PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS

3RD YEAR MAIN A GYE HO NA AB PHARMA DEKH LYE GI TUM LOOGON KO we all enter 3rd
year under influence of these words ,yeh soochty howay k pta nhi pharmacology Kya hai
,is main Kya seekhate etc

Believe me aise koi baat nhi pharmacology is such a beautiful subject in your journey of
MBBS agar ap ise achy se samjh k regularly padhty Jao tu u will love PHARMACOLOGY phir
jub apko koi medicine ki prescription dekhiye ga u feel more like DR DR it will give u
immense satisfaction

So remember pharmacology and therapeutics IS NOT 🚫 DIFFICULT SUBJECT INSTEAD

IT’S A DIFFERENT SUBJECT FROM ALL OTHER SUBJECTS OF MBBS and is directly linked
with all OTHER CLINICAL SUBJECTS

I always use to say

Pharmacology padhna koi Kamaal nhi ,padh k yaad rakhna this is the main KAMAAL

Ab be with me thru journey of this guidelines and see hum ny pharma ko padh k yaad
rakhny ka KAMAAL kaise hasil krna

Few basic FACTS to

remember throughout your
sources of pharma
• Classifications of drugs with atleast 3 -4 individual drugs names is
COMPULSORY NOT mandatory bcz her koi written ho MCQS ho viva ho app se
individual drugs names pochy ga atleast 3
• Clinical uses aur adverse effects p khaas fucous hona chiye aur points ki form
main likhny hamesha
• Mechanism of action hamesha diagramtic ya flowchart ki form main bnana u will
get full marks
 • THERAPEUTIC USES/Clinical uses means diseases in which a particular drug is
USED
• SPECTRUM MEANS microorganisms against which a particular drug is effective
• Mnemonics are best way to remember clinical uses adverse effects and spectrum
• Revise revise revise until u don’t forget
Baar Baar revise kro jitni Baar kr sakty kro paper dainy jani se pehly Baar
classifications ko ratty maaro ,test aur paper se pehly jitni Baar ho sakky REVISE

So remember I developed a triad to conquer pharmacology

• READ ( CLASSIFICATIONS)
• SIMPLIFY (MNEMONICS BNA K)
• REVISE (REVISE ,REVISE ,REVISE….)

SO REMEMBER this sub se pehly read kro achy classifications yaad kro bcz classifications
are road map they will give u direction so direction jitni achi ho gi utna easily hum apny goal
ko achieve kr laingy

Simplify Kro cheezein mnemonics bnao ,pointers k form main likho ,points ki form main
sticky notes k likh lo study table p chart lga lo ALI RAZA CHAUDHARY PHARMA CHART
milta udty beidthy dekho

Revise revise revise until u pass the pharmacology proff Even jub kisi ki koi prescription
Dekho search that brand name remember the class it’s clinical uses adverse effects etc

So I m modifying method of guidelines I will take each unit individually then I will divide
under these headings

• Book source
• Lecture sources
• Check list of possible topics for UQS
• GOLDEN TOPICS OF THE UNIT
• DISTINCTION TOPICS OF THE UNIT
• How to revise this unit before exam

BOOK SELECTION

Ab pharmacology main book selectivity ka masla hai

Remember dear students MINI KATZUNG OR REVIEW KATZUNG

IS YOUR MAIN BOOK OR TEXTBOOK u have to follow mini katzung

Throughout your third year as main book is k Naam p nhi jna iska bus

Naam hi mini hai baqi at the end of year pta lgta k yeh kitni mini hai

Having said that there only two exceptions

• General pharmacology main u can use lippincott or ARC NOTES as main source
• AUTOMATIC PHARMACOLOGY main apko Kuch topics big katzung se krny Hoon gy
to get good marks and distinction

But phir ek baat mini katzung ki ek line ek word koi box app chood nhi sakty

Phir app ny mini katzung ko word by word krna not below then this

Bqi unit wise saath saath apko bta diya jaye ga k which book sources is best and which
lecture sources to be used

Unit 1 GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY

BOOK SOURCES
LIPPINCOTT for pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics

Mini katzung For Drug metabolism/biotransformation and pharmacogenomics

Or or or simply ek baar lippincott se pharmacokinetics aur pharmacodynamics kro then u

can use ALI RAZA CHAUDHARY PHARMA NOTES FOR GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY

SO main book is Lippincott ch 1,2 +mini katzung ch drug metabolism or

Ali Raza Chaudhary notes

Lecture sources
I used AMDC K PROFF k lectures of general PHARMACOLOGY available on their utube
channel with name of ahter Saeed medical and dental college in their pharmacology
playlist her topic p detailed LECTURES Hain so agar app boht acha padhna chahty yeh
lectures boht achy senior PROFF k jo uhs main paper set krty

So AMDC (AHTER SAEED MEDICAL AND DENTAL COLLEGE)UTUBE CHANNEL

FOR QUICK REVIEW KEY TO PHARMACOLOGY UTUBE CHANNEL HAI us p bhi Kuch topics
KY lecture uploaded Hain u can also use then for quick review

General pharmacology all possible UQs

and viva qs checklist
Chapter wise
1 define ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION, METABOLISM
(BIOTRANSFORMATION),ELIMINATION, EXCRETION remember keywords in definitions viva
in terms se start hota like in main basic basic difference

2 differentiate btw ABSORPTION AND DISTRIBUTION AND what are factors affecting
them UQ

Factors affecting absorption and distribution are imp for seqs as well as mcqs both

3 differentiate receptor and inert binding site with significance

3 what are placebo and orphan drugs

4 what is ficks law of diffusion

5 give clinical significance of handerson hasselbalch equation in degree of ionization

of drugs vvvimp

Degree of ionization of drug is vvvimp topic for viva seq

5 how u can overcome aspirin toxicity using handerson hasselbalch equation principle

Remember golden rule

Acid drugs are absorbed in acidic media and excreted in basic media

Basic drugs are absorbed in basic media and excreted in acidic media

So affect of degree of ionization on excretion and absorption of drug is vvvimp

6 what is bioavailability and first pass effect bioavailability graph se find kaise krty
what is bioavailability in oral and intravenous route why bioavailability is less in oral
route ,how we can overcome first pass effect or presystemic metabolism
Bioavailability aur first pass affect ki achi se definition in k factors ,uska graph ,methods to
increase bioavailability and overcome first pass effect are exam favorite qs so do them
pretty well

7 names of different routes and their advantages and disadvantages just read transdermal
route is imp for viva pochty which drugs are used transdermally and their advantages

8 VOLUME OF DISTRIBUTION

VVVIMP TOPIC DEFINE volume of distribution,why it is not a true volume or why it is called
apparent volume or hypothetical volume ,it’s formula ,numerical a jata in mcqs ,factors
affecting volume of distribution, clinical significance of volume of distribution,3 examples
of volume of distribution given in book

Differentiate bw distribution and redistribution vvvimp viva qs

9 what is PLASMA PROTEIN BINDING AND WHAT ARE CHARACTERISTICS OF DRUGS

SHOWING PLASMA PROTEIN BINDING 9 what is PLASMA PROTEIN BINDING AND
WHAT ARE CHARACTERISTICS OF DRUGS SHOWING PLASMA PROTEIN BINDING yeh
kisi bhi book main acha given nhi yeh hamri ma’am ki slide hai Goodman gilmans se I will
share that 8 characteristics Hain of drugs showing PLASMA PROTEIN BINDING

10 what is clinical significance of plasma protein binding

12 FIRST VS ZERO ORDER KINETICS VVVIMP

13 DEFINE ENZYME INDUCTION AND EZYME INHIBITONS

14 NAMES OF ENZYMES INHIBITORS AND INDUCERS

15 WHAT IS CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF enzymes induction and inhibition

16 mcqs related to cytochrome p450 k koun sa major etc

Like 3A4 and 3A5 IS 50%

2D6 IS 25%

17 drug metabolism of isoniazid

18 PHASE 1 VS PHASE 2 REACTIONS WITH EXAMPLES

19 DETERMINANTS OF BIOTRANSFORMATION

20 ACETAMINOPHEN TOXICITY VVVIMP SEQ WITH DIAGRAM

21 DEFINE CLEARENCE ITS FORMULA,FACTORS

22 define half life , formula, clinical significance of half life examples of drug having
very short half life and long half life

23 relationship of half life and volume of distribution

24 define extraction ratio (distinction qs given in big katzung)

25define loading dose, maintenance dose ,steady state with graphs for viva and UQs
diff bw maintenance dose and loading dose with graphs

26 what are dose adjustment when elimination is altered by disease like renal
impairment

27define receptors with examples and properties viva qs

28 SPARE RECEPTORS WITH TYPES VVVIMP TOPIC what is SIGNIFICANCE of spare

receptors EXAMPLES of system in which they exist

29 GRADED AND QUANTAL DOSE RESPONSE CURVE AND their interpretations and
differences and uses

29 what is EC50 or ED50 ,Emax,Bmax,kd clear cut definition aur concept hona chiye

30 DEFINE WITH EXAMPLES VVVIMP FOR SEQS VIVA MCQS

• median effective dose ,median toxic dose ,median lethal dose

• Efficacy
• Potency
• Spare receptors
• Agonist
• Partial agonist
• Biased agonist
• Inverse agonist
• Constitutive activity
• Antagonist
• Competitive and irreversible pharmacological antagonist
• Physiological antagonist
• Chemical antagonist
• THERAPEUTIC INDEX with clinical significance
• THERAPEUTIC WINDOW with clinical significance

31 differentiate bw
 • Pharmacological antagonist vs allosteric inhibitors
• Pharmacological vs physiological antagonist
• Full agonist partial agonist
• Therapeutic window vs therapeutic index which is more clinically significant
• Tachyphylaxis vs tolerance

32 AGONIST DOSE RESPONSE CURVES IN THE PRESENCE OF competitive and

irreversible antagonist

33 SIGNALLING MECHANISM WITH EXAMPLES + DIAGRAM VVVIMP SEQS

Types of transmembrane signalling receptors

34 what is tachyphylaxis give examples of mechanisms which lead to tachyphylaxis

(mini katzung page 21 in heading of receptor regulation)

35 what are Beta ARRESTINS and their role in g protein couple signalling
molecules(mini katzung page 21 heading of receptor regulation) vvvimp seqs viva qs

36 what is

• upregulation
• down regulation,
• auto receptor
• Heteroreceptors
• cross tolerance
• Idiosyncratic reaction
• Synergism

37 PHASES OF DRUG DEVELOPMENT ESPECIALLY DIAGRAM IN case seq ata draw that
diagram given in mini katzung ch 1

38 pharmacogenomics se just Kuch cheezein imp

• Like isoniazid, succinylcholine aur clopidogeral pharmacogenomics

• Skill keepers given in mini katzung page 45 acetaminophen toxicity
• Skill keepers given about genotype variation in metabolism of different drugs (I will
share that )
 GOLDEN TOPICS OF GENERAL
PHARMACOLOGY (don’t leave them at any
cost)
• ABSORPTION AND FACTORS AFFECTING ABSORPTION viva plus factors are
asked in mcqs
• DISTRIBUTION AND FACTORS AFFECTING DISTRIBUTION viva plus factors in
mcqs
• DEGREE OF IONIZATION OF DRUG and their relationship with absorption,
excretion,ion trapping
• Handerson hasselbalch equation with clinical significance vvvimp seq
• Treatment of aspirin toxicity by URINARY ALKALIZATION vvvimp seq repeatedly
asked
• CONCEPT OF urinary ALKALIZATION and acidification to overcome toxicity of diff
drugs
• BIOAVAILABILITY AND FIRST PASS EFFECT VVVIMP SEQS VIVA
• VOLUME OF DISTRIBUTION seqs viva
• FIRST ORDER AND ZERO ORDER KINETICS/ ELIMINATION VVVIMP for seq viva
FVT qs of hods
• ENZYMES INHIBITORS AND INDUCERS VVVIMP FOR MCQS VVVIMP FOR rest of
pharmacology for MCQS
• ACETAMINOPHEN TOXICITY VVVIMP for seqs viva
• Relationship of half life ,volume of distribution,CLEARENCE loading
dose,steady state , maintenance dose with formula and graphs numericals aty in
mcqs as well as seqs and u will be asked whole concept in viva as well
• Dosage adjustments required when elimination altered by disease
• SIGNALLING MECHANISM/ TRANSMEMBRANE SIGNALLING MECHANISM with
diagram examples for seqs viva
• RECEPTOR REGULATION VVVIMP FOR SEQS VIVA
Upregulation down regulation tachyphylaxis tolerance beta ARRESTINS they are
repeatedly being asked in viva written
• ANTAGONISM AND TYPES OF ANTAGONISTS WITH EXAMPLES VVVIMP for
written
• SPARE RECEPTORS WITH TYPES VVVIMP for written for viva
 • Graded and QUANTAL DOSE RESPONSE CURVES
• Therapeutic window and therapeutic index
• Diff bw efficacy and potency
• Phases of drug development

Remember GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY IS ALL ABOUT DEFINITIONS so apko easily ek

pdf mil jayega of all definitions of general pharma do definitions of general pharma very
very well VIVA hamesha definitions se start hota so viva se PEHLY app ny wo definitions
wala pdf kr k Jana

How to revise in exams

In writtens u can use ALI RAZA CHAUDHARY NOTES FOR VERY VERY QUICK REVIEW kafi
achy hain multiple books se compiles bcz LIPPINCOTT aur mini katzung boht lack some
points but Ali Raza Chaudhary notes main wo ek jagah compiled form main available Hain

For viva first of all prepare all definitions of general pharma ek pdf ho ga us main sari
definitions compiled Hain secondly graphs achy se kr k jaty bcz viva main draw krwa laity
like first order ,zero order,graded and QUANTAL DOSE RESPONSE CURVES

So general pharma ka viva mainly definition based hota so u must must learn definitions of
general pharma for viva very very well