CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 1

Source: Book,PPT,Discussion

Basic Principle and Practice of Clinical Chemistry

Clinical Chemistry
- Basic science
- Chemistry to study humans
- Applied science analyze body fluids.

Possible Cell Malfunctions:

- Trauma by invasive agents
- Genetic deficiency
- Defect in the cellular recognition of signals
- Insufficient supply of blood nutrients and oxygen
- Malignancy
SI Conversions
Clinical Chemistry Laboratory  To convert between SI Units: move decimal point
 Perform analytic procedures; yield accurate and by the difference between exponents represented
precise information. byu the prefix either to the right (larger to smaller
 Aids in patient diagnosis. unit) to the left (larger to smaller)
 Role:
 Measure chemical changes for diagnosis, Reagents
therapy and prognosis.  Substance or compound facilitate a reaction.
 Measure concentration of analytes.  Ready- to- use form or “kit” are available.
 Detect the presence or absence
Units of Measure
 Components of quantitative laboratory result. Chemicals
 Analytic Chemicals
Unit
 Define the physical quantity or dimension. Grades of Purity (Inorganic)
 Should always be reported.  Analytic Reagent- known to be high
SI Unit standard of purity; suitable for use in
 Widely and commonly used. most analytic lab procedures.
 Preferred in scientific literatures and clinical  Ultrapure Chemicals- been put
laboratories. through several purification steps to
 Uses standard prefixes. use in those procedures that require
 Sub- classifications: extremely pure chemicals.
 Basic unit: length (meter), mass  Chemically pure or pure grade-
(kilogram), quantity of substance impurity limitation is not stated; usage
(mole) and preparation of this reagent is not
 Derived units: ex. meters per second recommended for lab use.
(m/s)  USP and NF- as long as they are not
injurious to human. Ex. Saline
 Technical grade- less pure that
reagent grade.
 Commercial grade- prepared in
volume for general use.
Organic Reagents
 Practical grade with some impurities.
 CP- approaches the purity level or
reagent grade chemicals.
 Spectroscopic and chromatographic
grade- purity level attained by their
respective procedures
 Reagent Grade (ACS)- certified to
contain impurities.

Reference Materials
 Required for an accurate calibration.

MA. PATRICIA VILLANUEVA 1

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 1
Source: Book,PPT,Discussion
 Primary Standard: highly purified chemicals; can Distilled Water Been purified to remove
be measured directly; produce substance of exact almost all organic
known concentration and purity. materials
 Secondary Standard: Deionized Water Some or all ions are
removed; neither pure
Reagent Grade Water nor sterile; purified from
 Most frequent reagent used in laboratory. previously treated water
 water that has been processed.
Six Categories: Water Purity
 CLRW- should be stored in manner that  Water free from all bacteria and viruses
reduces any chemical or bacterial Resistance
contamination.  Force on objects floating on or moving water.
 Special reagent water Measured because pure water, devoid of ions, is a
 Instrument feed water poor conductor of electricity and has increased
 Water supplied by manufacturer resistance.
 Autoclave and wash water
 Commercially bottled purified water Production of reagent grade water largely
Type of Reagent Grade Water depends on the condition of the feed water.
Type I Most stringent; generally Relationship of water purity and resistance is
suitable for routine lab LINEAR.
use; test method that
requires minimum Solution Properties
interference.
Type II Acceptable for most Solute- analytes; being dissolved
analytic requirements. Solvent- liquid in which the solute is being dissolved
Type III Glassware washing; not
for analysis Solution- solvent + solute
 Basic properties: concentration, saturation,
colligative properties, redox potential, conductivity,
Water Specifications density, pH, and ionic strength.
Pre-filtration Remove particulate
Concentration
matter before any
additional treatments.
Analyte
Ultrafiltration and Excellent in removing
 Concentration in solution. Can be expressed as
Nano-filtration particulate matter,
percent solution, molarity, molality, normality.
microorganisms, and
any pyrogens and
Percent Weight/ Weight
endotoxins.
Solution
Two-bed system Uses anion resin
 Expressed
followed by cation resin;
as the
excellent in removing
amount of
dissolved ionized solids
solute per
and dissolved gases.
100 total Volume/Volume
Reverse osmosis Uses pressure to force
units of
water to a
solution.
semipermeable
membrane; does not
remove dissolved gases.
Ultraviolet oxidation Removes some trace Weight/Volume
organic material or
sterilization process;
ozone treatment +
ultraviolet oxidation=
destroy bacteria, but
may leave behind
residual products.

MA. PATRICIA VILLANUEVA 2

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 1
Source: Book,PPT,Discussion
Molarity (M) Balances  Top-loading-
 Expressed knowing mass, used
as the for preparative
number of experiments
moles per  Analytical Balance-
1L of preparation of
solution. primary standards;
very small quantity
Molality (m)
 Represent Basic Separation Technique
s the
amount of Centrifiguration
solute per - Separate solid matter from liquid suspension.
1kg of - Consist of:
solvent.  Head/Rotor (swinging bucket or V angle)
Normality  Shield
 Least  Speed: RPM, RCF or gravities.
likely to Filtrations
use in - Uses paper, cellulose, polyester fibers and column
clinical materials.
laboratory;
often used
in
titrations.
Always
equal to or
greater
than the
molarity of
the
compound

Clinical Laboratory Supplies

Thermometer Liquid in Glass
 Total Immersion
 Partial Immersion
 Surface
Thermometer
 Electronic
Thermometer
 Digital Thermometer
Glassware  Borosilicate
 Aluminosilicate
 Acid/Alkali resistant
Laboratory Vessel  Volumetric Flask-
hold one exact
volume
 Erlenmeyer Flask
and Beaker- hold
different volume.
Never use to
measure water.
 Graduated Cylinder-
measure liquid.
Pipets
Burets
Syringes
Plastic ware
Desiccator and Take up water or
Desiccants moisture.

MA. PATRICIA VILLANUEVA 3