HISTORY AND POLITICAL EDUCATION

History is one of the oldest disciplines, dating back to the classical

times.
It was founded by Herodutus who wrote works based on the activities
of man based on events in the dated past during 5th B.C.
It was later improved by Thucydides who improved it, when he
introduced inquiry as means of constructing historical evidence.
History is derived from the Greek word Historia which means
information or an inquiry designed to find out the truth.
History is an account of the unchanging past. [Aristotle 356-322 BC].
History is the record of the human past or record of events which
occurred in the past.
History is man and his story.
History is the story of man’s struggle against the hostile environment
that is against nature, against the wild beasts and some of his kind.
[Other world and dangerous human beings].
History is the memory of the past glory or gloom of the nation or race.
History is an account of the course of historical events in progress ideas.
History is a detailed account of the past events written down following a
chronological order.
History is the record of the past events that is important unusual or
interesting to observers.
History is a chronological record of events as the life of development of
people or institution, culture, traditions often including an explanation of
or commentary on those events.
History as a slang one that is no longer worth consideration. For
example one may say why you worry about, she is history.
History is a formal written account of related natural phenomena, for
example occurrences of volcanic eruption, earthquake.
History is collective memory, the store house of experience through
which people develop a sense of their society identity and their future
prospects. [Tosh j. 1984]
History is the record of the acts of great men and women.
In simple terms History is the study of the past which have dialogue with
the present to determine the future.
The pace of contemporary change does not in any way render the past
irrelevant but to the contrary it helps us to weigh the influence of the
past and interpret its lesson [Tosh]

History is the discipline that deals with the past events and relates the
present historical events with the past and the future.
History is the study of accounts and records of events of man’s
development and civilization arranged in chronological order explaining
how and why these events happened.
History is the discipline that inquires the past of the people, earth and
other areas whose historical sources can be available for the study.
Past events such as population movements, past oppression of the weak
by the strong, past religious movements, invasions and massacres,
battles and wars, all of have a bearing on the present day human society.
Human existence on earth is the product of the past events
History as a slang is something no longer worth consideration.
History is a formal written account of related natural phenomena e.g.
occurrences of volcanic eruption, earthquakes, flood.
According to Edward Carr history is a continuous process of
interaction, a dialogue between the Historian and the facts of the past
and relative weight of individuals and social elements on both sides of
the past and the present.
R.G.COLLINGWOOD defines history as the re-enactment of the past
thoughts.
It’s the study of past events, particularly in human affairs.
It’s the whole series of past events connected with a particular person or
thing.
It’s the study of the past events especially those relating to a particular
place or subject.
It’s the branch of knowledge that records and explains past events.
HOW DIFFERENDTSCHOLARS AND PERSONALITIES
DEFINED HISTORY
NAPOLEON.
Is the set of lies that people have agreed upon.
R.G. COLLINGWOOD.
-Man cannot understand himself unless he knows what he can do;
-And no knows what he can do unless he knows what he has done.
-And the surest way of knowing what man has done is to study man’s
history.
SIR CHARLES FIRTH.
History is not only ‘A branch of learning that should be studied for its
own sake, but knowledge which is useful to men in their daily life.
J. BUKHARDT.
History is the record of what one age finds worthy of note in another
[generation]-the past is only intelligible through the present.
JOSEPH KIZERBO.
The teaching of history must promote the aspiration of African unity.
History must develop an historical conscience according to African
tradition.
FRANCIS BACON.
It is history that makes men wise.
Political education is the study of formal and non formal teaching and
learning processes with aim of developing civic competences.
Or
It’s the Study of how societies are governed
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HISTORY AND
POLITICAL EDUCATION
They are both humanities.
They focus on politics.
They interdependent on each other.
-
Political education is a product of
History provides a background for History.
political education.
History is the study of past events Deals with the current and social
events.
Provides information about the Provides civic education and
past world’s administration.

It’s basically humanity. Also It’s also a human; they both focus
focuses on the human element on the human element.

It’s about the political and social- It’s also handles the political and
economic issues of the society social-economic issues of the
society
It’s a social science dealing with It’ also handles the political and
the past social-economic issues of the
society.
It’s a social science dealing with It’s also a social science but deals
the past with the current activities of the
human societies
It deals with the issues of a society It’s deals with the political issues
in the past of the country, society and the
world
Associated with the achievements Deals with the political systems
which occurred in the past of a nation and rights and duties of
citizens
Divided in three gross time Helps in making a person aware of
periods, ancient, medieval and the governance system of his
modern History country
History shows us where we were Political education addresses the
and how far we have come why and more of the how past
Involves dates, evolution and It involves a wide range of
important past events disciplines, some aspects of
economics, politics, history,
religion and standalone of studies.
History is time bound and always Political education is not time
in a chronological form. bound and may not necessarily
any chronological format.

REASONS FOR STUDYING HISTORY.

To know, understand and appreciate what took place in the past and the
present so as to predict the future. To know where we are going, we
need to know where we are coming from.
To know and appreciate our cultural norms, values, attitudes, traditions
which govern our society those have evolved from the past.
To understand the level of human development over the years and at
various stages and time. For instance we get to know why and how our,
cities, empires and nations developed.
To develop critical thinking skills, reasoning, judgment, empathy as well
as widening our knowledge so as to get solutions for the prevailing
situation.
It helps us to acquire good listening skills and power of reasoning.
It promotes honesty among the Historians. It makes us to know how
people made mistakes and we ourselves become honest in our dealings
with others.
To understand of the present better and more comprehensive so as to
handle the current problems.
To know the past and present of our country, so as to become good
country men and women.
History imparts analytical skills to students to analyze issues critically.
We make sound decisions leaning on the past and we are able to make
wised decisions leaning on the historical knowledge we have acquired
from its study.
To preserve our heritage and culture.
History inculcates in people a sense of tolerance where they differ in
thinking values and ideology.
History also lays a strong background to other disciplines like
Geography and Sciences.
History also gives a practical example to new generation after studying
the achievement of the great leaders of the past.
History is a career subject which prepares learners for courses like
administrators, lawyers.
It is an interesting subject which gives pleasure to a student.
It helps us to solve our dairy problems basing on the experiences of our
ancestors by borrowing ideas from them.
History creates loyalty to one’s nation and to fight conflict and ethnicity.
It promotes nationalism and patriotism by making people appreciate
their origins and culture.
History also improves the quality of our writing.
POLITICAL EDUCATION.
Politics has been defined differently by various political philosophers.
Some defined as the art and science of management of society.
Others have defined it as the study of political behavior of man in
relation to government.
It’s also the study of the distribution of power and economic resources.
Political Education is the process by which knowledge, ideas and
values on selected political issues are passed on to learners for the
purpose of influencing their attitudes towards appropriate political
behavior.
The basic reason for studying political education includes the following.
To introduce learners to fundamental and at times controversial concepts
like state, nation, freedom, democracy and liberty.
To lay a foundation for students aspiring to become political scientists in
institutions of higher learning.
To expose students to the ideas of political philosophers like Socrates,
Rousseau and Karl Marx.
To help students appreciate the positive role of the liberation movements
and international organizations in the struggle for democracy and human
rights.
To help students attain liberal minds those examine socio-political and
economic issues in broader terms.
To enable learners play a positive role in the political process of the
country.
To enable students know their rights and fundamental freedoms that are
necessary for the building sustenance of democracy.
BRANCHES OF HISTORY.
Due to the nature of the History, it is divided into manageable units.
Traditionally it had three branches Social, Political and Economic
History.
Social History.
This is the branch of History which deals with the social issues in the
human History. It focuses on cultures like marriage, customs and totality
of their practice. It also focuses on the religious practices of the society.
According to Mbiti, ‘Africans were notoriously religious; they moved
with their religion, they practiced it everywhere.
Economic History
This is the branch of History which is concerned with the commercial
and economic activities in any human society.
Political History
This is a branch of History which is concerned with political issues such
as names of rulers, systems of government, successful rulers. It is also
with the study of the political development of any society or nation.
Sources of history
A historical source is the original information that contains important
historical information. This information can be obtained from sources
like oral tradition, archaeology, anthropology, linguistics studies, videos,
written documents, museums, traditional folk songs, monuments. These
sources are classified into primary, secondary and scientific forms.
Primary sources
This is first hand information obtained from the people who witnessed a
historical event. Examples include oral tradition, tape recorder, photos,
and lab reports. Such information can be got through the first person’s
account found in diaries, letters, interviews, speeches etc.
Secondary sources
This is known as second hand information. Secondary sources are
usually produced after an event has occurred. Examples Include; text
books, research, project work, collected articles, magazines, quotes, un
published work, etc.
Scientific sources
This involves the use of technology in finding out the past. Archaeology
has mainly relied on Science to trace our past.
The main sources of history from which we can obtain reliable historical
information are oral tradition, anthropology, historical sites, written
records, archaeology, and linguistic studies.etc.
Oral tradition
It’s also referred to as oral history. It is history passed down from one
generation to another by the word of mouth. Oral history was passed
over through songs, proverbs, poems, hymns, legends, myths and
tales by the elders of a given society.
Advantages of oral traditions;

 It provides first hand information which enriches history.

 It’s the cheapest source since it’s passed down by the word of
mouth.
 It preserves and reveals historical information which is not
recorded in written or other forms.
  Oral tradition is a convenient source for both literate and illiterate.
 There are moral lessons to learn from oral tradition. It has moral
warning and teachings to be picked by the learner or the listener.
 Oral history can supplement or correct the written records.
 It’s the major source of the Pre – Colonial History of East Africa.
 It is regularly available in all societies of East Africa.

Disadvantages of oral tradition

 The historical facts may change or be lost over years as

information is passed on from one generation to another.
 Some Informers may exaggerate the information and thereby give
wrong information.
 If the informer is biased, the truth information may become
questionable.
 Some informers have a tendency of deliberately telling lies to
fulfill personal interests.
 It’s also time consuming since one has to interview several
individuals for comparison and accuracy.
 Language differences may make it difficult to accurately get
information from the story teller.
 The source requires one to have a strong and powerful memory
which if not, one may forget or miss out important information.
 It’s not convenient to people who his have hearing impairment
(deaf) especially if one does not have the knowledge of sign
language.
 It’s limited to a small group of people who could be a clan or a
lineage.
  It can also be distorted as a result of the time span where people
tend to forget or change some vital information.
 It may lack of chronology hence it may hard for the Historian to
rely on search information as the only source of information.
 The language barrier and changes in language may lead to
misinterpretation of the historical facts, hence making this source
less reliable.
Written history
This is documented history after it has been collected from various
sources. It’s in form of dairies, journals, books, news papers, magazines,
and written records
Advantages of Written history

 Written records last for a long period of time and there can be used
by several generations.
 It provides largely adequate information since its always carefully
researched.
 Its saves time and resources to get written history on a particular
subject of one’s interests. I.e. one can get information in libraries.
 Written records can easily be translated into other languages
making it easy for people of different languages to read the
information.
 Information in written records can easily be spread and covers a
wider area through selling books and other documents of historical
importance.
 The written records are a helpful source of information for people
doing research.
 It ensures originality of information which historians can use to
construct History.
  The information is always provided in chronological nature.
Events are recorded in their order of occurrence.
 The information from the Written sources can be easily be
interpreted as they occur. For example, the daily newspapers.
Disadvantages of Written history.

 Written records are expensive because it involves buying the

written records.
 Written records can give false information if the writer is biased.
 The illiterate people can’t get information from written records.
 Written records may not capture information that occurred before
the era of writing.
 Written records can be destroyed by fire or floods.
 Some records are written in languages that are difficult to
understand or extinct.
 Learners with visual impairment (blind) are disadvantaged because
they can’t read the text.
 Written history with wrong information lasts longer since many
people tend to believe that what is written is the absolute truth.
 It may not provide information concerning the small and primitive
societies.
Archaeology
This is the excavation and scientific study of ancient remains of
people, building, animals and fossils buried underground.
This study aims at finding out how the ancient people lived, the time
of existence and activities they carried out.
It’s regarded to be a secondary source of history and it involves the
use of carbon dating to the age of the objects discovered. Some of the
most famous Archaeologists include Dr S.B. Louis and Mary Leakey
who discovered the skull of early man at Oldvuai Gorge in Tanzania.
Advantages of archaeology;

 It provides the remotest information which cannot be provide by

other sources of history when one lived.
 It’s a reliable source of history since the actual objects of long
ago are physically studied.
 It provides a verity of information depending on the remains
that have been discovered.
 The remains are kept for public viewing and there by attracts
tourists who bring in foreign income.
 Archaeology helps to compliment other sources of history like
written source among others.
 History findings cannot be distorted or corrupted since they are
based on tangible evidence left behind by the early man.

Disadvantages of archaeology

 It’s a very expensive method since it requires excavation by

trained historians.
 It may lead to misinformation if the discovered items are
misinterpreted.
 It’s a time consuming method since one needs a lot of time to
prepare, excavate and study the discovered materials.
 It’s difficult to locate a historical site or a place where people of
long ago lived since most sites are discovered by chance or
through oral tradition.
  It gives limited information and leaves a lot of gaps in the
gathered information ie. It doesn’t give us the information, on
which people lived in a given area, their types of leadership etc.
 Some objects are perishable; can easily be destroyed. Therefore
some information is difficult to obtain.
Linguistics studies
This is the scientific study and analysis of different languages in order
to discover their sound, structure and how theses languages are
related to the societies that speak them.
It include the study of sound, consonants, vowels, tone, grammar
patterns, structure, the names of people, and places, poems, idioms,
proverbs and how these are related to other languages.
Advantages of Linguistics studies

 It makes it easier to understand the relationship between tribes,

their migration, and settlement pattern.
 It enables one know a variety of languages and their concept,
sound, structure, and formation of various words in different
languages.
 It’s a source of employment to people who carry out
consultations, translation, and documentation.
 It helps to classify people into various language groups for
example the Bantu or the Luo.
 It helps us to know when groups or tribes separated from each
other.
 This source cannot easily be destroyed.
 It is an interesting source of History.
 It is neither biased nor exaggerated.
  It is the least expensive source where Historian read the work of
Linguists.
 It is a readily available source of History.
Disadvantages of Linguistics studies

 The method requires language specialists to effectively study

the available historical sources related to language.
 The interpretation and analysis of the findings can lead to
misinterpretation of the actual facts about a language. Some
tribes have been assimilated by others and share common words
and pets like the Banyoro and the Batoro of Uganda.
 It’s a time consuming method since one needs a lot of time to
prepare and carry out research.
 Language barrier can interfere with a right of interpretation.
 It may mislead historians to make wrong conclusions about the
origin of a society.
ANTHROPOLOGY.
This is the study of the present and existing social organizations,
cultural values and how they are inter- related in order to explain the
past.
It involves the studying of people’s culture and know more about
its past by living in the community for a long time.
This enables him/her to make connections between culture of the
community and its past.
ADVANTAGES OF ANTROPOLOGY

 It is easy to identify an area of study since it does not require

skilled individuals.
  It offers accurate but limited information where particular societies
are studied.
 It has no limit over the area of study for example any area can be
studied such as a tribe, clan among others.
 It is cheaper compared to other sources of History like
Archaeology and Linguistics.
DISADVANTAGES OF ANTROPLOGY.

 It’s a time consuming method of getting information.ie. The

researcher needs ample time to observe, analyze and record
findings.
 Anthropologists may carry out research on a community that is not
easily accessible to other researchers or foreigners.
 Researchers may find it difficult to adapt fully to the environment
during research.
GENETIC STUDY.
Is the study of different groups of people who shares a common
history, geography or culture. It is the study of human genes and human
adaptation to the environment.
It helps to determine the characteristics that are passed one from one
generation to another.
The frequencies of genes in a given population of a human society are
significantly determined to map our human relationships as descents
from a distant ancestor.
It also involves the study of the genes of plants which enable the botanist
to determine where the centre of the first domestication was of plants
was.
Advantages.
It helps to determine the characteristics handled from generation to
another.
It is a reliable scientific source.
It cannot be corrupted and it’s not biased.
Disadvantages.
It needs a specialized knowledge to interpret it. So it can be carried out
by non specialists.
Human interference in terms of hybridization of plants and animals may
distort genetical information.
It is an expensive source of History.
ETHNO –BOTANY.
This is the study of plants and the patterns of their spread among
different communities in order to trace the past relationship between the
communities.
Plants such as bananas, yams and cassava are grown across
communities. This tells us something about how people moved or traded
with others in the past.

CARBONDATING

 It measurers the rate of decay of carbon 14 in fossils and organic

substance. Carbon 14 is found in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. It
 is absorbed in plants and consequently by living organism/organic
matter\ including animals during their life time.
 When the organism dies, the carbon already absorbed begins to
disintegrate at affixed rate. Using laboratory equipment’s, the
scientists examine the fossils and calculate the period since the death
of the organism.
 The more the carbon in an object, the young the organism is and the
lesser the carbon, the older the object. In the above sample, one can
tell when an animal died, while a piece of wood can show when a tree
was cut down.
ROCK ART.
This is a study of the art works left by the early man. People of long
ago left behind paintings in caves, on wood, bones, back cloth and on
skins which helps us to tell their lifestyle.
ADVANTAGES.
It portrays the activities of early man.
It easy to interpret.
It is a cheap source of History.
It is reliable and not open to over exaggeration.
There is no language barrier.
DISADVATAGES.
It may not portray all aspects of human activities.
It may not show the origin of a particular group of people.
The dating of the Rock work may not depict exactly when they
drawn.
DENDROCHRONOLOGY.
This is a scientific method of dating based on the analysis of patterns
of the rings in a trunk.
SIMILARITIES BETWEEN TRADITIONAL AND MODERN
SOURCES OF HISTORY.
They both interdependent on each other.
They both give limited information.
COMPARING TRADITIONAL AND MODERN SOURCES OF
HISTORY

TRADITIONAL SOURCES MODERN SOURCES

Based on mythology and stories Base on research and evidence

Don’t need skills Needs skilled personnel

Give different information Information is uniform

depending on the society

Information is known and limited Gives international information

to a particular society

Gives the first hand information Some given 1st and 2nd hand
information

Lacks empirical evidence Base on empirical evidence

Doesn’t involves science It involves science

HISTORICAL [paleontological /heritage] SITES IN EAST AFRICA

 Historical sites are official places where pieces of the past are
kept to preserve their heritage, value and significance for the
future.
 These are special places where the past human remains as well
as the past human tools and implements can be found for public
viewing.
 Some of the materials or items found at historical sites includes
the following human tools, human and animal remains among
others.
 Major Historical sites in East Africa include the following
UGANDA TANZANIA KENYA

 Nsongezi  Oldvuai  Ismillah

lock shelter. Gorge  Gedi ruins
 Bigobyaam  Songea  Garissa
ugenyi.  Slave caves in  Mt Kenya
 Kasubi Zanzibar  Fort Jesus
Royal  Mtwala. in Kenya.
Tombs.  Karibu  Moyale
 Wamal heritage sites  Wajir
Royal  Shinyanga  Marsabit.
Tombs  Mbeya
 Sango Bay
  Nyero rock
paintings
 Olgar Selle
 Dufire
 Uganda
national
museum
 Magosi and
Ishago

IMPORTANCE OF HISTORICAL SITES.

 Historical sites preserve historical information for the coming

generations.
 Historical sites are symbols of social cultural heritage to the
society.
 Historical sites are useful source of information.
 They are a source of revenue to the local people and the
government at large they attract visitors and tourists in
particular.
 Historical sites are s source of identity, pride and continuity for the
future generation because people without History are people not
worth their salt.
 They encourage economic development in areas where they are
located in form of infrastructure development.
 They provide employment opportunities in their areas of location.
 They are important recreational centers where those who visit them
have a lot to see.
 They are important learning resources centers from where research
work can be done.

THE ORIGIN OF MAN

Man is a bipedal primate in the family of Hominidae. Man is a natural
being with a highly developed brain, abstract reasoning, introspection
and emotion. Man has erect body courage with free arms. Modern
humans originated from Africa about 250,000 years ago.
A number of theories have been developed to explain the origin of
man which includes the Traditional theory, scientific theory and
religious theory both Islamic and Christian which are the most
important.
THE TRADITIONAL AFRICAN THEORY.
A lot of theories exist about the origin of man in different African
societies. Although the myths came about the creation in East African
societies do not exactly express the literal picture of the origin of
man. They explain how man into existence and that information or
myth was passed from one generation to another.
According to many African societies, believe that man came from
heaven.
According to some myths that are popular in some societies in
Uganda and Kenya, the first groups of human beings were created in
heaven and they came to earth. They were sent to earth for the
purpose of inhabiting the earth.
God was the creator of mankind. He created people in pairs male and
female or husband and wife. They were created after the creation of
all other creatures.
According to the Baganda, Kintu was the first muganda and married
Nambi a daughter of Gulu [Heaven]. Kintu passed four tasks before
marring Nambi and they were; carrying water in a basket, eating 100
baskets of food, splitting the rock and identifying his cow. Kintu
married Nambi and led to the rise of Buganda.
The Bagisu believes in the first man mundu and Seera and their two
sons Masaba and Kundu.
The Kikuyu believes in the first man Gikuyu and his wife Mumbi.
The Nandi society beieves that the first man and the woman came
from knees of a giant man.
THE CHRISTIAN THEORY.
The Christian theory is based on what is outlined in the bible.
According to the book of Genesis, man was created by God. God
created a mature man in His image [Gen 1;26-28] and gave man
dominion over all creation. In chapter 2 of Genesis, woman was also
created from the rib of Adam the first man.
Man was created at once; he did not evolve from another lower life
animal but God first created him and put him in the Garden of Eden
in the Middle East.
Man was created from the dust of the earth and a breath of life was
breathed in his nostrils by God.
 ISLAMIC VIEW.
According to the Quran, the holy of book of Islam, men came into
existence after Allah consulted with his Angels about his selection for
the position Khalifa [Viceregency] of Allah on earth.
Although Ibis [Satan] and the angels warned Allah ignored them
[second chapter named Bagara]. Man was created by Allah [Quran
19; 68].
Allah made man out of clay [32; 8]. Possibly the clay was from water,
since somewhere else the Quran speaks of all living things created
from water [21; 31]
Having created the first man, Adam and Eve, Allah continued with
the creation of all things created from water.
Note:
Must be taken that many Islamic sects have their varying versions of
creation of man. But God created man out of the clay. [sura 53 ar.
Rahman verse 14], surah 6 A-an’am verse 2]

THE SCIENTIFIC THEORY OF THE ORIGIN OF MAN

Evolution means refers to the natural process of gradual and
continuous change from a lower, simpler or poorer state, to a more
complex or better form by earthly features.
This implies that living organisms or creatures have uniform
ancestors and arose from a unified and a simple background.
As millions and millions of years passed the new creatures became
more refined and complex in their way of life.
However, the evolution theory tends to contradict with the special
creation though some theologians believe that evolution is divinely
ordained method of creation.
The ancient Greeks were the first people to state that living beings
resulted from evolution rather than special creation.
Anaximander of Miletus [611 and 547 B.C.] taught that living
creatures were produced from the gradual dying of watery earth.
Today almost all scientists agreed that all animals with a back borne
[vertebrates] came from fish.
Although this idea was being talked about as early as before Christ, it
took long to be accepted by the people.
By the 17th century, the theory of special creation was the only
established theory by the Jews and Christians where anyone who
went against it was punished and considered sinful.
However, in the 18th century, a number of scholars began making
sharp and well-argued attacks on the idea of special creation preached
by the bible and the Koran.
Amongst them, the most important one was Charles Darwin.
Charles Darwin [1809-1882], was a student of theology who
accepted special creation, though he studied a number of theories
written down by advocates of evolution.
He eventually converted to the views of evolution or those believed in
evolution.
He had studied medicine and divinity at the University, but he was
later attracted to Natural History.
In 1831, he joined a five tour on a ship called HMS Beagle which he
used to study species of birds called Finches at the island Galapagos
in Atlantic Ocean. He based on that to conclude his evolution theory.
In 1859 he published his theory in a book called ‘THE ORIGIN OF
SPECIES BY NATURAL SELECTION OR THE
PRESERVATION OF FAVOURED RACES IN THE
STRUGGLE FOR LIFE’.
It was the earliest book to clearly explain the origin of man.
The book led to wide acceptance of the theory of the evolution all
over the world because it was clearly written and contained a
considerable amount of evidence.
According to Charles Darwin.
All living things evolved over millions of years from simple living
cells [amoeba] to complex plants and animals we know today.
All species of organisms arise and develop through the natural
selection of small inherited variations that increase the individual’s
ability to compete, survive and reproduce.
Man developed from an ape.
This shocked the Christian world. The evolution has been accepted
due to the discoveries of pre-human skulls and tools or artifacts
excavated in pre-historical sites.
In 1871, he published, The Descent of Man, which explains his
theory of Natural selection in human evolution.
According to this theory it stated that.
  All groups of organisms or creatures vary, and many of their
variations are hereditary originate from birth.
 While many young organisms are produced, only a few manage
to grow and reproduce.
 Those that succeeded in producing are the ones with variations
of features that are especially intended to help them to survive
in the struggle for life. Other one without such features simply
dies in the struggle.
 The young organisms therefore do not inherit or succeed all the
variations of the preceding generation or the elders equally. The
young organisms inherit the features that would particularly
helpful for their survival. But some of the young ones fail to
select such features.
 When this type of selection goes on for a longtime the new
species or types of creatures eventually change in such a way
that they greatly differ from their ancestors.
Natural selection is the process through which the populations of
living organisms adapt and change.
Complete the following sentences about Natural selection by
choosing the best one.
1. Children are mostly like their
A friend
Classmates.
Parents.
2. They are exactly like.
Uncles
Sisters
Aunts.
Nobody.
Parents.
3. Under very different
conditions………………………………………………...[ordinary,
fittest, smallest] member of the family survive.
4. The weakest members of the family
would…………………………………………[be defeated, survived,
live]
5. The strongest members of the family
would………………………………….[be defeated, survive, remain
unchanged]
6. The natural process is called………………… [The science of
living, the law of success, survival of the fittest]
7. Human beings and other and other animals usually have offspring
which are………………[Different from, Similar to, identical with
themselves]
8. If the changes in the offspring make them weaker or less able to
face the problems of survival, they will…………………………..[die,
flourish, remain unchanged]
9. If the offspring changes make them strong or more able to survive,
they will [Remain, unchanged, die, Flourish]
10. Eventually the……………………………..[ the stronger, weaker,
ordinary, strong] being will survive and rule.
11. This selection of the fittest offspring gradually causes the species
to remain……………………. [Unchanged, improved, and weaker]
12. In your own words explain what the following terms men.
Special creation.
Evolution.
I3. In your words briefly tell us the History of the idea of evolution.

SCIENCE ON MAN’S ORIGIN.

According to the scientist, believe that the earliest livings which lived
on this planet 50,000,000 years ago were tiny creatures which would
hardly be seen by a naked eye.
It’s believed that these early creatures lived in waters that covered the
earth, mainly at the mouth of the warm rivers.
Later on these fish like creatures developed features which would
enable them to survive difficult conditions.
Later on them it started living on both land and water.
It hunted for its food on land and laid eggs in water.
After 150 years, the surface changed tremendously and many swamps
dried up.
It was at this time where large amphibians were dying out that the
group of creeping creatures presently known as reptiles evolved.
Many scientists believe that the first mammals rose from reptiles not
larger than a rat.
Its these tiny mammals that evolved and formed the different
mammals of which man is only an example.
THE EVOLUTION OF MAN.
Many of the earliest mammals to choose to live in trees partly
because of supply of food such as insects, fruits, leaves and birds
eggs.
But after sometimes considerable climatic and physical changes had
taken place on earth very many forests disappeared. This forced these
animals to die and others to change their places of living from up in
the trees to the ground.
They gradually got rid of the features which were useful on the tress
and have become less important on the ground.
Such features included a long curling tail and these animals included
the apes, chimpanzees, monkeys and baboons.
He then developed an erect posture by adapting his feet and legs to
enable to stand and walk upright.
This bi-pedal position enabled him to walk and look over the
vegetation to see his enemies.
His hands were freed for the manipulation of tools and weapons.
The theory confirms that through evolution, four –legged animals
evolved into two legged humans with a larger brain and hands to
manipulate the environment for survival.
STAGES IN THE EVOLUTION OF MAN.
Ramapithecus [Kenyapithecus]
Australophithecus
Australopithecus afarensis.
Homo Habilis.
Home erectus
Homo sapiens.

STAGES IN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT.

The Stone Age.
Early Stone Age.
Later stone age.
Iron age.
Scientific Age.
SIMILARITIES BETWEEN TRADITIONAL AND RELIGIOUS
THEORY
Both theories are based on belief and narrations.
Both theories lack empirical evidence to prove both theories.
The time frame when creation took place according to the 2 theories
is known.
Both theories depend on written and oral source to explain the origin
of man.
All theories give multiple accounts.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SCIENTIFIC THEORY AND
RELIGIOUS THEORY.
SCIENTIFIC THEORY REIGIOUS THEORY
Based on research Based on the outlines in the
bible.
Scientifically proved Biblically proved
Widely accepted Only accepted in the religious
circles
Based on evolution Based on creation
Zintharopus was the first man Adam was the first man
Life started from simple cells Life started from God
Has empirical and tangible Only relies on the bible
evidence
Evolution took a long time frame Man once created in one day
It is believed that man originated Man was created and placed in
from Africa the Garden of Eden
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TRADITIONAL AND RELIGIOUS
THEORY
TRADITIONAL THEORY RELIGIOUS THEORY
One has to belong to a particular One has to be a believer to accept
tribe to accept this theory this theory
Does not explain the entire origin Explain the origin of ma and
of man universe
It is not real and subjected to It has remained the same over
distortion since its passed from time
generation to another
Some stories do not tell who God is the creator of man kind
created man kind
Some stories do not tell who was Adam is identified as the first man
the 1st man on earth
Have different views on the origin Have specific views on the origin
of man of man
Do not explain how man came God created man
into existence
Associate God to giving of birth to
God is maintained as the creator
the 1st man of man
Period of creation is different Man was the last creator to be
created
Man ‘s creation does not have a Man was created in the image of
personal relation with God God
Doesn’t specify the creation of Woman was created from the rib
woman of man

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SCIENTIFIC AND

TRADITIONAL THEORY
SCIENTIFIC THEORY TRADITIONAL THEORY
Based on evidence Based on myth, beliefs and
narrations
Has evidence to verify its Not real and subject to distortion
validity i.e. the fossils of the 1st
man
Scientific facts are specific Each has different views on the
origin of man
Theories are based on theorist Theories are based on god for the
like Charles Darwin creation of man
It can identify the first man Some can’t identify the first man
Believes in evolution Believes in creation
Scientific theories are very few Traditional theories differ
and similar depending on each society
Scientific theory are tangible and Traditional theory are abstract
credible
Zinjathropus is believed to be The first man differ according to
the 1st man the society
Scientific theory is based man Man was created a complete
evolving from primates creature
 God is not the source of the God is the source of the origin of
origin of man man
Man has different stages of Man once created at once
development

STAGES OF HUMAN EVOLUTION.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE TRADITION AND
RELIGIOUS OF THE ORIGIN OF MAN
MULTI REGION THEORY.
OUT OF AFRICA.
It states that all modern humans stem from a single group of Homo
sapiens who emigrated from Africa 2,000 generations ago and spread
throughout Eurasia over thousands of years.
ARTEFACTS ON THE ORIGIN OF MAN.
The skull of the early man at Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania.
The skull of early man at Rusinga Island.
Fossils found at Cro- Magnon.
Fossils at Neandar valley.
Existance of Apes.

THE MIGRATION AND SETTLEMENT INTO EAST AFRICA

SINCE 1000 AD.
Migration is the movement of people from their home area to a new
settlement with an aim of settling there.
Very many people migrated into East Africa and displaced the
indigenous people of East of Africa.
THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE OF EAST AFRICA.
The Bushmaniod [Hunter- gatherers] were the earliest human
inhabitants of East Africa who survived on hunting and food
gathering.
They were Late Stone Age peoples skilled in iron working.
They were short, strongly built and yellow kinned people
They lived by hunting and gathering wild plants.
They lived near water and most of them occupied the Kenya and
northern Tanzania Highlands, rift valley and shores of Lake Victoria.
They were somehow similar to the Bushmen of South Africa and
Botswana.
They lived in caves or in temporary shelters made with ranches and
leaves.
Whenever they ran shortage of suppliers they went to other locations.
The Hadzapi and Sandawe of Tanzania are the last remnants of these
people in East Africa.
The Bushmen of East Africa were later displaced following the
arrival of the Bantu.
The Bushmen lived in small communities of between 20 and 100
people.
They had a simple administration with no chiefs.
The elders were responsible for the day –to- day administration.
They used weapons like poisoned arrows and knobkerries for hunting
small animals.
Pits were dug to trap larger animals.
The used skins of the animals for clothing and covering their animals.
The women gathered roots, wild berries, seeds , caterpillars, locusts
and termites.
They used to dig pit-traps, cut and skin animals and to dig for edible
roots.
They kept dogs for company and protection.
They were artists who drew paintings.
They migrated to Southern Africa from East Africa.
The Khoikhoi were among the inhabitants of East Africa.
They spoke a similar language to the Bushmen and were light-
skinned.
They were taller than the Bushmen.
They lived in larger communities of between 500 and 2000 people.
They had chiefs to administer their society.
The Khoikhoi built huts to live, unlike the Bushmen.
They were nomads, constantly moving in search of water and pasture
for their animals.
They were cattle keepers, hunters and fishermen..
They are no clear remnants of the Khokhoi in East Africa.
The Bantu displaced the early inhabitants of East Africa having
moved from Central Africa around AD 5OO.
They were farmers who grown a number of crops like bananas,
millets and yams.
They also kept some animals like cows and goats.
They practiced iron working and iron smelting
The Cushites were the next group to arrive to East Africa.
They were also Stone Age men but differed from the Bushmen in
many ways.
They belonged to the racial group known as Caucasoid and they
might come from North or North –East Ethiopia.
They were Southern cushites from the region of modern Ethiopia.
They were cattle keepers as well as hunters.
They are believed to have been the first food producers in East Africa.
They were also displaced in most areas of E.Africa.
Some remnants of the Cushites include Galla, Boran and Somali of
Kenya,Daharo and Mbungu of Tanzania.
The Iraqw of northern Tanzania are the largest group of direct
descendants from these Southern Cushites.
INTERNAL OR LOCAL MIGRATIONS.
This is the movement of people from one locality to another with an
aim of settling there.
CAUSES OF INTERNAL MIGRATIONS.
Land shortages and evictions.
Freeing village and clan conflicts.
Freeing harsh cultural practices i.e. female genital mutilation.
Epidemics like Ebola.
Need for employment opportunities.
Better education services.
Civil wars.
Looking for social amenities.
Land evictions.

THE BANTU MIGRATION INTO EAST AFRICA.

Bantu is a linguistic word describing a group of people who speak a
similar language with a suffix Ntu or Ndu.
However, the Bantu differs according to each Bantu group. Its Bantu
in luganda and Lusoga, in lingala it is Bato, bandu in Gikuyu, Banhu
in kinywaranda and watu in kiswahiri
They belong to the Negroid family who speak different languages.
They are the majority in the South Saharan region totaling 200 groups
having 300 dialects.
They were food producers and animal keepers.
They grew crops like bananas, beans, mushrooms, palm oils, yams
and cereals.
They kept domestic animals like cows, goats, pigs, chicken and so on.
They were also skilled iron workers who made tools out of 1ron.
The examples of the Bantu in East Africa included the Ganda, Soga,
Nyorro, Gishu, Kikuyu, Bahaya, Kamba, Nyamwezi, Chagga,
Sukuma, Ngoni, Hehe e.t.c.
Their origin and migration is not clear to the Historians. However,
some Historians believe they came from West Africa around
Cameroon Highlands.
According to J.H. Greenberg , stated that the Bantu originated from
the middle of River Benue in Nigeria.
While M. Gutherie disagreed with Greenberg and stated that the
cradle land of Bantu was in Luba area of Katanga in South Eastern
Congo.
Both Greenberg and Gutherie relied on the study of language of the
people of the Beneu and Katanga region respectively to draw their
conclusions.
However in 1972, Roland Oliver explained that the origin of Bantu
was in the Middle of Benue area. They later migrated southwards and
crossed the dense tropical forest of Congo and reached Northern
Katanga about 1,000AD.
His theory combines Greenberg and Gutherie’ s theory.
Associate Proffessor Lwanga Lunyiga supports none of the above
theories since they based on the study of languages of varied people.
He relied on archeological sources to suggest that the Bantu were
already in Africa as opposed to dates proposed by Greenber g,
Gutherie and Oliver Roland.
According to Lwanga Lunyingo, the Bantu were living in East Africa
from where they migrated to other parts of the world.
This theory however is still under investigation to ascertain its
validity.
In summary, Oliver Roland’s theory is the widely accepted theory
among scholars.
Their migration was gradual and seasonal and is believed to have
entered East Africa by 1000 AD. They entered East Africa through
Western part using different routes.
The reasons for their coming are not clear, however different scholars
agreed on these ones.
The major reason for the migration was search for fertile soils that
could support Agriculture.
CAUSES OF THE BANTU MIGRATIONS.
The population pressure at their cradle land made them to look for
new areas of settlement. This was a result of limited food supply from
animals and land since they were due to their polygamous nature.
They were looking for trading materials like ivory from elephants
since they were traders. They were also looking for new potential
buyers of their products.
The need for fertile soils which could favor agriculture since they
were farmers. This was after the exhaustion of the soils at their home
area.
The internal conflicts like the misunderstandings with in their
communities e.g. witchcraft and cannibalism forced them to come to
East Africa.
The misfortunes which claimed many lives and their animals forced
the Bantu to leave their home areas.
Land pressure due to population explosion caused land conflicts and
the defeated groups decided to come to East Africa.
Natural calamities like drought, volcanic eruptions, and famine
earthquakes forced them to look for safe areas.
Adventurism made them the youth to leave their homeland in order to
know more beyond their homelands.
The need for the favorable climate which would favor agriculture and
Human settlement.
Extern pressure and attacks from neighbors made them to leave so as
to free civil wars.
Poor leadership which made them to come so as to exercise good
leadership.
The need to spread their iron work skills improved their chances of
migration.
Their activities of shifting cultivation might have caused their
migration. When land became infertile they decided to leave in search
for new fertile soils.
The hunting nature of the Bantu made them to leave their homeland
in the process of hunting.
The search for water and pasture for their animals also made them to
leave their homeland.
The band wagon influence where some followed others ignorantly
and blindly and ended up in East Africa.
Course/ organization of the Bantu migrations.
The Bantu entered E. Africa in different groups each using its own
route.
The Western Bantu [ Interlacustrine Bantu]
This was the largest and the first group of the Bantu to migrate into
East Africa. They entered East Africa through the West from the
Niger-Congo Basin.
They used the route between Lake Albert and Lake Edward and
settled around the North West shores of Lake Victoria. They are
believed to have migrated between 1000-1300 AD.
They included the Baganda, Banyoro, Batoro, Bakiga. Other moved
to the Eastern and included Bagishu and Luyia.
The Central and Northern Tanzania Bantu.
They formed the 2nd group of the Bantu to enter into East Africa and
entered East Africa through the West from Niger-Congo Basin. They
used the route between Lake Victoria and Lake Tanganyika.
They included the following tribes the Sukuma, Nyamwezi, Zinza
and Gogo.
Their migration took place between 1000-1300 AD.
THE COASTAL AND HIGHLAND BANTU. [EASTERN
BANTU]
They are also known as the Eastern Bantu and settled along the coast
and highlands. They were a continuation of the Central and Northern
Tanzania Bantu and crossed the dry Tanganyika Plateau between
1000-1300AD.
They comprise of that group of Bantu that continued with their
migration and crossed the Taita hills and Mt. Kilimanjaro.
The Chagga, Taita,Pare decided to settle around these hills
permanently and came to known as the highland Bantu.
The Pokomo, Giryama, Nyika and Segeju moved north wards along
the coast to Shunwaya. At Shungwaya they dispersed due to pressure
from the Galla and Somali community.
Due to pressure, the Nyika moved southwards along the coast hence
came to be known as the Coastal Bantu.
Another group of the Eastern Bantu was forced away from
Shungawaya to the Kenyan Highland.
This group included the Cuka/Kikuyu, Kamba and Embu.
THE SOUTHERN TANZANIA BANTU.
These formed the fourth group of the Bantu migration into East
Africa. Their migration took place between 1000-1300 A.D.
They entered East Africa through the West from the Niger Congo
Basin using the route between Lake Malawi and Lake Tanganyika.
They settled in Southern Tanganyika in areas such as Ruvuma,
Songea and Mbeya.
They included the Hehe, Yao, Pogoro,Zaramo, Makonde, Bena,
Ngindo, Gogo and Rufigi.
The Ngoni came around 1840 and were Nguni who came from East
Africa and was the last wave of migration into East Africa.
EFFECTS OF THE BANTU MIGRATIONS.
They introduced iron working and use of iron tools like hoes pangas
and hoes.
The Bantu introduced the growing of crops on large scale with the
help of iron tools.
Population increased introduced in the were the Bantu settled this also
meant that there was increased food production.
Introduced new food crops e.g. Bananas, Beans, and yams e.tc.
They introduced new languages in East Africa for example Luganda,
Lusoga and Runyankole.
They introduced new farming methods e.g. mulching, shifting
cultivation and irrigation.
They absorbed most of the tribes they met in E.A. especially the
Bushmen and Cushites. Some who refused to be absorbed migrated to
other areas.
They Bantu in some areas abandoned their culture and copied those of
the people they met e.g. circumcision among the Bagisu, age system,
pastoralism.
The Bantu displaced some people in E.A. especially those in fertile
areas e.g. Ngoni displaced the Yao in their fertile lands in Southern
Tanzania.
They introduced a new system of building permanent houses e.g. they
built round grass thatched houses.
There were intermarriages between the Bantu who settled along the
coastal Arabs giving birth to the Swahiri people.
They introduced a new system of centralized administration in E.A
which led to the formation of kingdoms like Buganda, Ankole,
Bunyolo, Nyamwezi.
The Bantu led to clashes over land with the communities that they
met in East Africa.
THE LUO MIGRATION.
The Luo are also referred to as the River-Lake Nilotes because they
are settled along the Rivers and Lakes originating from Bahr –el-
Ghazel. Their migration took place between 1350-1500 A.D.
They entered East Africa through the Northern part of Uganda
following the Albert Nile. They included tribes like Alur, Langi,
Acholi, Japadhola and Ja-Luo of Western Kenya.

CAUSES OF LUO MIGRATION.

They were forced by the Nilo-Hamites in the East of Sudan to migrate
southwards in search of security for themselves and their animals.
Search for water and pasture for their animals since their cradle land
lacked enough pasture and water.
Population pressure since they were over crowded forced them to
come. Their numbers had increased causing land conflict so they
decided leave in order to get open space.
The pastoral nature of the Luo forced to look for more pasture for
their animals.
Overstocking of animals where the number of animals could have
increased by natural leading to reduced space for grazing, hence the
migration.
Extern pressure from neigbours like the Galla.
The hostile climate.
Desire to export their political culture and organization.
Band wagon influence where some followed others blindly and
ignorantly.
Natural calamities like prolonged droughts and floods also forced
them to leave their homeland.
Over flooding of river Nile also made them to leave their homeland.
Misfortunes and epidemics like small pox and sleeping sickness.
Need for fertile soils.
The natural aggressive tendencies of the Luo made them to leave their
homeland and attacked the neighboring tribes.
The need to settle around water bodies so as to get water and pasture
for their animals.

COURSE/ORGANISATION OF THE LUO MIGRATION.

The Luo left Bahr-el-Ghazel around the 15th century.
They then moved southwards following the River Nile under their
leader Olum.
Around the 16th, the Luo settled at Pubungu [present day Pakwach]
Therefore Pubungu became their area of dispersal/separation.
From Pubungu the Luo split into two groups.
Each group was under its own ruler and moved into a different
direction.
One group led by Gipir moved westwards, crossed the Nile and
settled in the Northern parts of Lake Albert.
They intermarried with the Lendu, Okebo and Madi to form the Alur
presently found in Nebbi District.
The second group under Labongo moved southwards and settled at
Pawir [Chope]in Nothern Kingdom.
One group still under Labongo that remained at Chope, moved
southwards to come into contact with the Bachwezi to form the Lou
Babito Dynasty.
Labongo left Chope and moved eastwards to form Acholi people
presently found in Gulu and Lira.
The third group of the Luo stayed at Pubungu and moved
Easterwards into Modern Budama area and Western Kenya.
They gave birth to the present day Japhadhola found in Tororo
district.
They first settled at Kaberamaido Peninsular were joined by the
Luo from Bunyoro
They were later joined by more Luo from Pawir or in Bunyoro.
The Joka-Jok was the earliest group migrated into Kenya directly
from Acholi ta around 1490-1600 they arrived at Ramogi Hills in
Western Kenya.
The Jok-Omollo came from Bunyoro through Acholiland Tororo
Busoga, Samia and Bukedi and finally settled in the Nyanza region
to form the Samia of Western Kenya.
The Jok –Owiny moved from Pubungu and settled temporarily in
Budama before finally settling in Singoma Alego in Nyanza province
of Kenya.
The Abasuba were the last group of the Luo to move to Kenya.
These were refugees from Buganda, Busoga and Ssese Islands and
they settled in the Southern province.
Effects of the Luo. Migration.

The movement of the Luo from Bahr –el- Ghazel had far reaching
political, economic and social effects.
They were inter-marriages between the Luo and the local people
leading to the formation of new tribes i.e. Acholi Alur, Langi ,
Japhadhola.
They spread their language and culture. Some tribes adapted the Luo
language and culture and became Luo forexample the Langi and
Kuman adapted the Luo culture
They led to the formation of new kingdoms which were all using
centralized system of administration e.g. Buganda, Bunyoro and
Ankole.
They formed in many chiefdoms or rulling sub dynasties in East
Africa. E.g Koc Ragem of Alur.
The Luo intermarried with the Bantu and other tribes giving rise to
new tribes like Alur who were as a result of the intermarriages
between theLuo and Madi, Okebi and Lendu.
The intermarriage between the Luo and Madi gave rise to the Acholi
people.
Their language was also adopted and used by other tribes for
example the Langi, Kumam and the Abasuba adapted the Bantu
language forexample they adapted the Runyoro.
They introduced chiedoms in Nothern Uganda e.g. Rwotship in
Nothern Uganda was a Luo creation.
They led to the collapse of the Bunyoro kitara empire and led to the
formation of the luo Babiito Dynasty.
They introduced pet names like Apuuli , Abwooli, Amooti, Atwooki
especially in Bunyoro and Toro. Some pet names are shared between
the Luo , Batooro and Banyoro like Odye, Okwir, Oyo among others.
New crops were introduced e.g. millet, sorghum, groundnuts which
became the staple food for many tribes in Western, Northern and
Eastern Uganda.
Introduced new economic activities like nomadic pastrolism where
they kept longhorned cattle.
The population increased as a result of the Luo influx and this created
conflicts overland.
They utilized the idle land of East Africa due to population increase.
They developed trade with E.A because they introduced new
commodities e.g. spears and arrows.
 They introduced the hereditary system of kingship with the drum as
the royal regalia.
Some kingdoms copied the Luo system e.g. Payera , Atyak all in
West Acholi.
They introduced royal burial grounds for kings e.g. in Burial grounds
for the kings e.g. in Bunyoro the jaw bones of the Omukama were
removed and buried separately.
They caused civil wars as a result of fighting with the local people
forexample the Luo Nyanza fought the Masai, Nandi and Abaluhya.
They displaced the native people of East Africa to other regions as a
result of the Luo Migration into Tanzania to form Karagwe Kingdom.
In Bunyoro , they introduced new items of the Royal regalia e.g.
Royal crown, royal fire and royal drum.

THE NGONI MIGRATION [1820-1860]

The Ngoni were close relatives of the Zulu and Ndebere and
Ndwandwe people from S. Africa. They were the Bantu people who
belonged to the Negroid race. They originally lived in Natal province
in the South East of Drakensburg Mountains. They were Nguni
speakers who left South Africa around 1820 due to the expansionist
policy of Shaka Zulu. This was during the Mfecane period where
there was a lot of war and suffering in South Africa.
They left south Africa and moved Northwards under Zwangendaba,
Maputo.
They moved through Central Africa and finally settled in East Arica.
[Southern Tanganyika]
They were mixed communities who only held together by their
common loyality to their leader or a war lord.
CAUSES OF NGONI MIGRATIONS.
The expansionist policy of Shaka Zulu forced the Zulu to migrate.
Population pressure in their cradle land also led to the Ngoni
migration.
Internal conflicts like land and conflicts also led to the Ngoni
migration.
The need for fertile soils also forced them to come to E.Africa.
The influence of good leaders like Zulu Guma, Zwangendaba,
Maputo also forced them to migrate.
Love for adventure forced the Ngoni to migrate to explore new areas
North of River Limpopo.
Misfortunates and natural calamities e.g. diseases, floods also led to
the Ngoni migration.
The ruthless army training of Shaka Zulu also forced some of the
Ngoni fighters to escape to East Africa.
The Boer invasion of South Eastern Africa from the Cape made the
Ngoni lose their land which forced them to move to East Africa.
The need to export their culture also led to Ngoni migration into E.
Africa especially by the youth.
Band wagon were some followed others blindly and ignorantly.
Search for water and pasture since the Ngoni kept animals they
migrated into E. Africa in search of fresh pastures and water for their
animals.
COURSE OF THE NGONI MIGRATIONS.
The Ngoni left South Africa in two [2] distinct groups.
They left around 1820 and each group took a different direction.
The first and biggest group was led by chief Zwangendaba.
They moved through Central Africa crossed R. Zambezi traveled
through Malawi and finally settled around Fipa were they destroyed
the small settlements.
The 2nd and smaller group was led by chief Maputo.
It moved through Mozambique, Eastern Malawi and finally settled
around Songea among the Yao.
This group was known as the Maseko Ngoni.
Around 1848, Zwangendeba died and his group split into 5 small
groups.
Three of these groups went back to Central Africa settling in present
day Malawi and Zambia.
The two remaining groups settled permanently in Tanganyika and
these were the Tuta and Gwangara Ngoni.
The Tuta Ngoni moved northwards to the lands of the Holoholo
where they were defeated.
They continued up to Nyamwezi land in 1850 where they captured a
young Mirambo.
The Gwangala Ngoni led by Zulu Gama moved East wards
destroying the Hehe.
By 1860, they had reached Songea where they clashed with the
Maseko Ngoni whom they defeated and forced them to free.
The defeated Maseko Ngoni split into two groups.
One group under chief Maputo moved southwards crossed river
Ruvuma and finally settled in Mozambique.
The other group fled northwards to Morogoro and these came to be
known as the Mbuga Ngoni.
During their movements the Ngoni always captured people.
The boys were absorbed into their army and girls were married off
and this swelled their number.
EFFECTS OF THE NGONI MIGRATION.
Their migration created a period of wars in areas that were previously
peaceful e.g. The Ufipa communities were destroyed and devastated.
The Ngoni migration resulted in the spread of epidemic diseases in
Southern and Central Tanganyika e.g. Small pox and malaria.
They created a new generation of war lords and leaders e.g. Nyungu
yam awe and Mirambo.
There was increase in slave trade because of the Ngoni confusion,
chaos and disorganizations.
The Ngoni spread their culture e.g. most people who were captured
and absorbed by the Ngoni captured and absorbed by the Ngoni
copied their Nguni language.
The Ngoni invasion also disrupted the Long distance trade caravan
especially along the Southern Trade Route which was dominated by
the Yao.
The Ngoni invasion led to the formation of warrior groups like the
Maviti and Ruga Ruga who were war bandits who terrorized Southern
and Central Tanganyika.
The Ngoni migration made the people of Southern Tanganyika to lose
their land.
There was population increase in areas where they settled e.g. among
the Yao.
Famine broke out in many societies since no farming and harvesting
could take place of the Ngoni raids.
Many people copied the military tactics of Nguni i.e. cow horn
method and adopted their weapons e.g. Assegai [short stabbing
spears] for defense.
Their migration led to the decline of some states e.g. Bena and Sangu
because they never had the capacity to resist the Ngoni migration.
The Ngoni raids led to loss of lives especially those that tried to resist
ther movement e.g. the Yao.
There was deculturalisation and detribalization e.g. the Ngoni
displaced people from their original homelands making them loose
their culture.
A SKETCH MAP SHOWING VARIOUS MIGRATIONS.
CAUSES OF THE MODERN MIGRATIONS.
The acute unemployment.
 Population and pressure.
Shortage of land.
Poverty.
Income inequalities.
Corruption.
Environment degradation.
Political persecutions.
High illiteracy levels.
Civil wars.
Mushrooming labour recruitment companies.
Lack of strict laws against human trafficking.
Regional imbalance.
Need for better education services

CULTURE AND ETHINIC GROUPS IN EAST AFRICA.

Like History, Culture has a number of definitions according to
different people and scholars.
Is the set of things like knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, customs and
other characteristics acquired by man as a member of society.
This definition is supported by a number of scholars like Okot P.
Bitek who in Sunday Nation of Kenya in April, defined culture as
‘As people’s ways of life. The way they marry, the way they grow
up their children, their education system, their social
organization such as clans, economic and political organizations,
their religious beliefs, moral ideas, customs, traditions, moral
values and ideas, their creative arts, music, literature, art,
architecture, dances and language.
Is the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement
regarded collectively.
Are the ideas, customs and social behavior of a particular people or
society.
Are all ways of life including arts, beliefs and institutions of a
population that are passed down from generation to generation.
Is the way of life of an entire society.
Culture are values that holds a group of people together. It is the code
that ties a society together and promotes unity.
Culture may language, customs and all other elements of tradition of
society
It is made up of behavior, beliefs, and the way of dressing, burial and
performance of religious.
It’s also made of norms, marriage ceremonies, songs, dances,
artifacts, medicine and technology that constitute the setting of a
society.
IMPORTANCE OF CULTURE.
Culture defines the behavior of people since it makes them different
from others.
Culture promotes patriotism, nationalism and love for one’s family.
Culture eases communication among people and helps in promoting
harmony and love for one another.
Culture helps in building identity in a society or a country.
Culture promotes economic development where some cultural aspects
attract tourists to a country to bring in foreign exchange.
Culture promotes unity among people of a particular society.
Culture promotes discipline among members of the society.

CULTURAL VALUES PRACTICED IN EAST AFRICA.

The people of Uganda are categorized into four major ethinic groups
namely the Pygmoids, the Bantu, the Nilotics and the Madi Moru.
These major ethnic groups have cultural beliefs that are interrelated
due to intermarriages which took place among them.
PYGMOIDS.
This is the smallest group which comprises of the Bambuti [Pygmies]
and the Batwa.
They are related to the Bushmen of South Africa and they are among
of the original inhabitants of East Africa.
They were hunters and believed in goat sharing.
They were not agricultural people.
Their dressing included a small piece of belt with backcloth tied in
between the legs. Some times may completely dress naked.
Women are in charge of carrying of family property as they move
from one place to another.

THE BANTU PEOPLE.

The Bantu have cultures that cut cross societies for example the
Baganda have the following beliefs.
Politically they had Kings and chiefs whom they much respect for
example the Baganda had Kabaka, Ankole had Omugabe.
They had parliaments and elderly councils.
They had royal regalia like spear, drum, and stool among others.
They believe in spirits such as balubaale, emizimu, emisambwa.
They also believe in the supreme god called Katonda.
They also believe in a number of spirits like Kiwanuka [God of
lighening], Ndawula [God f small pox], kawumpuli [God of small
pox], Musoke god of the rainbow], kitaka [god of earth quake].
Wamala [god of Lake Wamala], Mukasa [god of lake Nalubaale].
These were mainly worshiped from Kyaggwe in Buganda.
The Baganda also believe in their king called Kabaka. He is accorded
much respect and love by his people. He is also referred as the lion of
Buganda.
The Banyoro, Batooro and Banyankore also believe in kings.
The Bantu have classes in their society in Buganda the highest class
was the Balangira, Bahuma in Tooro, Babiito in Bunyoro and Bahima
in Ankole.
Kings have special burial sites among the Bantu.
The Bantu promote mutual respect among themselves. For example
among the Banyoro and Batooro, pet names allotted to people so that
they are not called by their surnames.
Marriage is highly treasured among the Bantu and everyone is
expected to marry.
Some Bantu groups like Bagisu and Bakonjo believe in circumcision
of the young men.
In Bagisu circumcision is popularly known as Imbalu and highly
treasured.
The Banyole in Eastern Uganda believing in cursing someone which
may fail someone to prosper.
The Bakiga and Bafumbira believe in a Supreme God called Ruhanga
and Imana respectively.
The Basamia in Eastern Uganda believe in a supreme God called
Were or Nyasaye.
They also believe in the presence of spirits called Omwoyo and
Emisambwa.
The birth of twins was highly respected and treasured among the
Baganda and were treated as source of wealth.
They cherished descent dressing especially among the women.
They had staple food for example the Baganda had matooke, Banyoro
had millet.
Virginity was highly emphasized among the girls before getting
marriage.
Informal education was carried out to shape and mould the young
ones and a child belonged to the society.
The payment of bride price and dowry was done before marriage.
Offering were made to their spirits.
They had a number of taboos.
They had totems.
They emphasized good eating habits.
THE LUO. AND THE NILO HAMITES.
The Luo believe in a supreme being called Ruhanga.
They also believe in the existence of spirits who have various names
in different dialect. For example, the Lango believe in Jok and the
Acholi in Alu.
The Highland Nilotics especially the Sebei believe in the
circumcision of women.
The Karimajong have a belief all the cattle in the world belong to
them. That’s why they raid their neighbors for cattle.
Karimajongs have body tattoos for beauty.
They put on bungles and ornaments for beauty.
They lived in small communities.
They live in grass thatched houses Manyata.
The Sabiny practice female genital mutilation.
The Karamojongs remove the in front tooth.
They pierce their ears to connect to their departed ones.
They celebrate joyful and happy moments.
They are pastoralists whom move from one place to another in search
of water and pasture for their animals.
They believe in the existence of spirits to whom they have to in pray
in times of trouble.
The cattle keeping culture is also found among the Teso and Lango.
The Madi Moru group comprises of the Lugbara, the Madi, the Metu
and the Okebu.
They all believe in the existence of spirits especially the dead of the
dead called Eli.
There is also a common belief that property is the preserve of men.
The Madi Mori groups are mainly agriculturalists.

FAMILY AND CULTURE.

Family is the smallest unit of the human society.
It’s a group of people with common relationship such as origin.
A family is the smallest or basic unit or basic unit of the society.
A group of people who are related to one another by blood or
adoption.
A family is made of a husband, wife and children.
It’s a duty of a husband to look after his family.
The family is the foundation social pillar of a society and a nation.
A family is a basic unity of the society where its members are
expected to be loved and a nation.
According to Julius Nyerere he stated that, ‘The institution of
marriage and its procedure encourage attitude of respect and mutual
obligation and through these means, there is a created society which
can be harmonious and beneficial to all members equally’

IMPORTANCE OF FAMILY.
Families produce children for continuity and filling of the world.
Families train children on their domestic roles.
They help children to learn the culture of the family and society.
Families impart morals and values to their children.
It brings unity among family members.
Provides security to its members in case of danger.
It gives economic support to its members.
Protects and preserves wealth of its members which is jointly owned.
Teaches children loyalty and respect to people.
It trains children to be good countrymen and women.
Provides formal and informal education to the young ones.
Its first school in which social behaviors are trained.
A family shapes children for future responsibilities.
Is one of the strongest pillar of national building.
It imparts religious values to its people.
Families are centers of conflict resolutions.
Families provide necessities and basic needs to their people.
Families provide company and love to its people.
Families engage in a number of development activities.
It gives a sense of belonging to its members.
Old family members act as role models to the young ones.
Family provides labour force for the society.

CULTURAL ROLES OF PEOPLE IN A FAMILY.

Father.
Looks after his family in all necessities.
Builds the house for his family.
Names his children.
Provide security for his family.
Mother.
Looks after his husbands.
Produces children for his husband.
Looks after his children.
Cooks food.
Cleans home.
Welcomes visitors.
Children.
Respect their parents.
Do domestic work as told by parents.
Looks after their parents when they are sick and old.

CHANGING ROLES OF MEN AND WOMEN.

WOMEN.
They are engaged in work and they are employed.
They have taken up leadership positions.
They are leading families.
They are getting education.
They are doing jobs which were considered to be for men.
They have equal opportunities men.
They are engaging in leadership roles.
They engage in handcrafts and manufacturing.
They are engaging in legal roles for example women lawyers.
They are engaging in health awareness programs.
They participate in sports and other leisure activities.
They are recruited in the armed offices.
They are taking p a number of carrier opportunities e.g. doctors.
They have legal representation.
They are leading men in very men institutions.
They enjoy equal rights as men.
They have freedom and liberty.

CHANGING ROLES OF MEN.

They are engaging in house work.
They cook.
They are getting married.
EFFECTS OF CHANGING ROLES OF MEN AND WOMEN
[CROSS GENDER ROLES]
Positives.
Elevated the position of the women.
Women emancipation.
Girl education.
Women have exposed their abilities.
Economic development.
 Reduced women injustice.
The voice of women is now heard.

Negatives.
It has caused domestic violence.
It has increased gender based violence.
Over competition for jobs.
Marriage break ups.
Increased single families.
Loss of cultural and moral values.

CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS IN EAST AFRICA.

A cultural institution is an organization within a culture or subculture
that works for the preservation or promotion of culture.
They include the following Buganda Kingdom, Bunyoro Kingdom ,
Toro Kingdom , Busoga chiefdom.
They were restored in 1993 starting with Buganda.
Article 246 of the Ugandan constitution provides for and safeguards
the interests of cultural institutions.
Cultural leaders are given privileges by the Government; however
they are limited from engaging in partisan politics.

Roles of cultural institutions in Uganda.

They promote cultural values and morals to people.
They promote unity among people.
They encourage informal education.
They are the custodian of customary land.
They protect and preserve historical sites.
They embrace government programs.
They engage in economic development.
They mobolise their people.
They engage in health awareness programs.
They train leaders.
CULTURAL INSTUTIONS AND THEIR LEADERS.
CULTURAL LEADER COUNTRY
INSTITUTION
Buganda kingdom
Bunyoro kingdom
Toro kingdom
Rwenzururu kingdom
Busoga chiefdom
Kooki chiefdom
CURTURAL SITES IN EAST AFRICA.
Cultural centre/site Purpose country
Ndere Troupe
Cultural centre
Igongo cultural
centre
Itaba Kabanyoro
Katereke Prison
Ditch
Samuel Baker’s
Fort at Patiko in
Gulu
Bigo bya Mugenyi
Karambi tombs
Mparo tombs
Ssezibwa falls
Nakayima tree
Nkonkonjeru tombs
Nyero Rock
paintings
Uganda Martyrs
shrine Namugongo
Kasubi tombs
Naggalabi Buddo
coronation site
Wamala tombs
Makerere
University
Kampala
Stone town,
zanzibar
Museum and House
of culture Dar es
Salama
Village museum ,
Bagamoyo Rd
Kititonyama
Kondoa Rock art
Ruins Of Kilwa
Kisiwani and Sango
Fort Jesus
Mombasa
Lamu old Town
Sacred Mijikenda
forest

ETHINIC GROUPS IN EAST AFRICA.

Bantu.
Nilotics .
Nilo hamites.
Ngoni.

CULTURAL / MORAL YOUTH CAMPS.

Aims and objectives of cultural camps.
Converging youth together for moral induction.
Providing spiritual and counseling support.
Providing personalized mentorship and training to young ones.
Partnering with like-minded organizations in the moral training of
ones.
Influencing policy through the cultural voice and use of examples.
Striving to bring about positive norms for change among the youth.
Establishing a team of community volunteers wherever we work.
Providing support in passing on cultural values.
Maintaining and ensuring sustainability of the achievement after the
camp.
Methods of reconciliation among the youth and parent relationships.
Importance of cultural camps.
They create opportunities to learn East African cultures.
They youth acquire cross-cultural skills that are necessary in a global
world.
They experience a new home environment.
They continue being connected with camp trainers. [Ambassadors]
They make new friends.
Good trainees get jobs after the camp.
Parents learn strategies for helping their children.
The camps teach them against racism.
Youth learn about the dangers of drug abuse, alcohol and gambling.
Children get mentors for their life.
 Youth get transformative experience.
They learn how to express humility and honest.
They learn to fight against and be honest.
They learn to fight against transracial challenges.

HANDCRAFTS IN EAST AFRICA.

They include baskets, mats, hats, bangles, bowls, sandals, and crafts
among others. They are made by women, youth both girls and boys
during evening time.
IMPORTANCE OF HANDCRAFTS
They promote culture and heritage in the society. Each society has its
own crafts which represents its values.
Handcrafts improve the welfare of people since they are used in the
everyday life for examples sandals are put on by people, mats are sat
on by people.
They provide employment opportunities to people which enable them
to earn a living.
They promote creativity and innovation amongst the young
generation which improves their skills.
They promote unity and cooperation among people since they are
done in groups. Handcraft makers always consult each other so as to
improve their products.
Handcrafts encourage hard work and commitment amongst the youth.
 They keep youth busy hence preventing them from engaging in
criminality.
They are good training grounds for youths since hands-on skills are
passed on to them.
Handcrafts identify some ones culture and origin since different
societies cherish different handcrafts.
They are used for decoration.
Handcrafts are used in initiation ceremonies for example in Buganda
teen girl must be weave baskets as one of preparing her to become a
woman.
They instill values of discipline, commitment and passion for work
among the youth since they involve specific stages and criteria.
They are sources of government revenue after selling to the
foreigners.
They boost the tourism industry since many tourists are interested in
the African handcrafts.

CULTURAL/MORAL YOUTH CAMPS.

IMPORTANCE OF CULTURAL CAMPS IN UGANDA.
These are camps organized to teach the young generation their culture
heritage and values.
They are always organized by cultural institutions such as Buganda
Kingdom where by the young boys and girls are taught their culture.
They instill discipline among the young generation.
They teach cultural values and norms to the young generation.
They teach teamwork amongst the young children since they tasked
to do particular activities together which encourage cooperation.
They promote socialization amongst the youth which make them to
appreciate each other.
They promote friendship among the youths since they meet new
friends during the cultural camps.
They enable the youth to know their culture, history and traditional
which are taught to them by the elders.
They promote cultural integration since youths of different tribes
come understanding different cultures which enable them to
appreciate each other’s culture.
They are used to promote local tourism since youth are taught to
make handcrafts are told their historical sites.
They are used as trade fares for businessmen to advertise their goods
amongst the youths.
They enable youths to future husbands and wives.
They promote team work and cooperation among the youths.
They provide social capital to youths since they get new friends who
could of great help to them in future.
 RESPECT OF OTHERS CULTURE AS A TOOL OF
REDUCING CONFLICTS IN THE SOCIETY.
People attach must importance to their culture, so it is very wise for
each one to respect the others culture.
East African Traditional in conflict resolutions.
Conflict resolutions can be defined as the informal or formal
processes that two or more parties use to find a peaceful solution to
their disputes.
Traditionally, whenever different parties had a misunderstanding they
followed a well organized hierarchy to reach an understanding.
This stated with the two conflicting groups, up to the king’s courtyard
if they failed to get a solution.
They included the following.
Bilateral talks which involves the two conflicting groups.
Family meetings.
Village meetings.
Clan meetings.
Compesansation.
Kingdom and chiefdom parliament.
Kings courtyard.
Mediation. These are negotiations carried out to resolve differences
conducted by some impartial party.
Is the act of intervening for the purpose of bringing about a
settlement.
Adjudication. Is the method of reaching judgment between the
conflicting groups.
Reconciliation. Is a process intended to restore a friendly relationship
or to bring back harmony among the conflicting parties.
Arbitration .is the process through which two or more parties brings
in a third party [Arbitrator or arbiter] in order to resolve disputes.
Negotiation. Is the process of achieving agreement through
discussion.
Transitional justice. [Restorative justice]
It refers to the combination of policies that countries transform from
conflict to democracy may implement in order to address past human
rights violations.
It also refers to the set of judicial and non judicial measures that have
been implemented by different organizations in order to redress the
legacy of mass human rights violations e.g. in Northern Uganda.
Successful transitional justice is measured in terms of living at peace,
forgiveness, reconciliation, positive living, employment opportunity,
improved health and fairness.
Justice means a cardinal virtue which gives each person what fits him
or her in the society.
This can be achieved using a number of mechanisms like transitional
cultures and modern court processes.
In East Africa, successful traditional methods have been used among
the Acholi people in Northern Uganda.
The area suffered from a 20 year war between the LRA [Lord’s
Resistance Army] headed by Joseph Kony.
It was applied in Rwanda [ Gacaca Gacaca] after the Genocide.
It was also applied in South Africa after the Apartheid government.
THE ACHOLI TRADITIONAL APPROACH TO
FORGIVENESS AND RECONCILIATION.
The traditional Acholi culture views justice as a means of restoring
social relations.
In simple terms, Justice in Acholi culture is considered restorative
where Acholi people believe that the wounds of war will be healed if
the Acholi practice their traditional guiding principles.
The guiding principles include.
Do not be a trouble maker.
Respect, sincerity.
Do not steal.
Reconciliation and harmony.
Forgiveness.
Problem solving through discussion.
Children, women and the disabled are not be harmed in war.
THE MATO OPUT METHOD.
Mato Oput is both a process and ritual ceremony aimed at restoring
relationships between clans that would have been affected by either
an intentional murder or accidental killing.
The Acholi conduct the Mato Oput ceremony because they believe
that after the ceremony the ‘hearts of the offender and the offended
will be free from holding any grudge between them’.
In Mato Oput, a sheep provided by the offender and a goat provided
by the victim’s relatives are cut into half and then exchanged by the
two clans.
The bitter herb, Oput is then drunk by both clans to ‘’wash away
bitterness again’.
Many Acholi believe that Mato Oput can bring true healing in a way
that formal justice system cannot.
The victim’s family is compensated for the harm done, for example,
in the form of cows or cash.
Modern methods of solving conflicts.
This involves the judicial courts and their hierarchy, right from the
village to the high courts.
In Uganda, for example depending on the seriousness of the conflict
one starts from LC I, LC2 and LC 3 and then to district magistrates
courts, regional courts and high courts.
If one is not satisfied, the case can then go to the court of appeal.
Judgment is made by magistrates or judge after listening to both
sides.
Sometimes the magistrate or judge will consult assessors before they
take action.
COMPARISON BETWEEN TRADITIONAL AND MODERN
METHOD OF SOLVING CONFLICTS.
Similarities.
Both are intended to resolve conflicts.
Third parties are involved.
Compensation is allowed.
Both believe in punishments.
Appealing is allowed.
Both courts operate on the sense of fairness.
In both, the burden of proof lies with the accuser.
They both emphasize truth and honest.
Cross examination is encouraged in both courts.
In both court systems there is an authority that presides over them.
Both operate on the principle of the presumption of innocence [one is
presumed innocent until proven guilty]
They both operate on the principle of fairness.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TRADITIONAL AND MODERN
METHODS.
TRADITIONAL METHODS MODERN METHODS
It is an informal method of It’s a formal method of solving
solving conflicts conflicts.
It local based centered in our It is national centered
societies
No expatriates needed Needs expatriates
Limited money Involves a lot of money
No appealing Appealing is allowed
It’s not constitutional Its constitutional
Sometimes punishment are not Punishments are always given
given
It saves time It takes long time to get justice
There is limited bureaucracy There is a lot of bureaucracy
Consensus is always reached Consensus may not be reached
The judges are the chiefs/kings Judges/trained appointed judges
or local leaders of the state presides over the
court system
Basically oral , no writing Involves written sentencing by
the judge
Justice is restorative and Justice is retributive and punitive
conciliatory
The justice system has no fixed There are permanent court
place premises
No advocates are required Offenders may be represented by
lawyers
The local language is the English is the medium of
medium of communication communication
May not require an interpreter May require an interpreter
Elders’ opinions are highly Court assessors opinions are
valued highly valued
Local leaders play an important Local leaders have no role to
role play
The judges are not paid salaries Judges are paid monthly salaries
Courts have no hierarchy The courts have hierarchy
No concrete evidence may be Concrete evidence is required
required
 Swearing is done in the name of The swearing is done in the
the spirit of the ancestors name of the living God
The cross examiners are not Trained lawyers cross examine
trained

ETHINIC CLASHES IN EASTAFRICA.

This is the misunderstanding and fighting between various tribes and
ethnic groups.
They always occur because of disagreements and misunderstandings
between various groups.
For example in 2007, in Kenya the Luo and Kikuyu fought each
other.
Causes of Ethnic clashes in East Africa.
Land conflicts.
Rigging of elections.
Unfair representation in government.
Disrespect of one’s culture.
Long term enermity.
Uncompromising leaders.
Colonial legacy.
Poor governance.
Unfair policies.
Effects of Ethnic clashes.
Ways of reducing ethnic clashes in East Africa.
National prayer breakfast.
National dialogue.
Contribution of cultural instructions in East Africa.

STATE FORMATION IN EAST AFRICA.

A state is organized political institution acting under a government.
It can also be defined as an area with well demarcated boundaries in
which a government is responsible for law and order.
It is also a supreme body that has authority to the instruments of
coercion or force to regulate the society
Central societies. These were societies with a supreme leader at the
top of the society with absolute authority with a chain of chiefs.
They included Buganda, Bunyoro, Ankole, Toro among others.
Characteristics of centralized societies.
The king was the top most leaders with absolute powers.
The appointed a number of chiefs who served on his behalf.
They were organized with a hierarchy of chiefs and officials who
ruled on behalf of the king.
They had a parliament which could forge ways for the well being of
the society.
The system of succession of power was hereditary in nature where the
king could be succeeded by his own son.
They had standing armies for defense and to fight wars of expansion.
They king was the supreme court of appeal in case of conflicts.
They had tools of royal regalia.
Most of them had conquered states which payed tributes as a sign of
allegiance and respect.
They fought wars of expansion against their weak neighbors.
They had class system of the royals and peasants.
They absorbed the small tribes and clans around them.
They were formed on clan basis where the king was the head of all
clans.
They depended on agriculture for survival.
They carried out both internal and external trade.
They had small scale industries which were made of skilled personals
like the blacksmiths, iron workers among others.
Practiced pottery and weaving.
Carried fruit gathering.
Had permanent established settlements.
Intermarriages among clans were encouraged for unity and the king
married from all clans.
They had a common culture and language among themselves.
They recognized the creator and worshiped various gods.
Land was controlled by the king and shared to his royal officials.
 Marriage was highly cherished..
Carried out iron working.

Non- centralized societies.

These were societies with a chain of chiefs who are independent of
another.
They included the Nyamwezi, kikuyu, Maasai
Features of the Non-Centralized societies.
They were administered on a clan basis hence lacking a central
leadership.
They had no standing armies.
The wars between clans were limited.
Land was communally owned.
They practiced egalitarianism where all members of the society were
politically, socially and economically equal.
Chiefs were always appointed by a group of elders basing on
experience, age and wisdom.
The people in society were bound by blood and kinship relationships
which promoted unity among people.
They had a council of elders which used to solve village disputes.
They believed in a supreme being and also worshiped other small
gods.
There were small in size and in terms of population.
The village was the basic unit of the society.
Agriculture was practiced.
Raiding was a common activity.
They were scattered in nature and independent of each other.
They had the age set system i.e. the senior age and the junior age.
Transition into another age was after an initiation ceremony.
They practiced hunting.
Others practiced mixed farming where they grew crops and reared
animals

SIMIRATIES.
Both carried out internal and external trade.
Both practiced agriculture.
Both cherished marriage.
Both had small scale industries the artisans and blacksmiths.
Both carried out hunting.
Both were organized under clans.
Both practiced religion.
Both carried out initiation ceremonies.
There was division of labour.
Communal work was encouraged.
Believed in life after death.
Elders were highly respected.
The age set was very important.
Both had clear administration system.
DIFFERENCES.
CENTRALISED SOCIETIES NON –CENTRALISED
SOCIETIES
Has a top leader [king] Had a chain of offices
Had a standing army Lacked a standing army
They included kingdoms They included chiefdoms
There was a centralized authority They were decentralized
societies
They had a succession system Appointment of chiefs
Land distribution was done by The chief distributed
the king land/communally owned
Strong spy network No spy network
Territorial expansion was Territorial expansion was
common minimal
Royal regalia existed No royal regalia
Taxes were levied by the kings Taxes were minimal
Kings controlled the economy Chiefs had no control over trade
Was under clan basis Separate clans being ruled
separately
Had fixed and well established Judicial systems were not fixed
judicial system and courts
THE KINGDOM OF BUGANDA
ORIGIN AND EXPANSION OF BUGANDA.
Buganda originally belonged to the empire of Bunyoro-Kitara under
the Bachwezi lying to the East of Bunyoro and North of Lake
Victoria.
The original Buganda Kingdom was located on the Northern shores
of Lake Victoria i.e. between Lake Kyoga and Lake Victoria.
The Baganda belonged to the Bantu people and have been living in
East Africa since 1000 AD.
It started as a smaller nucleus of Kyadondo, Mawokota and Busiro
and later Busujju.
However it greatly expanded in the 17th and 18 centuries.
The origin of Buganda is a subject of controversy basing on oral
traditional of Buganda and Bunyoro.
The first book describing the History of Buganda was written by Sir
Apollo Kaggwa the Katikiro of Buganda titled by , Basekabaka Ba
Buganda in 1901
It was translated into English by Proffesor Ssemakula Kiwanuka
and titled it The Kings of Buganda.
It’s believed to have been founded by Kato Kimera of the Luo Babiito
Dynasty a brother of Isingoma Rukiidi Mpuga.
However it seems, Kato Kimera may have been a muchwezi who left
Bunyoro on the eve of Luo invasion.
According to Professor Karugire Samuel and J.W. Nyakatula believe
that the ruling house of Buganda had connection with the ruling
house of Buganda.
According to this theory Buganda was part of Bunyoro Kitara under
the chwezi and later Bunyoro under the Luo Babiito dynasty.
Nyakatula in his book, The Abakama of Bunyoro he stated that
Buganda was founded by Kato Kimera a brother of Isingoma Rukiidi
Mpuga sons of Nyatworo a langi from Mukwongo clan.
It’s believed that Kato Kimera deceived his brother that he was going
to visit Buganda and gave him a go head hoping that he would return.
He later declared himself independent.
On this account some historians disregard Kintu as the first king of
Buganda.
The origin of the name Buganda also has a lot of controversy.
It came to be known as Buganda when Wamala of the Cwezi Empire
appointed Kaganda Rusiri as the chief of Buganda.
The people of Bunyoro used to despise the people of Muhwahwa as
Kaganda little men. [Obuganda]
The nickname later replaced Muhwahwa [Muwawa] and it came to be
known as Buganda.
However the Buganda Historians disagree with this theory.
They believe that name Buganda was adopted from the famous King
of Buganda in names of Ssekabaka Ntege Walusimbi Nalusiri
Buganda.
Other Buganda scholars believe that Buganda means a bundle
[Obuganda] since different Baganda clans came from different areas
to form Buganda.
According to oral traditions, the kingdom of Buganda was believed to
have been founded by Kintu who came from Mountain Elgon region
about 1314 AD.
He passed via Budama through Busoga to Buganda.
He seized power from the original 5-6 clan heads and established
himself as the Ssaabataka. [Head of clan heads.
Kintu came with 13-14 clans in Buganda while Kimera founded 6
clans.
The first Buganda’s attempt to fight Bunyoro were led by Ssekabaka
Kayima Ssenyimba , however he was defeated.
However Ssekabaka Nakibinge Omulwanyamuli forged an alliance
with Ssesse to fight Bunyoro.
During the 17th century, strong kings emerged in Buganda like
Katerega, Mutebi and Kimbugwe.
Ssekabaka Katerega conquered Southern Singo, Gomba and
Butammbala.
Later Ssekabaka Mawanda attacked and conquered Kyaggwe, Singo
and Bulemezi from Bunyoro.
He also attacked Busoga.
By 1750 Kyabagu captured Busoga from Bunyoro.
By 1755-1775, Kyabagu’s son Jjunju captured Buddu and Kooki
from Bunyoro.
 He was overthrown by his own brother Ssekabaka Ssemakokiro who
called for unity.
Ssekabaka Kamaanya captured Buwekula.
In the late 19th century Buruuli, Mawogola and Bugerere were
annexed to Buganda as Bunyoro was declining.
Finally Muteesa 1 captured Buyaga and Bugangayizi, Bululi from
Bunyoro with the help of the British.

FACTORS FOR THE GROWTH AND EXPANSION OF

BUGANDA KINGDOM.
Buganda was a small and compacted kingdom hence effective
control.
The centralization of all powers by the kings after suppressing the
clan heads enabled different kings to expand the kingdom because of
the authority they had.
The emergence of the strong kings also led to the expansion of
Buganda kingdom. For example Kimbugwe, Mutebi, Jjunju,
Mawanda was fearless and brave while Ssemakokiro called for unity.
The gradual elimination of hereditary chiefs made the Kings of
Buganda to have authority and influence over their people. This was
done by Ssekabaka Mawanda.
The loyalty the kings got from their subjects enabled the kingdom to
expand since the kings were regarded as semi gods.
The skills of iron working enabled Buganda to clear forests for
agriculture and human settlement which enabled the kingdom to
expand.
The good climate which favoured human settlement and agriculture
contributed to the growth and expansion of Buganda kingdom.
The fertile soils for agriculture and human settlement also favoured
food production and human settlement in Buganda kingdom.
The existence of weak neighbours contributed to the development of
Buganda kingdom since it expanded at their expense. These included
Busoga and Bunyoro kingdom.
The decline of Bunyoro Kingdom was a blessing in disguise on the
side of Buganda kingdom since it conquered most areas of Bunyoro
to expand its territories.
The abundant food production which could feed the existing big
population enabled Buganda kingdom to expand.
The existence of a strong army contributed to growth and expansion
of Buganda Kingdom. It included the Abagalagala and Abambowa
who fought wars of expansion to enlarge Buganda Kingdom.
The clear succession system where the king was succeeded by his
own son which reduced power struggles hence keeping the kingdom
united and strong.
The involvement in the profitable long distance enabled Buganda to
get foreign goods like clothing, mirrors, and beads among others
which enabled the people of Buganda to enjoy good standards of
living.
The early acquisition and monopoly of guns enabled Buganda to
defeat its enemies like Bunyoro. By 1872 Kabaka Muteesa 1 had
1000 guns to fight his enemies.
The marriage alliance of the Kabaka created unity and loyalty among
the Buganda people. The Kabaka married from all the clans enabling
him to gain support from all clans for expansion of Buganda
kingdom.
The constant supply of tributes from conquered states like Busoga
contributed to the economic growth and development of Buganda
kingdom.
The absorption of the conquered states enabled Buganda to get a big
population for its expansion.
The strategic location and natural protection provided by Lake
Victoria and River Nile defended Buganda from its enemies.
Natural security provided by Mabira forest led to the expansion of
Buganda kingdom.
The division of labour where women carried out agriculture and men
fought wars of expansion for the growth of Buganda kingdom.
The good road network which connected different areas of Buganda
contributed to its development since movement of people and goods
was eased.
FACTORS FOR THE DECLINE OF BUGANDA KINGDOM.
The succession disputes between different princes weakened Buganda
kingdom. For example between Ssemakokiro and Jjunju.
The big size of Buganda also weakened the kingdom.
The breaking away of distant areas e.g. Busoga weakened Buganda
kingdom.
The strategic location of Buganda attracted very many foreigners
some of whom weakened Buganda kingdom.
The poor leadership of some kings also weakened Buganda kingdom
for example kabaka Mwanga and Daudi Chwa.
Kabaka Mwanga’s characters and behaviors were not the best for the
king to contribute to its decline of the kingdom.
Buganda had many enemies like Bunyoro especially during the reign
of Omukama Kabalega.
The weakening of the Buganda’s army also contributed to its decline.
The coming of missionaries and their teachings which weakened
Buganda’s culture and threatened the position of Kabaka leading to
the decline of Buganda kingdom.
Lake Victoria opened up Buganda for white imperialists who
weakened Buganda kingdom.
The regaining of the strength of Bunyoro under Omukama Kabalega
also weakened Buganda.
The religious wars weakened Buganda were the Baganda catholics
fought Baganda Protestants hence weakening the kingdom.
The decline in the trade also weakened Buganda kingdom.
The period of scramble and partition where the European imperialists
took over Buganda hence weakening the authority of the Kabaka and
reduced the strength of Buganda.
 The signing of the 1900 Buganda agreement which reduced the
influence and the powers of the Kabaka over his kingdom and people
reduced the strength of Buganda kingdom.
The exiling of Kabaka Muteesa II in 1953 by Governor Andrew
Cohenalso weakened the Buganda kingdom.
The 1967 Republican constitution finally abolished Buganda
kingdom.
In conclusion the factors for the decline of Buganda kingdom were
social, political and economic.

THE POLITICAL ORGANISATION OF BUGANDA.

Buganda had a centralized administration i.e. political power was
centered on the Kabaka [king]
The kabaka ruled through the lukiiko.
The lukiiko was the legislative council.
Kabakaship in the kingdom was hereditary.
The kabaka had absolute powers in the kingdom.
The kabaka had palace officials who acted as ears and eyes.
The king had control overland and was responsible for declaring war.
For effective administration, the kingdom was subdivided into
provinces, districts and counties.
The kabaka appointed chiefs to administer various areas on his behalf
e.g. Muluka, Gombolola and Saza chiefs.
Chiefs in turn appointed subchiefs who were responsible to the
Katikiro [prime minister]
The sub chiefs also supplied the king with food, backcloth, timber,
firewood, men for the army and labourers.
There was also freedom of peasant movement in the kingdom with
permission from the Headman [mutongole]
The Katikiro acted as chief justice and adviser to the king.
The queen mother [Namasole] and adviser to the king.
The peasants could be granted land by the local Headman on payment
of tributes in form of food, beer e.t.c.
The king married from each of the major clans for the sake of unity in
the kingdom.
The kingdom had a royal regalia i.e. drums, spears, stools, crown
which were instruments of power.
The kingdom had a standing army which was used for expansion to
cover parts of Bunyoro in the 19th century.
ECONOMIC ORGANISATION OF BUGANDA.
Agriculture was the main occupation for women and children while
men were spared for hunting, wars and building houses.
The main crops grown were bananas, vegetables, peas and G. nuts.
They also kept goats, pigs, sheep and poultry.
Trade formed an integral part of the Ganda economy where by Barter
and cowrieshells were the major media.
The major items of trade were iron, hoes, backcloth, salt and guns.
The major trading partners were the Arabs Swahiri, Basoga and
Banyankole.
Fishing and hunting formed other economic activities in the kingdom.
The kabaka also levied taxes from the subjects and long distance
traders.
Buganda raided her neighbours like Basoga for, cattle, slaves and
women.
The Buganda practiced iron working for making hoes, knives and
spears.
They also made back cloth which formed the most important export
of Buganda.
THE SOCIAL ORGANISATION OF BUGANDA.
The Ganda society had a clan system.
Each clan or family had their own shrines where sacfrices of food,
beer and animals were offered to ancestors.
Each clan in Buganda had its own burial sites [Ebijja]
Burial in the kingdom was conducted by men.
There also existed a class system of royals, notable and commoners.
Religion in Buganda was centered on belief in ancestral spirits.
The Lubaale were spirits of people believed have supernatural
powers.
They could be consulted through prophets or mediums.
Musoke was incharge of rain, Dungu was incharge of hunting,
Nagawonye was in charge of drought, Mukasa was incharge of water,
lakes while Kibuuka was for war.
Witch doctors / medicine men [Muwanga] were also consulted in case
of misfortunes or to ask for favours.
There was a class of herbalists who treated those were sick.
Marriage in the kingdom was polygamous and exogamous.
Each clan had its totem named after living things like animals, birds
or insects.
For entertainment, boat racing, wrestling and dancing were common
in the kingdom.
The immigrants were assimilated and accepted in the Ganda society
with full right

THE ANKOLE.
The Banyankole are descendants from the chwezi and belong to the
Western Bantu.
Politically, Ankole had a centralized system of administration.
The king [Omugabe] was the political head of the Banyankole.
The powers of the Omugabe were hereditary and absolute.
He was assisted by a chain of chiefs [Abakungu]
The Omugabe would appoint and dismiss any chief at his will.
The Bahima largely consisted of the ruling class.
The queen mother, princess and princess formed the royal family that
resided in the palace[ royal kraal]
Next to the Omugabe was the Prime Minister [Enganzi]
He moved with the Omugabe and sometimes performed duties on his
beharf.
Ankole was divided into 16 districts for easy administration e.g.
Kashari, Rwampara, Nyabushozi, Isingiro , Igara e.t.c.
Each of these districts was under an appointed chief [ukungu]
The kingdom was further divided into chiefdoms, each with its own
chief.
The chiefs were supposed to keep law and order and collect tributes
in form of cattle, beer, and millet e.t.c.
Chiefs also organized and led the military units in each region
[Emitwe]
The kingdom had a standing army.
The army used spears, bows and arrows and shields.
There was also a royal regalia e.g. drums, spears and crown.
There was a royal fire which was never allowed to go out until the
reigning Omugabe died.
ECONOMIC ORGANISATION.
Pastoralism was the main occupation i.e. the Hima kept long horned
cattle.
The Bahima supplied meat, milk, hided and other dairy products.
The Bairu were mainly agriculturalists who grew millet, grain foods,
yams and iron foods [green vegetable, fruits]
Iron working was practiced. Iron was dug from hills smelted and
made spears, hoes and arrows.
Also carpentry was practiced making wooden pots, stools and dishes.
There was also a class of porters.
They traded with their neighbours like the Baganda, banyoro and
Karagwe.
They traded in iron hoes, salt, backcloth and honey in exchange for
coastal goods like beads, glass ware e.t.c.
Trade was mainly conducted on a barter system.
Because land was always in plenty, peasants always shifted to new
lands once the old lost fertility.
SOCIAL ORGANISATION.
It was divided into two classes which included the Bairu and Bahima.
The existence of cattle added social prestige and status to their
owners.
Those with few cattle were scolded and despised.
Cattle was used for paying dowry and rewarding faithful servants.
The second class [Bairu] was not highly respected i.e. they were
always despised and would not dream of becoming kings.
Even marriage and sexual intercourse between the Bahima and Bairu
was considered as a social disgrace and highly discouraged.
 People with special skills e.g. carpenters, blacksmiths and potters
were highly respected despite their social class.
The Omugabe required the service of any craftman and always
rewarded them generously with cows, goats and sheep.
The Banyankore believed in a supreme being [Ruhanga] the creator
of the world.
Below Ruhanga were lesser gods, to whom offerings and sacfrices
were made e.g. kazooba, kagoro, magara and Wamara.
The spirits of the dead were highly respected as they could bring
favour or punishing the living.
Sacrifices of beer, millet and grains were offered to them at family
shrines.

THE ACHOLI.
They occupied Northern Uganda.
Politically, power was centered around the Rwoth.
The Rwoth was the political head and religious leader of his people.
He ruled on the advice of a council comprising of elders from all
major clans.
He gave favours according to work.
The Acholi had no centralized system of administration.
All political affairs were handled by the clan, each with its own rituals
and regalia.
Each family belonged to a particular clan that shared a common
ancestry.
The clan councils upheld traditional, religious and legal customs.
They also controlled the course of revenge.
The family was the basic social unit in the society.
The man had a lot of powers over his wife and children.
The Jogo were the village heads and were appointed by the Rwoth.
Their duty was to maintain law and order in their respective villages.
They also collected taxes and tributes.
The Acholi society had no standing army.
It was the duty of the youth to defend society in case there was need.
They were also supposed to carry out raids for cattle.
Economically, they carried out agriculture.
They grew cereals like millet, peas, beans and sorghum.
Their main economic activity was pastoralism, keeping short horned
cattle.
They highly valued cows for prestige, bride wealth and rewards.
They also traded with their neighbours like the langi, banyoro and
Sudanese.
Fishing was carried out by those who lived near rivers.
Socially, they believed in Jok –Lubanga as the creator and sustainer
of the world.
 They always prayed to him through the spirits.
The Rwoth was the religious head of his people.
He was believed to have direct links with the ancestors.
Inheritance followed the father’s side
Land in the society was communally owned.
It was the duty of the clan heads to protect it on behalf of the people.

NYAMWEZI.
They are Bantu speaking people.
They initially lived in small independent chiefdoms.
The name Nyamwezi or people of the moon was given to them by the
coastal traders who saw them come from the direction of the moon.
[west]
They are an example of a decsntralised society.
The Nyamwezi lived in small independent chiefdoms of people above
1000 people based on clan ties.
Chiefdom was independent of others and was headed by a chief
called Ntemi.
The position of the Ntemi in the society was heredatery.
The Ntemi had both political and religious powers in the Nyamwezi
society.
Population explosion and sucession disputes would lead to splint or
creation of new chiefdoms along clan ties.
For easy administration of the society, Ntemiships were further
divided into small political units headed by clan heads called
Gunguli.
The Ntemi chief was assisted by a council of elders [a group of old,
experienced and knowledgeable elders]
Their decision was respected by Ntemi.
Also, other important chiefs were the ritual officers, army
commander, information ministry and tax officer.
These all took orders from the Ntemi.
Each chiefdom had an army with a commander appointed by the
Ntemi himself.
Initially the Nyamwezi were farmers who grew mainly cereals like
millet, sorghum and peas.
Food was collected as a form of tax.
There also existed national food stores in case of emergency.
The Nyamwezi also kept cattle, sheep and goats.
Fishing as an activity was also carried out.
Trade was another important economic activity of the Nyamwezi.
They traded with the Vinza for salt, zinc for iron tools.
By the 19th century, the Nyamwezi abandoned agriculture and went
into trading i.e. participated in the Long caravan trade to the coast.
They controlled the central trade route that started from Bagamoyo
and went into interior of East Africa.
They also practiced pottery and craft making baskets, mats and fish
traps.
They practiced iron working hoes, spears, pangas and arrows.
They also hunted elephants for ivory.
The Ntemi was the religious leader of his people.
He performed rituals and offered prayers on their behalf for good
yields, birth and success in war.
The Ntemi was a very important and respected man and could marry
many wives as he wanted.
On his death, the Ntemi was buried along with beer, food and
weapons.
They had a royal regalia e.g. shields, spears, royal fire and drums as
instruments of power.
When the Ntemi was sick was sick, his people’s welfare would not be
good.
The Ntemi was the final man in the judicial system and final court of
appeal in the Nyamwezi society.
Land was highly valued and was communally owned by clan or
lineage.
The youth were expected to have high respect for the elders.
There also existed diviners and medicine man among the Nyamwezi.
Marriage in the Nyamwezi society was polygamous.
The Nyamwezi belonged to different ethinic groups and spoke
different dialects.
THE MASAI
The Masai belong to the plain Nilotic group of people.
They first settled to the East Africa of the Rift valley between Kenya
and LakeTurkana.
They moved into Uasin Gishu plateau in the 17 th century and by the
19th they had spread as far as south into Tanzania.
Politically, the Masai society was decentralized.
It was governed through elders and the most important one being the
Laibon.
The society was divided into 16 different or independent groups each
with its own territory, pasture and water supply.
The groups were under the clan leaders and clan members were
divided into age-sets.
The clans had their own age-sets and each age set had its own names.
Entry into the first age set was initiated.
After 15 years, as a senior warrior they advanced to the status of
junior elders and after 15 years to that of senior elders.
The head of each set was called Olaigaanani who led any military
attack by the warriors in his set.
He also arranged for the distribution of any captured children and
cattle.
Murder of any clansman was punishable either by killing a member
of the murder’s clan or paying 49 heads of cattle to bereaved family
clan.
Military training was stressed in the Masai society and raiding the
neighbouring societies was encouraged.
Economically, the Masao were divided into two distinct people i.e.
the pastoral Masai[purko]and the agricultural masai [kwavi]
The Purko Masai lived a normadic life.
While the kwavi masai cultivated grains, foods and vegetables.
Cattle were a source of milk, blood, meat, hides and skins.
The possession of large herds of cattle among the masai was a sign of
prestige.
The Masai obtained food stuffs from the Kikuyu, Pare and Chagga.
Eating fish among the Masai was forbidden.
They bartered livestock for iron products especially with people in the
Kirimanjaro areas.
They also established markets where hides, milk, butter were
exchanged for beans, millet, tobacco and sorghum.
There often occurred conflicts between the Kwavi and Purko Masai
over land.
Socially, the Laibon was the most religious figure among the Masai.
He guided the society, had ritual powers and could prophesize.
The Laibon could also charms for the society or for the soldiers in
order to protect them during war.
The Masai wore skins and ornaments.
 The Masai believed in a supreme creator called Enkai who was
offered sacrifices around sacred trees.
Enkai gave sickness as well as life to the Masai.
Also, sacrifices to the Enkai were offered through Laibon.
The Masai lived inhouses called Manyattas an enclosures.
Finally, marriage among the Masai was polygamous.

THE KARAGWE.
Karagwe kingdom is an intercustrine kingdom located between
Rwanda, Burundi and L. Victoria i.e. Northern part of Tanzania.
The earliest Bantu to settle in this area were farmers who mainly grew
millet, yams and sorghum.
These Bantu had come from the Southwest direction around 5 th and
10th century.
Many of them staged for only two or three centuries before migrating
to the Northeast to Ankole, Bunyoro and Toro.
Later, a section of these Bantu returned to Karagwe fleeing from the
Luo invasion.
By the time returned, they had mixed with the Chwezi.
By the end of the 16th century, they had reached Karagwe and set up
the Hinda dynasty.
They were led by Ruhinda towards the end of the 16th century.
They were the chwezi immigrants from the North [Ankole] and
moved into Karagwe-Bukoba regions in Tanzania.
When he reached Karagwe, Ruhinda deposed the local leader Nono
[son of Malari] of the Basita and set up the Hinda dynasty.
But it not clear as to how these new comers really established
themselves over the local people.
Some historians suggest that they were welcomed because their
intelligence and superior military and administrative qualities.
Other suggests that the Chwezi immigrants just corrupted the local
people with gifts of cattle.
After setting up his capital, Ruhinda, sent out his sons with royal
regalia e.g. Spears, drums, crowns and shields to establish Hinda sub
dynasties in the surrounding areas.
This gave rise to small independent kingdoms under Lissons like
Gisaka, Kyamutwala, Ihangiro, Nuzinza, Busubi and Ukerewe.
These were not under the direct authority of Ruhinda and upon his
death, they all became independent.
ORGANISATION.
Politically, it had a centralized system of administration.
It had royal regalia e.g. spears, drums, crowns and shields which
served as instruments of power.
The state was built on a clan system, which was centered on the clan
leader called Muharambwa.
The Muharambwa presided over all the religious functions.
The clans were grouped into eight bigger units or chiefdoms which
included Bukara, Ihangiro, Misenyi, Bugabo and Karagwe.
But the creation of several of independent Hinda administration in
Karagwe.
Clans among the Banyamba were used for efficient administration.
And clan leaders were charged with the collection of taxes and
tributes.
They were also supposed to lead clan courts that settled disputes
among the people.
Each chiefdom in the kingdom became un Ihanga [Nation]
Its chief was the final man on everything in the chiefdom.
He could dismiss a clan leader if his people appealed.
He also had administrative religious and judicial powers.
They controlled trade links with their neighbours.
They were divided according to age.
Boys of the same age were collected at the local chief’s residence
where they received instructions in collect manners towards their
equals and elders.
A few outstanding candidates remained there to receive military
training and also learnt court manners and collect language for
particular occasions.
Leadership in the kingdom was hereditary.
Economically, they were farmers who grew millet, sorghum and
yams.
They also kept cattle especially the long horned cattle.
The Banyambo also carried out trade exchanging in trade items like
ivory and iron products for goods.
Karagwe also controlled the Long distance trade route to Baganda.
Iron working was carried out in the kingdom.
Fishing as an activity was also carried out.
Hunting as activity was a major source of meat.
Mining especially of iron and salt was a common.
Socially, they liked swimming because of the presence of water
bodies.
They believed in ancestral spirits with different gods.
They conducted ceremonies to mark important days and events such
as birth, marriage.

THE KIKUYU.
These were Bantu speaking people under the Eastern Bantu group.
They also have known as the highland Bantu.
They first settled in areas around Kenyan highlands near Nyeri,
Kiambu and Fort Hall.
Their origin is based on myths and legends.
Kikuyu traditions claim that their god [Mumbere] had three sons i.e.
Gikuyu, Kamba and Masai.
He asked them to choose between a bow, a digging stick and a spear.
Gikuyu and his wife Mumbi had nine daughters.
It is these nine daughters who gave rise to the present 9 kikuyu clans.
Political organization.
The kikuyu had a decentralized system of administration.
Their political system was based on clans with each handling its own
affairs.
Each clan was made up of age groups called Rika.
These were further sub divided into age sets each having its own
marking a particular event.
The Kikuyu had an army and the commander represented them on
council of elders called Kiama.
This army composed of junior and senior warriors.
Junior warriors we supposed to clear gardens for planting defend the
village against attack and construct houses and fences.
Families sharing the same terrace made up a territorial called Mbari.
Each Mbari was under a council of elders headed by Muramiti.
The position of the Muramiti was not hereditary but was entrusted to
any experienced elder.
The Muramiti performed judicial functions.
Members of the council of elders must have paid some goats and beer
and must have circumcised the elder son of their houses to qualify.
SOCIAL ORGANISATION.
Religiously, the Kikuyu believed in a supreme god called Ngai.
Ngai who manifested himself through the sun, moon, rainbow,
thunder and lightening.
Kirinyaga [Mt Kenya] was believed to be Ngai’s home.
Shrines were built around the slopes of Mt Kenya.
Ngai could only be approached by community elders as a group but
not as individuals.
Ngai was consulted at all stages of life e.g. at birth, marriage and
death.
The kikuyu highly respected the spirits of the ancestors whom they
believed to possess powers to punish and bless.
Therefore sacrifices were offered to appease spirits of ancestors.
The kikuyu society was also organized on clan basis and each clan
was made up of age groups.
Riika was further subdivided into age sets and initiation from one age
to another was after circumcision done on boys and girls after five
years.
Inheritance of property always followed the mother’s line.
Land and children were all owned by the mother.
ECONOMIC.
Agriculture was their main activity and mainly grew cereals like
sorghum, maize and peas.
Land was highly by the Kikuyu.
A man with no land was not allowed to marry his wife could not feed
the family without it.
Fishing and rearing of fowls like chicken was a taboo among the
kikuyu i.e. their social laws did not permit the consumption of fish
and fowls.
Division of labor existed among the Kikuyu.
Men cleared the land, herded and milked animals as women planted
and harvested crops and looked after the homes.
The Kikuyu traded with their neighbours like the Masai, Embu,
Pokomo and Kamba for products like milk and butter.
With the development of LDT the Kikuyu supplied ivory, slaves, Bee
wax and skins e.t.c. to the coastal Arab traders.
The Kikuyu also hunted wild animals and gathered fruits from the
forests around the Kenyan highlands.
The Kikuyu also carried out iron working and iron implements like
hoes for agriculture and spears for hunting.
FACTORS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH OF
BUGANDA KINGDOM.
Charismatic leadership.
Strong armies.
Availability of food.
Collapse of some empires.
Unity and common language.
Population growth.
Location.
External authority.
Common culture.
Trade .
Availability of food.
Fertile soils.
Cool climate.
Centralized system of administration.
Natural security and protection.
Got tributes from conquered states.

STRENGTH OF CENTRALISED STATES.

Strong leadership.
Strong armies.
Clear succession arrangement.
Expansion of territories .
Unity among people.
Common culture and languages.
Common history.
Age set system for proper role distribution.
There was loyalty and allegiance to the king.
Easy mobilization of people by the king.
Easy decision making by the king.
The king was helped by other officials.
The king rewarded his humble and royal people.

WEAKNESS OF CENTRALISED STATES.

Absolute powers.
Succession wars.
Ruthless and brutal leadership.
War of expansion.
Participation in governance was lacking.
Rebellions by vassal states were common.
Kings controlled the economy.
Opposition and advice were not tolerated.
Public opinion was not considered.
STRENGTH OF NON CENTRALISED SOCIETIES.
Leadership was based on merit.
Elders played a big role in the society.
Small societies were easy to manage.
Land was communally owned.
Democratic system.
Limited succession wars.
Limited disputes.
NON-CENTRALISED STATES.
Inter clashes over land were common.
Succession laws were not clear which caused disputes and wars.
Some clans would easily break away after disagreements.
They could easily be attacked by strong tribes and societies.
Limited production of a small population.
Limited expansion.
Unity was not common because of very many clans.
Lacked a strong standing army.
Weak leadership.
Disagreement between chiefs.
Limited expansion .
Victim of external attacks.
Lack of unity among the people.
Slow decision making because it required consensus building and
consultation
TOPIC O6.
RELIGIONS IN EAST AFRICA.
Religion is the belief in worship of a superhuman or god and the
activities related with the worship of them.
According to Karl Marx a German philosopher, ‘Religion is the opium
of masses’
The word religion is linked with three Latin words.
1. Religionis which means respect for what is sacred. It suggests that
in religion there must be respect for something that is believed to
be holy.
2. Religare .This means to bind together. This means that religion
involves binding together individuals in one fellowship and linking
them with a Higher Supreme Being [God].
The individuals have a common bond which is religion and it’s this
bond which binds them with their God.
3. Religere. This means sacrificing everything and courageously
carrying out a difficult job. It means that religion means sacrificing
one’s self for the sake of pleasing God.
Hence believing in any religion suggests that you have a duty to
fulfill for the good of your God.
ESSENTIALS ELEMENTS OF RELIGION.
An intellectual or understanding element. Followers must be
convinced in their thoughts and mind that a supreme power exists and
is the controller of human activities, man’s spiritual as well as
material values.
 An emotional or feeling element. An individual feels that he
depends on the supreme power and that relationship between the
individual and his creator should be a health one.
An element of behavior. A religion must be revealed in some form
of actions of behavior. Such behavioral actions are pilgrimages,
prayers and sacrifices.
A social element. Believers in a particular religion must cooperate
with one another.
ORIGIN OF RELIGION.
Religion started when man failed to control nature with magic.
Another theory states, man observed that he possessed a soul which
led to beginning of worshiping of souls and spirits of the dead.
The Main religions of the World by percentage of followers
Christians 29.7%
Muslims 13.3%
Buddhists 6.3%
Hindus 19%
Animists 6.5%
Confucianists 10%
Others 1.7%
Secularism 19%

THE AFRICAN TRADITION RELIGION OF EAST AFRICA.

The African Traditional religion refers to a system of belief in the
existence of God, gods, supernatural beings or spirits.
The A.T.R was a social component which involved the belief and
worshiping of God, gods, spirits and physical features.
According to Prof. John S. Mbiti, African Traditional religion is the
richest part of African heritage and it is found in all areas of human
life.
According to Professor John Mbiti, A.T.R. refers to the beliefs in
God and his assistants like small gods, ancestors, prophets and
other religious leaders on earth.
He also stated that African Traditional Religion dominated the lives
of the African people to the extent that it shaped their cultures, social
life, and their political and economic activities.
However many people especially the whites had a misconception
about African Tradition Religion.
Some people call African Religion ancestral worship because it
involves worshiping of the dead yet it a small part of it.
Others call it superstition i.e. believing and fearing something without
proper grounds.
Others relate it to witch craft and magic yet it is beyond that.
It is also called paganism which is used to refer to Africans who not
Christians.
THE NATURE OF AFRICAN TRADITIONAL RELIGION.
[ CHARATERSTICS]
There was belief in the highest God as the creator of heaven, earth
and all creatures.
There was belief in other gods like spirits who were assistants to God.
 There was belief in life after death where the dead were not
considered dead, they could communicate through ancestral spirits.
Sacrifices of blood, food, alcohol and money were offered to God and
gods.
Medicine men were very important since they provided link to God.
Religious leaders presided over religious functions since they
mediated between man and God.
Each clan or tribe had different names of God.
It was characterized by sacred places like valleys, hills, lakes and at
times shrines were built where sacrifices could be made.
It was made up of many ceremonies like circumcision, burial sites
and dances.
It was made up of worship and players in a traditional way.
There was a belief that heavens were the world of the dead.
They believed in the punishment of the immoral people [sinners] by
the gods.
Africans interpreted natural happenings religiously like famine,
drought, accidents, drought, war, floods and earth quakes.
The religion had art pieces and symbols that the Africans highly
respected e.g. drums, spears, stools, beads among others.
It involved giving offerings to the divine beings in form of grains e.g.
after a great harvest, part of the harvest was given to the gods to thank
them.
It involved African music, dance and drama i.e. Africans played
African music to the gods in order to entertain them.
It involved a lot of initiation rituals especially to the children at
puberty stage in order to graduate to adulthood e.g. circumcision
among the Kikuyu of Kenya and Bagisu of Eastern Uganda.
It also emphasized morals and discipline among members of the
society. I.e. all children were to respect the elders according to
African Traditional Religion.
It involved helping of the needy in the society i.e. the religion
encouraged its followers to take care of strangers and the needy. For
example in Buganda the mother of twins [Nnaalongo] was free to get
food from some one’s garden.
They had religious leaders or diviners who led people in religious
functions. They included traditional healers, magicians, and rain
makers.
It had a number of rites of passage that were observed at different
stages of human development and growth from conception to death.
For examples birth rites, naming rites among others in Busoga of
Eastern Uganda.
It had no written scriptures it was found in people’s hearts, minds and
practices.
It emphasized so much worshiping of divine beings through singing
and dancing for them to make them happy.
It called for respect of traditional norms, values, practices like getting
married and discouraged marring of close relatives.
It emphasized keeping of virginity until marriage and sex before
marriage was highly punishable e.g. among the Karamajongs, girls
who fornicated were speared in their private parts.
It involved riddles, poems, proverbs and wise sayings which had a lot
of religious information and it was passed on to the young ones by the
elders.
Political leaders like kings and chiefs acted as religious leaders
presided over religious functions.
It was made up of food taboos especially to women for example in
Buganda women were stopped from eating eggs, chicken, and fish
among others.
It was characterized by vision and dreams .i.e. ancestors and gods
would reveal to the people what was about to happen through dreams
and visions.
They carried out libation as part of their religion i.e. before taking any
drink, Africans first poured some down for the ancestors.
For all long Europeans and other people thought that Africans had no
religion at all.
However, this has been proven wrong by African by African scholars.
Both Proffesor J.S. Mbiti of Kenya and E.B. Idowu of Nigeria have
written important books which have proved to the world that Africa
had still had its religion.
Accordingly Proffesor J.C. Ssekamwa a Makerere scholar also wrote
a book called Eddiini Ya Baganda Eyenono which describes that the
Baganda had the religion before the coming of the whites.
The African religion differs from tribe to tribe and even from a
section of tribe to another.
All traditional religions believe in one all powerful Supreme God.
However his called different names by different tribes, forexample
the Baganda call him Katonda, kikuyu –Ngai, Basoga –Kibumba.,
Luhya –Nyasae, Langi- Jok the Luo call him Nyasaye.
They exist similarities and differences in a way God is worshiped
amongst various tribes.
According to the Africa n tradition, religion is regarded as beliefs and
practices, concerning superhuman beings
Secondly, most Africans tradition religions have two sources, namely
the physical source and the non physical source.
The physical aspect includes.
1. Rituals and ceremonies.
2. Shrines and sacred places.
3. Religious articles and objects.
4. Music, dance and drama
5. Art symbols.
6. Religious leaders.
7. Sacrifices.
The non physical are those sources that are observable through ears
and are in the mind of the individual member of the religion.
These include.
1. Language.
2. Proverbs, riddles, maxims and other sayings.
3. Names of individuals, places objects and events.
 4. Myths, legends, stories and biographies or books written about
people.
5. Belief and customs.
TRADITIONAL GODS
TRIBE RELIGION
Baganda Katonda
Agikuyu Ngai , mwene Nyaga
Basoga Kibumba
Kamba Mulungu
Bagisu Were or Nabende
Luo Nyasaye
Banyankole Ruhanga
Bakiga Ruhanga
Langi Jok
Acholi Lubanga
Madi Rubanga

THE BAGANDA TRADITIONAL RELIGION.

The Baganda believe in supernatural beings which are believed to be
organized in a descending order or hierarchy.
On top of the system of power there is Katonda w’e Butonda. The
word Katonda comes a verb tonda which means to create.
Below there were the divinities who were called Balubaale.
These were assigned different duties.
Some of them were created as divinities while others were dead
heroes who were elevated to the rank of deities or devine beings.
For example Kibuuka Omumbaale a renowned fighter among the
Baganda.
The Baganda have about 73 divinities or active spirits[ Balubaale]
Each of them performs a specific duty under the overall direction of
the Higher God Katanda w’e Butonda.
Some of these divinities with their respective spheres of influence and
specialization are
SPIRITUAL BEINGS POWER AND SPHERE OF
INFLUENCE
Mukasa Children, fertility and plenty
Musoke Rain
Walumbe Death
Kawumpuli Plague
Kibuuka and Nende War
Kiwanuka Thunder
Ddungu Hunting
Musisi Earthquakes

All players, sacrifices and other religious activities are immediately

offered to the balubale not to the High God among the Baganda.
They have shrines and temples dedicated to them and in these places
religious activities are carried out by special priests.
The priests of one lubaale recognize the existence of other Lubaale.
All Balubaale collectively contribute to the security of man under
their protection and favour.
The role of Balubaale is similar to that of the angels according to
some nontraditional religion.
They are no special shrines and priests dedicated to the High God of
Buganda.
The High God is not the immediate receiver of prayers, sacrifices and
other forms of worship.
He is a distant being but remains supreme over all human and
spiritual beings.
Below the divinities are lower are lower known as Mizimu.
These include the nature-spirits which are believed to live in rivers,
valley caves and dark forests. Though they are feared are believed not
to be dangerous.
The second group of mizimu consists of the spirits of the departed
members of the society.
The dead members of the families are regarded as dead only
physically but spiritually live.
The Baganda and other people of Africa seek help of these two types
of spirits to make their prayers known to their High God.
It’s necessary to give the spirits food, drink and shelter.
THE BANYORO TRADITIONAL RELIGION.
The traditional of Banyoro is much similar to that of Baganda.
They believe in a supreme being called Ruhanga.
They have also a group of divinities called the Bachwezi.
The Bachwezi are believed to be the ruling people of the Ancient
great empire.
Below the Bachwezi the Banyoro have lower types of spirits called
Mizimu.
FOREIGN RELIGION IN EAST AFRICA.
ISLAM.
This was the first religion to come in to and in East Africa. It reached
Buganda in 1840s by the Arabs by Ahmed Bin Abraham. In 1884 he
reached the residence of SSekabaka Suuna Kyetutumula II. Since
then Islam has been growing steadily.
PROTESTANTISM.
This was the first Christian group to arrive in Uganda in June 1877.
Their first group was known as the Church Missionaries society who
came from London. At first it was known as the Native Anglican
church but in 1960’s became independently of the British Anglican
church and it became the Church of Uganda.
THE CATHOLICSM.
They arrived in Uganda in February 1879 under the Roman
Missionary which comprised of the Church Missionary Society who
included Father Lourdel Monpel [Mapera] and Brother Amans
[Amansi]
THE MISSIONARIES IN EAST AFRICA.
These were the humanitarian groups that came from Europe to East
Africa with the aims of preaching Christianity and civilizing the
people of East Africa.
Some of the missionary groups included the following.
The German missionaries in Tanganyika.
The Church missionaries society.
London missionary society.
Roman missionary society.
Holy ghost fathers.
White fathers.
Verona fathers.
Lutherans.
Some of the prominent missionaries included the following.
Jonan Rebman, Dr David Livingstone, Johann Ludwig Krapf among
others.
REASONS FOR THE COMING OF THE MISSIONARIES.
1. They wanted to spread Christianity to the people of East Africa
who still pagans and believing in small gods.
2. They wanted to abolish slave trade which had degraded mankind
and had caused gross loss of lives in East Africa.
3. They came to civilize the people of East of Africa through teaching
them western culture.
4. The French missionaries were inspired by the ideas of the
1789French Revolution. These ideas included liberty, fraternity
and equality especially the white fathers and the Verona.
5. They wanted to challenge the spread of Islam which was already at
the coast and in the interior.
6. Some missionaries wanted to trade in the valuable resources of
East Africa.
7. They were invited by Kabaka Muteesa I of Buganda especially the
Church Missionaries Society.
8. Some missionaries were explorers who were interested in knowing
the geography of East Africa. These included Krapf, Johann
Rebman and Dr Livingstone.
9. The discovery of quinine as the medicine for malaria also inspired
them to come to East Africa.
10. The manufacture of ships and boats for transport during the
industrial revolution also led to their coming.
11. They came to help in the colonization work as colonial
agents.
12. The existence of very many missionary groups also led to the
coming of the missionaries.
13. They wanted to complete the work of Dr David Livingstone
who had died in 1793 and had left a big part of his work
incomplete.
14. The success of earlier travels by explorers also inspired
missionaries to come.
15. They wanted to promote legitimate trade after abolishing
slave trade.
16. They wanted to improve the conditions of the Africans.
REASONS FOR THE COMING OF THE ARABS.
These were people who came from Asia, India, Oman and Persia
to spread Christianity and carry out trade.
They came between 1000 AD-1500 AD from Persia, India, and
Oman among others.
They came mainly due to the booming trade at the coast of East
Africa.
They were interested in commodities like ivory, gold and bee wax.
They came to spread Islam to the people of East Africa.
The presence of moon winds which drove them from their home
countries to the coast and from the coast back home.
 They wanted to free religious wars and power struggles at their
home areas.
The love for adventure since some of them wanted to know beyond
their homeland.
They were attracted by fertile soils which could favour agriculture.
The good natural harbors which could allow the anchorage of big
ships.
The political persecutions also led to the coming of the Arabs.
The presence of highly demanded goods.
Band wagon influence since they came following others blindly.
The hospitality of the coastal people.

PROBLEMS FACED BY THE MISSIONARIES.

SOCIAL PROBLEMS.
1. Language barrier.
2. Tropical diseases like Krapf lost his wife and child, David
Livingstone died in Africa, Johann Rebmann left Africa blind.
3. Competition and influence of Islam.
4. Hostile tribes like the Gallla rejected Krapf, the Nandi rejected the
British missionary.
5. Geographical barriers which hindered their movement.
6. The influence of traditional religion.
7. Wild animals.
8. Wild animals.
9. Home sickness
ECONOMIC PROBLEMS.
10. Rivalries among various Christian factions i.e. the Protestants
and missionaries.
11. Limited man power.
12. Financial difficulties.
13. Some African support staff was not honest i.e. Dr
Livingstone lost his property which was stolen by his staff.
14. Sometimes they lacked enough supply.
15. Poor transport in East Africa.
16. Sometimes they ran out of supplies e.g. they ran short of
funds, food and medicine.
POLITICAL PROBLEMS
17. Missionaries were also mistaken for people with military
assistance e.g. Kabaka Muteesa I of Buganda to him guns against
the Banyoro.
18. They also had rivalry and quarrels among their different
missionary groups e.g. the W’angereza-Wanfaransa [Religious
wars] in Buganda.
19. Some of them wasted time in exploration work e.g. John
Rebmann turned to exploration instead of spreading the gospel.
20. The Arab slave trade.
THE PROBLEMS FACED BY THE CHURCH TODAY.
THE EFFECTS OF MISSIONARIES IN EAST AFRICA.
POSITIVES.
1. Many people converted to Christianity after their preaching. For
example by 1911 they were 280,000 Christians in Buganda.
2. Churches were built so as to promote the spread of Christianity.
3. They encouraged general literacy by encouraging the 3rs of
reading, writing and arithmetic.
4. They built schools in abide to promote literacy.
5. They elevated the position of women through promoting
domestic science for exmple at Gayaza, Namagunga and
Nabbingo.
6. They introduced technical and vocational education like
carpentry, brick laying.
7. They introduced the printing of press in East Africa.
8. They built hospitals which improved health standards of the
people.
9. They introduced plantation agriculture/ cash crop economy
which became the backbone of the East African economy.
10. New cash crops were introduced like cotton ,coffee , rubber
and sisal.
11. New farming methods were introduced like crop rotation and
use of manure.
12. New cultures [western styles] of dressing, dancing and
eating.
13. New languages were introduced like Latin , English , German
e.t.c.
14. Ended slave trade and established legitimate trade.
15. Infrastructure like roads were put in place.
16. Put homes for freed slaves and taught them practical skills
like carpentry.
17. They opened up mission stations that later developed into
towns like Taboora, Rabai Mpya, Kampala , Bagamoyo.
18. Products of missionary education later championed the
nationalistic struggles like Oobote, Ben Kiwanuka, Musaazi.
19. They paved way for colonialism.
20. Influenced local leaders to accept colonialism.
21. They created employment opportunities to Africans like
teachers, nurses.
22. Some of them engaged in the exploration work.
23. They promoted betel living conditions and better housing
facilities among the Africans.
 24. Negatively they engaged in politics of many societies like
Buganda where they helped to overthrow Kabaka mwanga and
fuelled religious wars in Buganda.
25. The Uganda Martyrs became the lasting symbol of
missionary legacy.
26. Very many Africans were killed during the religious wars.
27. They preached against African culture.
28. Divided Ugandans along religious lines.
29. Checked on the spread of Islam and its culture in East Africa.

WHY THE UGANDA RELIGIOUS PEOPLE [UGANDA

MARTYS] KILLED IN NAMUGONGO.
1. The martyrs were the Christians who were killed because of their
faith in Christ in and witness to Christ in particular.
2. These killings occurred between 1885-86 under the orders of
Kabaka Mwanga.
3. In 1885, he ordered for the death of the first Uganda martyr Joseph
Mukasa Balikuddembe.
4. In 1886 June, up to 37 Christians were killed and burnt at
Namugongo.
5. This was Buganda’s traditional sacrifices centre for the Kiwendo.
6. It is these whom Ugandans joined by foreigners do remember
every by foreigners do remember every year on the 3rd
CAUSES.
1. The questioning of the death of Bishop Hannington by Joseph
Mukasa Balikuddembe led to his death as a martyr.
2. The unquestionable authority of the king as enshrined in their
customs where the orders of the king had to be respected at all
times.
3. The killings were part of the annual traditional norm of
sacrificing to the ancestors and gods locally known as Kiwendo.
4. They went against the African culture in favour of European
culture.
5. The death of Kabaka Muteesa 1 who was a diplomat left behind
a power vacuum that resulted into the killings.
6. The rise to power of the young Kabaka Mwanga, young and
inexperienced in leadership mishandled the kingdoms affairs he
turned to brutal rule.
7. Mwanga’s unethical behaviors reported to have been a home
sexual threw him into conflict with the pages when they refused to
accept his demand.
8. The ill advice given to Mwanga against the pages by his old
traditional Katikiro Mukasa for reasons best known for him.
9. Influence of foreign religious teachings made the pages
denounce orders of serving and worshiping in the shrines
conflicting with the king.
10. Mwanga wanted to assert authority over all elements of people
in the kingdom made him take irrational orders against those who
attempted to oppose him.
11. Missionaries were becoming a focus of political power on
Buganda which increased Mwanga’s determination to get rid of
these foreigners by killing them.
12. Suspicion within Buganda that CMS had links with General
Gordon who acted as an agent for the Egyptians in the Sudan
which was a threat Buganda’s autonomy.
13. Some of the martyrs are believed to have been victims of
simple grudged with their seniors, being feared of taking over their
offices when left to survive.
14. Christian teachings of equality made converts loose respect for
the king and so was the questioning of the Kabaka by Joseph
Mukasa Balikuddembe.
15. Influence of Arab muslims at the court of the king who
increasingly denounced Christians as agents of European
imperialism to Mwanga’s kingdom.
16. The strong spiritual belief in life after death, the hope for
ressrection immediately after death among the pages.
17. Some martyrs wanted to emulate Jesus which made them to
endure the pain.
18. Strong faith in Jesus Christ mad the pages accept death for
their Christian faith.
INFLUENCE OF RELIGION IN OUR SOCIETY.

Harmony among people.

Forgiveness
Peace
Dressing.
Love.
Marriage.
Fellowship.
ROLES OF CHRISTIANS AND MUSLIMS LEADERS
TODAY.
Leads prayers.
Guide people on religion.
Reconcile people.
Guide and counsel.
Charitable works.
Developmental projects.
Promotes education.
 Promotes health.
Peace talks.
Wed people

PRE-COLONIAL TRADE.
THE BARTER TRADE SYSTEM.
This was the exchange of goods for goods between various
communities, societies and individuals.
It was carried because few societies could produce all things needed
for day today living.
The goods exchanged involved the following meat, grains, salt, iron
weapons and tools, pots among others.
Farmers needed iron hoes and axes but many farming communities
did not have iron smiths among them.
They were specific clans and societies which carried out ironworking
and kept it as a secret.
This made farmers to buy tools from communities which had skillful
workers such as the Ha and the Zinza.
Salt was got from salt lakes such as Lake Magadi and from brine
springs such as uvinza.
Those who produced salt they sold it to other communities.
Iron, hoes and salt were the most important trading articles over a
wide area of E. Africa.
These became the first form of currency.
Other items were traded from village to village.
Forest dwellers sold honey and beeswax which was used for waxing
drum skins and bowstrings.
Hunters exchanged meat for grain.
Cattle were highly prized.
Some pastoralists’ tribes would only sell off their cattle in case of
emergencies.
The Northern Nyamwezi tribes were the prominent cattle traders.
The Kikuyu exchanged iron implements for cattle with the Masai.
They also exchanged grains for cattle with the Masai.
People who lived near the coast were affected by the commercial life
of the Swahiri settlements.
In the early 17th century the Yao were exchanging tobacco, hoes and
animal skins at Kilwa for imported salt, cloth and beads.
Some of these were bartered with inland neighbours for cattle.
In the 18th century, the Yao became the principal suppliers of ivory
withy and slaves to the merchants of Kilwa.
The Pokomo of the fertile Tana valley exchanged their surplus food
with the Galla for ivory.
The ivory was then sold to Swahiri merchants for iron axes and hoes.
The trading settlements in Mombasa area relied on the Nyika for
Ivory, gum, copal, grain, honey, beeswax and timber.
The Akamba were the principal suppliers of ivory.
Ivory was obtained by hunting and killing elephants.
The Nyamwezi groups used ivory for making bangles and used ivory
for certain ritual objects.
There was no tradition of ivory working or carving in East Africa.
By 1840 and 1840’s long distance chains and markets had come into
existence.
Trade chains involved bartering goods from one village or
community to the next over long distance.
By 1760’s goods like porcelain caps, plates and other foreign trade
goods reached Buganda by means of chain trade.
Rabai Kaya near Mombasa was the largest inland market in the early
19th century.
Here the full range of trade goods was sold and people came from a
wide area to buy and sell.
These included the Akamba, Tita, Swahiri, Nyika and Galla.
THE INDIAN OCEAN TRADE.
This was the trade carried out by the people of the East African coast
and other foreigners along the Indian Ocean.
Foreign countries included China, Island of Malaysia, Indonesia, and
Ceylon, India, Persia, the Arab states and Egypt.
According to the Perilus of the Erythraen , Indian ocean trade is
believed to have started in the 2nd harf of the 1st century .
The trade involved the Arab sailors and people of the coast of East
Africa.
It involved items like ivory, palm oil, tortoise shells, rhinoceros
horns, Cinnamon, Frankincense and slaves.
According to the Ptolemy a prominent writer, the most important
commodities of this trade were Gold, Ivory and slaves.
Trade in ivory and gold was carried out chiefly with the ports of
Oman and Shiraf.
Imported articles included glass, iron tools, wine and wheat.
These were often used as gifts.
Many ships from China, Malaysia, Indonesia, Ceylon, India, Persia,
Arabia and Egypt were involved in this trade.
The Chinese brought beautiful silk and porcelain bowls, cups and
plates.
The Persians and Arabs brought beakers and bowls made of glass,
swords, tools and other tools from iron.
Indians brought metal implements beautiful clothes and beads.
Stone jars came from Burma and Thailand.
The foreign traders came to the coast of East Africa using dhows
whose movement was easily propelled by the South East trade winds.
The medium of exchange was barter system which involved exchange
of goods for goods.
In some cases cowrie shells were used as currency as well as
ornaments.
The trade was carried along the most powerful trading centers along
the coast.
Kilwa traders controlled the Gold trade market which was mined in
the Kingdom of Zimbabwe.
Kilwa captured gold sold from Sofara.
At Kilwa traders accessed fresh water.
Arabs did not move into the interior looking for trade items because
they feared tropical diseases and hostile tribes.
Goods were brought to the coast of East Africa from the interior by
the Africans through the routes.
The 2nd trade route was from Tete to Lake Nyasa and to Kilwa.
The Yao and Nyamwezi brought Ivory and Gold from the Interior.
The ivory was brought down to the coast at Sofara by the Interior
people.
Ivory was got through hunting slaves.
The supply of ivory was irregular since it depended on the luck and
skills of the elephant hunters.
It was taken to India for the manufacture of bangles and ornaments.
Slaves were got during wars and African slaves were valued because
of their strength and endurance.
EFFECTS OF THE INDIAN OCEAN TRADE.
It led to increase in the population along the East African coast.
It led to the development of the coastal towns which included Kilwa,
Mombasa among others.
Many people obtained wealth and enjoyed a high standard of living.
The trade led to constant warfare and bitter rivalry among the coastal
towns in an attempt to control trade like Mombasa against Malindi,
Kilwa against Sofala.
There were intermarriages between the Africans and Arabs which led
to the formation of the Swahiri culture.
There was the development of kiswahiri language which was a
combination or a mixture of Bantu and Arab words.
The Islamic religion and customs were introduced at the coast.
The Arab way of dressing such as use of veils by women and Turban
by men were introduced and adopted at the coast.
New architecture such as use of stones and woods in building were
learnt by Africans.
Boat building and navigational skills were learnt by Africans.
Arabic language became an official language and was used in
administration.
The coastal towns started minting coins of their own.
The East African coast was linked to the coast commercially.
The foreigners took over the administration of the East African coast.
Koranic shools and mosques were built on the coast of East Africa.
it led to the introduction of human faeces as manure.
New crops were introduced at the coast of East Africa e.g. wheat,
rice.
New goods were introduced at the coast of East Africa e.g. cloth,
beads, glass.
It led to the depopulation due to slave raids and wars.
Arabic foods was introduced e.g. pillawo, chapatti e.t.c.

SLAVE TRADE IN EAST AFRICA.

This commercial transaction of buying and selling of human being.
It took place between the interior people and the East African people.
It involved tribes like the Nyamwezi, Kamba, Yao, Baganda,
Banyoro rom the interior of East Africa.
While from the coast of East Africa it involved, came the Arabs and
the Swahiri while the Khartoumers came from the North.
The slaves were sold to the Arabs to work on their plantations in
Zanzibar and Pemba. Others were exported to work on the sugar
plantations In America.
Slavery was the absolute possession of human being by another. It
involved gross violation of human rights.
FACTORS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SLAVE TRADE IN
EAST AFRICA.
Slave trade developed and skyrocketed from the mid 17 th century up
to the first half the 19th century.
Slaves were highly demanded world over i.e. the Portuguese, the
Arabs, French and all Americans all needed slave labour on their
plantations.
The primitive cultures of some African societies led to the
development of this trade because it was the only way of getting rid
of worthless members of society like criminals and destitute.
There were no developed transportation systems which necessitated
slaves to carry goods in order to maximize profits.
The great profits from the trade forced many people like the
Nyamwezi, Yao and Kamba to carry out slave raids hence its
development.
Even chiefs who wanted to benefit from the Arabs just looked for
slaves.
The intertribal wars that characterized many African societies made it
easier for the Arabs to obtain slaves.
The religious prejudice promoted this trade because Arabs being
Muslims and the Quran being against enslavement of fellow Muslims,
E. Africa people were not Muslims became the principal supplier of
slaves to the Arab world.
The need for foreign goods especially the guns by the interior chiefs
increased slave raids and wars. Raids were worsened by the Arab
penetration into the interior.
The hospitality given to foreigners by African leaders encouraged
many Europeans and Arabs including slave dealers to come to East
Africa which increased slave trade activities.
The existence of caravan routes eased Arab penetration into and the
subsequent slave trade activities.
The existence of caravan routes eased Arab penetration into the
interior and subsequent acquisition of slaves.
The abolition of Slave trade in West Africa made it difficult for the
Portuguese to obtain slaves from there, making E. Africa become
another source of supply.
There was no alternative source of income other than sources.
The decline of the Gold trade on the coast led to the development of
this trade as an alternative means of livelihood.
The establishment of clove plantation in Zanzibar and Pemba by
Seyyid Said that needed slave labour led to its development.
The establishment of Zanzibar and Kilwa and pemba by Seyyid Said
that needed slave labour led to its development.
The establishment of Zanzibar and Kilwa as a leading slave trade. As
its peak, the two markets were exporting between 80-80,000 slaves
annually.
The industrial revolution in Europe increased on the demand for raw
materials to feed the machines which could only be produced by
slaves.
ORGANISATION OF SLAVE TRADE IN EAST AFRICA.
This was the trade between people of the East African interior and the
coast of E. Africa.
The major participants from the interior were the Nyamwezi, Kamba,
Yao and Banyoro.
Those from the coast included the Arabs and Swahiri traders.
The Khartoumers came from the North.
The trade was conducted among 4 main routes i.e. The Central,
Northern, Southern and Khartoumers.
The Central route was the busiest and biggest starting from
Bagamoyo through the coastal plains of Tanzania to Tabora.
At Tabora it split into two, one route went westwards to Ujiji and
Congo while the second route Northwest of Tabora through Karagwe
to Buganda.
The central route was dominated by the Nyamwezi, Arab and Swahiri
traders.
The Northern route started from Tanga, Pangani and Mombasa past
Kirimanjaro Mountains towards Lake Victoria.
This route remained insignificant because of the fierce masai warriors
thus slave raids were not serious on this route.
The southern route ran from Kilwa, Malawi, through Yaoland to Lake
Malawi.
This route was controlled by the Yao massively raided their
neighbours.
The Khaurtoumers routes started from Egypt and Sudan, moved
southwards through the Nile valley.
It was controlled by the Khartoumers who raided Northern Uganda
and Bunyoro.
Slaves were acquired through handpicking the unfortunate members
of the society.
Others were prisoners of war were captured during wars.
Massive raids were also carried at night and young men and women
were captured and sold to the Arabs.
Interior tribes were always at war with each other and defeated
societies would provide slaves.
Middlemen were also used to acquire slaves in the interior and then
transported to the coast.
After a slave trader had bought his slaves he would chain them
together.
Slaves were then loaded with goods like ivory and minerals on their
heads.
They would be forced to match to the coast.
Slaves were chained /roped together in a long single file and move to
the coast.
As they marched to the coast, cruel Arab slave traders would whip
them to make them move.
Those who were weak to move or carry loads were either left to die or
killed.
On reaching the coast, slaves would be fed and clothed to attract a
higher pay.
After this, they would be paraded for prospective players.
The slave market centres were Zanzibar and Kilwa from where slaves
were shipped to the outside world.
A SKETCH MAP OF EAST AFRICA SHOWING SLAVE
TRADE ROUTES.
EFFECTS OF SLAVE TRADE.
The effects of this trade ranged from political, economic to social.
It caused untold suffering and misery to many African societies.
Villages were set ablaze and tribal wars became more frequent than
ever before due to the introduction of fire arms.
Many people were killed while others died on the way to the coast.
It created a period of uncertainty to the people of East Africa.
It led to massive destruction of property during raids.
It led to depopulation as many people were taken as slaves.
Crops were burnt and people deserted farmland leading to famine.
The slave trade routes later developed into roads and railways.
It brought great wealth and prosperity to those who involved in e.g.
the Nyamwezi, Kamba, Yao.
The trade provided the ground for the colonization of East Africa.
It stimulated the growth and expansion of inland towns like Tabora,
Ujiji e.t.c. which were initially collection centres.
It reduced the dignity of Africans to a mere commodity.
Later, Christianity was spread because it preached against slavery.
It led to the introduction of new crops in East Africa e.g. rice, wheat,
pepper.
The swahiri culture and language spread in East Africa as a result of
inter marriage.
It showed down the spread of Islam in the interior because the slave
traders were identify with Islam.
It led to the establishment of clove plantations in Zanzibar basing on
slave labour.
The trade led to detribalization and deculturalisation as people lost
ties with their tribal groupings and other remained homeless.
It encouraged internal and foreign trade opening East Africa to the
outside world commercially.
The traditional rulers who practiced the trade were hated and
mistrusted.
Some tribes like the Yao made it a mode of survival.
Those who engaged in the trade became jobless to men were taken as
slaves.
It led to lack of development in E. Africa as strong men were taken as
captives.
Political development was retarded because those would have been
leaders were either killed or enslaved.
Some personalities like Tippu –Tippu, Mirambo and Nyungu Ya
Mawe became rich and built large commercial empires basing on the
gains got from this trade.
It led to the growth and expansion of some states like Baganda at the
expense of small ones because of the acquired from the slave traders.
It led to the decline of traditional skills and industrial structure e.g.
irons working, pottery was rendered useless and unprofitable
compared to slave trade.
REASONS FOR THE ABOLITION OF SLAVE TRADE.
The British government spearheaded the abolition of slave trade in
the 19th century.
It was championed by William Wilberforce, Thomas Fowell, Buxton,
Granville, and Thomas Clarkson.
They formed the anti-slavery league and voiced their ideas through
newspapers, public lectures, and parliament.
They had support of philosophers like Roseau and with the help of
religious groups like Quakes and Holy Ghost fathers.
European explorers e.g. Jacob Erhardt who drew a map of E. Africa
with all the geographical features gave detailed information about the
interior of East Africa.
The role played by the humanitarians who regarded slave trade as evil
such as Lord Justice Mansfield declared Slave Trade illegal while
Adam Smith denounced slave labour as being more expensive in
book the Wealth of Nations.
The role played by politicians like Pitt of the Conservative party who
condemned Slave Trade.
The increasing strikes since slaves had formed the Workers union to
agitate for their rights. They held sit-down strikes and burnt down the
plantations.
The development of modern infrastructures like roads and railways
made slaves useless. The cost of transport from the coast to the
interior and vice versa becomes considerably reduced.
Lack of market of the industrial goods in Europe made them to
abolish slave trade so as for slaves to remain in Africa to provide
market.
The less profitability of the trade made Britain to persuade other
nations to abolish Slave Trade. Portugal stopped Slave Trade in 1815,
France in 1818 and Spain in 1820.
Dr David Livingstone preached against slavery and slave trade and
exposed the destruction caused by raids.
The industrial revolution made slave trade useless since machines
replaced human labour.
The need for raw materials to feed European industries e.g. cotton,
rubber was another reason.
The slaves were to be repatriated back to reinforce manpower
required to produce coffee e.t.c. was another reason.
Africa was also seen as a potential market for the manufactured goods
hence slaves were resettled.
The British navy also played an active role in the abolition of slave
trade i.e. patrolled the Indian Ocean trade.
The abolition of the Trans Atlantic trade also influenced the abolition
of slave trade in East Africa.
Population increase in Europe made it useless to bring more people
whose services were by this time not needed.
Britain persuaded other European nations to abolish slave trade in
East Africa.
Captain Fairfax Moresby secured an agreement with Said Seyyid in
1822, which limited slave trade activities to the Arab world.
Col Artikins Hammerton who was a British counsel general in
Zanzibar, signed treaty with said seyyid which cut off the supply of
slaves to the Red sea and Arabic post.

EFFECTS OF THE ABOLITION OF SLAVE TRADE.

It led to the decline of slave trade states e.g. Nyamwezi and Tippu
Tippu.
Slave markets e.g. Zanzibar lost wealth and economic power.
It led to increase in population as there were no more exports of
human beings.
There was improved security in the interior of East Africa.
Human dignity was respected as people were no longer chained and
starved.
It also led to improvement of agriculture which reduced famine.
It led to the increased coming of foreigners into East Africa e.g.
missionaries, explorers e.t.c.
Christianity was widely spread in the interior of East Africa due to
missionary activities.
The abolition of slave trade led to the colonization of East Africa
which replaced the Slave trade.
It also led to improvement in transport system e.g. the Uganda
railway was constructed.
Societies which depended on slave raiding like the Yao found it hard
to adjust.
 The missionaries opened up stations for the freed slave e.g.
Bagamoyo, Rabai Mpya.
There was in decline in clove plantations due to loss of free labour.
It increased mistreatment of slaves by the owners due to increased
risks.
It led to loss of wealth and income to those who greatly depended on
it.
Former trade routes developed into proper communication lines.
The inter tribal wars that were fought to acquire slaves were greatly
minimized.

EAST AFRICAN LONG DISTANCE TRADE.

This was the trade which involved items and humans over long
distances. It involved the coastal people and interior tribes.
The long distance trade was a chain trade involving exchanging goods
from one village to another.
It was called long distance trade because traders or merchants used to
travel long distances.
The traders covered long distances from the interior to the coast.
The major items involved were Ivory and slaves that is why it was
called Ivory trade.
It was also called inland trade, caravan trade and pre-colonial trade.
Long distances had to be covered in caravans of between 100-1000
men to and from the coast.
This always months or even a year before they would reach the coast
and back in the interior.
The major interior tribes included the Yao,Nyamwezi, Chagga,
Banyoro, Kikuyu, Baganda and Akamba.
The coastal people included the Arabs.
The prominent personality who engaged in trade included Tipu Tipu,
Kabalega, Mirambo, Nyunga Ya Mawe, Fundikira, Msiri , Mtalika
and Mataka.
It developed around the first half of the 19th century
REASONS FOR THE RISE OF LONG DISTANCE TRADE.
1. The availability of abundant export commodities like ivory, slaves
and Gold and imports like guns beads also led to the development
of the trade.
2. The good and favourable climate especially the dry season which
was ideal for business enabled the movement of the caravans.
3. Evolution of kiswahiri which acted as a medium of
communication.
4. The introduction of the cowrie shells and coins as a medium of
exchange made transaction easy.
5. The development of the trade routes which eased penetration of
traders into the interior led to the development of trade.
6. The specialization which permitted men to trade while women
looked after homes.
7. The hospitality given to the foreigners or Arabs by the interior led
to the development of the trade.
8. The inter tribal wars and raids which resulted into displacement of
people leading to the easy capture of slaves
9. The existence of slaves as porters also led to the development of
the trade since they carried goods from the interior to the coast.
10. The arrival of Seyyid Said at the coast who organized the
trade caravan into the interior in search of slaves and other
commodity. He was a business man who remarked that, ‘Am
nothing but a merchant’
11. The penetration of the Arabs into the interior in need for
slaves as commodities.
12. Presence of trading centers in the interior like Tabora and
Ujiji which acted as trading centres.
13. Rise of prominent leaders like Msiri, Muteesa, and Mirambo
who organized the interior trade.
14. The increased demand for slaves at the coast and elsewhere.
15. Able leadership of the interior communities like Nyamwezi
and Mirambo.
16. Lack of physical obstacles which eased the walking of long
distances.
17. Presence of the fire arms which eased the hunting of slaves
and elephants for ivory.
18. The love for adventure among the some tribes attracted them
to join the trade, among the Yao a man who foreign areas was
treasure, Who he knows the foreign land is a man worth knowing.
19. The establishment of clove plantations in Zanzibar that
needed slave labour led to the development of the trade.
20. The ready market for goods led to the development of the
trade especially the establishment of the Zanzibar market as a
market centre.
21. The establishment of plantations in Mauritius, Madagascar
by the French which needed slave labour.
22. The presence of small scale industries like weaving, curving
and iron working that produced goods for sale.
23. The occurrence of natural calamities like drought, famine
which forced societies to move long distances for survival.
24. The financial support from the Indian Banyans who financed
the Swahiri and Arab traders and were 60,000 Banyans by 1830.
ORGANISATION OF LONG DISTANCE TRADE.
1. The LDT was over long distances to and from the interior as well
as within the interior.
2. The traders moved in caravans of between 100-1000 men.
3. Due to the long distances, there developed regular stopping places
with facilities for storage of goods as well as supplies.
4. The major participants from the interior were the Yao, Nyamwezi,
Kamba and Baganda.
5. Those from outside world included the Arabs and Swahiri.
6. The Arab and Swahiri traders were financed by the Indian Banyans
who charged them interests.
7. The Zanzibaris traders held the Sultan’s flags they moved the
interior of E. Africa.
8. Kiswahiri was used as a language of communication.
9. The trade was at first conducted on a barter system.
10. But later cowrie shells and coins /rupees were introduced and
used as currency.
11. The means of transport was head portrage.[slaves]
12. The Nyamwezi provided the most experienced porters.
13. The items from the interior [exports] were slaves, ivory, gold,
rhinohones, rubber, hides and skins.
14. Slaves were acquired by raiding villages while ivory was
obtained by hunting down elephants.
 15. Negotiations were made with the interior chiefs over a wide
area for trade e.g. Msiri, Muteesa 1
16. It took months and years collecting and transporting trade
items from the interior to the coast.
17. The items of trade from the coast [imports] were cloth, beads,
gunsiron and copper products.
18. The trade was conducted along three main distinct routes
mainly the Northern, Central and Southern routes.
19. The Northern route started from the areas of Pangani, Tanga
and Mombasa on the coast and went inland.
20. The Northern route was dominated by the Akamba.
21. The Central trade route started from Bagamoyo and went
inland reaching Unyanyembe[ Nyamwezi]
22. The central route was dominated by the Nyamwezi.
23. The Southern Trade route started from Southern coast of
Tanzania at Kilwa and passed through Tanzania, Northern
Mozambique, , Malawi and deep into Central Africa.
24. The Southern trade route was dominated by the Yao.
25. In this trade, the interior centres included Tabora and Ujiji.

A SKETCH MAP OF EAST AFRICA SHOWING LONG

DISTANCE TRADE ROUTES.
MAJOR SOCIETIES WHICH TOOK PART IN LONG
DISTANCE TRADE.
THE YAO.
These were found in Southern Tanganyika and were mainly skilled
iron workers.
Yao land was lying between two important commercial areas.
The Southern Tanzania coast with Centre at Kilwa and lower
Zambezi valley with its trading posts at Tete which made them to
involve in the pre-colonial trade.
They were great travelers who had love for adventure. According
to the Yao, ‘He who knows foreign parts is a man worth
knowing’. That is why they took part in L.D.T.
They were the most active African slave traders of East Africa.
They used not to sell off their own since they were after
establishing a strong nation. According to the Yao,’ A chief
without people is nothing’.
That is why they raided their neighbours for slaves.
Most of the Yao people exchanged their slaves for iron hoes, food,
skins or ivory.
They later on used force to get slaves replacing the barter method.
They extended their influence over a wide area.
They extended their rule southwards and northwards under
different chiefs.
The most important Yao Chief was Mtaka 1 who lived who lived
from 1800-1870’s.
He is said to have had 600 wives almost all of them acquired by
slave raiding.
Women slaves were valued and were not sold off since they were
married off as wives.
They sold off men as slaves.
Slave trade became a way of life by the Yao.
THE NYAMWEZI.
These lived in central Tanzania.
They provided the most active traders in the whole of East Africa.
They existed the small scattered Ntemi chieftaincies which
depended on each other for survival.
They depended on the Vinza for salt and the Ha and Zinza for iron
tools.
The Nyamwezi chiefs organized caravans.
The 1st Nyamwezi caravan reached the coast by 1800.
Accordingly, ‘They met people tilling the soil with wooden tools.
So they sold their iron hoes for domestic animals. When they were
in Uzaramo they were told that further to the East as
Bagamoyo………..Here they went to Bushiri and found beads and
cloth. This Bushiri was a light –skinned man. They came back
again and began looking for ivory. They carried this to Bagamoyo
where the long bearded men lived. When the Arabs saw this they
wanted to go to the countries where ivory was obtained.
By 1830, the Nyamwezi continued organizing caravans to the coast
carrying ivory, cooper, slaves and wax.
On their way back, they would bring clothes, beads and other
commodities.
They also exchanged slaves for ivory by the Gogo.
They controlled the central trade route from Ujiji via
Unyanyembe[ Tabora] to Bagamoyo.
Some of them continued to Katanga.
AKAMBA

EXPORTS AND IMPORTS

EXPORTS IMPORTS
Ivory Guns
Gold Beads
Skins and hides Cloth

Mode of transport
Participants
Medium of exchange
Places/centers
Middle men
Trade routes
Items involved
Medium of communication

ASKETCH MAP OF EAST AFRICA SHOWING TRADE

ROUTES USED DURING LONG DISTANCE TRADE.
EFFECTS OF LONG DISTANCE TRADE.
1. It led to political development i.e. large political units based on
military and political power was formed e.g. Nyamwezi Empire
under Mirambo.
2. The trade opened the interior of E. Arica to the outside world.
3. There was development of Kiswahiri and Arabic after the contact
of the Arabs and the Interior people.
4. There was introduction of the guns to the interior people.
5. It also led to the introduction of Arab architecture and design in the
interior of E. Africa.
6. The trade led to the increased peneratation of the Arabs into the
interior.
7. There was displacement of people due to slave trade.
8. There was loss of lives totaling to 30-40 million people were
killed.
9. New farming methods were introduced at the coast e.g. clove and
coconut plantation.
10. New crops were introduced which developed agriculture
Pease, rubber.
11. There was expansion of states which took part due to profits
gained like Nyamwezi.
12. Interior people got manufactured goods.
13. Some people changed occupations like Nyamwezi gave up
agriculture and adopted trade.
14. There was development of towns like Ujiji , Tabora, Ujiji and
Urambo.
15. There was improvement in the standards of living of people
after getting manufactured goods like clothes.
16. It led attracted the coming of the whites to East Africa.
17. There was improvement of transport because trade routes
developed into modern roads.
18. There was exhaustion of elephants, ‘ivory ivory ivory what
a curse elephants have been to Africa’.
19. The trade encouraged European penetration into East Africa.
20. It also led to introduction of monetary systems of trade.
21. There was detribalization and deculturalisation of many
societies.
22. The trade offered an alternative livelihood to some people
e.g. the Akamba whose farming activities were affected by drought
and poor soils.
23. The trade led to the decline in traditional crafts and skills due
to competition from the new goods.
24. It led to loss of confidence in traditional rulers and customs
due to slave raids.
25. The slave raids led to depopulation as many lost their lives.
PROBLEMS FACED IN LONG DISTANCE TRADE.
1. The decline began following Arab intrusion into the interior and
set up trading stations e.g. Tabora, Ujiji hence the Nyamwezi lost
their middlemen position.
2. Some of the items e.g. Ivory, slaves were obtained directly the
Arabs rendering the middlemen jobless.
3. The killing of the Nyamwezi chief Sere caused strain on
commercial transactions leading to the decline of trade.
4. The exhaustion of trade items like ivory, slaves and Gold.
5. The abolition of slave trade yet slaves were one of the most
important items of trade
6. Ngoni invasion which disrupted the trade especially the Southern
Trade route. They became an obstacle after the death of their
leader Zwangendaba.
7. The Arab possession of guns broke down the Nyamwezi monopoly
over trade.
8. Thick and impenetratable forests.
9. Hostile tribes that attacked the moving caravan forexample the
Nandi and the Maasai.
10. Tropical diseases like malaria, small pox and jiggers which
reduced effectiveness in conducting trade.
11. Heavy taxes imposed on traders in places where they went
through like Nyamwezi land, Karagwe, Buganda and Bunyoro
reduced the profit margins of the traders.
12. Misunderstandings between the Arabs and Africans.
13. Language barrier amongst the traders.
14. They walked long distances which affected the traders since
it took them months and years to move to and from. They got tired
and most of them died.
15. High interests charged by the Indian Banyans also affected
trade.
16. The activities of IBEACO and GEACO also affected the
trade.
17. Wild animals which attacked the passing caravans.
18. The coming of the missionaries who discouraged the trade
and called for Long Distance trade.
19. The heavy rainfall which affected the moving caravans.
20. The insecurity and chaos created by the Rugaruga and Maviti
bandits scared traders from venturing into the interior.
21. The participation of the Baganda , Banyoro and Kamba in the
trade yet they were Nyamwezi customers also affected the trade
i.e. there was stiff competition among the traders.
22. The coming of the missionaries and their persistent anti-
slavery campaign also affected the trade.
23. The loss of money by the Banyans who financed the traders
affected the trade i.e. their debtors were either killed in the interior
or jumped payment.
24. The interference of Arabs in the political affairs of some
states yet was major trade partners forced Africans chiefs to turn
against them thus affecting the trade.
25. They faced food shortages as they were moving.
 26. They were attacked by humanitarian organizations and
individuals like Dr David Livingstone.
27. The conflicts among traders who were competing for scarce
goods.

COMPARISON BETWEEN THE PROBLEMS FACED IN L.D.T.

AND MODERN TRADE.
Long distance trade Modern trade

SIMILARITIES.
Language barrier.
Stiff competition.
Delays on the way.
Scarcity of goods.
Heavy taxation.
Theft and robbery.

IMPACT OF THE ABOLITION OF SLAVE TRADE ON LONG

DISTANCE BUSSINESS.
It led to scarcity of goods since slaves could no longer be used to look
for slaves.
The main traders were demoralized and lost interest in the trade since
the slaves were one of their most important item.
There were difficulties in the transportation of goods since all goods
were transport by slaves.
There was reduction in the volume of goods traded in since the slaves
were one of the major items.
Trade lost their major source of income which made them to lose
interest in the trade.
There was scarcity of foreign goods which were bartered for slaves.
The Coastal towns which were the major marketing centers declined
which affected the trade.
It reduced the Arabs’ penetration into the interior in search for goods.
It reduced most of the foreign traders who had engaged in the trade at
the coast.
Collapse of the major societies.

THE ROLE OF AFRICAN CHIEFS IN THE DEVELOPMENT

OF LONG DISTANCE TRADE.
The East African leaders who took part in trade included Tippu Tipu,
Mirambo, Nyungu Yamawe, Mirambo, Msiri, Mtaka among others.
They looked for trading items like ivory, copper, gold.
They provided security to the passing caravans.
 They controlled different trade routes like Mirambo controlled the
Central trade route.
They taxed the passing caravan like Nyungu Ya Mawe had the Hongo
Tax.
They signed treaties with foreign traders which eased trade for
example Mirambo signed treaties with signed treaties with Seyyid
Said.
They welcomed traders in their chiefdoms.
They established trading posts like Msiri established posts on Lake
Tanganyika.
They provided market for the items of coastal traders like guns,
daggers, mirrors, spices and glassware.
They supplied traders with slaves, ivory and food.
They welcomed and accommodated the Arabs and Swahiri traders
that made Nyamwezi a centre of trade.
They provided accommodation and lodging facilities to the passing
caravans.

SRAMBLE, PARTITION AND COLONIZATION OF EAST

AFRICA.
The scramble of E. Africa was mainly between Germany and Britain.
The reasons for Scramble and partition were social, political and
economic as discussed below.
The degree of scientific and geographical curiosity among Europeans
made to take over East Africa.
They wanted to abolish slave trade which they branded evil and in
human.
The need to acquire colonies which would serve as a source of supply
of raw materials for their home industries also forced to take over
East Africa.
They wanted extra markets for their surplus goods due to industrial
revolution in Europe.
The need for the investment of their surplus capital and generate more
profits made to acquire colonies in East Arica.
They also wanted to get areas where they can settle the European
surplus population.
The balance of power in Europe due to Franco-Prussian war of 1870-
71 necessitated the Scramble and partition of Africa.
They also wanted to protect European missionaries in different areas
of East Africa.
The need to civilize Africans through introducing their superior
culture also made to acquire colonies in East Africa.
They wanted to spread Christianity to the people of East Africa who
were still pagans and believing in witchcraft.
The growth of nationalism in Europe made the acquisition a symbol
of glory, honour and prestige.
The activities of King Leopold in Congo sparked off the colonial race
between Germany and Britain.
The discovery of minerals in South Africa influenced them to believe
that East Africa was also endowed with a lot of minerals mainly Gold
and diamonds.
The Berlin conference of 1884-85 which gave legal recognition to
European occupation of territories in East Africa also forced them to
come.
The strategic location of East Africa particularly due to the source of
River Nile in Uganda led to the scramble of the East African colonies.
The influence of men on spot such as traders who encouraged
Europeans to compete for East Africa e.g. Carl Peters.
They were also convinced by the reports of the earlier explorers who
exaggerated East Africa as a place with a lot of precious minerals for
example Dr Livingstone, Ehrdat Jacob.
THE ROLE OF THE DIFFERENT GROUPS IN THE
COLONISATION OF EAST AFRICA.
The role of missionaries in the colonization of East Africa.
The missionary groups which came to E. Africa included the Church
missionary society, Roman Catholic missionaries, Methodists among
others.
They convinced African chiefs into signing e.g. Bishop Tucker
assisted in the signing of the 1900 Buganda Agreement.
They introduced Christianity which softened the hearts of the
Africans to accept colonial rule.
In case of hostility, they called for home protection when they were
attacked e.g. during religious wars.
They also gave information about the hostile and accommodative
societies on which the colonialists based to take over the areas.
They set up infrastructures like roads and bridges which were used by
the colonialists.
They introduced their western education which prepared Africans to
be agents of colonialism.
They provided healthy services by building health centers which
provided health services to the colonialists.
They helped to stop slave trade in order to protect economic interests
of their home governments.
They promoted agriculture and laid the foundation upon which the
colonial economy thrived.
They sent information to their home governments about the economic
potentials e.g. raw materials [minerals] that attacked the colonialists.
Their teachings pitted the kings against their subjects leading to loss
of the king’s powers.
They introduced foreign languages e.g. English, Latin e.g. which
made communication with colonialists easy.
They funded chartered companies which were working on behalf of
their colonial e.g. C.M.S. financed IBEACO 50,000 Pounds in
Uganda.
They built mission stations in Kenya and Uganda which acted as
administrative bases of expansion e.g. Rabai Mpya.
The missionaries divided Africans along religious lines e.g. the
religious wars in Buganda weakened the Ganda society and could not
resist colonialism.
They effected the doctrine of effective occupation as demanded by
the Berlin conference of 1884-85 and served as men on spot.
The missionaries who had learnt African languages were used as
interpreters and translators for the colonialists.
They also created a class of collaborators who helped in the spread of
colonialism.
They carried exploration to discover navigable rivers areas of
economic potential for their home governments e.g. Livingstone,
Rebman and Krapf.
They scrambled for areas of interests which were later handled to
their home governments.
The role played by Chartered Companies in the colonization of
East Africa.
The chartered companies are also referred to Traders..
The main chartered companies in E. Africa were the Germany East
Africa company [GEACO] and Imperial British East African
Company [IBEACO].
The GEACO was formed in 1884 and IBEACO in 1888.
They promoted legitimate trade the profits of which attracted the
colonialists.
They promoted agriculture upon which the colonial economy thrived.
They stopped slave trade which had caused untold suffering and E.
Africa became peaceful.
They also provided information regarding of East Africa’s minerals
and other resources that could be exploited.
They protected missionaries who were the forerunners of colonialism.
They signed treaties with African chiefs which became the basis for
claims of territories e.g. F.D. Lugard with Kabaka Mwanga.
They quelled /stopped African resistances creating way for
colonialism.
They set up administrative headquarters, fort and garrisons which
were used by the colonial troops.
They provided funds to administer their areas of operation on behalf
of the colonialists.
They provided administrators to rule on behalf of their colonial
masters e.g. F.D. Lugard, Carl Peters.
They provided guns to some Africans chiefs who were collaborators
for security reasons.
They provided information regarding E. Africa’s hostile tribes and the
colonialists tried to avoid them hence got prepared to fight them.
When they became bankrupt, they surrendered their charters to their
colonial governments.
Their rivalries brought in colonialists e.g. GEACO and IBEACO over
areas in East Africa between 1884-85.
PROBLEMS FACED BY THE CHARTERED COMPANIES IN
EAST AFRICA.
THE ROLE PLAYED BY EXPLORERS IN THE
COLONISATION OF EAST AFRICA.
The explorers who came to East Africa included John Speke, James
Grant, Henry Marton Stanley and the Bakers.
They discovered E. Africa’s economic potentials e.g. mineral
resources which could be exploited.
They discovered the navigable rivers and passed this relevant
information back home.
They also reported the inhuman slave trade which attracted the
humanitarians to mount pressure and abolish it.
Some explorers like H.M. Stanley convinced Muteesa 1 to allow
missionaries to come to Uganda yet missionaries were the fore-
runners of colonialism.
The explorers drew the map of East Africa [Jacob Erhadat] and
indicated international routes which future agents of colonialism used
to reach E. Africa.
They discovered the source of the Nile which was of importance to
the colonialists.
They also discovered E. Africa’s physical features e.g. lakes,
mountains which had fertile soils capable of supporting agriculture.
Some explores served as administrators e.g. Sir Samuel Baker
became the governor of the Equatorial province.
Some explorers like H.M. Stanley signed treaties with African leaders
which led to the colonization of E. Africa.
 Also, some explorers built forts which were used by the colonial
troops e.g. Sir Samuel Baker built Fort Patiko.
They reported about the hostile African kings like Kabalega and
Mwanga

REASONS FOR THE SUCCESS OF EUROPEAN

COLONISATION OF EAST AFRICA.
Strong armies.
Divisions among the Africans e.g. between the Baganda and Banyoro.
Earlier reports of explorers.
Earlier reports of explorers.
Collaboration of some African communities.
The superiority complex of the Europeans.
The teachings of the missionaries.
Some Africans were weakened by natural disasters.
Poor military organization and tactics of the Africans.
Weak African communities.
Weak African communities.
The divide and rule policy of the colonialists.
Slave trade had weakened some African communities.
Tribal wars and conflicts.
They had prior knowledge on the African tribes.
EFFECTS OF THE SCRAMBLE AND PARTITION OF EAST
AFRICA.
The effects were political, economic and social.
It led to the introduction of colonial rule where African societies lost
independence to the colonialists.
It led to abolition of slave trade completely out of East Africa.
It led to the introduction of legitimate trade after the abolition of slave
trade.
It led to the construction of infrastructures e.g. roads and railways
which eased transport and communication.
There was also construction of hospitals like Namirembe, Mengo,
Nsambya which improved on the health of the Africans.
It led to ruthless exploitation of African land, labour and other
resources for the benefit of the colonialists.
The Africans developed an inferior complex and began to copy
European culture and ways of life and to despise African traditions
and customs.
They promoted cash crop economy in East Africa e.g. cotton,, coffee,
rubber e.t.c.
They improved methods of agriculture e.g. crop rotation, mulching
use of fertilizers among others.
The development of transport and promotion of agriculture, trade
increased both internally and outside world.
Christianity was introduced and churches were constructed as places
of worship.
It led to the introduction of hut and gun taxes e.g. in Uganda by the
British.
It also led to the introduction of plantation farming in Kenya and
Tanzania using forced labour.
It also led to an end of tribal of a period of tribal warfare which had
existed in East for so long.
It led to the displacement of the Masai from their fertile land to arid
areas to create space for white settlers.
The barbaric human practices like murder of twins, human sacrifices,
and female genital mutilation were also stopped.
It led to the introduction of coin currency which replaced the currency
of iron bars and cowrie shells.
It also pulled E. Africa onto the stage of world history which brought
new currents of thought and technological skills.

METHODS USED BY THE EUROPEANS TO ACQUIRE

TERRITORIES IN EAST AFRICA.
They used force to impose their rule especially in areas which showed
resistance e.g. the British against Kabalega and Mwanga.
They used traders in the name of the trading companies to disguise E.
Africans e.g. the British used IBEACO and GEACO which signed
treaties on behalf of home government.
They constructed infrastructures e.g. roads and railways for the
effective administration of their colonies.
They also used collaborated who wanted political powers e.g. Laibon
Lenana against his brother Sendeyo and those who material rewards
like Semei Kakungulu against Kabalega.
The Europeans also signed treaties with African chiefs e.g. the 1900
Buganda Agreement, 1900 Toro agreement, 1904 Ankole agreement
claiming that such treaties were for protection.
They used Christian missionaries who made every work done by the
Europeans appear good and manufactured a band of submissive
collaborators which easily embraced colonialism.
They gave gifts and rewards to E. Africans in order to make them
supportive.
They used the divide and rule methods by introducing different
religions such as catholicism and Protestantism.
They used information from explorers who identified areas of mineral
potential which eased the exploitation.
They built administrative centers and military bases in their areas of
influence.
They used harsh punishments to the resistors such as hanging them
for intimidation and threat.
They also used tricks of promoting Africans but couldn’t be allowed
to achieve their goals.
They used intimidation and threats against Lugbara.
CHALLENGES FACED BY EUROPEAN COLONIALISTS.
Rebellions e.g. Nyangire and Lamogi rebellion.
Poor means of transport.
 Lack of man power.
Illiteracy among the people of East Africa.
Language barrier.
Religious wars in Buganda.
Un loyal British agents .
Poor communication.
Limited funds.
Diseases e.g. sleeping sickness.
Rise of nationalism.
Formation of political parties.
Poor climatic conditions.
Sudanese mutiny.

RESPONSE TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF COLONIAL RULE

IN EAST AFRICA.
The collaboration.
This is where African societies or individuals co-operated with the
colonial powers in the establishment of colonial rule.
Societies that collaborated included Buganda, Toro and Ankole.
Individuals included Semei Kakungulu [Buganda], Laibon Lenana
[Masaai] Nabongo Mumia[ Wanga] and Nuwa Mbaguta of Ankole.
REASONS FOR THE COLLABORATION.
Some societies collaborated with the Europeans in order to get
military support their enermies e.g. Toro and Buganda collaborated
with the British to fight Kabalega of Bunyoro.
Some individuals collaborated to get employment from the Europeans
e.g. Semei Kakungulu, Sir Apollo Kaggwa.
Some societies collaborated because they had been hit by natural
calamities and therefore could not stage any resistance against the
white man e.g. the Chagga and Masaai had been hit and weakened by
famine, small pox and rinder pest.
Others looked at civilization in line with civilization, modernity and
Christianity. Therefore they wanted their areas to be developed by
Europeans e.g. Kabaka Muteesa I of Buganda.
Some societies collaborated due to the fear of the military strength of
the colonial powers i.e. the Europeans had the maximum guns yet
Africans were at a disadvantage with bows and arrows.
Some Africans were blinded by gifts and simple presents and gifts
from Europeans e.g. bibles, clothes and rosaries which forced them to
collaborate.
Some were influenced by the missionaries because they had
converted Christianity e.g. in Buganda where many people
Christianity had ended up collaborating.
Some were opportunists and were after selfish gains like Sir Apollo
Kaggwa and Semei Kakungulu wanted titles and material gains.
Some societies collaborated because their rivals and neighbours had
resisted e.g. once Bunyoro resisted Toro and Buganda collaborated.
Some societies and individuals wanted prestige e.g. Muteesa I of
Buganda wanted to be recognized the British white people.
Some Africans societies African had terrorized by their leaders which
forced a few individuals to collaborate with the Europeans e.g. Nuwa
Mbaguta of Ankole had been terrorized in his childhood days before
Ntale IV.
Some societies wanted to strengthen their diplomatic ties and
relationship with whites e.g. Buganda and Ankole wanted to trade
with the British.
The nature of societies also led to collaboration e.g the Baganda were
known to be friendly and hospitable hence they collaborated.
The failure of resistance also led to collaboration e.g. when Mwanga
was defeated by the Baaanda decided to collaborate.
The direction or route taken by European invaders also determined
African reaction e.g. in Buganda visitors who entered from the South
were warmly welcomed. Since missionaries came from Tanganyika in
the south, the Baganda collaborated with them.
RESISTANCE TO COLONIAL RULE.
This is basically where African or societies or individuals refused to
co-operate with the whites in the imposition of colonial rule.
Individual resistors included Kabaka Mwanga of Buganda, Omukama
Kabalega of Bunyoro and Laibon Sendeyo of the Maasai.
Large scale resistance included Maji Maji in Southern Tanganyika,
Abushiri revolt along the coast in Tanganyika, Nandi resistance in
Kenya, Msu Mau and Lamogi revolt in Northern Uganda.
REASONS FOR RESISTANCE.
African societies wanted to preserve their independence e.g. Bunyoro,
Nandi , Hehe.
The imposition of colonial rule had interrupted territorial expansion
of some societies e.g. Kabalega of Bunyoro crushed with the British
because they wanted to check on his ambition of expanding his
kingdom to Toro, Bunyoro and Ankole.
Colonial economic policies such as forced labour, compulsory
growing of cash crops e.g. Maji Maji rebellion was a result of forced
cotton growing by the Germans.
Some societies resisted because colonial rule interfered with their
economic interests e.g. Arabs and Swahiri traders resisted the
abolition of slave trade leading to the Abushiri rebellion.
Presence of able leaders also led to rebellion e.g. Kabalega of
Bunyoro, chief Mkwawa of the Hehe and prophet Kinjikitire who led
Maji Maji and General China of Mau Mau.
Land alienation also led to resistance i.e. Europeans forcefully
grabbed African land to introduce the growing of cash crops e.g. Mau
Mau in Kenya was as a result of the Kikuyu losing their Kenyan
highlands.
Heavy taxation also led to rebellions with in East Africa e.g. the
British wanted introduced hut and gun tax which left Africans in
poverty.
The forceful acquisition of land also led to resistance e.g. the British
used force in Bunyoro and Lango hence leading to rebellions.
 Religious propaganda and superstition also led to resistance e.g. the
Maji Maji fighters were misled by prophet Kinjikitire while the Nandi
were by encouraged by Kinyole.
Others resisted because their neighbors who in most cases were their
enemies had collaborated e.g. Bunyoro resisted because Buganda had
collaborated.
The military mighty of some societies e.g. Kabalega and Mau Mau
believed that they were too strong to fights Europeans.
Some resisted cultural and religious imperialism of the colonialists
e.g. in Kenya, all Africans where to carry pass books [Kipande]
Some resisted as a result of European interference with their political
affairs e.g. German had replaced local chiefs with the Akidas and
Jumbes leading to MAJI maji revolt.

The Devonshire White Paper of 1923.

The name of the paper was acquired from the Duke.
Devonshire who was the colonial secretary of London.
He issued a white paper to clarify the British government position on
issues raised by the conflict between Asians and white Settlers.
Land and political rights were the main issues in the dispute among
the race.
The European had been given seats on the legislative council in 1907.
In 1920, their number increased to eleven but Asians and Africans
were not considered.
In 1918, European had been given seats on the executive council but
no other races.
The Europeans had been given fertile land in the Kenya highlands but
no other races.
The Europeans had been given fertile land in the Kenyan highlands
but Africans and Asians were not.
Asians demands for equal treatment before the law was opposed by
the whites.
The Europeans also advocated for racial segregation in schools and
hospitals.
The white settlers advocated for separate development policy which
was against African and Asian wishes.
The European had set up a convention of association which became a
platform for their views.
The Asians were allowed to only live in towns.
Asian immigration into Kenya was restricted by the Europeans.
The uncompromising attitude of white settlers like Lord Dalmere and
Gregon.
The Asian had the support of the British colonial government in
India.
The Africans demanded for the withdraw of the Kipande system.
They also wanted a reduction in poll tax.
They also wanted better labour conditions.
The Kikuyu wanted their fertile land back.
Though for different reasons, the Asians barked on the African
support.
In 1923, a conference was summoned in London by the colonial
secretary of Devonshire to deal with the grievances leading to the
Devonshire white paper.
The terms of the Devonshire White paper.
The 1900 Buganda Agreement.
This agreement was assigned between Baganda regents namely Sir
Apollo Kaggwa, Stanslasis Mugwanya and Zakariya Kisingiri on
beharf of Kabaka Daudi Chwa and the British commissioner Sir
Harry Johnstone.
The agreement was to define the position of Buganda in the
protectorate.
It was signed in order for Buganda to be a springboard for the
extension of British administration to other parts of Uganda.
It was also signed to stop religious wars which had characterized the
political system of Buganda.
It was also signed to make protectorate economically valuable so that
it could pay its own costs of administration.
The agreement was signed to enable the British to confirm the rule
over Buganda.
The agreement was signed to define boundaries of Buganda and her
neighbours like Bunyoro over the counties of Buyaga and
Bugangayizi.
It was assigned to limit and control the powers of the Kabaka in the
Buganda kingdom.
It was also signed to exploit natural resources of Buganda e.g.
minerals, forests among others.
The agreement was signed to serve as a legal document that would
protect and safe guard the British.
It also signed to stop the Sudanese mutiny in Northern Uganda which
had caused a threat to British peace in 1897.
It was signed because of the need of the need to follow the terms of
the Berlin conference of 1884-85.
It was signed to protect missionary work or activities in Buganda.
It was signed to end the existing political problems in Buganda and
Uganda.
The agreement was also signed to enable the British officials pay the
Baganda agents who had helped them fight against Kabalega.
It was also signed because the British wanted to dislodge Kabaka
Mwanga from the North.
It was also signed to clear the confusion and effects of bad
administration of the IBEACO.
It was signed to end Kabalega’s rebellion against Buganda.
It was also signed to introduce law and order so as to stop civil wars
in Buganda.
It was also signed to control Buganda’s finances after meeting a lot
expenses during the military campaign against Bunyoro.
The terms of the 1900 Buganda Agreement.
The key terms of the agreement were centered on government, land
and taxation.
Buganda was to become a province of equal status with others in the
protectorate e.g. Eastern, Western and Northern Uganda.
Buganda Kingdom was to continue with her king who was given the
title of ‘HIS HIGHNESS’.
The kabaka was to govern the kingdom through the Lukiiko which
was the parliament/legislative council.
The lukiiko was to be the legislative body and the highest final court
of appeal.
The lukiiko was to have fixed membership of 89.
They included the three ministers i.e. prime ministers, chief justice
and the treasurer and 20 county chiefs, 60 notables [Abakungu and 6
kabaka’s nominees.
The laws of Buganda were to remain in force as long as they didn’t
conflict with those of the protectorate.
Also, issues concerning foreigners were to be referred to the
protectorate Government.
The kabaka was to appoint chiefs with the approval of the
protectorate government.
The chiefs were to be paid salaries by the protectorate government.
The chiefs were to be charged with the duty of looking after public
works, law and order and taxation.
The protectorate was entrusted with powers to dishonor terms if
Buganda violated them.
The land of Buganda was divided into two parts.
The crown land of about 9000 square miles was to be reserved for the
protectorate government.
And Mailo land of about 10,000 square miles was to be reserved for
the protectorate government.
Buganda was also subdivided into 20 counties including the lost
counties captured from Bunyoro I.e. Buyaga and Bugangayizi.
A hut and gun tax of three rupees was to be introduced.
All revenue collected from Buganda was to be merged with that of
the protectorate.
And that no further taxation was to be imposed upon Buganda
without consent of the kabaka and the lukiiko.
Effects of the 1900 Buganda Agreement.
The effects of this agreement were as follows.
The kabaka’s powers were greatly reduced and undermined.
The kabaka’s lost his spiritual powers in Buganda.
He political powers were reduced to constitutional monarchy.
He lost power of land distribution in Buganda.
He also lost judicial powers and he could nolonger pass death
sentences.
The kabaka could nolonger rule arbitrarily but was assisted by three
ministers.
The Lukiiko became the legislature. [National parliament]
The agreement empowered the Christians and Muslim chiefs who
collaborated with the consent of the British.
The king lost power over the army i.e. he could not raise the army
without the consent of the British.
He lost control over taxation and revenue.
The agreement favoured Buganda’s position within the protectorate.
The agreement created land aristocracy which at times led to landless
among the peasants who became squatters.
The introduction of the hut tax led to congestion of people in small
hats in order to evade payments.
The agreement confirmed the lost counties as Buganda’s resulting
into hostility between Bunyoro and Buganda.
It also created new class of people i.e. landowners and tenants who
could be evicted.
After the signing of the agreement, Buganda lost its independence to
the British.
The agreement led to the development of inward nationalism among
the Buganda.
It also led to developments like construction of schools, hospitals
among others.
Buganda clan leaders also lost some of their traditional functions.
 Buganda collaborated in extending British rule over Uganda.
The agreement also encouraged cash crop growing in Buganda e.g.
cotton, coffee.
The agreement finally ended religious or political wars in Buganda.

THE COLONIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEMS IN EAST

AFRICA.
After acquiring territories in East Africa, the British and Germany used
different methods to administer.
The British used indirect rule while the Germans employed the direct
rule system.
INDIRECT RULE IN EASTAFRICA.
This was the system of administration where the British colonialists used
African chiefs to rule on their behalf.
It was also foreign rule through local chiefs.
The British regarded their colonies as separate entities from Britain.
The system was first popularized by Lord Fredrick Lugard in his book
‘‘The Dual Mandate in Tropical Africa’’ written in the 20th century.
Lugard system aimed at ruling through native chiefs and institutions as
much as possible and at the same time to educate and develop these
indigenous administrations into efficient organs of local government.
The system retained the existing tribal boundaries.
NATURE OF INDIRECT RULE.
The Kiganda model of administration was adopted and used various
parts of the protectorate. Baganda agents were also used in some parts of
the country. The hierarchy of administration was from top to bottom.
In Kenya, it was used in Wanga kingdom where Nabongo Mumia was
appointed to rukle over the whole of Western Kenya.
In areas with no kingdoms, local leaders had to be appointed as headmen
to control their areas.
Some colonial agents included Odara Ulalo, Kinyanjui Karuli and Anam
Okello.
It was also used in Germany in 1924 by Cameroon Donald.
Governor-provincial commissioner-District commissioner-Assistant
District Commissioner –Saza chiefs-Gombolola chiefs-Muluka Chiefs-
Mutongole chiefs [Sub parish chiefs]-village chiefs.
This was a colonial administrative method that was used by the British
during the period of colonialism particularly in Uganda.
On top of the administration was the colonial secretary, who based in
London.
He was the minister in charge of policies.
Below him was the governor based in the respective colony.
For Uganda, Entebbe was the head quarter.
Below the governor were the provincial and district commissioners
heading every province.
These took orders from the governor and worked under his close
supervision.
All the above mentioned posts were strictly reserved for the British or
whites.
Blacks or Africans were involved in the administration at lower levels.
The county chiefs [Saza chiefs] followed in line and took orders from
provincial commiioners and passed them to the sub counties.
[Gombolola chiefs]
Below the sub count chiefs were the parish chiefs [muluka chiefs] who
would in turn pass on the orders to the sub parish chiefs. [Omutongole]
Below the sub parish were the village headsmen [Abakulu b’ekyalo]
who would then pass on orders to the common man.
All the chiefs from county level up to the village headsman formed a
chain of command.
Indirect rule was based on assumption that every area had to be
centralized like Buganda.
When the system failed in Northern and Eastern Uganda, the British
used Buganda agents e.g. Semei Kakangulu introduced the Kiganda
administration in those areas.
The local chiefs were in charge of tax collection, mobilizing people for
public work and presiding over courts of law.
They also take part in the activities of the local courts, within defined
limits and subject to the commissioner’s powers of review and
correction.
They assisted in the collection of taxes.
They recruited labour for public works.
They assisted in the enforcement of government measures including
anything from diseases control to improving agriculture
The whites would only come in case of resistance from the Africans and
they were also in charge of planning the economy of the colony.
They took part in the activities of the local courts within defined limits
and subject to the commissioner’s power of review and correction.
The British officials always intervened when the chiefs abused their
powers.
WHY THE BRITISH APPLIED INDIRECT RULE IN UGANDA.
This was the system of administration where the British used the local
chiefs to rule on their beharf.
It was also a system where foreign rule was imposed on people using
indigenous people.
It was proposed by Lord Lugard in his book in his book the The Dual
Mandate in Tropical Africa where he thought that the two parties were
to benefit.
It was intended to avoid colonial costs and conflicting with the local
people directly.
It was first applied in India and Northern Nigeria where the local leaders
and institutions where used as tools of colonialism.
Indirect rule was economically cheap since it needed few white and the
chiefs were paid very little or nothing at all.
The British feared opposition from Africans because they believed that
the traditional chiefs were respected by their subjects.
The British wanted African chiefs to act as shock absorbers in case of
opposition from the subjects.
The British admired the Kiganda model of administration hence they
didn’t want to destroy the traditional system of governance.
The traditional chiefs understood their people better e.g. in terms of
language, customs and culture.
The success of the system elsewhere in India, Egypt and Nigeria hence
they needed to use it in Buganda.
The British wanted to preserve and protect the Africans’ political and
social institutions in order to prepare them for independence.
Indirect rule was used to reward societies which had collaborated with
the British e.g. Buganda was left with its independent institution.
The British also wanted to look unique because they never wanted to use
the same system as their enemy the Germans who had used direct rule.
The African chiefs were also considered to be immune to the African
problems e.g. Diseases, wild animals and harsh climate
Uganda was too big yet whites were very few and therefore could not
administer the whole of Uganda.
Some areas were too remote with poor roads, poor health and education
facilities and therefore the British feared for their lives in such areas.
The existence of the centralized system of administration also called for
the use of indirect rule because the British want to create new centers for
power.
The system also fulfilled the Dual Mandate
Effects of indirect rule.
Indirect rule created a class of ambitious Africans who were more than
willing to do anything to please the British .these included Semei
Kakungulu, Sir Appolo Kaggwa.
Indirect rule encouraged tribalism since each society was administered at
tribal level and therefore unity against foreign rule was difficult.
The British tended to favour Buganda over other areas because they
greatly admired the kiganda model of administration compared to other
regions’ systems of administration.
Indirect rule enabled the British to effectively exploit Uganda’s
resources e.g. the Africans were forced to grow cash crop, provide
labour on European farms and pay taxes.
Serious education for the Africans was totally neglected and many were
given elementary education. As a result, many became clerks,
secretaries, office messengers and interpreters.
Indirect rule saved Uganda from becoming a settler economy because
there was no need for the British to come, dominate and finally settle
there because the African chiefs were doing the job very well.
Indirect rule created a class of conservative Africans who were totally
against any new idea and these felt so uncomfortable under the British
rule.
Indirect rule brought religion into politics of Buganda and Uganda at
large in Buganda, the Katikiro had to be a protestant.
Indirect rule favoured Protestants than Catholics and religions in
Uganda.
The system dehumanized and demoralized African chiefs. Many were
not pleased with the changes but they had no option or to lose their
leadership posts.
African leaders lost support from their people who blamed for
collaborating with the colonialists.
Indirect rule greatly affected the spread of Islamic faith because many
people became Christians as the British tended to favor Christians
particularly protestants.
Indirect rule led to the loss of land by the Africans as a result of the
British introducing the forceful growing of crops.
Indirect rule led to the loss of land by the Africans as many were left in
poverty after losing their land to the British, paying heavy taxes and
receiving poor education.
It led to a number of revolts and resistance against colonialists policies
like over taxation forced labour among others. These included Lamogi
rebellion among others.
It enabled the colonial officials to administer a very large area they few
on the ground.
It promoted native authorities courts which became the model in Uganda
and other colonies in Africa.
It preserved the traditional systems at the expenses of the development
of modern state institutions.
It promoted disunity as different ethnic groups were left to develop
individually.
It caused corruption and oppression of the natives as the chiefs misused
their powers by collecting taxes for their personal ends.
Indirect rule was dictatorial as the chiefs were appointed by and
answerable to the British.
It eliminated the possibilities of popular rebellions against British
colonialism.

DIRECT RULE IN TANGANYIKA.

This was the Germany system of colonial administration that was used
in Tanganyika.
Direct rule involved the Germans directly in the administration of their
colony.
Under this system, the traditional chiefs lost their power and authority to
the Akidas and Jumbes who Africans of Asian origin from the coast.
The system was dictatorial and ruthless and hence led to a lot of
resentment from the Africans.
WHY THE GERMANS APPLIED DIRECT RULE IN
TANGANYIKA.
The Germans believed that it was the only system through which they
could effectively administer Tanganyika.
They also believed that it was the only way that they could effectively
exploit resources within Tanganyika.
The Germans had used force to take over many parts of Tanganyika and
therefore soldiers had to be used so that Africans wouldn’t easily revolt.
The Germans wanted to impose their superior culture over the Africans
and this would involve imposing their culture and legal system.
The Germans were also proud people and therefore used this system to
stand high and above Africans.
The Germans had suffered early revolts and therefore had to bring in the
harsh Akidas and Jumbes to tame the Africans.
In many societies, there were no chiefs and where they existed they were
not faithful or powerful enough and therefore the Germans had no one to
entrust authority with.
They enough manpower to run all departments and saw no need to
recruit Africans in colonial administration.
The Germans also feared the expenses of training Africans before they
could takeover administration because this could strain their budget.
The Germans were selfish and didn’t want to share the exploited
resources with the Africans and that’s why they used direct rule.
The Germans also used direct rule of their inexperience in colonial
administration because they had just started acquiring colonies.
The Germans also feared using indirect rule that was being used by their
rivals [British] because this was going to increase rivalry and
competition among them.
HOW DIRECT RULE WAS APPLIED IN TANZANIA.
At top was the Governor who was the head of the colony stationed at
Dar –es-Salam and most cases a soldier.
The Governor had wide powers and authority and was directly
answerable to the colonial minister in Berlin [Germany]
In 1904, there was there was the Governor’s council that was set up to
advise the Governor.
For efficient administration, the Germans divided Tanganyika into
districts and by 1914, they were twenty two.
Each district was under a district officer called Berzirksamtmann, with a
police force and army to to maintain law and order.
District officers acted as judges and appointed chiefs to preside over
courts and administer punishments on their behalf. They were also the
highest court of appeal.
Districts were further divided into counties which were further split into
counties and sub counties of 20,000 to 30,000 people.
Areas that showed hostility to Germany rule, were put under military
rule e.g. by 1914, the two districts of Iringa and Mahenge were under
military because they were chaotic.
The governor district officers and members of Governors council were
all whites. The whites dominated the top positions and the Africans were
left to rule at the lower levels.
Below the district officers were the Swahiri Arabs called Akidas and
below the Akidas were the Jumbes who were in charge of the villages.
Akidas and Jumbes were in charge of tax collection, supervision of
cotton schemes and public works. They were also supposed to appoint
and dismiss junior and presided over local courts of law.
Many local chiefs were stripped of their powers and were replaced by
Akidas and Jumbes and in areas where no existed, the German just
appointed the Akidas in place.
These turned out to be very harsh and brutal to fellow Africans and in
the end, they made German administration unpopular.
German administration was characterized by mal-administration, cruel
methods of tax collection and forced labour on road construction,
communal cotton growing.
Areas that co-operated with the Germans, they were left with their local
chiefs e.g. in Usambara after the death of chief Samboja and in
Unyanyembe after the death of chief Isike.
The Germans were arrogant, and isolated themselves from the Africans
which caused a lot of rebellions from the Africans e.g. Maji Maji
Rebelion.
This system of administration attracted many Germany settlers who also
influenced the colonial government policy against Africans.
In some areas where the societies were organized, the Germans used
some indirect rule and left the Africans to rule e.g. among the Galla.
German rule came to an end in 1919 when the League of Nations
granted Britain authority over Tanganyika because Germany was being
punished for causing World War I [1914 18]

EFFECTS OF DIRECT RULE IN TANGANYIKA.

Many Africans were stripped off their powers and replaced by the harsh
Akidas and Jumbes.
Africans who were co-operative and loyal to the Germans were
appointed as Akidas.
Direct brewed wide spread rebellions as people rose up against the harsh
Akidas and Jumbes E.g. Maji Maji revolt. Abushiri revolt and Hehe
Rebellion.
There was rise of African nationalism because many people started
organizing themselves into revolutionary movements to struggle for
independence.
Heavy taxation was introduced e.g. hut tax of 3 rupees and taxes were
brutally collected as the Germans tried to fully exploit Africans and
maximize profits.
Africans were forced to grow cash crops like cotton which annoyed
Africans.
Africans lost large chunks of land to the German settlers who introduced
plantation farming.
People including chiefs were brutalized and humiliated as they were
publically flogged and beaten by the Harsh Akidas and Jumbes.
African cultures and customs were eroded and abused by the Akidas e.g.
they always raped women when their husbands were working on cotton
farms and they would also enter mosques with dogs.
Christianity was widely spread as traditional beliefs and islam greatly
declined as a result of shrines being burnt and churches widely built
German missionaries.
There was heavy loss of lives and destruction of property as the
Germans tried to suppress the many rebellions.
Africans were forced to work for long hours on European farms and
road works where they received little or no pay at all.
Infrastructures were widely developed in Tanganyika to aid the
exploitation of resources e.g. roads and railway lines were built.
Famine broke out due to the unsettled life of the Africans and the
German neglect of growing of food crops in favour of cash crops.
African traders like the Nyamwezi were driven out of trade by the
Germans who became the main trade controllers.
Western civilization was promoted as a result of many schools that were
constructed by the Germans.
Similarities
In both the governor was answerable to the foreign secretary.
Governor was on top.
There was well structured and well organized political system.
The governor was answerable to the foreign secretary.
Colonies were divided into political units.
Top positions were for the whites.
Serious education was ignored.
Infrastructural development.
Exploitation of African resources.
Forced labour.
Plantation agriculture.
Parliament[ Legco/ governor’s council]
Law and order.
Principle of effective occupation was followed.
The government was in charge of collecting and managing taxes.
Indirect rule Direct rule
Used by Britain Used by Germany
Used in Uganda and Kenya Used in Tanganyika
The colonial secretary based in The colonial secretary based in
London Berlin
Popularized by Lord Lugard Popularized by Dr Carl Peters.
African chiefs were used Were ignored
Based on the existing kingdoms Created their own administrative
and chiefdoms units
Was based on making the colony Exploiting the colony
self reliant
Limited colonial officers Many colonial officers
Peaceful Forceful
Many administrative units Few administrative units
Allowed opposition Never permitted opposition.
African representation Limited African representation
African leaders were maintained Lost their powers
Was friendly Harsh and hostile
Lower position were maintained Lower positions were maintained
for Africans for Akidas and Jumbes
Used collaborators No collaborators
Based on local structure Was an imported system
Legco Council of governors
THE COLONIAL ECONOMY IN UGANDA.
THE PRE-COLONIAL ECONOMY.
It was mainly a natural economy characterized by subsistence
production.
The major aim of production was societal survival like producing for
livelihood.
There was primitive capitalism where some individual desired to
accumulate land and cattle.
It was characterized by nomadic pastoralism
It was made up of subsistence farming.
It was made up of indigenous industries as manifested in crafts and iron
working.
Fishing and hunting were also carried out basically for subsistence and
leisure.
They carried out intra and inter with in chiefdoms or kingdoms and in
between them.
Food, medication and other requirements for survival were characterized
by the subsistence modal of production, therefore there was self reliance.
Barter trade was used as a medium of exchange but as time went on salt
and iron ore became the medium of exchange.
Most of the activities were done on communal basis.
However in some societies specific activities were done by a particular
group of people.
There was self reliance and non dependence in different societies.
Societies utilized the available resources for survival.
Labour was highly classified according to sex and age. Among the
Bakiga women cultivated and constructed houses and men participated
in trade and the same existed among the Nyamwezi.
In all communities, the junior age set were involved in community work
like cleaning wells, protecting trade routes and rearing animals.
In centralized societies the economy was controlled by the chiefs. They
controlled trade, land and levied the taxes.
In decentralized the economy was communally owned where every
member of society equally engaged.
In some societies there social division of labour where the peasants
worked for the nobles.
There was poor road network in different societies till the development
of the trade routes .However in Buganda there was murram roads which
linked different commercial areas.
FEATURES OF THE COLONIAL ECONOMY.
It was made up of colonial agriculture where cash crops like cotton,
coffee, and cotton were grown.
It was made up of trade which included import and export trade.
It was made up of land alienation especially the fertile.
There was forced labour where Africans were to supply free labour.
It involved taxation of the Africans where they paid different taxes.
There was development of modern transport networks especially railway
lines, roads, telegraphic lines, feeder roads were also constructed.
African resources were exploited for the benefit of the colonialists.
Peasantry agriculture was encouraged in Uganda because it lacked large
land for mechanized agriculture.
All the natural resources were controlled by the colonial government.
NATURE OF COLONIAL AGRICULTURE.
Was established by the colonial agriculture.
Was dominated by the colonialists.
Was mainly subsistence.
Plantation farming.
Was made up of cash crops which included coffee, tobacco, sisal, cotton.
Commercial.
Large scale production.
Africans were mainly in subsistence farming.
The Indians were the middlemen in the trade in cash crop.
There was forced labour.
Land alienation.
There was infrastructural development.
It involved taxation.
It involved processing
The whites and Indians fixed the prices.
It was supported by the colonial government.
Forced cash crop growing.
Mechanization.
Exportation.
Perennial crops.

PEASANTLY FARMING IN UGANDA.

This involved growing cash crops on small scale.
The Buganda Agreement of 1900 limited land to large sale farming
hence peasantry farming. Even in the neighboring kingdoms like
Bunyoro and Ankole the same laws were drafted.
There were sharp misunderstandings between the different European
powers over Uganda which scared away the white settlers. These
included Britain, Germany which was competing over Uganda scaring
the white settlers.
The reports made by the early explorers like HM Stanley who
recommended that Buganda was not suitable for large scale farming thus
the colonial government encouraging peasantry farming.
The activities of Sir Hesketh Bell the governor of Uganda who
discouraged and restricted the selling of land to the white settlers scared
away the white settlers.
The colonial policy of making Uganda a black man’s country
discouraged the white settlers to opt for Kenya hence leaving Uganda as
a peasantry economy.
Uganda had few white settlers since most of the Europeans were
missionaries and administrators hence giving rise to peasantry farming.
Poor transport in Uganda discouraged the coming of the white settlers to
Uganda. Uganda lacked roads and a railway which would support large
scale farming.
The failure of some cash crops in Uganda led to the development of
peasant farming in Uganda. Crops like rubber and cocoa which were
recommended were not liked by Ugandans.
The influence of the Devonshire Whitepaper of 1923 which preserved
the Kenyan highlands for the whites made them to concentrate in Kenya
instead of Uganda.
Remoteness and inaccessibility of areas recommended for the white
settlers in Kenya discouraged them to come to Uganda.
Lack of charismatic leadership to champion white settler farming led to
the development of peasantry farming in Kenya. Kenneth Borup and Sir
Hesketh Bell who encouraged crop growing on individual basis.
Some crops recommended to be grown in Uganda lacked external
market.
The sleeping sickness in Uganda also scared away the white settlers in
Uganda.
The role played by Simpson who was Uganda’s director for agriculture
advised the British to develop Uganda as a black man’s economy or
peasantry economy.
The Bonar law which dismissed the European claims and demands to
settle in Uganda.
The large numbers of the white settlers in Kenya compared to Uganda
made the British to leave Uganda as a peasantry economy.
PLANTATION FARMING IN KENYA.
Plantation agriculture in Kenya started in 1896 but reached its peak in
1923.
Between 1902 and 1929, more than 2000 white farmers had settled in
Kenya and they largely planted coffee, tea, sisal, wheat and pyrethrum.
The following factors favored the development of plantation agriculture
in Kenya.
The completion of Uganda railway up to Kisumu in 1901 enabled the
white settlers to access the fertile soils of Kenya. It also eased the
transportation of the white settlers and agricultural goods.
The fertile soils of Kenya especially central Kenya also led to the
establishment of plantation farming in Kenya.
The conducive climate of Kenya like heavy rainfall, cold and humid
temperatures especially in Kenyan highlands also led to the development
of plantation of farming.
The need to resettle the ex-service men after First World War one in
order to produce raw materials also led to the development of plantation
farming in Kenya.
The support of the British government in Kenya also led to development
of plantation farming. It gave loans and money to the white farmers to
establish plantation farms.
The role of the colonial government under governors like Sir Hayes, Sir
Eliot and Lord Delamere who obtained land for the white farmers and
assured them of free labour from the created labour reserves.
The strategic location of Kenya also favored the settlement of the white
settlers since it was located on the coastline.
The shortage of land and raw materials in South Africa forced many
whites to come to Kenya to establish plantation farming.
The success of the British indirect rule system in Kenya enabled African
chiefs to acquire land and labour for the white settlers.
The closure of the British markets in Canada and Latin America forced
whites especially farmers to come to Kenya where they developed a
settler economy based on plantation agriculture and agro-based
industries.
The arrival of Lord Delmare and E.S. Grogan in Kenya who the leading
farmers also led to the coming of the White Settlers. They encouraged
the white settlers to come.
The appointment and activities of Sir Edward Northey as a governor of
Kenya assured the farmers support which attracted the white farmers.
The land law of 1902 encouraged the development of Agriculture in
Kenya which allowed the colonial government to buy or obtain land for
the white farmers.
The role of the Imperial British East African Company which
constructed roads and also defeated the hostile tribes to allow the white
settler farmers to freely settle.
The transfer of administrative capital from Mombasa to Nairobi in 1907
encouraged many farmers to move to central and opened up farms. It
also assured the farmers with security.

THE UGANDA RAILWAY.

The railway line from Mombasa to Kisumu was called the Uganda was
called the Uganda because it was primarily constructed to link Uganda
with the East African coast.
At that time, Uganda was the focus of British interests in East Africa.
They line was surveyed by J.R.L. Macdonald in 1892.
The costs of constructing the railway were grossly underestimated.
It was originally estimated that railway would cost 2 million pounds but
it costed 8 million pounds.
Reasons for the construction of Uganda Railway.
To facilitate British administration of Uganda after the declaration of
Uganda as a British protectorate in 1894.
They wanted to control the source of River Nile which was the lifeline
of Egypt.
They wanted to promote economic development of Uganda and Kenya.
The presence of fertile soils which would promote and boost agriculture.
The British wanted market for their surplus production.
The British wanted to abolish the slave trade in the interior of East
Africa.
The British wanted to have a cheaper means of transporting their troops
in times of war.
THE COURSE OF THE CONSTRUCTION OF UGANDA
RAILWAY.
The labor for construction came from India.
Even the skilled craftsmen and clerical staff were also brought from
India.
This was because the Africans were not willing to do the construction
work.
They were also opposed to the railway project.
Some British parliamentarians opposed the construction of Uganda
railway because the doubted its economic viability.
Some of them even dismissed the planned railway as ‘Lunatic line’.
The first railway was laid on the mainland opposite Mombasa in 1896
under the supervision of George Whitehouse a British Engineer.
35 Indian coolies built the embankments and bridges as the railway
crossed through the semi desert of Taru.
On 30th May 1897, the railway line reached Voi near the Taita Hills
It later reached Tsavo where the railway workers encountered the man
eating lions in 1898.
At Tsavo , the lions caused panic entering the camps at night and
attacking them while sleeping.
They were later hunted and killed by Colonel Patterson.
After two years, the line reached the edge of the railway where a base
camp was built.
This contributed to the establishment of Nairobi city which means cold
in Maasai.
The Rift valley escarpment proved a threat to the railway builders.
They overcame this by constructing a vertical line where supplies and
locomotion could be lowered on the made platform.
In 1900, the railway line crossed the rift valley.
The builders also faced the problem of the Nandi raiders who cut off the
telegraphic wires.
By 1901, a steam ship reached Lake Victoria connecting Uganda and
Kisumu.
In 1923, the railway reached Jinja to facilitate transport of cotton, coffee
and foodstuffs.
In 1912, the Jinja –Namasagali was designed to link Northern Uganda
by steamer and to tap such products as cotton, tobacco and livestock.
In 1928, Mbale and Soroti were linked to Tororo line to transport cotton,
coffee, livestock and foodstuffs.
In 1931 the line from Jinja was extended to Kampala to ease coffee
production.
In 1956, the line from Kampala was extended to Kasese to open up
Western Uganda.
In 1961, Jinja-Bukonte line was constructed to tap agricultural produce.
IMPACTS OF THE CONSTRUCTION OF UGANDA RAILWAY.
The high cost of the construction of the Uganda Railway forced the
British to seriously embark on the development of the area to justify this
expenditure.
It created new commercial possibilities where European and Indian
traders were attracted inland.
It helped in the development of towns along the railway such as Nairobi,
Nakuru and Kisumu.
It led to the growth of cash crops such as cotton and coffee were
transport introduced and monitored.
It led to the economic exploitation of Uganda’s resources as Cotton and
coffee were transported to the coast and to Europe.
It led to the development of the monetary economy through trade.
It caused social problems such as prostitution which did not exist in East
Africa before.
It also promoted the building of feeder roads which were meant to link
up with the railway.
It provided an easy means of transport from one point to another. It
reduced the costs of transporting goods which reduced Slave trade and
human portage.
It was a turning point in the economic in the economic development of
Uganda and Kenya. This was because most Asians and Indians remained
in East Africa and carried out trade.
It attracted the coming of the white settlers in Kenya.
Job opportunities were created for Africans who became messengers,
locomotive drivers, station managers’ e.t.c.
Urban centers expanded because f the construction of the railway. These
included Mombasa, Voi, Nairobi, Kisumu, Jinja and Kampala.
The influx of the Europeans into East Africa brought Western
civilization. E.g. schools were built and Western culture was adopted by
Africans.
It also facilitated the consolidation of the British administration of
Uganda. The movement of soldiers and administrators became very
easy.
Cooperative movements were established in various urban centers
served by the railway. These improved the political consciousness of the
people.
It eased the British control over Kenya because administrators and
soldiers could be moved along the railway.
It led to the introduction of the Hut tax in 1902 to recover the costs of
construction of the railway.
Taxation in Uganda was started after the completion of the railway.
The capital of Kenya was transferred to Nairobi which was the
headquarters and was located in the heart of the colony.
It reduced the death rates rate resulting from famine.
Racism increased in Kenya and Uganda where European and Indians
competed with Africans in trade and commerce activities.
PROBLEMS FACED DURING THE CONSTRUCTION OF
UGANDA RAILWAY.
Labour shortage where the Akamba were relevant to work on the
railway because they were not used to the railway construction workers
had to be imported from India.
Limited finance.
Formidable physical obstacles such as the dry Nyika where drinking
water was very scale.
Some hills in the East African plateau had to be dug through.
Some escarpments mainly they were numerous river beds were difficult
to bridge.
Man eaters at Tsavo which killed some of the workers.
Diseases like small pox, malaria, jiggers.
Food and drinking water was scarce especially between Mombasa and
Nairobi.
Heavy floods especially in Wet Kenyan highlands.
Hostile tribes such as the Nandi frequently cutoff wires and even stole
the rail to make ornaments.
Poor communication as result of disruption of telegraph made it difficult
to provide medical care.
It was expensive to build since it took six years.
THE COLONIAL INDUSTRIES IN EAST AFRICA.
Reason for the establishment of industries in East africa
HEALTH FACILITIES IN THE COLONIAL TIME.
REASONS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE HEALTH
FACILITIES.
Availability of land.
Treat the sick workers.
Treat tropical diseases.
The coming of Sir Albert Cook.
The financial support given to the missionaries by the British
Government.
The influx of the whites after WW 1.
The Berlin conference of 1884-85.
Lack of a developed health system.
The outbreak of various diseases like dysentery.
Discouraged Africans from using herbal medicine.
The discovery quinine.
Competition over health facilities between Catholics and Protestants.
Industrial Revolution.
IMPACT OF THE CONSTRUCTION THE HEALTH
FACILITIES.
Created jobs.
Improved the health standards of the Africans.
Curbed down the spread the spread of diseases among the human.
Encouraged the coming of more whites.
Encouraged white settler farming.
Population increase.
Reduced African dependence on herbs.
Loss of African culture.

CHALLENGES FACED BY THE WHITES IN THE COLONIAL

ECONOMY.
The ignorance of the Africans who preferred informal education.
Tropical diseases such as malaria.
Shortage of human resources.
They were attacked by man eaters and small pox.
Limited capital.
Limited man power.
Limited market .
Price fluctuation.
THE IMPACT OF THE COLONIAL ECONOMY.
The impacts were both positive and negative as explained below.
There was introduction of new crops.
Plantation agriculture led to rapid economic transformation.
They led to the monetization of the economy.
There was infrastructural development in East Africa.
They led to the coming and influence of the white settlers in Kenya.
The land policies forced Africans into labor markets.
There was famine due to loss of land by the Africans.
The colonial policies many Africans to lose their land for example in
Kenya.
There was exploitation of African resources by the whites.
There was over taxation of Africans by the whites.
The colonial economic policies led rebellion and resistance in East
Africa.

WORLD WARS AND THEIR IMPACT IN EAST AFRICA.

WORLD WAR 1.
The First World War was the first catastrophic war involving very many
powers in the History of mankind.
It occurred from 1914-1918 involving the Central powers of Germany,
Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey against the Allied powers of
Britain, France, Russia and their allies.
It was sparked off by the double murder at Sarajevo on 28th June 1914.
It was mainly a European war, however the colonial masters of East
Africa which included Britain and Germany ended up extending the war
to East Africa.
Britain hoped to maintain the war in Europe so as the colonies remain
neutral.
It was to only sent troops if its colonies were attacked by Germany.
However when Germany came to know of this, it decided to attack
Britain’s overseas territories.
At the beginning of the war, the Germany army in East Africa consisted
of a bout of about 2750 soldiers while Britain had 4250.
The Germany civilians joined the army and Britain recruited many
Africans into the army.
Soon, the British army outnumbered the Germany by almost a ratio of
2:1.
REASONS FOR EAST AFRICA’S INVOLVEMENT IN WORLD
WAR 1.
The people of East Africa wanted to support their colonial masters hence
carrying the white man’s burden.
Britain wanted to guard the frontier which stretched from the Sea to
Ufumbira Mountains in Uganda.
Britain also wanted to meet any threat that Von Rettow a Germany
commander in Tanganyika may cause.
The British wanted to safeguard the railway from the Uganda railway
from the Germany attacks since it was the lifeline of British colonialism
in Uganda and Kenya.
The Germans wanted to keep the British busy in East Africa so as to
weaken their efforts in Europe.
The Germans wanted to preserve their Tanganyika colony
East Africa got involved in the war because of the extended conflicts
and suspicion in their colonies.
Since Kings African Riffle was a colonial force, it definitely had to fight
in defense of the colonial master.
The British government wanted to disorganize the German colonies
before they could attack the British areas of interests.
The Germans deliberate provoked the British colonies with the objective
of diverting British attention in Europe.
Some Africans were conscripted [forced into the colonial armies by their
colonial masters.
East Africa was strategically located and would help the British to
protect her colonial interests of the war in North Africa.
HOW THE WAR WAS FOUGHT IN EAST AFRICA.
The British navy attacked Dar es Salaam and Tanga.
The Germany navy led by General Lettow Von Vorbeck moved to
Kirimanjaro area to attack Uganda railway.
Britain got more troops from India and mounted an attack on Tanga but
it was defeated.
General J.C. Smuts came from South Africa and forced the Germans out
of the mountain area to the River Ruvu region.
The Germans were sickly and hungry but refused to surrender.
Britain brought more troops to drive the Germans out of East Africa.
By 1917 the Germans were defeated and forced out of East Africa.
General Lettow Von Vorbeck invaded Mozambique and Northern
Rhodesia.

EFFECTS OF WORLD WAR 1 ON THE PEOPLE OF EAST

AFRICA.
Positives effects.
It ended the inferior complex of the Africans they had towards European
powers since they ate, slept, washed and fought together with the whites.
It inspired nationalism among the Africans since they became more
aware of themselves as a distinct racial group hence learnt the need for
organized resistance to colonial rule.
Germany lost Tanganyika to the League of Nations.
East Africa for the first time was under Britain.
Britain was instructed by the League of Nations to pay attention to the
economic, social and moral welfare of the inhabitants.
Germany Africa was renamed Tanganyika.
In 1920, the East African currency board was set up because the value of
pound fallen.
In 1915, Governor Sir Henry Belfield set up a war council in Kenya to
deal with political problems which gave the white settlers a real say in
politics of Kenya.
It encouraged the possibility of a closer political union of East Africa at
a government level.
Germany as a war lord was defeated.
She was forced to surrender her colony of Germany East Africa to the
newly formed League of Nations.
Britain took over the control of Germany East Africa in 1920 and
renamed it Tanganyika.
Indirect rule was introduced in Tanganyika.
The local administration of Tanganyika was restructured especially
under Sir Donald Cameroon.
The war led to an influx of white settlers in Kenya leading to more loss
of better African land.
Negatives.
Many people were killed, wounded and disabled in the fighting.
The war led to depopulation due to loss of lives.
It led to serious outbreak of influenza of 1918-19 which killed many
people.
The war also disrupted both internal and external trade.
People’s standards of living were negatively affected i.e. they became
poor.
It caused misery and suffering too many Europeans, Asians and African
families.
The war led to increased African nationalism e.g. young kikuyu
association was formed.
There was famine and starvation because of general decline in
Agricultural production.
A lot of property was destroyed e.g. buildings, roads e.t.c.
The Africans learnt new methods of fighting.
The Germany whites who mistreated Africans were also punished.
The war led to the economic depression of the 1930’s which affected the
people of East Africa.
Also, new economic power was vested in the hands of Africans.
The whole of East African territory became a British empire.
Ranks and medals were awarded creating a class of people in society i.e.
the ex service men.
The war led to increased rate of exploitation because the British wanted
to compensate for what they had lost in the war.
The African resented their chiefs who served the colonial masters.
Rwanda and Burundi were transferred to Belgian to be ruled as
mandatory states on behalf of the League of Nations.
The price of cotton fell very low in 1915.
General insecurity since the war was fought in some parts of East Africa.
Overseas trade was disrupted since it was difficult to get imports like
ploughs and seeds.
Education progress in Tanganyika was halted by the British take over
after the war.
CAUSES OF FIRST WORLD WAR.
The Alliance system which divided Europe into two hostile camps of
Triple and Triple Alliance made European powers to fight each other.
The defeat of France by Prussia in the Franco Prussian War of 1870-71
made France to fight Germany in 1914.
The need for colonies /imperialism made European state to develop
hostility towards each hence fighting by 1914.
The aggressive and reckless character of Kaiser William II also annoyed
other European leaders to fight him.
The press propaganda increased fear and suspicion among powers to
fight each other.
The rise of European Nationalism made European powers to fight each
other in order to fulfill their national objectives.
The increased manufacturing of weapons /arms race made European
powers to face each other by 1914.
The increased militarism which involved establishment of the strong
armies made European powers to fight each other.
The assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie
made Austria to declare again Serbia to cause World War 1.
The Charles Darwin theory of the survival for the fittest made European
to fight each other by 1914.
The violation of Belgium’s neutrality by Germany made Britain to
declare on Germany 3rd August 1914.
The collapse of European diplomacy also made European powers to
fight each other by 1914.

WOLRD WAR II IN EAST AFRICA, 1939-45

It was the most widespread war in the History of mankind fought
between the Axis Powers of Germany, Italy and Japan against the Allied
powers of Britain, France, USSR and USA.
Unlike, WW 1 which was fought on the East African land, World War II
wasn’t.
However, Britain and France turned Africa for help against Germany
and her allies.
Britain recruited soldiers from Kenya, Uganda and Tanganyika.
They were sent to serve in Somalia, Ethiopia, Egypt, Palestine, France,
Britain, Burma, India, Philippines, Japan, and China and so on.

THE EVENTS THAT LED TO WORLD WAR 11

The World War 1 of 1914-198.
The 1919 Versailles peace settlement.
The formation of the weak League of Nations in 1920.
The rise of Benito Mussolini to power in 1922.
The Great economic depression of 1929-35.
Japanese occupation of Manchuria in 1931.
The rise of Adolf Hitler to power in 1933.
The secret rearmament of Germany by 1935.
Italy’s invasion of Ethiopia in 1935.
Adolf Hitler’s occupation of the Rhineland demilitarized zone in 1936
[march].
The formation Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis in 1936.
The Spanish Civil War of 1936-39.
Adolf Hitler’s occupation annexation of Austria on 13th March 1938.
The Munich Agreement of September 1939 between Adolf Hitler and
Premier Neville Chamberlain.
The annexation of Czechoslovakia by Germany in march 1939.
The Italo-Germany alliance of May 1939.
The Non-Aggression pact of 1939 [march] between Russia and
Germany.
Germany‘s invasion of Poland on 1st September 1939.
WHY EAST AFRICA GOT INVOLVED IN THE WAR.
East Africa was involved because it wanted to support its colonial
master.
East Africa was under military obligation to support its colonial master
which was Britain at the time of war.
East Africa was directly involved in the funding of the war because she
had to support her colonial master.
Britain lacked enough soldiers and resorted to East Africa for
recruitment.
Some ambitious personalities wanted to go and fight alongside the
colonial master so that they could acquire skills which they would use to
fight colonialism upon their return. E.g. Waruhiu Itote [General China of
Ma Mau.
Some people in Tanganyika supported Hitler hopping that Tanganyika
would return to Germany and Britain would let this happen hence
involving the East African people in war.
The presence of Italy in Somalia and Eritrea also scared the British
because these colonies were adjacent to each other.
Italy’s involvement in the war made the British to recruit more Africans
in the Kings African Rifles which was the colonial army.
Japan’s involvement in the war also scared the British because they had
to protect their interests across Indian Ocean.
Britain and Germany were already were already enemies in Europe and
therefore their mistrust and suspicions were extended to East Africa
leading to her involvement.
Several battalions of the Kings African Riffle were stationed in the
Somali land.
East Africa contributed large sums of money to the British war costs.
Troops poured into Kenya by contingents from Nigeria, Gold coast.
Thousands of East African soldiers went to India and Burma, India,
Madagascar and Europe to join the war leading to East Africa’s
involvement.
Africans good performance in First World War made the British to use
them again.
Britain used people of East Africa in Madagascar so as to prevent from
being invaded by Japan.
Britain wanted men to serve in different battle fields.
Britain wanted to contain the Germany population in East Africa from
rebelling against her rule.
Britain recruited E. Africans to serve in the war in order to prevent Italy
which was in Somalia and Ethiopia from attacking her colonies in East
Africa.

HOW EAST AFRICA BECAME INVOLVED IN 2ND WORLD

WAR.
By the time of 2nd World War, the whole of East Africa was under
Britain.
East Africa’s involvement in the war came in 1940.
This happened after Italy had joined war.
Italy had invaded Ethiopia in 1935.
Its presence in Ethiopia, Somalia and Eritrea proved a security threat to
the British East Africa.
To make matter worse, the Germany population in Tanganyika was
supporting Hither and wanted to take over Tanganyika.
The Germans were rounded up and detained in special areas.
When Italy entered the war, seven battalions of the King’s African
Riffles were massed on Somalia boarder.
There was serious recruitment throughout the three East Arica countries.
Troops were deployed in Kenya and were reinforced by contingents
from Nigeria, Gold Coast, South Africa and India.
East Africa provided both soldiers and financial help.
On 1st July 1940 the Italians invaded and captured the border post of
Moyale.
The British Common Wealth forces led by Lieutenant –General Allan
Cunningham attacked and forced them back to Somalia.
The Italian forces were defeated by the British forces.
Kismayu was captured, Somalia and Southern Ethiopia conquered.
The Italians finally surrendered in December 1941.
In 1941, Japan also joined the war by attacking the British and American
interests in the Far East.
The King’s African Riffles was expanded to 30 battalions and many
African soldiers went to India and Burma.
Between 1943 and 1945 they played an important role in defeating the
Japanese in Burma.
Twelve thousand African soldiers also served in Madagascar [Modern
Europe] which was occupied to prevent the enemy capturing it.
Germany surrendered in May 1945 and the Japanese in August.

THE ROLE OF THE EAST AFRICAN PEOPLE IN 2 nd WOLD

WAR.
They fought in Burma, India.
They cooked food.
They acted as human shields.
They carried weapons.
They gave financial support.
THE COURSE OF 2ND WOLD WAR.
1st September Germany invaded Poland.
3rd September Britain declared war on Germany.
October 1939 Russia occupied Eastern Poland.
October 1939-April 1940 Germany war against Poland.
Nov. 1939-March 1940 Russo-Finish War.
April 1940 Germany’s invasion of Poland.
June 1940 entry of Italy.
1940 defeat of France.
August-September Battle of Britain.
How World War II led to the growth of Nationalism in East Africa.
Many people fought in the war and served in the Middle East, Burma,
India and Somalia where they fought alongside Europeans, Arabs and
Indians.
On their return to East Africa, the ex-servicemen spearheaded the
independence struggles.
The war changed the attitude of the Africans especially the ex service
men towards colonialism. The war exposed them to better conditions in
Europe and Asia therefore wanted to fight and misery in East Africa.
The war created unemployment which forced the ex service men to join
militant groups like Mau-Mau to fight the colonialists and improve their
living conditions.
The war destroyed the myths about whites. It exposed the Africans to the
weakness of the white man since they could die and hide in the war.
The British policy changed after the war since there was close contact
with the ex service men since they were allowed to attain education and
grow cash crops.
It enabled Africans to learn the revolutionary ideas of liberty, equality
after realizing that such ideas had forced Africans to fight each other.
It enabled the Africans to engage in business hence they got a strong
economic force which they used to support the nationalistic movements
like Mau Mau.
Africans were allowed to form political parties and join the Legco and
this led to African political Activism.
It led to formation of UNO which spearheaded decolonization of East
Africa.
It led to the rise of educated and prominent personalities like Jomo
Kenyatta, Dedan Kimathi who were able to organize and mobilize the
masses to achieve self rule.
The war exposed the Africans to the value of solidarity and unity. The
Africans were able to realize the need for a united force in their quest for
independence.
African learnt how to use military vehicles, sophisticated weapons and
military tactics and upon their return to fight for their independence.
The war led to the emergency of new super power e.g. USA and Soviet
Union to replace Britain and Germany and gave their support to the
Africans to fight for their independence.

EFFECTS OF WORLD WAR II ON THE PEOPLE OF EAST

AFRICA.
The consequences of the war on East Africa were political, economic
and social.
Positives.
Africans were inspired to demand for self governance by the Atlantic
charter of 1941.
Britain neglected its old policy of making the colony self reliant when it
set aside large sums of money for development projects.
The system of indirect rule and separate development was to be
abandoned in favour of the parliamentary democracy where by 1945
Africans were the Legco Uganda.
Prices for cash crops were fixed, however the Kikuyu smuggled their
goods on the open market.
Africans were allowed to take part in the Asian –controlled retail trade.
E.g. Kikuyu took part in trade which improved their business.
The war ended the impression among Africans that the whites were
neither vulnerable to bullets nor cowards.
Africans became more aware of themselves as a distinct racial group
who had to fight for themselves which inspired nationalism.
Germany lost Tanganyika.
Britain took over the entire East Africa
The war led to the development of African nationalism among the ex
service men who realized the weaknesses of the Whiteman.
People’s attitude towards chiefs and African administrators changed i.e.
they began to resent them.
Exports declined and lack of skilled man power affected production.
Uganda’s cotton and coffee growers had to be helped by the government
when the prices fell too low.
On the other hand, the war increased the demand for sisal and therefore
Tanganyika had to increase the rubber plantation production.
The Africans in Kenya for the first time were encouraged to grow cash
crops.
The war led to loss of lives.
The war veterans brought and spread venereal diseases and other S.T.Ds.
Lack of employment by the veterans forced them to join military wing
of the nationalists’ movement e.g. General China joined the Mau –Mau
movements.
The British government directed technical schools and institutions to
introduce and produce war equipments.
After the war, Tanganyika became a trusteeship of the British under a
U.N.O provision towards self government.
Many Europeans communities began to change to change attitudes
towards Africans for the better.
The war also increased white settlers in Kenya.
The ex-servicemen were awarded ranks and medals.
Negatives.
East Africa was used a source of labour where Africans were recruited
by either force or persuasion.
Labour shortage in Uganda, Kenya and Tanganyika since able bodied
men were taken.
There was decline in population due to shortage of manpower.
Exports declined.
There was increased demand for cotton, sisal, rubber, wheat and coffee
as a result of failures in other countries.
Britain used forced labour in Tanganyika to produce sisal on plantation
to meet the rising demand for these raw materials.
Britain set up marketing boards to organize African production for
export through Africans were paid low prices yet the prices were high on
the world market.
In 1941, the prices of cotton and coffee fell so low that farmers were
supported by government schemes.
East Africa was hit by one of the worst inflation.
Urban workers population increased after the government setting up
factories.
There was poor standard of living by workers which caused strikes like
the 1945 riots in Buganda due to low wages.
Britain started prioritizing the interests of minorities [Europeans and
Asians] against Africans.
It led to the influx of Europeans into Kenyan highlands who grabbed
land to cause the 1952 -55 Mau-Mau rebellion.

STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE IN EAST AFRICA.

The rise of Nationalism in East Africa.
Nationalism referred to the desire by the Africans to get rid of whites
and become independent.
Reasons for the development of African Nationalism.
The monopoly of economic sectors annoyed the Africans hence demand
for independence.
The impact of colonial education which created a class of elites who
demanded for independence. These included Dedan Kimath, Dr Apollo
Milton Obote, Ben Kiwanuka among others.
The idea of the East African federation which amalgamated Uganda,
Kenya and Tanzania for easy administration laid ground for easy
administration in East Africa.
The direct election of Africans to the legislative council and the
introduction of ministerial system for Africans in 1955 stimulated the
growth of nationalism.
Religious function and fusion in East Africa shaped partly the politics
paving rise for the nationalism in East Africa.
The development of communication network eased the mass
mobilization of the Africans for independence.
The high levels of unemployment and poverty made Africans form mass
political movements like Mau Mau in Kenya.
The development of national languages like Kiswahili of Tanganyika
and Kenya created unity among Africans and eased it communication
hence rise of African nationalism.
The emergency of new super powers like USA and USSR also fought
and supported the liberation of the East African countries.
The spread of communism and socialism by USSR and China led to the
rise of African nationalism since USSR and China supported the
decolonization of East Africa.
The formation of the political parties like KANU, UPC, TANU, DP
which united the Africans to fight for independence of East Africa.
The formation of United Nations Organizations in 1945 was also
important in the liberation of the African countries.
The Kabaka crisis of 1954 also led to the independence of Uganda.
The replacement of Sir Andrew Cohen by Sir Fredrick Crowford in
Uganda also led to the independence of Uganda.
The success of the Egyptian revolution of 1952 also aroused
Nationalism.
The change in Government in Britain where the Labor party victory
supported nationalism in centrally to the conservative party also led to
the growth of Nationalism.
The 1941 Atlantic Charter signed by President Roosevelt of USA,
Churchill Winston of Britain and Stalin of USSR called upon the
independence of Africans.
The formation of cooperative movements also led to the rise of
nationalism since they became a platform for the Africans to air out their
grievances.
The increased urbanization forced many to migrate from villages to
town which exposed these people to new ideas of liberty and equality
which forced them to form political parties.
Colonialism and its evils like forced labor, heavy taxation and land
grabbing forced Africans to fight for their independence.
METHODS AFRICANS USED TO FIGHT FOR
INDEPENDENCE.
They formed political parties like UNC, UPC, DP, and KANU which
fought for independence.
The fight was pioneered by few educated Africans like Julius Nyerere,
Dr Milton Obote, Mayanja Nkangi, Tom Mboya among others.
The nationalistic activities were centred in urban centres like Nairobi,
Mombasa, Dar-es-Salam, Dodoma, Kampala and Entebbe.
The violent groups were formed to engage the colonialists by force e.g.
Mau Mau.
They formed Trade unions to fight for independence. For example the
Young Kikuyu Association.
The press became a key tool of nationalism in East Africa for example
newspapers like Muno, radio stations, magazines, were used to fight for
the independence of African countries.
They adopted a number of ideologies in their struggles especially during
cold war politics.
Negotiations also characterized African nationalism. For example in
Kenya the Lennox-Boyd constitution reforms.
They used songs and drama.
They used protest writing through newspapers and articles.
They demanded for inclusion in economy and politics of their countries.
They refused to provide cheap labour as demanded.
THE ROAD TO INDEPENDENCE IN TANGANYIKA.
On 9th December1961, Tanganyika became the first East African state to
achieve its independence.
It was steered to independence through the efforts of Mwalimu Julius
Kambarage Nyerere and Tanganyika African National Union.
ROLE PLAYED BY TANGANYIKA AFRICAN NATIONAL
UNION. [TANU]
TANU was formed on 7th July 1954 in Dar-es- Salaam.
It replaced Tanganyika African Association [TAA]
Dr Julius Kambarage Nyerere assumed leadership of the party.
The party made it clear that Tanganyika was an African country and
therefore Africans had to have majority seats in government.
The party opened up offices allover Tanganyika which united people.
In 1954, a UN mission was sent to Tanganyika proposing a planned
constitutional process towards independence.
In 1955, Nyerere visited the UN in New York to explain TANU’s aims
and objectives and press for support.
Nyerere and TANU received a lot of sympathy from the UN that was
against colonialism in Africa.
TANU successfully mobilized Tanganyikans for self rule in the next two
years.
In 1958, TANU won a landslide victory in the LEGCO elections largely
due to its multi-racial policy.
The wide spread use of Kiswahiri as a national language also made it
easy for the party to build a huge following.
TANU defeated its only rival the United Tanganyika Party [UTP] that
was formed in 1956 by some members of the LEGCO.
After suffering a heavy defeat, UTP was disbanded unconditionary and
this increased TANU’s power and credibility.
TANU planned the composition of the LEGCO to speed up the
independence of Tanganyika.
In the August 1960 elections, TANU swept the polls winning70 out of
71 seats.
During the voting, TANU promised Tanganyikans self rule, safe
guarding their interests and introduction of complete adult voting.
On 1st May 1961, Tanganyika was granted internal self rule under Dr
Julius Nyerere.
Nyerere became the first prime minister and therefore TANU provided
the first leaders of Tanganyika.
TANU africanised the civil service and it introduced special training
scheme to accerelate a changeover.
On 9th December 1961, the Duke of Edinburg handed total independence
to Tanganyika under Nyerere.
In 1963, Tanganyika became a one party state under TANU.
MWALIMU JULIUS KAMBARAGE NYERERE.
He was born in March 1922 at Butiama near the Eastern shores of Lake
Victoria.
He was born to Burito Nyerere who was a Zenaki chief.
He went to Musoma for his primary and Tabora School for his
secondary education.
In 1943, he joined Makerere University College Kampala for a diploma.
While at Makerere, he formed the Makerere Boys of Tanganyika an
association of all Tanzanians at Makerere.
In 1945, he returned to Tanganyika to start a teaching a career at St
Marys Taboora a catholic mission school.
In 1949, he went for further studies at the University of Edinburgh in
Scotland and attained a master’s degree in History, Economics and
philosophy.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF LAND OWNERSHIP IN
UGANDA.
Year Development
1900 The 1900 Buganda Agreement
which divided the 19700 sq
milesof Buganda land into mailo
and crown land.
1903 It was meant to govern crown
land.
1920 Busulu and Envujjo law It gave security to the Bakopi
against land evictions
AQUISATION AND LAND USAGE IN EAST AFRICA.
CAUSES OF LAND FRAGMENTATION.
COMPARISON BETWEEN UGANDA’S STRUGGLE FOR
INDEPENDENCE WITH THAT OF EAST AFRICAN STATES.
SIMILARITIES.
Both struggles were spearheaded by personalities such as Jomo Kenyatta
in Kenya, Nyerere in Tanganyika and Benidicto Kiwanuka in Uganda.
All struggles were against British imperialism.
They all received their independence through concessions and
agreements.
They all formed political parties in demand for independence.
DIFFERENCES.
Uganda received and Tanzania received their independence through
peaceful means while Kenya used forceful means like Mau Mau
Rebellion.
Kingship was much influential in the attainment of independence in
Uganda while in Kenya and Tanzania they relied on individual effort.
Land was an influential factor in demand for independence in Kenya yet
it was not a deciding factor in Uganda and Tanzania.
Language was an influential factor in demanding for independence in
Kenya and Tanzania while in Uganda is still a challenge up to date.
Urbanization was high in Uganda was high in Kenya which was not the
case in Uganda and Tanzania.
Ethnicity was common in Uganda and Kenya which was not the case in
Tanganyika.

CHANGING LAND TENURE SYSTEM IN EAST AFRICA.

TYPES OF LAND OWNERSHIP IN UGANDA.
MAILO LAND.
This was the land which was given to the Kabaka and other notables
during the 1900 Buganda Agreement.
It was measured in mailo and each mailowas equivalent to 640 acres.
It also has recognized occupants.
FREEHOLD.
This is the system of land ownership where land owners have a deed or
title to their land which allows them to hold the registered land forever
and do whatever they want with it in accordance with the law.
They can use , sell, lease , transfer, subdivide, mortgage and give awa
land as they see fit.
CUSTOMARY LAND.
This is the type of land ownership where land is controlled and owned
by the leadership of the customary institutions.
This the type of land system where land is owned by the community
CROWNLAND.
This was the land which was controlled by the colonial administration
after the1900 Buganda Agreement land division.
TRADITIONAL LANDOWNERSHIP.
Land was one of the most important basic resources and a central factor
on which human beings and almost all other living creatures depend on
for their living in the interlacustrine region.

Land was owned and controlled customarily with heads of clans by the
leadership of the customary institutions in the allocations of land, its
administration and settlement of disputes over it.
Leaders also had the right and sovereignty to allocate land to individual
households
Land was owned by the kings and chiefs like in Buganda.
Land was owned by the community.
Individual ownership of land.
Land ownership in trust for other community members like clan heads.
Pastoral land use. This was characterized by territorial expansion,
transhumance and competition over grassland.
THE LAND REFORMS IN UGANDA SINCE INDEPENDENCE.
The 1962 land act.
It made turned crown land into public land.
The 1965 land act.
It allowed the government to acquire land for public purposes as long as
they wished.
Non Africans were not allowed to occupy or enter into contract or
purchase land without the consent of the government.
The 1969 land act.
It put public land into Uganda land commission.
The 1975 land decree.
It was enacted by the government of Iddi Amin which abolished on
paper all private rights to land and converted mailo holdings to 99 year
leases.
It abolished mailo land, freehold or any other absolute ownership of
land.
The land act of 1998.
It commenced on 2nd July 1998 explained the tenure, ownership and
management of land. It decentralized land management to local
governments by creating districts land boards.
It recognized customary, freehold; mailo land and other land systems in
uganda
S.3
UGANDA.
THE STRUCTURE OF GOVERNMENT.
NATION. Is a historically constituted, stable community of people
formed on the basis of a common language, territory, economic life
ethnicity manifested in a common culture.
It’s a group of people having a common origin, sharing a common
history and occupying a definite territory.
STATE. It refers to an association of people living together with in a
territorial boundary.
It’s the supreme body in a nation and the only institution allowed to
force to enforce law and order.
Government. Is a group of people who control a society or a state.
THE ARMS OF THE GOVERNMENT.
Executive
 Judiciary
Parliament.
EXECUTIVE.
Is the arm or branch of government that puts the laws and policies made
by the legislature into operation.
It comprises of the administrators of the country like the President,
Cabinet ministers and policy makers like the public servants.
It is responsible for day to day running of the government business.
It defends the national boundaries using the national army.
It controls foreign affairs and diplomacy of a country.
It regulates trade and commerce both at local and international level.
It collects revenue through various types of taxes.
It prints money and regulate its circulation within the economy.
Its safeguards environment and administers national parks and game
reserves.
It provides social services to its citizens.

PARLIAMENT.
It refers to a building where the members of parliament assemble to
debate or an assembly of people’s representatives.
FUNCTIONS.
It’s a law making body on matters of peace, order, development and
good governance of a country.
It controls and guides government in many issues of both national and
international significance.
It checks the conduct of the executive and therefore brings about in
efficiency in the running of Government.
It enables MPS to air out people’s grievances to the government.
It protects the constitution and promotes the democratic governance of a
country.
It amends the existing constitution of a country basing on the prevailing
conditions.
THE JUDICIARY.
This is the arm of the Government that enforces law.
FUNCTIONS.
It interprets the constitution as the supreme law of the country.
It promotes the rule of law and contributes to the maintenance of order
in the society.
It promotes and protects human rights of individuals and groups in the
country.
It initiates, develops and regulates the training program for the
development of the judicial staff.
It contributes to the enforcement of law and order by redressing wrongs,
resolving disputes and building peace and reconciliation in communities
at large.
It keeps custody of laws enacted so as to disseminate legal literature to
the public.
THE STRUCTURE OF A GOOD GOVERNMENT.
It must be lean, simple and straightforward.
It must have an executive committee devoted to aligning all levels of the
organization so that they contribute achieving defined strategic goals and
objectives.
It must have an independent judiciary.
It should have a functioning parliament.
It should have clear administrative units.
It should allow participation of all citizens and accessible to vulnerable
groups.
It should be impartial and protects the rights of all citizens including the
minorities.
CHANGES THAT CAN BE MADE IN THE STRUCTURE OF
UGANDA’S GOVERNMENT THAT BENEFIT CITIZENS.

OTHER SYSTEMS OF GOVERNMENT IN EAST AFRICA.

Federal government.
This is a type of government where the powers of the government are
divided between central governments and the regional governments in
such a way that regional governments are independent.
The 1962 constitution made Buganda a federal state, Toro and Ankole
were given a semi federal status.
It’s also applied in USA, Germany and Nigeria.
Monarchial government.
This is a type of government which is headed by the king or queen who
is assisted by the advisors.
It is applied in Britain, Malaysia, and Benelux countries.
Unitary government.
This refers to s system of government where all the powers of
government are centralized.
The central government becomes the focus of executive, legislature and
judiciary and all policies emanate from the central government.
Democratic government.
The word democracy comes from a Greek word demo which means
people and Cracy meaning rule of people.
This is a system of government where there is rule of people. According
to President Abraham Lincoln of USA, democracy is the government of
people, for the people and by the people.

Republican government.
This is the type of government where people chose their own leaders.
Totalitarian government/ Military government.
This is a system of government where the government in power has
authority over all most each and everything in the country under military
men.
THE SYTEMS OF GOVERNMENT IN EAST AFRICA.
THE KENYA GOVERNMENT SYSTEM.
Kenya is a sovereign a democratic state and a presidential republic made
up of three arms.
Each arm is independent of other and their individual roles set by the
Kenyan constitution.
Unlike other East African Governments, Kenya has two tier government
systems with functions that are distinctive but interdependent at both
levels.
The executive is headed by the President assisted by the Deputy
President, Attorney General, cabinet secretaries, principal secretaries
and the National civil service.
The executive is headed by the governor, assisted by the deputy
governor and public service.
The Kenyan legislative or parliament also has two chambers composed
of the upper house called the senate and the lower the National
Assembly.
The legislature exists at both the national and country level.
The judiciary is composed of superior courts and subordinate courts.
The subordinate courts include the magistrates’ courts, kadhi courts, the
courts martial and tribunals.

SIMILARITIES
They all republican governments.
They are all having three arms of government.
UGANDA KENYA TANZANIA
Vice president. Deputy Vice
president president
One Bicameral One house
parliament[Unicameral parliament[Two parliament
parliament] house Unitary
parliament] presidential
having the democratic
Senate and the republic
National Multi-party
Assembly system
Executive
power is
exercised by
the
government
One tier system Two tier system One tier
[consists of both Separation system
management and the between Independent
supervisors and management judiciary
management and Party system
supervisors. is dominated
by Chama
cha
mapinduzi
The executive is the The executive
made up of the is made up of
president and cabinet the president,
ministers. Attorney
general,
Cabinet
secretaries and
the National
 civil services
Hierarchy of courts Hierarchy of Hierarchy of
headed by the chief courts headed courts.
justice of the supreme by the chief
justice of the
supreme court
President President president

UGANDA GHANA USA CHINA

Presidential Presidential Unitary
republic republic Marxist-
Leninist one
party
authoritarian
Unicameral Bicameral Consists of
parliament parliament executive,
legislature,
military,
supervisory and
judicial.
Parliamentary Federal system Premier is the
term is 4 years. Presidential constitutional
Independent system head.
judiciary under Independent Secretary
chief justice. judiciary general of CCP
Two party Electoral is the top leader.
system. college Headed by
 Constitutional Has no prime president in
republic. minister compliance with
There is checks decisions
and balances. There is lack of
independent
judiciary.
State council
[Central
People’s
government] is
the executive
organ headed by
the premier.
The
Government
and the party
are inseparable.

THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT SYSTEMS IN UGANDA

Local government is the government of a specific local area constituting
a subdivision of a major political unit.
Structure of local government in Uganda
Village setting Urban setting
District[District Town council City council
council]lc5
County Lcv4in rural Ward Municipality lc4 in
setting urban setting
Sub county lc3 Cell, zone Division in city/
municipality
Parish council lc2 Ward in a town or
division
Village council lc1 Cell, zone

Role of local government in Uganda.

They monitored the administration in their respective local areas and
make reports to the central government.
They exercise all political and executive powers in their areas of
jurisdiction. They make laws in form of ordinances and bylaws
consistent with constitution.
They solve and settle disputes at local levels through local courts like
domestic matters, theft and other minor offences.
They offer social services to their people.
They promote democratic governance in their areas of jurisdiction
through district councils.
They carry out planning and financial management in their areas.
They carry out planning and financial management in their areas through
district planning authority.
They provide the necessary resources to the lower local government by
supporting their programs like road construction.
They monitor performance of the persons employed by the government
agencies within the district. Like teachers, doctors etc.
To carry out delegated functions by the ministry concerned and draw an
agreement with the respective ministry.
To assist the central government in the maintenance of law and order in
the district through coordination with the RDCs.
To serve as a communication channel between the central government
and the district.
To formulate, approve and executive budget in their respective areas to
faster development.
To formulate, approve and execute budgets in their respective areas to
foster development.
To collect government revenue in their areas.
To identify work key members for boards and assignments.
Improve the quality of life by providing services, environment
conservation, and cultural, social activities.
They create jobs that support economic development.
To act as point of contact for possible investors, providing accurate
information, encouragement and support.
They collaborate between communities and in the larger region.
They promote the growth of all economic sectors in the region.
They help in revenue mobilization that will help to maintain and
improve local infrastructure and community services
CHALLENGES OR PROBLEMS FACING LOCAL
GOVERNMENTS IN UGANDA.
Small local governments are too small to operate effectively because
they do not have the necessary requirements to facilitate their activities.
Lack of a strong financial base.
Manage challenges especially with the higher population.
Corruption and embezzlements among district officials, services
commission, tender boards , land boards.
Limited skilled personnel
Conflicts between civil servants and political leaders.
Lack of autonomy from local government.
Low tax collection.
Difficulties in decision making.
Poor road network.
Requires a lot of money to pay workers.
Delayed quarterly release of government funds.
Lack of co-ordination due to costlier operations.
Division among people because of tribes.
LOCAL COUTRS IN UGANDA.
Sub county courts.
Parish courts.
Village courts

CONSTITUTIONALISM IN UGANDA
A Constitution is the supreme law of the land.
It also the supreme law of any country considered as binding on each
and every person.
National symbols / emblem of Uganda
National flag.
National court of arm.
National anthems.
IMPORTANCE/SINIFICANCE/ PURPOSE OF CONSTITUTION.
It’s the basic law of any country and on its contents democracy is
attained in every country which helps them to exercise their human
rights since people get to know their rights.
It promotes sovereignty of the people in their country since it spells out
various institutions of governance and administration of resources.
According to the Ugandan constitution, Ugandan land belongs to all
Ugandans.
It makes it possible for the government to be changed peacefully and in
an orderly manner like elections.
It provides a country with a vision by specifying the political and
government system to be followed. In Uganda the constitution provides
options for political system.
It specifies the degree of power sharing between central and local
government.
It provides answers to contentious questions and this is done by
amending or providing constitutional amendment procedures through
either the parliament or Referendum.
It promotes democracy and stability of a country since it defines the
procedures of power transfer from one regime to another.
It protects and promotes fundamental human rights since it secures the
fundamental human rights and freedom to be enjoyed by the people.
It formalizes and regulates the relationship between organs and provides
mechanism through which conflict can be resolved. This means that a
constitution harmonizes power sharing in the various organs of the
government.
It legitimizes regimes in the constitutional developments in any country.
Therefore is the first requirement for the government to be recognized
by the state and other countries.
It enhances national unity by binding people together and giving them a
since of belonging which promotes national unity.
It establishes the foundation of legal authority of government which the
citizens of the country can make individual contribution. It allows the
government to make laws.
It provides a recipe for an efficient government as it also deals with
limitations of the country can make individual contribution.
Values as given in the National constitution.
Democracy [Adult suffrage]
National unity and stability.
National sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity
Respect of human rights.
Separation of powers.
Civilian led government.
Devolution of power or decentralization.
Equality before the law.
Supremacy of the constitution as the supreme law of the land.
Rule of law where everyone should follow the law.
Judicial independent
Constitutional rights, duties and responsibilities of a Ugandan
citizen.
Duties / responsibilities of a citizen.
They duties of the Ugandan citizen are well stated in Chapter 3, article
17 of Uganda’s constitution.
A citizen should the national anthem, flag, coat of arms and currency.
He/she should respect the rights and freedom of others.
He/she should protect children and vulnerable persons against any form
of torture.
He/she should protect and preserve public property.
He/she should Uganda and to render national services where necessary.
He/she should co-operate with lawful agencies in maintenance of law
and order.
He /she should pay tax.
He/she should register for electoral and lawful purposes.
He/she should combat corruption and misuse or wastage of public
property.
He/she create and protect a clean and health environment.
He /she should be able to undergo military training for the defense of
their country as long as is able bodied.
Constitution rights.
They are all stated in chapter 4 of Uganda’s constitution.
The fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual are inherent and
not granted by the state.
The rights and freedom of the individual and groups enshrined in chapter
shall be respected and promoted by all organs and agencies of
government and by all persons.
They should be equality and freedom from discrimination where all
people are equal in spheres of life.
They should protection of life.
They should be protection of personal liberty.
They should be respect for humanity and dignity and protection from
inhuman treatment.
There should be protection from slavery, servitude and forced labor.
Protection from deprivation of liberty.
Right to privacy of person, home and other property.
Protection of freedom of co-science, expression, movement, religion,
assembly and association.
Right to education.
Right of the family.
Right of children.
Right of person with disabilities.
Protection of minorities.
Right to culture and similar rights.
Civic rights and activities.
Right to a clean and health environment.
Economic rights.
Rights to access information.
Right to just and fair treatment in administration
Uphold the constitution.
Keep law and order.
Values
Democratic principles
National and stability.
National sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity.
They should be gender balance and fair representation of marginalized
groups on all constitutional and other bodies.
They should be private initiative and self reliance so as to encourage
development.
The government should engage people development programs and
activities which develop and affect them.
There should be balanced and equitable development which favors all
regions.
The government should protect all natural resources like land, water,
wetlands.
The state should recognize the role of women in the society.
The state should recognize the dignity of persons with disability.
The state shall promote sports for the citizens of Uganda.
The government shall provide basic education to all Ugandans.
The state shall protect the family as the smallest unit of the society.
The state shall take all practical measures to promote a good water
management system at all levels.
The government shall ensure food security and nutrition by encouraging
people to take part in farming.
The government shall help people affected by natural disasters.
The government shall promote culture and heritage of all Ugandans
which are in line with the constitution.
All leaders should be accountable to people.
The state shall protect the environment.
The foreign policy of Uganda should base on national interests of
Uganda.
CONSTITUTIONAL REVIEWS SINCE INDEPENDENCE.

The 1962 constitution.

This was the first constitution of Uganda which provided for
parliamentary democracy underpinned by parliamentary democracy.
It was a product of the Lancaster conference and took effect at the
moment of independence.
It provided for a complex system of devolution with in Uganda where
Buganda was given a federal system or powers of self government.
It made Ankole, Toro , Acholi, and Busoga semi federal states.
The 1962 constitution provided for most members of parliament to be
elected directly apart from Buganda.
Buganda members of parliament were to elected by the Buganda lukiiko.
The state was to be under the ceremonial president who was to be
elected from among the traditional rulers and constitution heads of the
districts.
In January 1965 it was amended for a third time in 1965 to give effect to
the outcome of the lost counties referendum.
Other areas of Uganda were to be controlled directly by the central
government.
The 1966 Pigeonhole constitution.
It came as result of suspending the 1962 constitution by the prime
minister of Uganda making himself both the head of the state and head
of government shortly after.
It came as a result of the 1966 gold scandal which involved the prime
minister and other officials.
It was called Pigeonhole because the copies were posted in the
pigeonholes of members of parliament
It made the president of the party to have the greatest numerical strength
in the National Assembly.
It downgraded the position of Buganda to bring it into line with the
status of the historical status.
It abolished the indirect parliamentary elections in Buganda and
abolished the High court of Buganda.
Buganda refused to accept resulting in the exile of Kabaka Muteesa II .
The national elections were postponed till further notice.
The 1967 republican constitution.
This was the third constitution of Uganda which abolished all traditional
rulers, local legislatures and expanded the powers of the executive.
It was an amended version of the 1966 constitution after three months of
debating by the constituent assembly and passed by the National
assembly.
It gave rise to parliamentary democracy but the National Assembly had
little influence.
In 1969, UPC was formally declared to be Uganda’s only official party
to create a one party system.
It was partially suspended under Iddi Amin by virtue of Legal Notice
NO.1 of 1971.
The notice suspended supremacy of a constitution which made President
Iddi Amin to rule by decrees.
Decree NO.5 provided all the executive powers to the chairman of the
defense while Decree NO.8 of 1971 vested all legislature powers in
Amin and his council of ministers.
After his overthrow the legal notices were nullified and the 1967
constitution was restored.
However some part of it was suspended.
It transferred numerous powers to incoming President Yusuf Lule.
All the legislative powers were to be vested in the National consultative
council until such a time as a legislative assembly could be elected.
However the NCC favoured going further and abandoning the 1967
constitution.
This caused disagreement which made the NCC to replace Yusuf Lule
with Lukongwa Binaisa.
Legal Notice NO.5 provided the establishment of the Presidential
commission.
It expressly provided that ‘where any conflict arises between the
provisions of this proclamation and the provisions of the
constitution of Uganda or any other written law, the provisions of
this proclamation shall prevail’
It was revived by Obote II on his return to power, but suspended by
Bazilio Olara Okello after overthrowing Obote
In 1986 after seizing power, president Museveni confirmed the 1967
constitution was supreme but partially suspended it.
The existence of a national parliament and the election of the President
were suspended for four years but 8 years later.
.

The 1995 constitution.

In 1988 the National Resistance Council established the Uganda
constitution commission, tasked with reviewing and developing a new
constitution.
The mandate of the commission was to consult people and make
proposals for a democratic permanent constitution based on national
consensus.
It was debated, adopted by the assembly and promulgated on 8 th October
more detailed than the former constitutions.
It attempted to achieve the balance of power among the organs of the
government where the ministerial appointments and government
borrowing must be approved by the parliament.
It sanctions a republican form of government with a powerful president.
It limited the powers of the president from dissolving a parliament and it
can override a presidential veto with a two-thirds majority.
It stresses notion of an independent judiciary with the Supreme Court as
the final court of appeal.
It restored all kingdoms except Ankole kingdom but with limited powers
to only cultural matters.
2005 amendments removed presidential term limits and legalized a
multi-party political system.
In 2018 the upper age limit was shifted.
Article 102, states that for someone to stand as a president must be a
citizen of Uganda by birth and above 35 years.

Role of citizens in the constitution making process.

Submit their views.
Protect the constitution
THE STRUCTURE OF UGANDA PARLIAMENT.
The speaker of Parliament.
Is a person who presides over meeting in the parliament.
The speaker presides over all debates in the parliament by regulating the
parliamentary debate.
The speaker also regulates the level of debate in the house. He or she
chooses which member to speak at a time and then keeps records of who
spoken what.
He ensures that members of parliament respect and adhere to the rules of
the parliamentary debate.
He can also suspend members who violate parliamentary rules or who
refuse to withdraw remarks or statement.
He also keeps the attendance records of the members of parliament. The
member who is unable to attend should notify the speaker in a
reasonable time.
UGANDA POLICE.
This is a state institution that is vested with the powers of maintaining
law and order.
The Uganda police became a fully fledged institution on 25th /05/1906.
The Uganda police is headed by the inspector of police who has the
powers to make standing orders for police officers.
It’s under the ministry of internal affairs.
The IGP is AIGPs and senior assistant commissioners of police.
It also has a council which is made up of IGP, permanent secretary of
internal affairs, four other members appointed by the minister.
It has the following departments crime investigations, counter terrorism,
operations, logistics and engineering , Interpol and peace support
operation, police air wing, mobile police patrol unit, territorial police,
tourism police. Police fire brigade, aviation police, and marine police.
Functions of the Uganda Police.
It keeps law and order in the society.
It determines the freeness and fairness of the election in the country.
It prevents crimes in the society by investigating law doers.
It protects property of people in the country by providing armed
personnel to keep and protect the property of people.
It prevents riots in the country.
It promotes and protects the fundamental human rights and freedoms.
It performs any other functions assigned to it under police act. Police
performs any other duty as given by the president, vice president and the
minister of defense.
It arrests and detains crime suspects in the society by keeping them in
their custody before being taken court.
It protects life of people in the society.
It summons crime suspects for the investigations before any other action
being taken. These crimes include bribery, intimidation among others.
It searches any premises that are believed on reasonable grounds to have
things required for investigation of an offence.
It provides access to its protection services through the communication
systems that are usually toll free like 911, 992 and other quick services
like fire outbreaks, armed robberies, strikes and riots.
It also organizes stakeholders meeting and workshops to ensure co-
operation with the civilians in observing human rights as provided in the
1995 constitution of Uganda, law and order.
It executes the production of warrant according to authority of a judge to
carry out its duties to enforce law and order and the suspect is arrested
and produced in court trial.
The prisons.
It should be noted that the prison force is provided under article 215 of
the 1995 constitution of Uganda and prisons Act of 17 of 2006.
It’s headed by the commissioner General, the Deputy commissioner
General, Regional prisons commander, District Prison commanders and
Directors.
Function of prison services.
 It ensures prisoners discipline in prison since detention places are
guided by the wardens who always ensure that prisoners are well
disciplined and extend punishment to undisciplined prisoners.
It ensures fair hearing of the prisoners where the prisoners are always
taken to court from prisons for fair hearing of their cases.
It establishes training facilities and programs for prisoners in their
capacities. These include carpentry, fabrication, arts and crafts.
It promotes good governance, peace, security and stability with in the
country since the prison service detainees criminals.
It makes rules in respect of the safe custody, welfare and privilege of
prisoners. This is because the Uganda human rights commissioner
always visits jail to check on the prisoners.
THE NATIONAL ARMY.
Is the state institution established by government in charge of national
defense and security.
Roles.
It defends and protects the sovereignty and territorial integrity of
Uganda.
It plays the role of enhancing political education in the country by
teaching people the reasons for political education.
It administers justice to the people in the country through military courts
like division court martial, general court martial e.t.c.
It enhances regional peace.
It arrests people who are found to have committed defense offences for
example treason, murder e.t.c.
It observes the rule of law and the judicial proceedings in the country. It
not allowed taking part in the partisan politics.
It assists in maintaining national internal security by settling cases of
war hence promoting security.
It also advises the president in emergence situation on matters relating to
national security.
It also supports the civil authorities in case of disasters and reinforces
civil authorities with professional skills as the need arises in the country.
It engages in productive activities for the development of the country.
Like NAADS and Operation wealth creation.
It engages in community and voluntary work.
DEMOCRACY AND LEADERHIP IN EAST AFRICA.
Democracy came from two Greek words ‘Demo’ meaning people and
Cracy meaning rule of people.
A Democratic government refers to a system of government where there
is rule of people.
According to Abraham Lincoln the 16th President of USA described the
Democracy as the government of people, for the people and by the
people.
Features of a Democratic Government.
There should be free and fair elections where all the groups of people are
easily allowed to choose their leaders.
It should have a liberal economy where both private and public sector.
It should be civilian rule.
It should have a constitution.
There should be respect of fundamental human rights and freedoms.
There should be separation of powers.
There should peaceful means of conflict resolution.
Popular participation in the government.
It should be an accountable government.
An accountable government.
Presence of political pluralism.
Power sharing.

IMPORTANCE/BENEFITS OF DEMOCRACY TO THE

COUNTRY
1. Democracy in Uganda can contribute to political stability by
providing a framework for
peaceful power transitions through regular elections.

2. Democracy holds the government accountable to the people, ensuring

transparency
, reducing corruption, and promoting good governance.

3. Democracy guarantees the protection of individual rights and liberties,

such as
freedom of speech, association, and assembly.

4. Democracy allows citizens to participate in decision-making

processes, ensuring their
voices are heard and interests represented.
5. Democracy promotes the rule of law, ensuring that laws are applied
equally to all
citizens and protecting their rights from arbitrary actions by the
government.

6. Democracy can foster economic development by providing a stable

and conducive
environment for business activities, attracting investments, and
promoting
entrepreneurship.

7. Democracy can lead to social progress by addressing inequality,

promoting social
justice, and providing avenues for marginalized groups to participate
in the decision-
making process.

8. Democracy protects the rights of minority groups, ensuring their

concerns and
perspectives are considered in policy making and preventing
discrimination.

9. Democracy provides mechanisms for peaceful conflict resolution

through
negotiations, dialogue, and compromise, avoiding violent means to
resolve disputes.

10. Democratic governments tend to engage in diplomacy, negotiation,

and cooperation
with other nations, promoting peace, stability, and regional
integration.

Please note that these advantages are based on the general principles of
democracy, and their application in Uganda may vary in practice.
INTERACTION WITH THEBREST OF THE WORLD.

DEMERITS OF DEMOCRACY TO THE STATE

While democracy brings numerous benefits, it is essential to
acknowledge that no system is perfect. Here are ten potential
disadvantages of democracy in a state:

1. Democratic processes, such as debates, negotiations, and

consensus-building, can be time-
consuming, leading to delays in making important decisions and
implementing policies.

2. Frequent elections and changes in leadership can result in

political instability, as
governments may be replaced frequently, making it challenging
to establish long-term
policies and stability.

3. Democracy can lead to a tendency for short-term thinking, as

politicians may prioritize
policies that bring short-term popularity over long-term
effectiveness, compromising the
efficiency of governance.
4. In a democratic system, the majority has significant influence,
potentially resulting in the
neglect or oppression of minority interests and viewpoints.

5. Democracy can create an environment where corruption thrives,

as politicians may be
tempted to engage in unethical practices to secure funding or
gain support from special
interest groups.

6. Democratic systems can be susceptible to the manipulation of

public opinion through
media control or sensationalism, which can influence voters'
decisions and undermine the
integrity of elections.

7. Elected officials may not always possess the necessary expertise or

qualifications, leading
to decision-making based on political considerations rather than
informed perspectives.

8. Democracy can lead to societal divisions and polarization, as

political parties and
individuals may engage in actions that promotes divisiveness
rather than fostering unity.
9. In democratic societies, voter apathy and low voter turnout can
weaken the legitimacy of
the system, as it can lead to decisions that do not adequately
represent the will of the
entire population.
10. In a democratic system, charismatic leaders can exploit public
sentiment and manipulate
emotions to gain power, potentially undermining democratic
principles and institutions.

POLITICAL PARTIES IN EAST AFRICAN STATE

Political parties are organized groups of individuals who share similar
political ideologies and goals. They are an essential part of democratic
systems, as they help represent and advocate for specific interests and
values within society.

Political parties play a crucial role in the functioning of governments by

mobilizing voters, shaping public opinion, and competing for political
power. They develop policies, nominate candidates for elections, and
form government or opposition based on the outcome of elections.

Different countries have varying party systems, ranging from two-party

systems (such as in the United States) to multi-party systems (such as in
India or Germany), where several parties compete for political
representation.

It's important to note that as an AI assistant, I don't have personal

political opinions, and my goal is to provide unbiased information and
assist with any questions you may have.
REASONS FOR THE FORMATION OF POLITICAL PARTIES
IN EAST AFRICA

Political parties play various roles in East African states. Here are ten
key roles of political parties:

1. Political parties act as the main channels for representing diverse

political interests
and ideologies within a democratic framework.

2. Parties play a crucial role in formulating policies on various issues,

such as
economics, social welfare, education, and foreign affairs.

3. Parties mobilize citizens by organizing rallies, campaigns, and events

to raise
awareness about their ideologies, policies, and party candidates.

4. Political parties are formed to select and nominate candidates for

public office, eg
presidential, parliamentary, and local positions.

5. Political parties serve as competitors in free and fair elections,

presenting candidates
to the electorate.

6. Parties with representation in legislative bodies play a vital role in

lawmaking.
7. Opposition parties hold the ruling party accountable, contributing to a
healthy
balance of power within the political system.
8. Political parties help to inform the public about their rights and
responsibilities in a
democratic system.

9. Political parties may advocate for specific interest groups or

marginalized
communities, seeking to advance their rights, representation, and
well-being within
the political process.

10. Political parties play a role in encouraging national unity and

promoting a sense of
shared identity.

THE ROLE OF POLITICAL PARTIES TO THE

DEVELOPMENT OF DEMOCRACY OF AFRICAN STATES

Here are ten roles that political parties play in the development of
democracy:

1. Political parties represent the interests and concerns of different

groups in society, providing a voice to citizens and ensuring that their
perspectives are taken into account in the decision-making process.

2. Parties compete with one another for political power through

elections, fostering a healthy democratic process that allows for the
peaceful transfer of power and provides citizens with choices.

3. Parties engage in debates and discussions to shape public policy and

address societal challenges hence developing democracy.

4. Parties mobilize citizens to participate actively in the democratic

process through campaigns, rallies.
5. In democratic systems, parties form a government after securing
majority support in elections.

6. Political parties hold elected officials accountable for their actions

and performance.

7. They advocate for their rights and ensure their concerns are addressed
in policymaking and governance.

8. Parties aim to bridge societal divisions by bringing together

individuals from diverse backgrounds and encourage dialogue and
compromise.

9.Parties shape and influence public opinion by articulating and

promoting their policy positions through campaigns, speeches, and
media outreach.

10. Political parties provide stability to democratic systems by offering a

consistent framework for governance, policy formulation, and decision-
making.

These roles highlight the significance of political parties in the

development and maintenance of a robust and vibrant democracy.

GENERAL ROLES OF POLITICAL PARTIES TO STATES

Political parties play various roles in East African states. Here are ten
key roles of political parties:

1. Representation:

2. Policy Formulation
3. Political Mobilization:

4. Candidate Selection:

5. Electoral Competition:.

7. Legislative Activity

8. Opposition Role:

9. Public Awareness and Education:

8. Advocacy for Special Interests:

10. Nation-building and Unity:

CHALLENGES FACED BY POLIOTICAL PARTIES IN E.A

QN. Discuss the challenges faced by political parties in a democratic
state ?
Political parties in East African states encounter various challenges that
can hinder their effectiveness and growth.

1. Limited Resources: Political parties often face financial

constraints, making it difficult to fund campaigns, mobilize
supporters, and maintain party structures. Lack of resources can
limit their ability to compete effectively in elections and reach
out to a wide range of constituents.

2. Political Violence and Intimidation: Political parties in East Africa

frequently experience violence, intimidation, and harassment,
particularly during election periods which undermines their ability to
operate freely, campaign, and mobilize supporters.
3. Ethnic and Regional Divisions: East African countries have diverse
ethnic and regional identities, which can pose a challenge to political
parties. Ethno-regional divisions often influence party formation, leading
to the fragmentation of political support along ethnic or regional lines.

4. Weak Internal Party Structures: Internal party structures, such as

transparent decision-making processes, candidate selection procedures,
and mechanisms for resolving disputes, can be weak in East African
political parties. This can lead to factionalism, infighting, and a lack of
unity within parties.

5. Lack of Intra-Party Democracy: Internal party democracy is often

limited, with power centralized among a few party leaders or elites.

6. Limited Civic Education: Many citizens in East African states lack

sufficient knowledge about political processes and the role of political
parties. Limited civic education programs contribute to low levels of
political awareness and engagement among the general population.

7. State Interference and Political Repression: Political parties often face

interference from state authorities, including limitations on freedom of
assembly, association, and expression. In some cases, governments use
legal or administrative measures to suppress opposition parties and limit
their activities.

8. Ineffective Electoral Laws and Regulations: Electoral laws and

regulations can pose challenges for political parties, including restrictive
registration requirements, unequal access to media, and a lack of
transparency in the electoral process. These factors can undermine the
fairness and credibility of elections.

9. Limited Inclusivity and Youth Engagement: Many political parties

struggle to effectively engage and include under represented groups,
such as women and youth. This leads to the underrepresentation of these
demographics in party leadership and decision-making processes.

10. Lack of Trust and Credibility: Some political parties face a

credibility deficit due to past failures, corruption scandals, or unfulfilled
promises. Building and maintaining trust with the electorate can be a
significant challenge for parties striving to win support and legitimacy.

SIGNIFICANCY / IMPACTS / ADVANTAGES OF POLITICAL

PARTIES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF STATES
Political parties have a significant impact on the development of states.

1. Political parties play a crucial role in formulating policies that guide

the development agenda of a state through their ideologies and party
platform policies.

2. They provide a chance for citizens to participate in decision-making

processes, elect representatives, and hold governments accountable
ensuring checks and balances on the exercise of power.

3.political parties contribute to political stability and peaceful transitions

of power by providing ways of resolving disputes in politics.

4. They provide opportunities for minorities, and underrepresented

groups to present their concerns within the political system.

5. Parties may focus on strategies to boost investments, promote

entrepreneurship, improve infrastructure, and enhance education and
skills training, leading to job creation and economic growth.

6.They scrutinize government actions, expose corruption, and advocate

for transparency and good governance.
7.Strong party systems can promote a culture of integrity and ethical
behavior among politicians and public servants.

8.Political parties interact with civil society organizations to address

social and developmental issues i.e they collaborate with NGOs,
community-based organizations (CBOs), and advocacy groups to
generate ideas, that help the societies.

9. They help to create a strong International Relations and Diplomacy

which may to shape trade, human rights, security, and other international
matters.

10. Political parties contribute to knowledge and capacity building

within society by providing political education and leadership
development programs through nurturing and train future political
leaders

TYPES OF LEADERS
Leaders can exhibit various types of leadership styles, depending on
their personality, values, and approach to leading others.

1. Autocratic Leader:
An autocratic leader exercises full control
and authority over decision-making,
 They provide little or no opportunity for input or
participation from others.
 They make decisions independently and direct their followers
without considering different perspectives.

2. Democratic Leader:
A democratic leader involves their team or followers in decision-
making processes.
 They value input, listen to ideas and opinions, and encourage
collaboration.

They seek consensus and aim to create an inclusive and

participatory environment.

3. Transformational Leader:
Transformational leaders inspire and motivate others to exceed their
own expectations and pursue a shared vision.

They are charismatic, visionary, and have the ability to rally people
around a common goal.

They encourage personal growth, provide mentorship, and

empower their followers to reach their full potential.

4. Transactional Leader:
Transactional leaders focus on contingent rewards and punishments
to motivate and influence their followers.

They set clear expectations, provide rewards for good

performance, and administer disciplinary actions for poor
performance.

5. Servant Leader: Servant leaders prioritize the needs of others, aiming

to serve and support the well-being of their followers. They actively
listen, empathize, and provide guidance and resources to help others
grow and succeed.

6. Laissez-Faire Leader: Laissez-faire leaders adopt a hands-off

approach and provide minimal guidance or direction to their team. They
trust their team members to make decisions and complete tasks
independently. This leadership style can be effective when working with
highly skilled and self-motivated individuals.
 6. Charismatic Leader: Charismatic leaders draw followers
through their charm, charisma, and ability to inspire and
captivate others.
They have a strong presence, persuasive communication skills,
and use their personal appeal to motivate and influence their
followers.

8. Situational Leader: Situational leaders adapt their leadership style

based on the needs of the situation and the abilities of their followers.
They assess the circumstances and adjust their approach accordingly,
effectively balancing guidance, delegation, and support.

UNITED NATIONS 1945

The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization founded
on October 24, 1945, after the end of World War II. It was established to
promote international cooperation and maintain peace and security
among nations.
The UN consists of 193 member states and has various organs, such as
the General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council,
and the Secretariat. Its primary objectives include maintaining
international peace and security, promoting social progress and better
living standards, fostering friendly relations among nations, and
promoting human rights. The UN addresses a wide range of global
issues, including poverty, climate change, conflicts, human rights
violations, and global health challenges.

OBJECTIVES OF UN
The United Nations (UN) has several objectives, which are outlined
in its charter. The main objectives of the UN are as follows:

1. Maintaining international peace and security: The UN aims to

prevent armed conflicts, resolve existing conflicts, and promote
peaceful relationships between nations.

2. Fostering friendly relations among nations: The UN aims to

promote cooperation and dialogue between countries, thereby
fostering peaceful relationships and preventing conflicts.

3. Promoting social progress and better living standards: The UN

strives to improve the social, economic, and health conditions of
people worldwide, with a focus on eradicating poverty, promoting
education, and ensuring equal rights for all individuals.

4. Protecting human rights: The UN is committed to upholding and

promoting human rights globally. It works to protect civil, political,
economic, social, and cultural rights of every individual.

5. Assisting in the development of nations: The UN provides support

and expertise to countries in need, helping them develop
infrastructure, establish governance systems, and achieve
sustainable development.
6. Coordinating humanitarian assistance: The UN coordinates
humanitarian efforts to provide assistance and relief to those
affected by natural disasters, armed conflicts, or other emergencies.

7. Promoting sustainable development: The UN encourages

sustainable practices to address environmental challenges, combat
climate change, and promote the responsible use of natural
resources.

IMPACTS OF UNITED NATIONS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF

UGANDA
The United Nations organization has had several impacts on Uganda's
development.

1. The UN has supported peacekeeping efforts in Uganda, especially

during the conflict with the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA), by
providing troops, logistical support, and expertise to help restore
stability and protect civilians.

2. The UN has provided significant humanitarian assistance in Uganda,

particularly in response to the humanitarian crisis caused by the LRA
conflict and the influx of refugees from neighboring countries. This
assistance includes food aid, healthcare services, clean water, shelter,
and education support.

3. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Uganda is committed to

achieving the SDGs, and the UN has been instrumental in supporting the
country's efforts by providing technical assistance, capacity building,
and funding for projects related to poverty reduction, health, education,
gender equality, and environmental sustainability.

4. Health Interventions: The UN supports Uganda's health sector through

initiatives like immunization campaigns, disease control programs (such
as HIV/AIDS, malaria, and Ebola), improving access to essential
healthcare services, and strengthening health systems.

5. Education: The UN has contributed to improving access to quality

education in Uganda by supporting initiatives to build schools, train
teachers, and provide educational materials. The UN also promotes
inclusive and equitable education, particularly for vulnerable and
marginalized groups.

6. Women Empowerment: The UN promotes gender equality and

women's empowerment in Uganda through various initiatives. This
includes supporting efforts to eliminate gender-based violence,
increasing women's political participation, and enhancing economic
opportunities for women.

7. Environmental Conservation: The UN supports Uganda in tackling

environmental challenges, including climate change mitigation and
adaptation, promoting sustainable land use practices, protecting
biodiversity, and improving access to clean energy.

8. Governance and Rule of Law: The UN assists Uganda in promoting

good governance, democracy, and the rule of law. This includes
supporting electoral processes, strengthening institutions, promoting
human rights, and ensuring access to justice for all.

9. Economic Development: The UN supports Uganda's economic

development by providing technical assistance for trade, investment, and
entrepreneurship, promoting inclusive and sustainable economic growth,
and supporting the agricultural sector.
10. Refugee Support: Uganda hosts one of the largest refugee
populations in Africa, and the UN plays a crucial role in providing
support to refugees and promoting durable solutions, including access to
education, livelihood opportunities, and protection services.

TOPIC 07:
THE EVOLUTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN UGANDA

What are the causes of human rights violation and effects

Suggest ways the injustices could have been avoided in an esay.
Discuss in groups what their your own communities would be like
without respect for human rights or rule of law, and draw about the
basic requirements for a peaceful society

NEO-COLONIALISM IN EAST AFRICA.

Neo –colonialism refers to the indirect control of east Africa Nations by their colonial masters.

It’s the modern attempt by developed countries to perpetuate colonialism in east Africa.

It’s the advanced stage of colonialism because it exists in form of cultural, education, economic and
technological industries.

It is a new form of colonialism and imperialism where former colonial masters came back with new
methods of colonizing the Africans in particular.

CAUSES OF NEO-COLONIALSM.

Poverty.

Poor leadership.

Weak regional groupings.

Colonial legacy.

Pressure from the developed worlds.

Natural disasters.

Neo-colonialism and common wealth states.

Neo colonialism Common wealth states

Involves former colonial masters Involves Britain and her colonies.
Have not common objectives. Have common objectives.

METHODS/MANIFESTATION OF NEO-COLONIALISM.

Through foreign aid like grants and loans.

Through foreign investments like MTN, COCA COLA.

Through production of raw materials for foreign powers.

Through use of foreign language like English and French.

Through cultural and friendship society.

Through literature and art.

Through western religion.

Dependency syndrome.

Through extension of the espionage system.

Adoption of western ideologies.

Adoption of foreign laws.

Imposition of political systems on East Africa.

Modern technology.

Through foreign education.

Through foreign embassies and diplomatic missions.

Through manipulation of the parliamentary proceedings.

EFFECTS OF NEO-COLONIALISM IN EAST AFRICA.

POSITIVE EFFECTS.

It has improved the technology of the LDCs.

It has led to increase of foreign aid to East African countries.

It has led to development of African states.

African states have gained economic support.

NEGATIVES.

It led to massive exploitation of African resources both human and natural resources.

It increased cultural degradation through Western values and cultural.

It has led to brain drain.

It killed African craftsmanship.

It has led to massive unemployment due to poor education system.

It has led to low level of industrialization.

It has led to loss of sovereignty and independence.

It has led to continued political instabilities in East Africa.

It has led to sabotage of regional unity

HOW TO ELIMINATE NEO-COLONIALISM IN EAST AFRICA.

B reviving the East African community.

Diversification of the economies like industrialization, agriculture, tourism.

Promotion of African medicine and craftsmanship.

Encouraging of Kiswahili as the regional language.

Encouragement of the indigenous languages.

Promotion of import substitution.

Africanizing African politics.

Africanizing African education.

Import substitution.

GLOBALISATION.

It refers to the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence
operates on international scale.

FOREIGN Direct invest in EAST AFRICA.

Is the net transfer of resources from one country or organization to another in form of development or
humanitarian.

It can in form of grants and loans.

Merits

It brings in foreign investments.

New technology.

Infrastructural development.

Enhanced democracy and good governance.

Reduce on balance of payment problem.

Improves on skills of people.

Demerits.

Burden of .

IMPORTS

Machinery-japan.

Textile Italy.

Chemical.

Advantages of imports.

They enable a country to access high quality goods.

They enable a country to solve a deficit.

They enable a country to improve its technology.

Disadvantages of imports.

Dependency syndrome.

Causes inflation.

Kills the local industries.

Kills creativity.

Harmful goods.