Research and Publication Ethics

Santosh Kumar Yadav

Research and Publication

Ethics

Ane Books Pvt. Ltd.

New Delhi Chennai
Santosh Kumar Yadav
Shri Jagdishprasad Jhabarmal Tibrewala University
Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan, India

ISBN 978-3-031-26970-7 ISBN 978-3-031-26971-4 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26971-4

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Preface

In the month of December 2019, University Grants Commission (UGC) circulated a letter
to the Vice Chancellors of all Indian Universities [D.O.No.F.1-1/2018 (Journal/CARE)],
referring its 543rd meeting which approved two credit courses for awareness about
publication ethics and publication misconduct entitled “Research and Publication Ethics”
to be made compulsory for all Ph.D. students for pre-registration coursework. The entire
course has 6 units focusing on philosophy of science and ethics, research integrity, and
publication ethics. Hands-on-sessions are designed to identify research misconduct and
predatory publications. Indexing and citation databases, open access publications, research
metrics (citations, h-index, Impact Factor, etc.), and plagiarism tools to be introduced in
this particular course. The present book meets with all contents suggested by University
Grants Commission in its letter and blueprint.
The significant contribution of research deals with the progress of the nation as well as
an individual with commercial, social, and educational advantages. The major objectives of
research are to find out a hidden and undiscovered truth of the nature. As a long and
continual process, the driving factor of research is motivation and passion. For
organizations including defense and research laboratories, research is an important aspect
for the nation and sustainability. To the philosophers and thinkers, research means the
outlet for new ideas and insights. Research is a random walk, but the scholars need to
systematically continue toward the destination. It is quite easy to see or to represent action
research as something standing in contrast with, or, more strongly, in opposition to, more
theoretical or philosophical approaches to classroom practice. As a form of practice, action
research can appear to have a disarming philosophical innocence. The philosophical
attitude can critically reacquaint policymakers with the resources of their own ethical
tradition and in doing so enable them to test proposed prescriptions against those traditions.
Ethical codes appear to be designed to protect the weak and the vulnerable from exploita-
tion or harm, which is entirely proper. Educational research is not focused exclusively on
community’s defined or self-defined as disempowered, communities which lack either
legal or psychological ownership of research or the research process. Most of the
philosophers have examined abstract concepts, while sociologists and psychologists have

v
vi Preface

focused on extreme cases and research scandals in the course of locating ethical issues in
their research experience. Ethics and morality have similarly been developed from terms
that pertain to customary or usual practice in research. The conception of science as a
value-free enterprise has been seriously challenged and important questions have been
raised about the appropriate relationship between scientific inquiry, objectivity, and the role
of scientist’s values and beliefs.
Science is considered as an amorphous, distributed, and dynamic institution, composed
of many other institutions and falling under the control of no central body. Body of
knowledge that science develops becomes a part of our common heritage. Practicing the
professions, investigating nature and society, depends upon a trust placed by the general
public in scientists who will pursue the truth dispassionately and with an eye toward the
general good.
Intellectual honesty is honesty in the acquisition, analysis, and transmission of ideas. A
person is being intellectually honest when he or she, knowing the truth, states that truth. For
the individual scientist, integrity embodies above all a commitment to intellectual honesty
and personal responsibility for one’s actions and to a range of practices that characterize
responsible research conduct. Scientific misconduct and fraud are prevailing problems in
science and it threatens to undermine integrity, credibility, and objectivity in genuine
research. It also risks undermining trust, among researchers and the general public. It
becomes important to consider the possible means of countering fraud and misconduct in
the research. By criminalization we meant the decision of making some action like a
criminal offense for which one may merit criminal punishment, such as fines, community
service, or even incarceration. Fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, or other practices that
seriously deviate from those that are commonly accepted practices within the scientific
community for proposing, conducting, or reporting research. It does not include honest
error or honest differences in interpretations or judgments of data.
In a nutshell, I have tried the best to provide ample information regarding research and
publication ethics through various sources, organizations, and research councils. I can hope
that the present book will be highly useful and informative to all researchers in home and
abroad as a text cum help reference. Reviews and suggestions are cordially invited for the
betterment of the book.

Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan, India Santosh Kumar Yadav

Acknowledgments

A number of intellectuals, including my fellow professors and researchers have played a

major role in substantially improving the quality of the manuscript through its develop-
ment. I am truly grateful to each one of them for their unfailing encouragement, coopera-
tion, and moral support. To begin with, I am sincerely indebted to the following for their
unblemished enthusiasm and constructive suggestions in higher education and research:
Prof. Sunder Lal (Former V.C., V.B.S. Purvanchal University, Jaunpur), Prof. Dinesh
Singh (Former V.C., University of Delhi), Prof. C.P.S. Yadav (Former V.C., Bikaner
Agriculture University and D.G., Uttar Pradesh), Prof. Yogesh K. Tyagi (V.C., University
of Delhi), Prof. Girishwar Mishra (Former V.C., MGAHVV, Wardha),
Prof. P. Kaniappan (Former V.C., Alagappa University), Prof. Sushma Yadav (V.C.,
BPSMU, Khanpur, Haryana), Prof. K.K. Aggarwal (Former V.C., GGSIPU, Delhi and
Chairman NBA), Prof. P.B. Sharma (V.C., Amity University, Gurugram), Prof.
R.B. Mishra (Former V.C., RML Avadh University, Ayodhya), Prof. A. K. Gwal
(V.C., AISECT University, MP), Prof. A.K. Singh (V.C., Sri Sri University, Odisha),
Dr. Jagannath Patnaik (V.C., ICFAI University, Sikkim), Prof. Rana Krishna Pal
Singh (V.C., DSMNR University, Lucknow), Dr. Mohd. Aslam Parvez (MANUU,
Hyderabad), Dr. Vinod D Tibrewala (Chairman, J.J.T. University, Rajasthan), Prof.
Achyuta Samanta (Founder KIIT & KISS, Bhubaneswar), Mr. Vijay Pal Yadav (Chair-
man, Shridhar University, Rajasthan), Er. Anil Singh (Chairman, Bhagwant University,
Rajasthan), Dr. Ashok Chitkara (Chairman, Chitkara University), Mr. Ashok Gadiya
(Chairman, Mewar University), Mr. Varun Yadav (SKD University, Rajasthan), Er.
B.S. Yadav (IEC University), Prof. Amita Dev (V.C., IGDTUW, Delhi), Prof. Anu
S. Lather (V.C., Ambedkar University, Delhi), Prof. Tarun Dass, Dr. Mamta Sharma,
Dr. Sandeep Kumar Sharma, Prof. Umesh Rai, Prof. Sudhish Pachauri, Prof. Devesh
Sinha, Prof. J. P. Khurana, Prof. Neeta Sehgal, Prof. M. L. Singla, Dr. B. S. Yadav,
Prof. M. M. Chaturvedi, Prof. Ramesh Chandra, Dr. Satish Verma, Dr. Raj Kumar,
Dr. Anju Gupta, Dr. Rama Sharma, Dr. Vibha Singh Chauhan, Dr. Meena Singh,
Dr. C. P. Mishra, Dr. H. V. Jhamb, Prof. R. K. Vyas, Prof. Geeta Singh, Dr. Kaushal
Pawar, Dr. Yuvraj Kumar, Dr. Manish Kumar Vats, Dr. D. P. Sharma, Dr. Neelam Rathi

vii
viii Acknowledgments

(all from University of Delhi), Dr. Kamal Pathak (Delhi Tech. University), Prof. Prerna
Gaur, Prof. Raj Senani (NSUT, Delhi), Dr. M.K. Gupta, Prof. S.C. Aggarwal, Dr. Jaimala
Bishnoi (C.C.S. University, Meerut), Dr. Sanjeev Kumar, Dr. Sanjay Chaudhary,
Dr. K. K. Goel, Dr. Kuldeep Bhardwaj, Dr. M. P. Singh (Dr. B. R. Ambedkar
University, Agra), Prof. M.N. Hoda (Bharti Vidyapeeth, ICAM, New Delhi), Dr.
Devendra Tayal (IGDTUW, Delhi), Dr. Gurpreet Singh Tuteja (SGT University,
Haryana), Dr. Omar Farooq, Prof. M.U. Bokhari (AMU, Aligarh), Prof.
S.M.K. Quadri, Dr. S.A.M. Rizvi (Jamia Millia Islamia, Delhi), Prof. A.K. Nayak
(IIBM, Patna), Prof. Afshar Alam (Jamia Hamdard, Delhi), Dr. Dharmender Kumar,
Dr. D. N. Mishra (G.J.U.S.T, Hisar), Prof. A. K. Saini, Dr. Vijay Kumar, Dr. Rashmi
Bhardwaj, Dr. A. P. Singh (GGSIPU, New Delhi), Prof. R.S. Chillar (M.D. University,
Rohtak), Dr. K. Perumal (MKU, Madurai), Dr. Poonam Kumar Sharma (DAV College,
Jalandhar), Dr. Romesh Kumar, Prof. B. S. Komal, Dr. Vibhakar Mansotra, Dr.
Pawanesh Abrol (University of Jammu), Prof. B.D. Sharma, Prof. Vipin Tyagi
(J.P. University), Dr. Vijay Singh Rathore (SKSMT, Jaipur), Dr. Naveen R. Seth
(Saurashtra University), Prof. P.K. Kaithal (HSGU, Sagar), Dr. Deepak Garg (Bennett
University), Dr. V. Shekhar (Osmania University, Hyderabad), Prof. A. Goverdhan
(JNTU, Hyderabad), Dr. H. S. Saini (GNI, Hyderabad), Prof. Sumant Katyal, Dr.
Durgesh Kumar Mishra (DAVV, Indore), Prof. Y. P. Kumar (Graphic Era University),
Dr. Kunasekharan (Periyar University), Prof. M. Sunderasan (Bharathiar University),
Prof. R.R. Deshmukh (Dr. B. S. Ambedkar Marathwara University), Prof. Shivaji
Namdeo Deore (North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon) Prof. Subhash Chandra
Yadav (Central University, Jharkhand), Dr. R. Srinivasan (MSRIT, Bangalore), Prof.
H.R. Vishwakarma (VIT University, Vellore), Dr. R. Sridharam (Marwadi University,
Gujrat), Prof. U.K. Singh (GOU, Nagaland), Dr. P. K. Sinha (Dr. S. P. M. I. I. I. T.,
Raipur), Dr. V. S. P. Shrivastava (IGNOU), Dr. Cheki Dorji, Prof. Lhato Jamba,
Phanchung, Prof. Lhuendup Dorji (Royal University of Bhutan), Dr. R.N. Pandey
(Tribhuban University, Nepal), Prof. Yagyanath Rimal (Pokhara University, Nepal),
Prof. Avireni Srinivasula (JECRC University), Dr. Vijaya Lakshmi Mohanty (Sri Sri
University), Prof. P. K. Bhatnagar (S.V. Subharti University), Dr. Rajdeep Singh Rawat
(NIE, Singapore), Dr. Pratap Kumar Pati (GNDU, Amritsar), Dr. Gajanan M. Sabnis
(Howard University, USA), Dr. Puneet Mishra (University of Lucknow), Dr. Pratibha
Singh (NAAC), Prof. M. S. Prasad Babu (Andhra University), Prof. Aman Sharma
(H.P. University, Shimla), Dr. Rajeev Sharma (DST), Dr. Sanjay Yadav (ITS, Noida),
Dr. V. K. Jain (Mody University, Rajasthan), Dr. Vikas Nath (BVIMR, New Delhi), Dr.
Prakash H. Patil (D. Y. Patil COE, Pune), Prof. K.T.V. Reddy (SVIT, Nashik), Dr.
Charu Verma (CSIR-NISCAIR), and many more.
I would be failing in my duty without thanks to my publishers Mr. J. R. Kapoor and
Mr. Sunil Saxena of Ane Books Pvt. Ltd. including entire team for providing me liberty to
express my views and experience in higher education and research with ample time. I am
grateful to my wife Seema, kids, Ayan and Akshita for errorless proof readings and
emotional support.
Acknowledgments ix

Last but not least, I am thankful to my gentle readers who have always encouraged me
with appreciations for my work. I must accept responsibility, for any errors that might still
remain. I would certainly appreciate receiving comments and suggestions about entire
material to improve in the next edition of the book.
Dr. Santosh Kumar Yadav
drskyadav@hotmail.com
Contents

1 Philosophy of Research: An Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Phases of Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Features of Good Research Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Educational Research and Philosophy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Concept of Educational Philosophy and Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
A Philosopher in the Classroom? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
The Philosopher in an Interdisciplinary Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Educational Research: Pursuit of Truth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Pragmatic Perspectives of Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Ethical Codes and Academic Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2 Research Ethics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Being Ethical and Moral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Nature of Moral Judgment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Nature of Ethical Reactions: Applied Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Research Ethics and Positionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Epistemology, Ethics, and Educational Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Validity-Versus-Reliability Tradeoff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Commodification of Educational Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Publishing and Coaching in Intercultural Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Ethics and Feminist Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

xi
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3 Ethics in Scientific Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Scientific Integrity and Research Ethics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Issues of Authorship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Peer Review’s Role . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Research Ethics in Human/Animal Subjects (Care) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Issues of Intellectual Property and Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Conflicts of Interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Autonomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Dignity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Beneficence/Non-maleficence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Vulnerability and Justice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Research Ethics Committees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Science and Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4 Intellectual Honesty and Research Integrity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Environment and Bases of Research Integrity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Promoting Integrity in Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Evaluation by Self-Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Integrity of the Individual Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Support of Integrity by the Research Institution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Research Environment and Its Impact on Research Integrity . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Fostering Integrity in Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Promoting Honesty in Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Principles of Adult Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
5 Scientific Misconduct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Poor Practices vs. Misconduct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Fabrication/Falsification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Stealing Credit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Institutional Responses to Scientific Misconduct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Administrative Responses to Scientific Misconduct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Misconduct in Regulated Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
What is Plagiarism? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Types of Plagiarism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
What to Look For . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Contents xiii

6 Redundant Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Authorship Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Problems Caused by Redundant Publication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Acceptability and Consequences of Redundancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
How to Prevent Redundancy? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Salami Slicing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Simultaneous Submission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Competing Interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Misrepresentation of Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Publish Ethically . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
7 Publication Ethics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
How to Deal with Misconduct in COPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
The World Association of Medical Editors (WAME) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
International Society of Managing and Technical Editors (ISMTE) . . . . . . . 121
Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS) . . . . 121
International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) . . . . . . . . . . . 125
The European Association of Science Editors (EASE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Conflicts of Interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Editorial Independence and Commercial Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
8 Publication Misconduct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Misconduct by Editors, Publishers, and Peer-Reviewers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Types of Publication Misconduct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Human Rights, Privacy, and Confidentiality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Cultures and Heritage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Registering Clinical Trials and Animals in Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Editorial Independence and Commercial Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Appeals and Corrections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Violation of Publication Ethics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Concept of Spin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Predatory Publishers and Journals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
xiv Contents

9 Global Intellectual Property Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
The International Law and Political Economy of Intellectual Property . . . . . 149
Legal, Philosophical and Economic Justifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Copyright . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Patents and Trade Secrets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Trademarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
International Human Rights and Intellectual Property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Information Technologies and the Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Intellectual Property and Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Education, Culture, and Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
10 Open Access Publishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Promoting Open Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Institutional Repositories: Content and Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
The Changing Information Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Changing Information Seeking Behaviors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
The Organizational View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Infrastructure, Sustainability, and Advocacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Content Decisions and Legal Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Conceptual Models of Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Metadata Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Types of Material and their Differences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Gray Literature and Journal Article . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Preprint and Other Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Open Archival Information System Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Preservation Metadata Implementation Strategies (PREMIS) . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Access Tools and Services to Open Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Role of Libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
The Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
The Directory of Open Access Repositories (OpenDOAR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition (SPARC) . . . . . . . 198
Registry of Open Access Repositories (ROAR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
The SHERPA/RoMEO Application Programmer’s Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Elsevier Journal Finder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Springer Journal Suggester . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Contents xv

11 Referencing and Avoiding Plagiarism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205

Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Plagiarism: Issue and Facts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Referencing Styles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Name–Date (Harvard) Style of Referencing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Abbreviations in References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Reference Foreign Author Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Avoiding Plagiarism as an Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Detecting Potential Plagiarism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Critical Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Referencing Electronic Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
The Future of Plagiarism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
12 Database and Research Metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Bibliometrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Bibliometrics Milestones Year by Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Calculating Journal Impact Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Immediacy Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Cited Half-Life, Eigenfactor, and Article Influence Score . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
SCImago Journal Rankings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Source Normalized Impact Per Paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
H-Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
H5-Index and H5-Median . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Fuzzy Metrics: Non-citation-Based Bibliometrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
The Categories of Bibliometrics Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Web of Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Journal Citation Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Scopus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Google Scholar Citations, Profiles, and Rankings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Additional Bibliometric Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Altmetrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Research Gate (RG Scores) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Mendeley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
The Leiden Manifesto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
How to Interpret Research Metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Altmetrics and Open Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
xvi Contents

Indian Citation Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248

Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253