004, Translation)

 And only over the past 30 yearshave scholars examined history from the

bottom up. (2008, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4)

 But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point. (2012,

Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)

第二节 强调
 It isonly in recent yearsthat we hear the more honest argument... (2010,
52
 Translation)

 It is they, not America, who have become anti-intellectual. (2006, Translation)

 It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly

overvalued assets. (2010, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4)

 …it was not until the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant

pre-electronic medium, ... (2002, Use of English)

第三节 虚拟
if 虚拟条件句

时间范围 if 从句 主句

假设过去

假设现在

假设将来

53
 If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. (2008,

Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)

 If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of people, then

humanity would never have progressed. (2011, Translation)

 If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s

World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: ...

(2007, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)

名词性从句的虚拟

 European ministers instantly demandedthat the International Accounting

Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. (2010, Reading Comprehension, Part A

Text 4)

 This year, it was proposedthat the system be changed:... (2013, Reading

Comprehension, Part B)

真题演练：
判断下列句子是哪种特殊句式（倒装、强调还是虚拟）并看懂意思。

1. First, most researchers would accept such a prize if they were offered one.

(2014, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)

54
2. … there is no radical innovation without creative destruction. (2013, Reading

Comprehension, Part B)

3. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. (2005, Reading

Comprehension, PartA, Text4)

4. However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate

programs in Canadian universities.(2007, Translation)

5. As of 2005, there were almost half a million professional social scientists from

all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. (2013,

Reading Comprehension, Part B)

6. I believe it is precisely this permanent coexistence of metaphysical message

through physical means that is the strength of music. (2014, Translation)

第三部分 长难句分析
第一章 基本结构的长难句
第一节 分析长难句步骤一：断开
一、 标点：
 The idea is intuitively compelling , but it doesn’t explain how ideas actually

spread. (2010, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)

 It’s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just

because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous : most adults

understand that a baby is not a haircut. (2011, Reading Comprehension, Part A

Text 4)

55
 Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail ;

wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more

Europeans eat out more often ; and changes in the competitive dynamics of

this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to

consolidate. (2010, Reading Comprehension, Part B)

二、 连接词：
 One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is

that Gilbert is comparatively little known. (2011, Reading Comprehension, Part

A Text 1)

 Some species of trees have been “ read out of the party ” by

economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too low a

sale value to pay as timber crops. (2010, Translation)

 Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely

reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts .

(2010, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4)

 When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, most of us give in to a

demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological

conditions, until one day we find ourselves in a gardenand feel the oppression

vanish as if by magic. (2012, Translation)

56
 America’s new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark

assets to levels which buyers find attractive. (2010, Reading Comprehension,

Part A Text 4)

 But take a longer view and there is a surprising amountthat we can say with

considerable assurance. (2013, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)

 In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are

waiting to be observed and collected by objective researcherswho use the

scientific method to carry out their work. (2012, Reading Comprehension, Part

A Text 3)

 Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are

not even aware of the significance of what they are doing. (2012, Reading

Comprehension, Part B)

真题演练：
分析下列句子，断开并理解其含义。

1. Plenty of good writers don ’ t use outlines at all but discover ordering

principles as they write. (2008, Reading Comprehension, Part B)

2. You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modern

times have seen so much misery. (2006, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text

4)

57
3. We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the

development of education even when governments don’t force it. (2009,

Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)

4. Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with the thesis, which

explains how the setting influences Sammy’s decision to quit his job. (2008,

Reading Comprehension, Part B)

5. They may teach very well, and more than earn their salaries, but most of them

make little or no independent reflections on human problems which invol ve

moral judgment. (2006, Translation)

6. Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete material that is unrelated

to your thesis and add material necessary to illustrate your points and make

your paper convincing. (2008, Reading Comprehension, Part B)

三、 分析主谓：
The IASBsaysitdoes not want to act without overall planning, ...

主 谓 主 谓

(2010, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4)

When the court deals with social policy decisions, the lawitshapesis inescapably

主主谓谓

political... (2012, Use of English)

58
真题演练：

1. It did know he had a problem. (2006, Reading Comprehension, Part B)

2. Today the messages the average Westerner is surrounded with are not

religious but commercial, and forever happy. (2006, Reading Comprehension,

Part A Text 4)

3. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they’ve

apparently learned is when to stop. (2009, Use of English)

4. Consumers seem only mildly concerned, not panicked, and many say they

remain optimistic about the economy’s long-term prospects, even as they do

some modest belt-tightening.(2004, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)

5. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships

may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation. (2009,

Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)

第二节 分析长难句步骤二：简化
 The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next

music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the

sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. (2011, Reading

Comprehension, Part A Text 1)

 During the late 1990s, national spending on social sciences and the

humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds - including

59
 government, higher education, non-profit and corporate - varied from around

4% to 25%; ... (2013, Reading Comprehension, Part B)

 Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it

was the Federal Circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998

decision in the so-called State Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way

of pooling mutual fund assets. (2010, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)

 A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 2007

and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious

questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management

－especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe.

 As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and

confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and

the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the

community’s credible discovery. (2012, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text

3)

 Of all the changes that have taken place in English -language newspapers

during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the

inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage. (2010,

Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)

 The same dramatic technological changes thathave provided marketers with

more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk

that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible,

60
 and much more damaging ways. (2011, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text

3)

真题演练：
1. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist

urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. (2004, Reading

Comprehension, Part A Text 4)

2. “By linking directly to our nervous system, computers could pick up what we

feel and, hopefully, simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full

sensory environments, rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek

holodeck," he says. (2001, Translation)

3. The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the

male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teen -agers who

are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing

Japan ’ s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. (2000, Reading

Comprehension, Part A Text 4)

4. For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perr y

incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming,

pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused

throughout the world. (2009, Reading Comprehension, Part B)

61
 第二章 特殊结构的长难句
第一节 分裂结构
 Bob Liodice, the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers,

says consumers will be worse off if the industry cannot collect information

about their preferences. (2013, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)

 These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say, and they

want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in

science. (2014, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)

 A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need…

(2013, Translation)

 In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300

business-method patents, ... (2010, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)

真题演练：
1. When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen

to love it, we invent excuses to give it economic importance. (2010,

Translation)

2. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today’s

people — especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for

62
 many generations — apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. (2008,

Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)

3. Concerns were raised that witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their

stories in court to ensure guilty verdicts. (2001, Use of English)

4. I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to

the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of

approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. (2006, Translation)

5. One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the

rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general

commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. (2002, Reading

Comprehension, Part A Text 3)

第二节 嵌套结构

 It hoped they would learn how shop-floor lighting affected workers ’

63
 productivity. (2010, Use of English)

 Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would

not： ... (2012, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)

 The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid

for. (2011, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)

 Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly

hard, Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment dampen our

moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight. ” (2011,

Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4)

 It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can

do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself. (2014,

Translation)

真题演练：
1. We’re doing these things because we know they help people stay off benefits

and help those on benefits get into work faster. (2014, Reading

Comprehension, Part A Text 1)

2. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental

structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly. (2012,

Translation)

64
3. This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these

unlikely gardens, the former becomes all the more urgent. (2013, Translation)

4. The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who

suggested that humans are born with an innate language-acquisition capacity

that dictates a universal grammar. (2012, Translation)

5. The student who wrote “The A & P as a State of Mind” wisely dropped a

paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes

toward women. (2008, Reading Comprehension, Part B)

第三节 平行结构
1. The English, the Germans, the Dutch and the French were investing in Britain's

former colony. (2001, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)

2. The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that

serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and

place of praise and critique. (2012, Reading Comprehension, Part B)

65
3. The process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the

emerging countries with unsurpassed might. (2001, Reading Comprehension,

Part A Text 4)

4. Two and three-dimensional maps are helpful tools in planning excavations,

illustrating how sites look, and presenting the results of archaeological

research. (2014, Reading Comprehension, Part B)

5. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave

a bad one. (2011, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)

6. …he advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression. (2014,

Translation)

7. So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge,

but also over the production of the producers of knowledge. (2011, Reading

Comprehension, Part B)

8. We do not attract what we want, but what we are. (2011, Translation)

9. According to accounts of the experiments, their hourly output rose when

lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. (2010, Use of English)

10. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins

and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species

had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question. (2005, Reading

Comprehension, Part A, Text1)

11. In 1998 immigrants were 9.8 percent of population; in 1900, 13.6 percent.

(2006, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)

66
真题演练：
1. Its scientists were the world’s best; its workers the most skilled. (2000, Reading

Comprehension, Part A Text 1)

2. He must either sell some of his property or seek extra funds in the form of loans.

(2000, Use of English)

3. “American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to

be more quick-witted,” according to Richard Cavanaugh, executive dean of

Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government. (2000, Reading Comprehension,

Part A Text 1)

4. In order to achieve these objectives, we must concentrate more on

co-productions, the exchange of news, documentary services and training.

(2005, Translation)

5. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that

threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to

come. (2013, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)

6. What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for “fundamental

fairness”– protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring that only

the most deserving claimants received their benefits. (2014, Readin g

Comprehension, Part A Text 1)

7. In one case, many researchers working around the ancient Maya city of Copan,

Honduras, have located hundreds of small rural villages and individual

67
 dwellings by using aerial photographs and by making surveys on foot. (2014,

Reading Comprehension, Part B)

8. It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay

the car payment, and pay the debt. (2008, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text

1)

9. However, there are still no forecasts for when faster-than-light travel will be

available, or when human cloning will be perfected, or when time travel will be

possible. (2001, Translation)

10. Time was when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence that these

creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they

prey only on “worthless” species. (2010, Translation)

第三章 经典长难句汇总
1. To encourage innovation and competition, the report calls for increased

investment in research, the crafting of coherent curricula that improve

students’ ability to solve problems and communicate effectively in the 21st

century, increased funding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to

68
 bring their learning to bear on the great challenges of the day. (2014, Reading

Comprehension, Part A Text 4)

2. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create, express,

fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge; yet when

one looks at the photographs of the gardens created by the homeless, it

strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various

other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.

(2013, Translation)

3. But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have

missed may not change their views. (2012, Reading Comprehension, Part A

Text 3)

4. To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand

how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or

cognitive terms. (2012, Translation)

5. Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn ’t have had

kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children

are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must

69
 be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives. (2011, Reading

Comprehension, Part A Text 4)

6. One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut

across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts educations

and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different

schools. (2011, Reading Comprehension, Part B)

7. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own

end up in journalism, ” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define

‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to

writers who are’.” (2010, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)

8. We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews

published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of

World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism

was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. (2010,

Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)

9. The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be

heard by all 12 of the court’s judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and

70
 that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should “reconsider” its State

Street Bank ruling. (2010, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)

10. They found that the principal requirement for what is called “global cascades”

— the widespread propagation of influence through networks — is the

presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily

influenced people. (2010, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)

11. If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of

every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this

lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young. (2009,

Translation)

12. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only

suggests that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but

explains the process that has brought this about. (2008, Use of English)

13. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after

observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War,

overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom

in his will. (2008, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4)

71
14. He points out that he always expected much difficulty in expressing himself

clearly and concisely, but he believes that this very difficulty may have had the

compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every

sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own

observations. (2008, Translation)

15. Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust, that most

valuable of economic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore

—and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting

sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands. (2007, Reading

Comprehension, Part A Text 4)

16. Meanwhile, the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accounts

in America disclosed on June 17th, overshadowed a hugely important decision a

day earlier by America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) that puts corporate

America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data

security. (2007, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4)

17. He explores such problem consciously, articulately, and frankly, first by asking

factual questions, then by asking moral questions, finally by suggesting action

which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moral information which

72
 he has obtained. (2006, Translation)

18. But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is

critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best

judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of

present actions. (2005, Reading Comprehension, Part A, Text2)

19. So, if the provinces want to run the health-care show, they should prove they

can run it, starting with an interprovincial health list that would end duplication,

save administrative costs, prevent one province from being played off against

another, and bargain for better drug prices. (2005, Reading Comprehension,

Part B)

20. Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest

form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical

patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture

of a society. (2004, Translation)

21. Because they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new

intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious

and need the confidence that comes from achieving success and knowing that

their accomplishments are admired by others. (2003, Use of English)

73
22. However, the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition

that it would be wise to plan activities in which there are more winners than

losers, for example, publishing newsletters with many student-written book

reviews, displaying student artwork, and sponsoring book discussion clubs.

(2003, Use of English)

23. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research

community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities

such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value

of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. (2003, Reading

Comprehension, Part A Text 2)

24. It’s a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves

railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which

will fail. (2003, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)

25. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers

who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation

would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up

the line. (2003, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)

74
26. Therefore, it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversity in a

calm and systematic manner, with the hope that the knowledge resulting from

such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with

themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth. (2003, Translation)

27. Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician -assisted

suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect”, a

centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects-a good

one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen -is permissible if the

actor intends only the good effect. (2002, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text

4)

28. The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill, which makes the

European Convention on Human Rights legally binding in Britain, laid down that

everybody was entitled to privacy and that public figures could go to court to

protect themselves and their families. (2001, Use of English)

29. He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed for sowing, as an insurance

against the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he

must sell in order to replace old agricultural implements and obtain chemical

fertilizers to feed the soil. (2000, Use of English)

75
30. When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out

what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable

their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be

regarded as normal. (2000, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)

76