Practicas Discursivas en Ingles II. 2° Año Profesorado de Ingles. IES AGUILARES.

LINKING WORDS AND PRHASES.

BALANCE CAUSE AND EFFECT SPECULATING

..., but on the other hand... ...., and for this reason........- .... is likely to ........
On one hand...., while on the As a result of .................- It is likely that ....will.....
other hand.......- ....., consequently, ........... There is little likelihood
......, at the same time, ......... ...... and therefore/thus ........ that......will.........-
For some ........, whereas for ......because of ........... There is little likelihood of...........-
others......... ..... owing to .............. It is conceivable that....-
..... due to ................. It is inconceivable that..
..... leads to .............. In all probability ......may/might
..... that’s why ........... well.....
If.............., ........will/ won’t..... There is a chance that....
So...................... that ............

PERSONAL OPINION SEQUENCE TIME SEQUENCE

As I see it, .............- To start / begin with .........- First, ..............-
In my opinion/view, ...........- First of all, ...........- Then,..............-
Personally, I .........- First(ly), .............- After a while, ...............-
To me, ............- In the second place, .........- Later ...............-
It is my opinion that...........- Secondly, ..............- Later on ..............-
As far as I’m concerned, ....... Then, .............- After that, ............-
As for me, ................- Besides, ..........- As.................-
From my point of view I think… Furthermore, .............- When............-
It would seem to me that… In addition, ................- Just then..........-
It would appear to me that… Moreover, .................- At the same time............-
Above all, .................- Meanwhile............
Finally, .............- ........while................
In short / brief, ............- Finally, ..............-
In conclusion, ............- At the end,............-
To conclude, ..............-
To sum up, ................-
All in all, ..................

QUANTITY REFERENCE INSTRUCTION

Much of.../ many of... According to..... First of all, .............-
The majority / the minority.... Regarding to... Then, ...........-
One in ten ( one out of ten)..... As for....., To do this, .....until...
A third of.../ half of.... The survey found.. If you don’t do this, ...
Twice / three times...as The statistics show/reflect.......- Make sure ................
many/much ...as... Referring to what... Don’t forget to ..........
As many/much as... As mentioned before.../ As I When you’ve ...........
A proportion of... said... At this point .............
An average of... The former,.... the latter..........- At the same time....
On average. These, this, those, that.......... Finally, ................
Fewer than...
 EMPHASIS REPHRASING ADDING POINTS
...., especially, .... ........, in other words ............ In addition to......, .....-
....., particularly... ........, that is (to say) ............ Apart from ......, .......-
...., in particular... ........., or .............................. Besides being.........
..., then obviously / clearly ....- Besides ......, ...........-
..........Moreover,.......
As well as…

CONTRAST DIFFERENCES APPEARANCE

However.................. There are big differences... ......look(s)/seem(s) as
Whatever................ ..... is different from........ if................-
Wherever................ ....differs from....in that...... ......appear(s)/seem(s) to be
No matter how ........ ....distinguish.....from.... ...............-
Although + clause ....distinguish between ...... and .....seems/appears.......
......, but .................. ............- ......apparently.............
Despite + noun phrase The main difference between X To all appearances, ...he gives
In spite of + V-ing and Y is that … the impression of...............-
Even though ............... One of the differences between X .....gives people the feeling
Much as................ and Y is that… that...................-
For all ...................... It is nothing like as..... as.... .....very often strikes people as
On the surface he/she..,but when Unlike........., .............- ....................-
you get to know him/her... Instead of ......., there is/are On the surface…………………-
In theory......, but in practice......... It is.....rather than.........
In contrast to...., ..........-
Contrary to popular beliefs, .........-
....contrasts greatly with....
The....is....as opposed to..., which
is...........-
The ....is....., whereas/while
........is........-
 SIMILARITIES ADVICE ARRANGEMENTS
Both....... and ..........- I would advice you to do… I was wondering if/whether
......is similar to ........ in that I would recommend you to do… Monday would be
....................- If you take my advice you will do.. possible/convenient for you…
.....and.......have one important If I were you I would do … I was wondering if it would be
thing in common: ...............- You should do… possible for X to do….
In common with ......, ...........- The best thing you can do is do… Would it be possible for X to
Neither.....nor............ Why don’t you …. DO..?
So, do/am/did I. Could you do…..?
......, like....., ............-
There has been a great interest in chamber RESPONDING TO ARRANGEMENT:
music. Likewise opera has an increased record
sales. I’m afraid I will not be able to..
Men must wear a jacket and tie. Similarly,
women must wear a skirt or dress and not I’m afraid I cannot manage to..
trousers. I’m afraid Monday will not be
They dress and walk alike. convenient.
John, as much as his brother, was responsible I would be delighted to Do
for the loss.
Just as a moth is attracted by a light, so he was
fascinated by her.
Things go on the same as ever.
He gets the same pay as me but he gets his own
office

LANGUAGE FUNCTIONS :
SUGGESTION OBLIGATION GENERALIZATIONS
I would suggest DOING I must … People tend to do…
I think you should do…. I have to… People have the tendency to do..
It would be a good idea if X DID. I mustn’t …(prohibition) People are inclined to do…
Why don’t you …..? I don’t have to… People seem / appear to ….
Let’s …….. I needn’t do (it is not necessary) Perhaps……
Shall we go to the park? I am obliged to / required to do.. Maybe…(informal)
What about DOING…..? I am made/forced/compelled to do In the vast majority of cases, …..
It is time X DID (strong) There is no alternative but to DO In a large number of cases,…
You’d (had ) better do …. X has no choice but to DO In most cases, ….
It would be better to do Generally speaking ,,,,
this…than… Often / sometimes / occasionally.
In some cases, in one or two
cases,
Only in a few cases,
 COMPLAINING APOLIGISING CHOICE and PREFERENCE
I have had enough of the way… I do apologise for DOING If I had the chance / choice /
I have had enough of X doing.. I am extremely/very/terribly sorry opportunity I would …
I cannot stand / bear the way… for DOING… Given the choice / chance /
I cannot stand / bear X any longer Please, accept my apologies for opportunity I would …
I cannot bear/ stand X doing DOING… I would rather do this than do …
I wish you would stop smoking I would rather X did ….
It’s about time you DID….. EXCUSES: I’d rather walk ..
I had no idea + sentence I prefer doing this to doing that
I had no intention of DOING.. I prefer to do this rather than
It was an accident / unavoidable do that
I did not mean to do ….. I would prefer it if X did
something ( My parents would
prefer it if I studied law. )

COMPARISON PROBABILITY JUSTIFYING

This is as good as that.. This will be bound / sure to The main idea / aim / reason
This is so bad as…. happen behind (doing ) this is that +
This is nicer / better / more This will be likely to … sentence (to do …)
interesting than …. This may …./ may not …. The main aim of X is that …( to
This is the best / nicest / most This won’t … do..)
interesting of / in … This is hardly likely to … The main reason for doing this is
There are more / less people here This probably won’t … that …
than.. It is almost certain that … (Doing) X is intended to do…
He drives more slowly than … In all probabilities , + sentence Only by doing …can X do..
The easier ……, the more There is little chance that + sent. Only by doing….will X be able to
quickly.. There is no chance of X doing.. …
This will grow bigger and bigger.
Bicycles are healthy, while /
whereas cars are …..