OBJECTIVES Functions: talking about past abit; talking ab situations; tain imaginary. discoveries ‘GRAMMAR: past simple vs. pas nd VOCABULARY: direction and second conditional wish READING 1. Look at the pictures. Say what each one shows. Picture 3s elect 2 Work in pairs. Answer the questions. 1 Why are the things in Exercise 1 important? 2 What was life like for people before they had 4 Look at the pictures on page 75. these things? 1 Who are the people, do you think? Before people had fre, thy cml € ook 2 What do you think this blog is about? 2p coo tment, And they were cold in winter 5 Read and listen to the blog and check your ideas. 3 Work in pairs or small groups. Discuss the questions. 6 Read the blog again. Answer the questions. 1 Electricity and fire are discoveries, The other things 1 What did Newton think about when he saw the are inventions, What’ the difference? apple fall to the ground? 2 Which ofthe sic things above do you think s the 2. What did Archimedes see when he got out ofthe most important? Why? bath? 3. Can you think of other discoveries or inventions 3 Why did he shout ‘Eureka’? that changed how people live? 4 Why are these discoveries not complete accidents? 74SCIEN COUNTS Why aren't people more interested in science? Poe meee Se Rees about science, scientists and science stories. HORST aca i Tee oon eae ee cpa ans \ Brea ne ns nee tn eo eg He sat down under an 1e day and was walking around in her garden. tree and started thinking, (Cer Cun ee aunt ee aa cd hat scientists do.) So, he was sitting and thinking when fell out of the tree and hit the ground beside ONC eee cerns Pe Sete tome nee sentry Ree ect noe rd Cree eee eon ere day, more than two thousand years fas getting out, he noticed that the water went down ee reat he shouted ‘Eureka! because he was Greek, not English. Geeta eee ice et ne ete He saw that the level of the water in the bath was Sete a me ay ee ne oie ay ee tet Pee esa nie resect ermine tts putting his clothes on, No, that probably didn’t happen era eee eeu ae ay eee i eat! pera Rea Se Oe The stories are hard to believe. But the important thing Prete ete eee Is that Archimedes and Newton really did exist, and they like Archimedes and the bath, You don’t know that one? ly did come up with those important ideas. Newton oo) eRe ger acct ns cy ee eco r ean Soe eee Lee HINK ideas and discoveries came from that. etree How science helps peop! pebrerengieernarrarereentt eens accidents ee They needed people like Newton and Archimedes to do 1 Choose the sentence that you think best says Ce ene Uc ieee asa what the blog is about. thinking and because of that, our world is the way itis. 1. Some important things happen by accident, uldr't believe everything you read about 7 Here are four things that science has given us. Write down three more. Then, with your partner(s), discuss the question: How do these things help us every day? Scientists should be more famous than they are. It'simportant to know something about science Compare your ideas with others in thelnternet the telephone medicines the fridge the class.7% \ GRAMMAR Past simple vs. past continuous (review) 1 Complete the sentences from the text with the ‘words in the list. Then complete the rules with past simple, past continuous, when and while. fell | sitting | went | hit | thinking getting | noticed 1. Newton was and whenan apple out of the tree and the ground. 2. While Archimedes was ut of the bath, he that the water down. RULE: We use © the for an action that happened at a particular moment in the past. We often use 2 with this tense. © the? fora background action or to describe a situation over a period of time inthe past. We often use with this tense Remember that some verbs can't be used inthe continuous form. 2 Complete the sentences with the correct past ‘tense form of the verbs. © While Benjamin Franklin was watching a thunderstorm, he _got_some ideas about electricity. (watch / get) 1 We an experiment at school whena fire (do! start) 2 They for lunch because they ‘enough time. (not stop / have) 3. Theelectricity offat home while | mmy homework. (go! do) 4 a great science site while the net. discover / surf) 5 Who you towhen! youin town yesterday? (talk / see) & When the scientist problem, she become) the answer to the very famous. (find / 3. Sally saw an incident in her town centre. Complete her statement to the police with the past simple or past continuous form of the verbs in the list. Sometimes more than one verb is possible. buy | sit | read | see not stop | do | cycle Last Saturday morning I® bought a magazine, and Isat down on a bench inthe town centre to read. it People! about and? their shopping, There was a group of four people near walk | stand | hit ride | go | knock together and laughing. Then | a boy, about 16 years old. He > his bike down the street. He ® very fas. Suddenly, he had to change direction because there was an old lady in front of him, and he ? right into the group of people. His bike ® aman and? him over. And the boy ‘0 He just cycled away! me—they® VOCABULARY Direction and movement 1 Complete the sentence. Newton thought about why things fll and not? Match the phrases with the pictures. 1 I's coming towards her. 2 It’s running away from her 3. They're running around the tree 4 She's leaning backwards. 5 ‘ She's leaning forwards. He's walking up and down the room. LOOK! forwards and backwards are the only words here that are never followed by an object, The words towards and away from always have an object after them. 3 Which way(s) can these things move? 1 acer 3. ahelicopter 4 alioninacage [Workbook pase 4 2 aplaneLISTENING 1. Look at the pictures. In which picture can you see... 1 apple seeds? 2 the moon? 2 aplugina socket? 4 ahose? 2 Listen to a class discussion. You will hear four stories about things children didn’t understand. Number the pictures in the order you hear the stories. 3 Listen again. Answer the questions. 1 When the teacher was a girl, why did she think she might get il during the night? Why dic Sarah use to look at the moon for hours? ‘Why did Sarah laugh at the moon? ‘Why did't Alex's grandfather use to step on wires? ‘Why did Martin's family eat lots of apples? ‘Why was Martin afraid to eat apple seeds? GRAMMAR used to 1 Complete these sentences with the words in the list. Then choose the correct words to complete the rule, do | be | laugh | plug | eat 1 Every night | used to, the electrical sockets. something into all 2 Didyoureally use to that, Mis? 2 lused to at the moon and call it names. 4 Heusedto scared of standing ona wir. 5 Ididn't use to the seeds. 8 SCIENCE COUNTS cr RULE: Wecan use used to + verb to tak about things that happened regulary in the past but not any more. ‘Inthe postive, we say 'used/use to + verb, ‘¢ Inthe negative, we say cit used /use to + ver ‘© Forquestions, we say Did [you] ‘used /use to + verb Weeeeeeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeceeeeeceaaaas 2 Complete the sentences. Use the correct form of used to and the present simple. © That shop used to be (be) a book shop, but now it sells Gell) clothes. 1 He (be) my friend, but we really {not know) each other any more. 2 When we were younger, we (oot listen) to country music, but now we (pot listen) to anything else 3 Ireally (rot like) pizza now, but it (be) my favourite food. (20) to Greece for our holidays, (prefer) Spain, (believe) there were monsters 4 We but now we: 5 Mysister under her bed. 61 {net care) about science, but now! (think) i's really interesting 7 When youwere small, you (have) an imaginary friend? dc ached) The /ju:/ sound Turn to page 121. i> FUNCTIONS Talking about past habits 1. Think about life when you were much younger. Write five things that you or others used to do or believe. 2 Work in small groups. Talk about the things you wrote. Who has the funniest story? When [was litle use to think that there was @ perso inside the post box who tok the letters. ‘My brother anal | used to hide i my sisters closet and then jump out and scare her when she pened the dor. a78 READING 1 Think of something that doesn't exist yet but that you would like to have or to see. Compare your ideas witha partner. I'd like to have a motorbike that can also fly. 1d lke to see a machine that can take syn anhere in he world in second. 2 Aweb forum asked readers to do the same task as Exercise 1. Look at the pictures. ‘What things do you think the forum readers suggested? 3. Read the forum. Check your answers to Exercise 2. 4 Read the forum again. Then write the names of the people described in these statements. (0 This person thinks about our planet. Charlie 1 This person might be abit lazy 2. This person worries about sick people 3. Thisperson wants more time, This person wants to go backiin time. TRAIN TO HiNK Using criteria 1. Here are the five ideas from the forum. Put them in order 1-5: 1 = the most useful, 5 =the least useful. aa fuel that doesr't pollute b_ atimemachine a cure for malaria d_amachine to do homework © apilltosleep less 2. KEENE Compare your ideas with a partner, 3. You put the five things in order following a criterion — how useful is the idea? Here are two more criteria. Can you think of others? © How possible ist? © How importantis i? * How isi © How isi 4 Choose one of the criteria in Exercise 3 and order the things in Exercise 1 again. Then compare your ideas with other students. We asked you, our readers: ‘What scientific advance or discovery would you like to see in the near future?’ Here are some of your answers. [EBB tt woud be great there was some kind of petro we could use in cars that didnt produce any pollution. | guess there are scientists right now trying to do that, and | hope they succeed, because the world would be a much cleaner place, wouldr't it? Charlie If could choose anything, Id go for a time machine 0 that I could go back and do some things differently. Of course that's impossible - but wouldn't it be great if it was possible? | wish | could go back in time to when | was a kid and not say some of the things that | really did say! Hannah Well, of course, the best things are cures for really bad diseases. Everyone thinks about cancer, and of course its terrible, but a lot of scientists are also working very hard to stop malaria ~ another terrible disease that affects milions of people allover the world. So if they found a cure for malaria, or a way of ‘completely preventing it, ife would be easier in so many places. Bruna | wish there was a machine that did homework! Wouldn't that be fantastic? But | guess teachers wouldn't be very happy. Georgina | think it would be great if they invented a pill or something so that you only had to sleep for one or two hours every day. Then we'd all have much more time to do things and to enjoy ourselves. Life would, be better, | think, and everyone would do a lot more with their ives. Morris8 SCIENCE COUNTS GRAMMAR I wish Second conditional 5 Read the sentences. How are they alike? 1. Complete these sentences with the phrases in the list. Are the sentences about real or imagined situations? Find more examples of the second conditional in the web forum and underline them. would be | would gofer | wouldn'titbe was | found | could 1 Wthey a cure for malaria, life ‘easier in so many places. 2 If choose anything, | atime machine. 3 ereatifit possible? 2 Now complete the rule. RULE: We use the second conditional to talk about the consequences of an unreal present action or + a probable /an improbable future action. © Condition dause: f+? simple. © Result clause: + verb, ‘The condition clause can come before or after the result clause, woul (would not) 3. Circle the correct words. 0 IfGa/ would have a bit more time, I went/ 1d see my friends tonight. 1. They would learn /leamed more ifthey would listen / listened more carefully 2. fmy school would be / was a long way from home, I would have had to take a bus. 3 He lent/ would lend you his tablet if you asked / would ask him nicely. 4 Ifhe was/would be reall il, he stay / would stay inbed. 5 I gave /would give you her addressif | knew / would know it myself. 4 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs. © Ithinkit “al.be (be)a great party ifthe food was (be) better. 1 Who you (alk) to if you (have) a realy serious problem? 2 She (lke) you if you {be nicer toher. 3 his father {not make) him tidy his room, he (not de) it 4 Ifyou (an) have any present you want, what you (choose)? 1 wish could go back to when Iwas ake 2. Lwish there was a machine that did homework Complete the sentences with the correct, verb form. © The bus sn here, Iwish the bus was here. 1) Wearen'ta good team. I wish we a better team. 2. Icanit go home. I wish | gohome, 3. Itsraining. | wish it raining. 4 They are making so much noise! I wish they so much noise! 7 Work in pairs. Which person in the pictures is thinking which thing from Exercise 6? (More than one answer is possible.) VOCABULARY Science Match the words with the definitions. 1 acure a to study something 2 todiscover 'b someone who works in an area of science 3. aneexperiment «a room for scientific work 4 to invent something that makes a sick person well again 5 alaboratory to find something new & amachine £ atest to see if something works or is true 7 todoresearch _g_tomake something new 8 ascientist h apiece of equipment that does a specific kind of work 2 Look back at Reading Exercise 1 on page 78. 1 What do you think are the three best ideas? 2. Write them again, using either J wish... or the second conditional 3. EMENAING In class, compare everyone's ideas, and vote for the best ones. ”Look at the photos. What things can you see in each one? Read and listen to the article about five scientists. Number the photos 1-5. Great scientists Galileo (Italy, 1564-1642) Galileo —his full name was Galileo Galilei is sometimes called ‘the father of modern science’. He was a scientist, mathematician and astronomer (someone who looks at the stars and planets). When he was alive, telescopes were stil quite basic, and he made many improvements to them. His best-known achievement was to show that the Earth ‘moves around the sun, and not the sun around the Earth (although he was not the first man to have the idea). Louis Pasteur (France, 1822-1895) Louis Pasteur was one of the people who started the area of science that we now call microbiology. He did many things during his life, but he is remembered mostly because of the ‘work that he did with milk. When milk is about two days old it starts to get bacteria (very small things that carry disease), and this makes it dangerous to drink - people can get diseases. Pasteur developed a way to prevent this happening. The process is called ‘pasteurisation’ Karl Landsteiner (Austria, 1868-1943) ndsteiner worked in Vienna on many scientific things. ther with a man called Erwin Popper, he helped to identify the virus that causes a disease called polio. But even more importantly, in 1901 he discovered the three ‘main blood groups - A, B and 0 - and showed that it is possible to transfer blood from one person to another person, This led to the first ever blood transfusion in 1907, in New York. Francis Crick (Britain, 1916-2004) and James Watson (USA, born 1928) In 1953, in Cambridge, UK, Crick and Watson told the world that they had found ‘the secret of life’, The secret is the structure of DNA, the material that makes genes, the things we get from our parents that control how we grow. Their discovery ‘meant that we now know much, much more about the human, body. And with that knowledge, there have been enormous Improvements in medicine and medical research, as well as in historical research and solving crimes, Jane Goodall (Britain, born 1934) Jane Goodall is a scientist who has studied primates, especially chimpanzees, her whole life. She has studied their family groups, their use of tools and their emotions, Her work has made it clear that chimpanzees and other primates (gorillas, for example) are not as different from people as we used to think. Goodall hhas shown the world that we need to treat the animals around, Ls with respect and protect them,8 SCIENCE COUNTS 3 Read the article again and write the names WRITING of the scientists. Ablog entry Which scents (or scientists " Korssemiss) 1. Ellen wrote a blog entry with the title, ‘A world 1 bain _ ave without television’. Read what she wrote and 2. ..Jooked at stars answer the questions. 2... worked with animals? Pere er eee eneree a 4. die work that helped medicine? rare eat tere enanir arnear a ieee eee b What does Ellen think life would be lke without TV? 6 invented something to stop diseases? 2 Look at Ellen's blog entry again. 7... improved a piece of equipment? 1._Inwhich paragraph does Ellen use used t0? In which 8 ..did work that helped historians and detectives? Hoare ete second cont orelt 4 BIBEMMEL Discuss the questions. 2. Match the paragraphs with these headings: ‘A. Imagine life without television a Which of the scientists do you think is the most a eee important? Why? Share your ideas with the cass. bb There is only one woman here. Why do you 3. Youare going to write a blog entry like Ellen's. Chink this is? Choose one of these pieces of technology, or 5 Match the words in bold in the Se aean ai article with their meanings. Write the words. — mobile phones tablets © the internet = caleulators © the way that the parts of something are organized ‘ structure 4 Make notes for your blog entry. Sty vaho on yah someone of somathing is Paragraph 1: what life was lke / what people did 1 2 very, very big or important. before the piece of technology was invented 2 simple, not complicated 4. something very good and difficult that you do So 5. stop,notallow Paragraph 2: what lfe would be like now without the 6 tobehave towards people or things ina certain Plece of technology way 7 things you use with your hands to do Jobs. 5 Write your blog entry. Write 120-180 words altogether. A world without television [1] isr’teasy to imagine lie without television, but people only started to have television at home about sity years ago, So alot of people who are alive today lived withoutit in the past. Before television, people used to read inthe evering, orlisten tothe radio, | read once that famnles used to get together and sing songs ortalleach other stores. think twas probably abit boring but perhaps people enjoyed it. [2] fe didnt have television these days. think things would be OK. I mean, \wewould stil have fms and the intemet, wouldn't we? We would getallthe information and entertainment we need there, and infact many people already do. know alt of people who don't watch television at al, they watch sport and, things by streaming them, But ofcourse, they’teusing TV programmes when they do that—so maybe a world without TV wouldn't be such a good idea! alCAMBRIDGE ENGLISH EXAMS Preliminary READING Part 1: Three-option multiple choice 2==S==> 1 Look at the text in each question. What does it say? Choose the correct letter A, B or C. ‘A. Press the red bution if The recent rainhas || A The sports day will now SSropstae, || yoovantt getonthe mmodetewdol ets || take place on Sunday. ESCALATOR. ‘escalator. verywet and wemight || g The weather will be bad © Dont press theres icesteseoeta this weekend @ button unless there is a *Saturdayto Sunday” || © There isa chance the serious problem, meee iee sports day wil stil take ‘ONLY USE INCASE | | ¢ Oniy shop staff can place on Saturday. OF EMERGENCY press the red button 1) Subect/ Anna Jemma can A wants Claudia to pass ‘A eat the soup but not Hi Claud want to ona message to John the eggs start French lessons. You | Gray B eat the soup and some ‘said John Gray teaches | wants to talk to John. of the eggs. French, Have you got his Gray © have some cake when ores! wishes she could start Jim gets back from work me French lessons. 2 ‘A. The photography Fin Panrecraray fee course is already ful Really sonyto ) | A wsteshe could go to BESINNERS B Takto Steve f you ea) Ashley’ party S-week course starts || ae interestedin miss your Party. Hg is going to be late for Tuesday 5th Oct, learning how to take Hope it’s fun. the party, ‘There are stil e few photographs. wore isno fun © thinks that work is as fun places. € The photography atall! ‘as the party. course finishes atthe ‘BOOK WITH STEVE end of October WRITING Part 1: Sentence transformations > 2 Here are some sentences about science. For each question, complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first. Use no more than three words. 0. My dad's worked asa scientist for 20 years. My dad started working asa scientist__20 years ago 1 Ireally don't understand physics. lwould like to understand it Lvish physics 2 mquite sure he doesn't ike science He really doesn't like science, ? 3 Before Mr O'Brian was our teacher, didnt lke science much. I like science before Mr O'Brian became our teacher. Lalways fail biology tests because I dor't understand things. IFLunderstood things, 1 biology tests 5. Idor'tenjoy science fiction, and Jim doesn't enjoy science fiction, I don't enjoy science fiction, and Jim.TEST YOURSELF UNITS 7&8 VOCABULARY 1 Complete the sentences with the words in the list. There are two extra words. experiment | upanddown | away | towards | hire | near research | long | cure | next | later | draw up 1 Sorry, Iean't come and see you for a couple of weeks — but how about the week after 2 2. Igot scared when the dog started running me. 3 Tim going to do an to see if my idea works. 4. [think we should a lst of all the things we've got to do. 5. can't talk to you right now. Could you please phone me back today. 6 t’smy brother's 18" birthday next week, and we're going to ‘a band to play at the party. 7. She's got a serious disease, and the doctor says there's no fort. 8 I'm going to do some. Con the Internet before I write my essay. 9 She was very late! | got a bit nervous and started walking ‘outside the cinema, 10 We're hoping to buy a bigger flat inthe future mw GRAMMAR 2 Complete the sentences. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form or write the missing word(s) in the space. 1 missed the bus, so (walk) home. 2. Thiscomputer's really fast, ? 3 Isaw Jack while | alk) in town yesterday. 4A [really don't like him. B dol 5 Your computer's got lots of memory, > 6 A hate sport, B dol 3. Find and correct the mistake in each sentence. 1 When I was a kid, | used to playing with toy cars 2. Ifyou would work harder, you would do better at school. 3. When you phoned me, had dinner. 4 The world was a happier place if people smiled more. 5 James neverlistens to pop music, and so do | 6 Iwish this homework isn't so difficult! 8 FUNCTIONAL LANGUAGE 4 Write the missing words. 1A leant for the Rihanna concert. B can I! It's going to be fantastic. 2aAl to love that programme when Iwas a kid B So I Ithought it was great | 73 | 3 Al itwastit raining, B do II want to go for a walk! 4A Where's Ale? Iwishhe here. 2 So Pres anys bate wh Ate my score [TE Pree 10-21 Ce