of patriotism and good citizenship.

Therefore, political socialisation therefore refers to

the specific processes that take place through political agencies and/or that translate
into political practices and representations or is the is the process through which a
person develops political beliefs and opinions that influence their behaviour in social
spheres and a dynamic that is passed down from one generation to the other. Ball in the
book “Modern Politics and Government” defined political socialisation as ‘the
establishment and development of attitudes to and beliefs about the political system.’

Next, education is the formal educational institution for everyone while being one of a
political socialisation agency. Considering David E. Campbell' words in journal article
titled "'Civic Engagement and Education: “An Empirical Test of the Sorting Model' '
that "we know relatively little about the civic development of adolescents. Specifically,
we have a limited understanding of how schools do, or do not, foster political
engagement among their adolescent students''. Education itself is highly correlated with
political knowledge, interest, voter turnout, and other forms of political participation.

When the children go to school, they are influenced by their teachers and peers. Level of
schooling of a person also affects political attitudes. An individual changes his opinion
as he goes through higher education. It is because education makes people open-minded
when they absorb more and more knowledge. Also, educated people generally tend to be
more interested in political activities. For example, nationalism activities in our country
in the past often lead by educated or educated and rich people, such as Haji Abdul
Rahman Limbong, for being a Muslim scholar in Terengganu.

In fact, education system itself has important effects on the process of socialization. For
example, there is centralized education system in Malaysia in which the government has
direct control on the educational institutions. Students are taught the same values of
tolerance to each ethnic group. In fact, education system itself has important effects on
the process of socialization. For example, there is a centralized education system in

BY LAKSHANA KATHIRESAN
Malaysia in which the government has direct control on the educational institutions.
Students are taught the same values of tolerance to each ethnic group.

In Malaysia, educational institution has been divided into several levels which includes
primary level, secondary level, and tertiary level. Primary level is compulsory and
involves primary school while secondary level involves secondary school. In both
primary schools and secondary schools, the school administrator had begun to expose
students into politics by appointing them into position such as Prefects and Student
Leaderboard. This will train students in administrative skills such as implementing
school regulations. An example of this is prefects examine the students' appearance like
their length of nails and their hair styles to make sure they comply with the school
guidelines. In this case, prefects will imitate the executive branch of the government and
learn to perform their duties so that public order in school can be maintained. This is
how political knowledge about governmental functions is transferred to the students.

Civic education also being directly taught by various subjects in the school curriculum.
In this context, we are not only referring to the subject of Civic Education itself, but also
other various subject that contain political knowledge. For instance, in secondary
schools, the structure of Malaysian Government is precisely described in the Form 5
Chapter 7 in the History subject. Students learn about the legislative process in the
parliament and also the 3 branches of the goverment. In the Moral subject, students
learn the political value from chapter 6. for freedom of speech and expression, openness
attitude and involvement in national development, these values are important to
encouragé the students to voice out their opinions and learn to accept others' criticism,
exactly like how a Member of Parliament would do. Through the value of involvement
in national development, students will be more aware of the national affairs and actively
participate in the government's policy to develop the country; Consequently, students
would understand the importance of involving themselves in the political fields.

BY LAKSHANA KATHIRESAN
On the other hand, in the tertiary level of education involving colleges and universities,
various political knowledge would be delivered by lecturers in the lecture as well as
speakers during seminars and talks. Speakers will convey their opinions towards
current issues to the students and sometimes their ideologies as well. For example,
Multimedia University Law Society had invited speakers from Malaysian Commission
of Human Rights to give their opinions on the ratification of International Convention
on Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICED). The participants will be
influenced and gain more knowledge on political ideals and this will help to shape their
own opinions in politics.

Adding on, for being a law student, I had also learned the "Introduction to Politics and
Governance" subject as it briefly get me into relevant and useful political approaches
and context. Through this method, it is also considered as political socialization, as it
enables the students whose taking this subject being exposed to political knowledge as
well as understanding to the concept of governance. Subsequently, the knowledge that
those students obtained can be applied in future development of the country politics
system, and yet there is political socialization to the youngsters. Recently, on 4 January,
both the Nanyang Sang Pau and The Star Newspapers reported the online discourse
session with the new mayor of Eastvale, Jocelyn Yow organized by Higher Education
Malaysia Association (Heya) in collaboration with the United States Embassy.

During the session, she said that "In the US, civics and political science were taught in
school." Here, Eastvale mayor had specifically provided us that the transmission of
politics in America through education occur by educating students with civics and
political science subjects in school. It is quite similar with Malaysia's education system
that provide civics education in school curriculum. However, education in US is
decentralized. Every state has its own system of education. Thus, we can only be able to
observe the transmission of politics through education in California state of the US
based on the authority elaborated above.

BY LAKSHANA KATHIRESAN
As discussed previously, the political environment in the parental home has a strong
impact on the political development of children. However, many young people do not
come from political families and hence are disadvantaged in developing political
preferences and being mobilised into politics. In 2016, Kaat Smets, Anja Neundorf and
Richard G. Niemi investigated whether civic education in school can compensate for
missing parental socialisation. Their findings are based on panel data and suggest that
civics training in schools indeed compensates for inequalities in family socialisation with
respect to political engagement. This conclusion holds for two very different countries,
particularly the United States and Belgium; at very different points in time, respectively
at the 1960s and the 2000s; and for a varying length of observation, from youth to old
age and impressionable years only.

In conclusion, we can clearly see that political transmission through educational

institutions is one of the many agencies. This education institution plays a very vital role
to make sure the concept of politics is spread to everyone, mainly to ensure it is being
taught and explained to children during the young age itself. Hence, this is because it is
easier for the children to grasp the concept during the younger age. To conclude, there
is a quote by Albert Einstein that states “education is what remains after one has
forgotten what one has learned in school” hence this can be related to the role of
education in political transmission and political socialisation because education is what
will remain forever with an individual. With no doubt, educational institutions play a
vital role in political socialisation and transmission.

Ø FAMILY INSTITUITON -NOT MINE

It's a very big structure when we talk about politics, which has several procedures or
duties to be done. Political socialisation, which is essentially the process of exchanging
political knowledge, is among these. It teaches democratic ideals, opinions, and feelings
to future leaders or politicians. The establishment and production of attitudes is
political socialisation. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, political socialization
means the establishment and development of attitudes to and beliefs about the political
system . Politics is complex and changes from generation to generation. From within the
political system or introduced from outside, new ideas are produced. Via the mechanism

BY LAKSHANA KATHIRESAN