ekWM;wy -2 nks dykdkj % eUuw HkaMkjh

xn~; iBu

11
fVIi.kh
nks dykdkj
(eUuw HkaMkjh)

ge ns[krs gSa fd yksxksa ds thou esa viuh izkFkferk,¡ gksrh gSaA dksbZ O;fDr fdlh ckr dks
izkFkfedrk nsrk gS rks dksbZ fdlh vkSj ckr dksA ij bu izkFkfedrkvksa ds chp tc dHkh
fdlh ,d dks pquuk iM+rk gS rks ge egRo dh vf/drk dh n`f"V ls bu ij fopkj djrs
gSaA ,sls esa ge le> ysrs gSa fd lalkj esa lHkh ckrksa dh t:jr gksrs gq, Hkh tc pquko dh
ckr vkrh gS rks lkekftd n`f"V ls tks egRoiw.kZ gks] mls gh gesa pquuk pkfg,A vkb,] ,d
dgkuh ds ekè;e ls le>rs gSaA

mn~ns';
bl ikB dks i<+us ds ckn vki
l fp=kk ds lkFk&lkFk v#.kk dks Hkh dykdkj fln~/ djrs gq, vius fopkj O;Dr dj
ldsaxs_
l nksuksa izeq[k ik=kksa dh pkfjf=kd fo'ks"krk,¡ lksnkgj.k fy[k ldsaxs_
l dgkuh ds rÙoksa ds vk/kj ij ^nks dykdkj* dgkuh dh foospuk dj ldsaxs_
l dgkuh dh Hkk"kk&'kSyh ij fVIi.kh fy[k ldsaxsA

fØ;kdyki 11-1
dgkuh esa ,d ik=k v#.kk us ,d vksj fuj{kj cPpksa dks i<+k;k vkSj nwljh vksj xjhc cPps
dks iky&iksldj u;k thou nsus dh dksf'k'k dhA nksuksa gh dk;Z Js"B gSaA ;fn vkidks bu
nksuksa esa ls dksbZ ,d pquuk gks rks fdls pqusaxs vkSj D;ksa\ rhu rdZ nhft,A
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178 fganh
 nks dykdkj % eUuw HkaMkjh ekWM;wy -2
xn~; iBu

11-1 ewy ikB

vkb,] ewy dgkuh dks ,d ckj i<+ ysrs gSa%
fVIi.kh
nks dykdkj
^,s :uh mB]* vkSj pknj [khapdj] fp=k us lksrh gqbZ v#.kk dks >d>ksjdj mBk fn;kA 'kCnkFkZ
vk¡[k xM+kuk & è;ku ls ns[kuk
^vjs] D;k gS\* vk¡[k eyrs gq, rfud f[k>ykgV Hkjs Loj esa v#.kk us iwNkA fp=kk mldk f[kpM+h idkuk & b/j&m/j dh
gkFk idM+dj [khaprh gqbZ ys xbZ vkSj vius u, cuk, gq, fp=k ds lkeus ys tkdj [kM+k phtksa dks
djds cksyh& ns[k] esjk fp=k iwjk gks x;kA tksM+dj ,d
pht+ rS;kj
^vksg! rks bls fn[kkus ds fy, rwus esjh uhan [kjkc dj nhA cnreht+ dgha dh!* djuk
?kupDdj & xksyeky] Bhd
^vjs] t+jk bl fp=k dks rks ns[kA u ik xbZ igyk buke rks uke cny nsukA* fp=k dks pkjksa ls le> esa u
vksj ls ?kqekrs gq, v#.kk cksyh] ^fd/j ls ns[kw¡ ;g rks crk ns] gt+kj ckj rq>ls dgk fd vkus okyk
jkSc [kkuk & izHkko esa vkuk
ftldk fp=k cuk, mldk uke fy[k fn;k dj] ftlls xyriQ+geh u gqvk djs] ojuk rw
gkM+ rksM+uk & esgur djuk
cuk, gkFkh vkSj ge le>sa mYyw*A fiQj rLohj ij vk¡[k xM+krs gq, cksyh] ^fdlh rjg ugha
f<a<ksjk ihVuk & lHkh dks crk
le> ik jgh gw¡ fd pkSjklh yk[k ;ksfu;ksa esa ls vkf[kj ;g fdl tho dh rLohj gS\* nsuk
^rks vkidks ;g dksbZ tho ut+j vk jgk gS\
vjs] t+jk vPNh rjg ns[k vkSj le>us dh
dksf'k'k djA*
^vjs] ;g D;k\ blesa rks lM+d] vkneh] Vªke]
cl] eksVj] edku& lc ,d&nwljs ij p<+
jgs gSa] ekuksa lcdh f[kpM+h idkdj j[k nh
gksA D;k ?kupDdj cuk;k gS\* vkSj mlus og
fp=k j[k fn;kA
^tjk lkspdj crk fd ;g fdldk izrhd
gS\*
^rsjh csodwiQh dkA vkbZ gS cM+h] izrhdokyhA*
^vjs] tukc] ;g fp=k vkt dh nqfu;k ds
daÝ;wtu dk izrhd cl] gk¡ FkksM+k&lk fnekx
t:jh gSA* fp=kk us pqVdh yh rks v:.kk
HkM+d mBhA ^eq>s rks rsjs fnekx ds oaQÝ;wtu fp=k 11-1 % fp=kk lqanj fp=k cukrs gq,
dk izrhd ut+j vk jgk gSA fcuk eryc
ft+anxh [kjkc dj jgh gSA* vkSj v:.kk eq¡g /ksus ds fy, ckgj pyh xbZA ykSVh rks ns[kk
rhu&pkj cPps mlds dejs ds njokt+s ij [kM+s mldh izrh{kk dj jgs gSaA vkrs gh cksys]

fganh 179
 ekWM;wy -2 nks dykdkj % eUuw HkaMkjh
xn~; iBu
^nhnh! lc cPps vkdj cSB x,] pfy,A*
^vk x, lc cPps\ vPNk pyks] eSa vHkh vkbZA* ^cPps nkSM+ iM+s*A
^D;k ;s canj iky j[ks gSa rwus Hkh\* fiQj t+jk g¡ldj fp=kk cksyh] ^,d fnu rsjh ikB'kkyk
fVIi.kh dk fp=k cukuk gksxkA t+jk yksxksa dks fn[kk;k gh djsaxs fd gekjh ,d ,slh fe=k lkfgck Fkha
tks lkjs teknkj] nkb;ksa vkSj
pijkfl;ks a ds cPpka s dks
i<+k&i<+kdj gh vius dks Hkkjh
iafMrk vkSj lekt&lsfodk
le>rh FkhaA*
^tk&tk] le>rs gSa rks le>rs
gSa! rw tkdj lkjh nqfu;k esa
f<a<ksjk ihVuk] gesa dksbZ 'kje
gS D;k\ rsjh rjg ydhjsa
[khapdj rks le; cckZn ugha
djrsA* vkSj iSj esa pIiy fp=k 11-2 % v#.kk xjhc cPpksa dks i<+krs gq,
Mkydj og ckgj eSnku esa
pyh xbZ] tgk¡ fcuk fdlh vk;kstu ds gh ,d NksVh&lh ikB'kkyk cuh gqbZ FkhA
jkr ds nl cts FksA lkjs gkWLVy dh cfÙk;k¡ fu;ekuqlkj cq> pqdh FkhaA Åij ds ,d rYys
ij v¡/sjs esa gh [kqlqj&iQqlqj py jgh FkhA jfookj ds fnu rks ;ksa gh NqV~Vh dk ewM jgrk gSA
nwljs] fnu esa dkiQh uhan yh tkrh Fkh] lks nl cts yM+fd;ksa dks fdlh rjg Hkh uhan ugha
vkrh FkhA rHkh gkWLVy ds iQkVd esa tyrh gqbZ VkpZ fy, dksbZ ?kqlkA vius dejs dh f[kM+dh
esa ls >k¡drs gq, lfork us dgk] ^BkB rks gkLVy esa cl v#.kk gh ds gSa] jkr ukS cts ykSVks]
nl cts ykSVks] dksbZ ca/u ughaA ge yksx rks nl ds ckn cÙkh Hkh ugha tyk ldrsA*
^ykSV vkbZa v#.kk nh\ vkt losjs ls gh os cM+h ijs'kku FkhaA iQqfy;k nkbZ dk cPpk cM+k chekj
Fkk] nksigj ls os mlh ds ;gk¡ cSBh FkhaA irk ugha] D;k gqvk cspkjs dk\* 'khyk us BaMh lk¡l
Hkjrs gq, dgkA
^rw cM+h HkDr gS v#.kk nh dhA*
^muds tSls xq.k viuk ys rks rsjh Hkh HkDr gks tkšxhA*
^eSa dgrh gw¡] mUgsa ;gh lc djuk gS rks dgha vkSj jgsa] gkWLVy esa jgdj ;g tks uokch
pykrh gSa] lks rks gels cnkZ'r ugha gksrhA lkjh yM+fd;k¡ Mjrh gSa rks dqN dgrh ugha] ij
fizafliy vkSj okMZu rd jkSc [kkrh gSa budk] rHkh rks lc izdkj dh NwV ns j[kh gSA*
^rw Hkh ftl fnu gkM+ rksM+dj nwljksa ds fy, ;ksa ifjJe djus yx tk,xh u] ml fnu rsjk
Hkh lc yksx jkSc [kkus yxsaxsA ij rqEgsa rks ltus&l¡ojus ls gh iQqlZr ugha feyrh] nwljksa ds
180 fganh
 nks dykdkj % eUuw HkaMkjh ekWM;wy -2
xn~; iBu
fy, D;k [kkd dke djksxhA*
^vPNk&vPNk py] viuk ysDpj vius ikl j[kA*
v#.kk vius dejs esa ?kqlh rks cgqr gh /hjs ls] ftlls fp=kk dh uhan u [kjkc gksA ij fp=kk
tx jgh FkhA nksigj ls v#.kk fcuk [kk,&fi, ckgj Fkh] mls uhan dSls vkrh Hkyk\ esl fVIi.kh
ls mldk [kkuk ykdj est+ ij <ddj j[k fn;k FkkA v#.kk ds vkrs gh og mB cSBh vkSj
iwNk] ^cM+h nsj yx xbZ] D;k gqvk :uh\*
^og cPpk ugha cpk] fp=kkA fdlh rjg mls ugha cpk ldsA* vkSj mldk Loj fdlh xgjs
nq[k esa Mwc x;kA
fp=kk us ekfpl ysdj ySai tyk;k vkSj LVkso tykus yxh] [kkuk xje djus ds fy,A rHkh 'kCnkFkZ
v#.kk us dgk] ^jgus ns fp=kk] eSa [kkÅ¡xh ugha] eq>s t+jk Hkh Hkw[k ugha gSA* vkSj mldh vk¡[ksa izrh{kk & bartkj
fiQj NyNyk vkb±A fujFkZd & csdkj
vkbfM;k & fopkj
cgqr gh Lusg ls v#.kk dh ihB FkiFkikrs gq, fp=kk us dgk] ^tks gksuk Fkk lks gks x;k] vc lkeF;Z & 'kfDr
Hkw[ks jgus ls D;k gksxk] FkksM+k&FkksM+k [kk ysA*
^ugha fp=kk] vc jgus ns] cl rw ySai cq>k nsA*
mlds ckn nks&rhu fnu rd v#.kk cgqr gh mnkl jgh] ysfdu le; ds lkFk&lkFk ;g
xe Hkh tkrk jgk] vkSj lc dke T;ksa&dk&R;ksa pyus yxkA
pkj ctrs gh dkWyst ls yM+fd;k¡ ykSV vkb±] ij v#.kk ugha ykSVhA fp=kk pk; ds fy,
mldh izrh{kk dj jgh FkhA ^irk ugha dgk¡&dgk¡ vVd tkrh gS] cl blds ihNs cSBs jgk
djksA*
^vjs] D;ksa cM+&cM+ dj jgh gSA ys eSa vk xbZA py] cuk pk;A*
^rsjs eukst dh fpV~Bh vkbZ gSA*
^dgk¡] rwus rks i<+ gh yh gksxh iQkM+djA*
^py gV] ,slh cksj fpV~fB;k¡ i<+us dk iQkyrw le; fdlds ikl gS\ rqEgkjh fpV~fB;ksa esa
jgrk gh D;k gS tks dksbZ i<+sA cM+s&cM+s vkn'kZ dh ckrsa] ekuks [kr u gqvk ysDpj gqvkA*
^vPNk&vPNk*] rw fy[kk djuk jlHkjh fpV~fB;k¡] gesa rks og lc vkrk ughaA* og fyiQ+kiQ+k
iQkM+dj i=k i<+us yxhA tc mldk i=k lekIr gks x;k rks fp=kk cksyh] ^vkt firkth dk
Hkh i=k vk;k gS] fy[kk gS tSls gh ;gk¡ dk dkslZ lekIr gks tk,] eSa fons'k tk ldrh gw¡A
eSa rks tkurh Fkh] firk th dHkh euk ugha djsaxsA*
^gk¡ HkkbZ! /uh firk dh bdykSrh fcfV;k Bgjh! rsjh bPNk dHkh Vkyh tk ldrh gS! ij lp
dgrh gw¡] eq>s rks lkjh dyk bruh fujFkZd yxrh gS] bruh cseryc yxrh gS fd crk
ugha ldrh A fdl dke dh ,slh dyk] tks vkneh dks vkneh u jgus nsA*
^rks rw eq>s vkneh ugha le>rh] D;ksa\^

fganh 181
 ekWM;wy -2 nks dykdkj % eUuw HkaMkjh
xn~; iBu
^rq>s nqfu;k ls dksbZ eryc ugha] nwljksa ls dksbZ eryc ugha] cl pkSchl ?kaVs vius jax vkSj
rwfy;ksa esa Mwch jgrh gSA nqfu;k esa cM+h ls cM+h ?kVuk ?kV tk,] ij ;fn mlesa rsjs fp=k ds
fy, dksbZ vkbfM;k ugha rks rsjs fy, og ?kVuk dksbZ egÙo ugha j[krhA cl] gj ?kM+h] gj
txg vkSj gj pht esa ls rw vius fp=kksa ds fy, ekWMy [kkstk djrh gSA*
fVIi.kh ^vjs] bl yxu dks ns[kdj gh rks xq#th dgrs gSa fd og le; nwj ugha] tc fganqLrku ds
dksus&dksus esa esjh 'kksgjr xw¡t mBsxhA ve`rk 'ksjfxy dh rjg esjk Hkh uke xw¡t mBs] cl
;gh reUuk gSA*
^dkxt+ ij bu futhZo fp=kksa dks cukus dh ctk; nks&pkj dh ft+anxh D;ksa ugha cuk nsrh]
rsjs ikl lkeF;Z gS] lk/u gSA*
^og dke rks rsjs vkSj eukst ds fy, NksM+ fn;k gSA rqe nksuksa C;kg dj yks vkSj fiQj tYnh
ls lkjh nqfu;k dk dY;k.k djus ds fy, >aMk ysdj fudy iM+ukA* vkSj fp=kk g¡l iM+hA
fiQj cksyh& ^vPNk] ;g crk fd rsjs ;g lc djus ls D;k gks tk,xk\ rwus viuh vuks[kh
ikB'kkyk esa nl&chl cPps i<+k fn,] rks D;k fuj{kjrk feV tk,xh\ vjs] ;g lc dke
,d ds fd, ugha gksrsA tc rd lekt dk lkjk <k¡pk ugha cnyrk rc rd dqN gksus dk
ugha] vkSj <k¡pk gh cny x;k rks rsjs&esjs dqN djus dh t+:jr ugha] lc vius vki gh
gks tk,xkA*
'kCnkFkZ fiQj nksuksa essa dyk vkSj thou dks ysdj yach&yach cglsa gksrha vkSj fp=kk var esa dku ij
yksgk ekuuk & eu ls ckr dks gkFk /jdj mB tkrh] ^vPNk&vPNk] can dj ;g ysDpjckth] cksj dgha dhA* ;g fiNys
Lohdkj djuk] ik¡p o"kks± ls blh izdkj py jgk FkkA gj nl&chl fnu ckn nksuksa esa vius&vius mn~ns';
lEeku djuk
dk;y gksuk & fdlh dh ckr dks ysdj] viuh&viuh fnup;kZ dks ysdj ,d xjekxje cgl gks gh tkrh] ij u og
Lohdkj djuk] mldh ckr dk yksgk ekurh Fkh] u og mldh ckr dh dk;y gksrh FkhA
yktokc gksuk
rhu fnu ls ewlyk/kj o"kkZ gks jgh FkhA jkst+ v[kckjksa esa ck<+ dh [kcjsa vkrh FkhaA
ck<+&ihfM+rksa dh n'kk fcxM+rh tk jgh Fkh] vkSj o"kkZ Fkh fd Fkeus dk uke gh ugha ysrh
FkhA v#.kk lkjs fnu pank bdV~Bk djus esa O;Lr jgrhA ,d fnu vkf[kj fp=kk us dg gh
fn;k] ^rsjs bfErgku lj ij vk jgs gSa] dqN i<+rh&fy[krh rw gS ugha] lkjs fnu cl HkVdrh
jgrh gSA iQsy gks xbZ rks rsjs llqj lkgc D;k lkspsaxs fd bruk iSlk csdkj gh ikuh esa
cgk;kA*
^vkt 'kke dks ,d Lo;alsodksa dk ny tk jgk gS] fizafliy ls vuqefr ys yh] eSa Hkh
muds lkFk tk jgh gw¡A* fp=kk dh ckr dks fcuk lqus mlus dgkA
'kke dks v#.kk pyh xbZA ianzg fnu ckn og ykSVh rks mldh gkyr dkiQh [kLrk gks jgh
FkhA lwjr ,slh fudy vkbZ Fkh ekuks Ng eghus ls chekj gksA fp=kk ml le; vius xq#nso
ds ikl xbZ gqbZ FkhA v#.kk ugk&/ksdj] [kk&ihdj ysVus yxh] rHkh mldh utj fp=kk ds
u, fp=kksa dh vksj xbZA rhu fp=k cus j[ks FksA rhuksa ck<+ ds fp=k FksA tks n`'; og viuh
vk¡[kksa ls ns[kdj vk jgh Fkh] oSls gh n`'; ;gk¡ Hkh vafdr FksA mldk eu tkus dSlk&dSlk
gks vk;kA ogk¡ yksxksa ds thus ds ykys iM+ jgs gSa vkSj mlesa Hkh bls fp=kdkjh gh lw>rh
gSA vkSj u tkus fdruh ckr lksprs&lksprs og lks xbZA

182 fganh
 nks dykdkj % eUuw HkaMkjh ekWM;wy -2
xn~; iBu
'kke dks fp=kk ykSVh rks v#.kk dks ns[kdj cM+h izlUu gqbZA ^xuher gS] rw ykSV vkbZA eSa
lksp jgh Fkh fd dgha rw ck<+&ihfM+rksa dh lsok djrh gh jg tk, vkSj eSa tkus ls igys
rq>ls fey Hkh u ikšA*
^D;ksa] rsjk tkus dk r; gks x;k\*
fVIi.kh
^gk¡] vxys cq/ dks eSa ?kj tkÅ¡xh vkSj cl ,d lIrkg ckn fganqLrku dh lhek ds ckgj
igq¡p tkÅ¡xhA* mYykl mlds Loj ls Nyd iM+ jgk FkkA
^lp dg jgh gS] rw pyh tk,xh fp=kk! Ng lky ls rsjs lkFk jgrs&jgrs eSa rks ;g ckr Hkwy
gh xbZ fd dHkh gedks vyx Hkh gksuk iM+sxkA rw pyh tk,xh rks eSa dSls jg¡wxh\*
^vjs] nks eghus ckn 'kknh dj ysxh] fiQj ;kn Hkh u jgsxk fd dkSu dec[r Fkh fp=kk! cM+h
ykylk Fkh rsjh 'kknh esa vkus dh ] ij vc rks vk ugha ldw¡xhA vPNh rjg 'kknh djuk]
nksuksa feydj lkjs lekt dk vkSj lkjs lalkj dk dY;k.k djukA*
ij v#.kk ds dkuksa esa mldh dksbZ Hkh ckr ugha iM+ jgh FkhA fp=kk ds lkFk fcrk, gq,
fiNys Ng lkyksa ds fp=k mldh vk¡[kksa ds lkeus ?kwe jgs Fks vkSj og mUgha esa [kksbZ cSBh
jghA
^D;k lkspus yxh :uh ! eukst dh ;kn vk xbZ D;k\* 'kCnkFkZ
fojkV & cM+k
^py gV! gj le; dk et+kd vPNk ugha yxrkA* lius lkdkj & lksph gqbZ
gksuk ckr lp gksuk
ml fnu jkr esa Hkh v#.kk vius vkSj fp=kk ds ckjs esa gh lksprh jghA nksuksa ds vokd~ & vk'p;Z] pqi
vkpkj&fopkj] jgu&lgu] #fp vkfn esa t+ehu&vkleku dk varj Fkk] fiQj Hkh fdruk
Lusg Fkk nksuksa esaA lkjk gkWLVy mudh fe=krk dks bZ";kZ dh ut+j ls ns[krk FkkA tc mlds
ch-,- ds bfErgku Fks rks fp=kk fdruk [k;ky j[krh Fkh mldkA og vDlj fp=kk dks Mk¡V
fn;k djrh Fkh] ij dHkh mlus cqjk ugha ekukA ;gh fp=kk tc pyh tk,xh& cgqr&cgqr
nwjA ;s nks eghus Hkh dSls fudkysxh\ vkSj ;gh lc lksprs&lksprs mls uhan vk xbZA
vkt fp=kk dks tkuk FkkA gkWLVy esa mls cM+h 'kkunkj fonkbZ feyh FkhA v#.kk losjs ls gh
mldk lkjk lkeku Bhd dj jgh FkhA ,d&,d djds fp=kk lcls fey vkbZA fiQj xq#th
ds ?kj dh rjQ+ py iM+hA rhu ct x,] ij og ykSVh ughaA v#.kk mldk lkjk dke lekIr
djds mldh jkg ns[k jgh FkhA vkSj Hkh dbZ yM+fd;k¡ ogk¡ tek Fkha] dqN ckj&ckj vkdj
iwN tkrh Fkha] fp=kk ykSVh ;k ughaA ik¡p cts dh xkM+h ls og tkus okyh gSA v#.kk us lkspk]
og [kqn tkdj ns[k vk, fd vkf[kj ckr D;k gks xbZA rHkh gM+cM+krh&lh fp=kk us izos'k
fd;k] ^cM+h nsj gks xbZ ukA vjs] D;k d:¡] cl] dqN ,slk gks x;k fd #duk gh iM+kA*
^vkf[kj D;k gks x;k ,slk] tks #duk gh iM+k] lqusa rksA* nks&rhu daB ,d lkFk cksysA*
^xxZ&LVksj ds lkeus isM+ ds uhps vDlj ,d fHk[kkfju cSBh jgk djrh Fkh uk] ykSVh rks ns[kk
fd og ogha ejh iM+h gS vkSj mlds nksuksa cPps lw[ks 'kjhj ls fpiddj cqjh rjg jks jgs
gSaA tkus D;k Fkk ml lkjs n`'; esa] fd eSa vius dks jksd ugha ldh & mldk ,d jiQ&lk
Ldsp cuk gh MkykA cl] blh esa bruh nsj gks xbZA* ppkZ blh ij py iM+h] dSls ej xbZ]

fganh 183
 ekWM;wy -2 nks dykdkj % eUuw HkaMkjh
xn~; iBu
dy rks mls ns[kk FkkA* fdlh us nk'kZfud
dh eqnzk esa dgk] ^vjs] ftanxh dk D;k
Hkjkslk] ekSr dgdj FkksM+s vkrh gSA*
vkfn&vkfnA ij bl lkjh ppkZ ls v#.kk
fVIi.kh dc f[kld xbZ] dksbZ tku gh ugha
ik;kA
lk<+s pkj cts fp=kk gkWLVy ds iQkVd
ij vk xbZ] ij rc rd v#.kk dk dgha
irk ugha FkkA cgqr lkjh yM+fd;k¡ mls fp=k 11-3 % e`r fHk[kkfju vkSj nks cPps
NksM+us LVs'ku vkbZa] ij fp=kk dh vk¡[ksa
cjkcj v#.kk dks <w¡<+ jgh FkhaA mls n`<+ fo'okl Fkk fd og bl fonkbZ dh csyk esa mlls
feyus t+:j vk,xhA ik¡p Hkh ct x,] jsy py iM+h] vusd :ekyksa us fgy&fgydj fp=kk
dks fonkbZ nh] ij mldh vk¡[ksa fdlh vkSj dks gh <w¡<+ jgh Fkha& ij v#.kk u vkbZ lks u
vkbZA
fons'k tkdj fp=kk ru&eu ls vius dke esa tqV xbZ] mldh yxu us mldh dyk dks
fu[kkj fn;kA fons'kksa esa mlds fp=kksa dh /we ep xbZA fHk[keaxh vkSj nks vukFk cPpksa ds ml
fp=k dh iz'kalk esa rks v[kckjksa ds dkWye Hkj x,A 'kksgjr ds Å¡ps dxkj ij cSB] fp=kk tSls
viuk fiNyk lc dqN Hkwy xbZA igys o"kZ rks v#.kk ls i=k&O;ogkj cM+s fu;fer :i ls
pyk] fiQj de gksrs&gksrs ,dne can gks x;kA fiNys ,d lky ls rks mls ;g Hkh ugha
ekywe fd og dgk¡ gSA ubZ dYiuk,¡ vkSj u,&u, fopkj mls uohu l`tu dh izsj.kk nsrs
vkSj og mUgha esa [kksbZ jgrhA mlds fp=kksa dh izn'kZfu;k¡ gksrhaA vusd izfr;ksfxrkvksa esa mldk
^vukFk* 'kh"kZdokyk fp=k izFke iqjLdkj ik pqdk FkkA tkus D;k Fkk ml fp=k esa] tks ns[krk]
ogh pfdr jg tkrkA nq[k&nkfjnz; vkSj d#.kk tSls lkdkj gks mBs FksA rhu lky ckn tc
og Hkkjr ykSVh rks cM+k Lokxr gqvk mldkA v[kckjksa esa mldh dyk ij] mlds thou ij
vusd ys[k NisA firk viuh bdykSrh fcfV;k dh bl dke;kch ij xn~xn Fks & le> ugha
ik jgs Fks fd mls dgk¡&dgk¡ mBk,¡] fcBk,¡A fnYyh esa mlds fp=kksa dh izn'kZuh dk fojkV
vk;kstu fd;k x;kA mn~?kkVu djus ds fy, mls gh cqyk;k x;k FkkA ml izn'kZuh dks ns[kus
ds fy, turk meM+ iM+h Fkh] Hkwfj&Hkwfj iz'kalk gks jgh Fkh vkSj fp=kk dks yx jgk Fkk] tSls
mlds lius lkdkj gks x,A ml HkhM+&HkkM+ esa vpkud mldh HkasV v#.kk ls gks xbZ !
^:uh* ! dgdj og HkhM+ dh mifLFkfr dks Hkwydj v#.kk ds xys ls fyiV xbZ& ^rq>s dc
ls fp=k ns[kus dk 'kkSd gks x;k] :uh!* ^fp=kksa dks ugha] fp=kk dks ns[kus vkbZ FkhA rw rks
,dne Hkwy gh xbZA*
^vjs] ;s cPps fdlds gSa\ nks I;kjs&ls cPps v#.kk ls lVs [kM+s FksA yM+ds dh mez nl lky
dh gksxh rks yM+dh dh dksbZ vkBA
^esjs cPps gSa] vkSj fdlds ! ;s rqEgkjh fp=kk eklh gS] ueLrs djks viuh eklh dksA* v#.kk
us vkns'k fn;kA

184 fganh
 nks dykdkj % eUuw HkaMkjh ekWM;wy -2
xn~; iBu

fVIi.kh

fp=k 11-4
cPpksa us cM+h vnk ls ueLrs fd;kA ij fp=kk vokd~ gksdj dHkh mudk vkSj dHkh v#.kk
dk eq¡g ns[k jgh FkhA og lkjh ckr dh rqd ugha feyk ik jgh FkhA rHkh v#.kk us Vksdk]
^dSlh eklh gS] I;kj rks djA* vkSj fp=kk us nksuksa ds flj ij gkFk iQsjkA I;kj dk t+jk&lk
lkgl ikdj yM+dh fp=kk dh xksnh esa tk p<+hA v#.kk us dgk] ^rqEgkjh ;s eklh cgqr vPNh
rLohjsa cukrh gS] ;s lkjh rLohjsa bUgha dh cukbZ gqbZ gSaA*
^lp \* vk'p;Z ls cPph cksy iM+hA ^rc rks eklh] rqe t:j Mªkabx esa iQLVZ vkrh gksxhA
eSa Hkh viuh Dykl esa iQLVZ vkrh g¡w & rqe gekjs ?kj vkvksxh rks viuh dkWih fn[kkÅ¡xhA*
cPPkh ds Loj eas eqdkcys dh Hkkouk FkhA fp=kk vkSj v#.kk bl ckr ij g¡l iM+haA
^vki gesa lc rLohjsa fn[kkb, eklh] le>k&le>kdjA* cPps us iQjekb'k dhA fp=kk
le>krh gqbZ rLohjsa fn[kkus yxhA ?kwers&?kwers os mlh fHk[kkfju okyh rLohj ds lkeus vk
igq¡psA fp=kk us dgk] ^;gh og rLohj gS :uh] ftlus eq>s bruh izflf¼ nhA*
^;s cPps jks D;ksa jgs gSa] eklh\* rLohj dks è;ku ls ns[kdj ckfydk us dgk!
^budh ek¡ ej xbZ] ns[krh ugha ejh iM+h gSA bruk Hkh ugha le>rhA* ckyd us ekSdk ikrs
gh vius cM+Iiu dh Nki yxkbZA
^;s lpeqp ds cPps Fks] eklh\ ckfydk dk Loj d#.k ls d#.krj gksrk tk jgk FkkA
*vjs] lpeqp ds cPpksa dks ns[kdj gh rks cukbZ Fkh ;g rLohj!*
^gk; jke! budh ek¡ ej xbZ rks fiQj bu cPpksa dk D;k gqvk\* ckyd us iwNkA
^eklh] gesa ,slh rLohj ugha] vPNh&vPNh] rLohjsa fn[kkvks] jktk&jkuh dh] ifj;ksa dh-----
--- ml rLohj dks vkSj vf/d nsj rd ns[kuk cPpksa ds fy, vlg~; gks mBk FkkA rHkh v#.kk
ds ifr vk igq¡psA ifjp; gqvkA lk/kj.k ckrphr ds i'pkr~ v#.kk us nksuksa cPpksa dks muds
fganh 185
 ekWM;wy -2 nks dykdkj % eUuw HkaMkjh
xn~; iBu
gokys djrs gq, dgk] ^vki tjk cPpksa dks izn'kZuh fn[kkb,] eSa fp=kk dks ysdj ?kj pyrh
gw¡A
cPps bPNk u jgrs gq, Hkh firk ds lkFk fonk gq,A fp=kk dks nksuksa cPps cM+s gh I;kjs yxsA
og mUgsa ,dVd ns[krh jghA tSls gh os vk¡[kksa ls vks>y gq, mlus iwNk] ^lp&lp crk]
fVIi.kh
:uh! ;s I;kjs&I;kjs cPps fdlds gSa\
^dgk rks] esjsA* v#.kk us g¡lrs gq, dgkA
^vjs] crkvks uk! eq>s csodwiQ+ cukus pyh gSA*
^,d {k.k #ddj v#.kk us dgk] ^crk nw¡\* vkSj fiQj ml fHk[kkfju okys fp=k ds nksuksa
cPpksa ij m¡xyh j[kdj cksyh] ^;s gh os nksuksa cPps gSaA*
^D;k---- !* foLe; ls fp=kk dh vk¡[ksa iQSyh dh iQSyh jg xb±A
^D;k lksp jgh gS] fp=kk\*
^dqN ugha & eSa lksp jgh Fkh fd ---- ^ ij 'kCn 'kk;n mlds fopkjksa esa gh [kks x,A

cks/ iz'u 11-1

vk'kk gS vkidks dgkuh ilan vkbZ gksxhA vc fn, x, fodYiksa esa ls lgh fodYi pqudj
bl dgkuh ij vk/kfjr iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft,%
1- ^rks bls fn[kkus ds fy, esjh uhan [kjkc dj nh] cnreht+ dgha dh*µ v#.kk ds bl
dFku ls dkSu&lk Hkko izdV gksrk gSA
(d) Øks/ ([k) izse
(x) ukjktxh (?k) bZ";kZ
2- ftl fp=k esa lM+d] vkneh] Vªke] cl] eksVj] edku lc ,d&nwljs ij p<+s ut+j
vkrs gSa] mls fp=kk fdldk izrhd crkrh gS\
(d) ;krk;kr leL;k dk ([k) tula[;k dh c<+ksrjh dk
(x) nqfu;k ds daÝ;qtu dk (?k) lM+d nq?kZVuk dk
3- v#.kk dh HkDr dgdj fdls rkuk fn;k x;k gS&
(d) lfork dks ([k) okMZu dks
(x) fizafliy dks (?k) 'khyk dks
4- nksigj ls gh Hkw[kh v#.kk us jkr dks Hkh Hkkstu ugha fd;k] D;ksafdµ
(d) iQqfy;k nkbZ ds cPps ds nq[k ds dkj.k Hkw[k ej xbZ FkhA

186 fganh
 nks dykdkj % eUuw HkaMkjh ekWM;wy -2
xn~; iBu
([k) Hkkstu lekIr gks pqdk FkkA
(x) fp=kk dks d"V ugha nsuk pkgrh FkhA
(?k) Hkkstu BaMk FkkA
fVIi.kh
5- tc v#.kk jkr nsj ls ykSVh rks fp=kkµ
(d) lks jgh FkhA
([k) i<+ jgh FkhA
(x) ckrsa dj jgh FkhA
(?k) fpark esa Fkh fd vHkh rd v#.kk ykSVh D;ksa ughaA
6- fp=kk dh lcls cM+h bPNk gS&
(d) fons'k tkus dh ([k) izflf¼ ikus dh
(x) /u izkfIr dh (?k) lekt dk <k¡pk cnyus dh
7- fuEufyf[kr esa ls lgh dFku gS&
(d) vius fons'k tkus dh ckr ij fp=kk mnkl gks tkrh gSA
([k) v#.kk ds Mk¡Vus ij fp=kk ukjkt gks tkrh gSA
(x) fons'k tkdj Hkh fp=kk dk LoHkko ugha cnyrkA
(?k) fp=kk v:.kk ds cPpksa ij dksbZ è;ku ugha nsrhA

11-3 vkb, le>sa

dFkk ds izeq[k pj.k
;g rks vki tku gh x, gSa fp=kk vkSj v#.kk nks lf[k;k¡ gkWLVy esa ,d lkFk jgrh FkhaA
muds O;ogkj vkSj vknrksa esa varj gksrs gq, Hkh nksuksa ?kfu"B fe=k FkhaA ,d&nwljs ds
lq[k&nq[k dk è;ku j[krh FkhaA vkxs dgkuh dqN bl izdkj vkxs c<+rh gS&
l v#.kk dk fookg eukst ls fuf'pr gks pqdk gSA
l fp=kk /uh firk dh bdykSrh iq=kh gSA
l v#.kk ,d lekt lsfodk gSA
l fp=kk ,d fp=kdkj] izflf¼ ikus dh mRlqd] ftls xq#th dk izksRlkgu izkIr gSA
l v[kckjksa ls irk pyrk gS fd yxkrkj ewlyk/kj ckfj'k ls ck<+ vk xbZ gSA ck<+
ihf<+rksa dh gkyr fcxM+ pqdh gSA

fganh 187
 ekWM;wy -2 nks dykdkj % eUuw HkaMkjh
xn~; iBu
l v#.kk f'kfoj esa tkrh gS vkSj ck<+ ihfM+rksa dh lsok djrh gSA
l fp=kk mu ij vk/kfjr fp=k cukrh gSA
l ^xxZ LVksj* ij fHk[kkfju dh e`R;q gks tkrh gSA fp=kk ml ejh gqbZ fHk[kkfju vkSj mlds
fVIi.kh cPpksa dk fp=k cukrh gS vkSj fiQj pyh tkrh gSA fHk[kkfju okys fp=k ij fp=kk dks
fof'k"V iqjLdkj feyrk gSA
l fp=kk fons'k ls okil vkrh gS vkSj HkO; izn'kZuh dk vk;kstu djrh gS] ftlesa mls
viwoZ izflf¼ feyrh gSA
l izn'kZuh esa v#.kk dk fp=kk ls feyu gksrk gSA
l v#.kk ds lkFk nks cPpksa dks ns[k dj fp=kk vokd jg tkrh gSA
l fp=kk dks irk pyrk gS fd v#.kk ds lkFk vk, nksuksa cPps mlh fHk[kkfju ds gSa
&ftldk fp=k mlus cuk;k FkkA
l og [kqn dks v#.kk ds lkeus cgqr NksVk eglwl djrh gSA

11-3-1 dgkuh dSls i<+sa

vkius vusd dgkfu;k¡ i<+h gksaxhA vkidks vuqHko gqvk gksxk fd dgkuh euksjatu dk
lk/u gksus ds lkFk gh fdlh thou&ewY; dh rjiQ+ Hkh ladsr djrh gSA nknk&nknh vFkok
cM+ksa }kjk cPpksa dks lquk;h tkus okyh dgkfu;ksa esa ls nksuksa xq.k Hkjiwj ik, tkrs gSaA dgkuh]
jktk&jkuh vkSj dkYifud ifj;ksa ls ysdj ikSjkf.kd] oSKkfud] ,sfrgkfld] lkekftd vkfn
fdlh Hkh fo"k; ls tqM+h gks ldrh gSA ;g thou dh fdlh NksVh&cM+h ?kVuk ij vk/kfjr
gksrh gSA dgkuh dks ^NksVs eq¡g cM+h ckr* dgk x;k gSA lqizfl¼ dgkuhdkj izsepan us dgk
gS fd dgkuh ^,d xeyk gS rks miU;kl iwjk m|kuA*
fdlh Hkh dgkuh dks vPNh rjg ls le>us ds fy, ge mlds Ng rÙoksa dk
vè;;u djrs gSa%
1- dFkkoLrq
2- ns'kdky rFkk okrkoj.k
3- pfj=k&fp=k.k
4- dFkksidFku vFkok laokn
5- mn~ns';
6- Hkk"kk&'kSyh
ysfdu dHkh&dHkh dgkuh esa buesa ls dksbZ ,d rÙo ugha Hkh gksrkA
vkb,] i<+dj ns[krs gSa fd ^nks dykdkj* dgkuh esa ;s lHkh rÙo fdl izdkj ekStwn gSaA
188 fganh
 nks dykdkj % eUuw HkaMkjh ekWM;wy -2
xn~; iBu
1- dFkkoLrq
dFkkoLrq dk fuekZ.k ifjfLFkfr;ksa] ?kVukvksa vkSj ik=kksa ds la;ksx ls gksrk gSA okLro esa ys[kd
vius dF; ;k mn~ns'; ds vuqlkj gh dFkkoLrq dk Lo:i rS;kj djrk gSA mn~ns'; ds
vuqlkj dHkh ?kVukvksa dh iz/kurk gks tkrh gS] dHkh pfj=k vkSj dHkh okrkoj.k dhA bl fVIi.kh
dgkuh esa okrkoj.k dh dksbZ fo'ks"k Hkwfedk ugha gSA dsoy Nk=kkvksa ds gkWLVy dk ifjos'k
fn[kk;k x;k gS vkSj mlh ds bnZ&fxnZ jgus okys yksxksa dh lsok esa tqVh v:.kk dks dykdkj
dgk x;k gSA dykdkj fp=kk Hkh gS] ij v#.kk pw¡fd lekt ds chp tkdj eqlhcrksa esa iM+s
yksxksa dh lgk;rk djrh gS] vr% eUuw HkaMkjh us mls cM+k dykdkj ekuk gSA
dgkuh ds 'kq: esa Nk=kkokl esa jgus okyh fp=kk vkSj v#.kk dh #fp;ksa] migkl&o`fÙk vkSj
izxk<+ eS=kh dks laoknksa] vkpj.kksa vkSj dk;ks± ls js[kkafdr fd;k x;k gSA Nk=kkokl esa jgus okyh
lfork vkSj 'khyk ds laokn ds ekè;e ls u dsoy v#.kk dh lsok Hkkouk dk irk pyrk
gS] cfYd lfork dh bZ";kZ vkSj vkjkeijLrh dh o`fÙk dk Hkh irk pyrk gSA bl izdkj dgkuh
ds igys va'k esa laoknksa vkSj ?kVukvksa ds ekè;e ls dgkuh dks vkxs c<+k;k x;k gSA
dgkuhdkj us vius dF; dks laoknksa ds tfj, Li"V fd;k gSA v#.kk dkxt+ ij fp=k cukus
dh ctk, yksxksa dh ft+anxh cukuk T+;knk Js;Ldj le>rh gSA v#.kk dk ;g laokn fd ^fdl
dke dh ,slh dyk tks vkneh dks vkneh u jgus ns* gh dgkuh dk ewy lans'k gSA blh dks
Li"V djus ds fy, nksuksa lf[k;ksa dh fHkUu&fHkUu #fp;ksa vkSj eukso`fÙk;ksa dks laoknksa ds
ekè;e ls foLrkj fn;k x;k gSA ck<+&ihfM+rksa dh lsok okyh ?kVuk vkSj fHk[kkfju ds jksrs gq,
nksuksa cPpksa okyh ?kVuk ls nksuksa lf[k;k¡ tqM+h gqbZ gSaA fp=kk bu ?kVukvksa ds fp=k cukrh gS]
fdarq v#.kk mudh lsok djds mUgsa thounku nsrh gSA iwjk dFkkud jaxkas vkSj ydhjksa dh
ctk, ekuo lsok dks egRo nsus ds fy, x<+k x;k gSA
dgkuh dk vafre Hkkx Hkh laoknksa vkSj ?kVuk ls gh foLrkj ikrk gSA ;g [kaM nksuksa lf[k;ksa
esa pyh vk jgh ml cgl dk Hkh var dj nsrk gS tks vius&vius dkeksa dks mÙke fl¼ djuk
pkgrh FkhaA viuh fp=k izn'kZuh esa v#.kk ds lkFk vk, nksuksa cPpksa dks ns[kdj fp=kk pfdr
gksrh gS vkSj tc mls ;g irk pyrk gS fd os nksuksa e`r fHk[kkfju ds cPps gSa] ftldk mlus
Ldsp cukdj izflf¼ ikbZ gS] rks mlds vk'p;Z dk fBdkuk ugha jgrkA og Lo;a dks NksVk
eglwl djrh gS vkSj v#.kk dks egku dykdkj le>rh gSA dgkuh esa bl ckr dks 'kCnksa
esa ugha dgk x;k] cfYd bldh vksj ladsr Hkh fd;k x;k gSA bl izdkj iwjh dgkuh ?kVuk
vkSj laoknksa ds ekè;e ls lgt :i ls vkxs c<+rh gSA dgha ls Hkh dFkkud u rks vux<+
yxrk gS vkSj u gh Ñf=keA ,slk yxrk gS fd thou dk ,d VqdM+k iwjh lPpkbZ] bZekunkjh
vkSj thoarrk ds lkFk ewrZ dj fn;k x;k gSA

ikBxr iz'u 11-1

fn, x, fodYiksa esa ls lgh fodYi pqudj fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft,%

fganh 189
 ekWM;wy -2 nks dykdkj % eUuw HkaMkjh
xn~; iBu
1- dFkkud ds foLrkj esa eq[; Hkwfedk gksrh gS&
(d) laokn&?kVukvksa dh ([k) gkL;&o.kZu dh
(x) Hkk"kk&'kSyh dh (?k) pfj=k&fp=k.k dh
fVIi.kh 2- ^nks dykdkj* dh dFkkoLrq dk ewy lans'k gS&
(d) fp=kdyk dks egRoghu fl¼ djuk
([k) lekt lsok dks Hkh fp=kdyk ds cjkcj fl¼ djuk
(x) dyk lk/uk dh vis{kk lekt&lsok dks egRo nsuk
(?k) dyk vkSj lekt&lsok esa izfrLi/kZ fn[kkuk
3. ;fn e`r fHk[kkfju ds cPps okyh ?kVuk ugha gksrh rks
(d) dgkuh v/wjh gh jg tkrh
([k) v#.kk dh LoHkkoxr fo'ks"krk izdV u gks ikrh
(x) dyk vkSj lsok esa tqVh lf[k;ksa ds fookn dk iQSlyk u gks ikrk
(?k) buesa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha
4- ^nks dykdkj* dgkuh esa fdl dky&[kaM dk okrkoj.k fn[kkbZ nsrk gS&
(d) izkphu ([k) vk/qfud
(x) eè;dkyhu (?k) feyktqyk

2- ns'kdky rFkk okrkoj.k

dgkuh esa ns'kdky ls vk'k; mu lkekftd] HkkSxksfyd] ,sfrgkfld fLFkfr;ksa ls gS ftuesa
dgkuh fy[kh xbZ gksrh gS ;k ftUgsa dgkuh esa mHkkjus dh dksf'k'k dh xbZ gksrh gSA ns'k dk
vFkZ rks vki tkurs gh gSa] th gk¡ LFkku vkSj dky dk vFkZ gksrk gS& le; ;kuh dgkuh esa
ns'k ;k LFkku dh ftl lkekftd vkSj lkaLÑfrd fLFkfr;ksa rFkk dky&[kaM dk o.kZu feyrk
gS ;k ijks{k :i ls ;s fn[kkbZ nsrs gSa mls ns'kdky dgk tkrk gSA okrkoj.k dk vk'k; fdlh
Hkh dky&[kaM dh fLFkfr;ksa ls gksrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, tc vki jktk&jkuh dh dksbZ dgkuh
i<+rs gSa rks vkidks Li"V gks tkrk gS fd dgkuh izkphu le; ds okrkoj.k dks mtkxj dj
jgh gSA
^nks dykdkj* vk/qfud dky&[kaM esa Hkkjrh; lekt ds okrkoj.k dks n'kkZrh gSA fp=kk vkSj
v#.kk nks lgsfy;k¡ gSa tks gkWLVy esa jgrh gSaA ysf[kdk us mUgsa gkWLVy esa jgrs gq, fn[kkdj
vk/qfud Hkkjrh; lekt ds okrkoj.k dks izLrqr fd;k gS] D;ksafd vk/qfud dky ls igys
yM+fd;ksa dk bl rjg ls dgha ckgj jguk vkSj viuh et+hZ ls dke djuk izpyu esa ugha

190 fganh
 nks dykdkj % eUuw HkaMkjh ekWM;wy -2
xn~; iBu
FkkA bl dgkuh esa nksuksa lgsfy;k¡ Lora=k gSa] [kqys fopkjksa dh gSaA nksuksa vius iq#"k fe=kksa ds
ckjs esa [kqydj ckrsa djrh gSa vkSj bls cqjk ugha ekurhaA vk/qfud f'k{kk vkSj lksp ds dkj.k
fdl rjg gekjs lekt esa cnyko vk;k gS mlls lekt esa efgykvksa dh vkt+knh] mUgsa Hkh
iq#"kksa dh rjg vius thou dk fu.kZ; ysus vkSj le; ls dke djus dh ijaijk fodflr
gqbZ gSA bl dgkuh esa bl dky [kaM dh izo`fÙk;ksa dks lki+Q ns[kk tk ldrk gSA nksuksa ik=kksa fVIi.kh
esa Hkjiwj vkRefo'okl vkSj fu.kZ; ysus dh {kerk gSA

3- pfj=k&fp=k.k
dgkuh dks i<+rs gq, vkius tku fy;k gksxk fd blesa eq[;r% nks gh ik=k gSa& v#.kk vkSj
fp=kkA bl dgkuh eas Nk=kkokl vkSj 'kgjh thou dk ifjos'k gSA Nk=kkokl dh vU; Nk=kkvksa
dh mifLFkfr dgkuh esa gS] fdarq iwjh dgkuh eas ;gh nksuksa ik=k Nk, gq, gSaA gk¡] dqN le;
ds fy, lfork vkSj 'khyk Hkh fn[kkbZ iM+rh gSa] ftuesa lfork dh v#.kk ds izfr bZ";kZ vkSj
'khyk dh lEeku&Hkkouk fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA dgkuh esa v#.kk dh d#.kk vkSj deZfu"Bk dks
Li"V fd;k x;k gSA mldh lRdeZ izo`fÙk us lHkh dks izHkkfor fd;k gS] pkgs gkWLVy dh
okMZu gks ;k fiQj dkWyst dh fizafliyA
vkb,] vc bu nksuksa izeq[k ik=kksa dh pfj=kxr fo'ks"krkvksa ds ckjs esa foLrkj ls tkusaA
v#.kk
v#.kk ,d eè;eoxhZ; ifjokj dh yM+dh gS tks laLdkjksa ls ijksidkjh rFkk deZ ds izfr
lefiZr gSA og lekt&lsok ds fy, ges'kk rS;kj jgrh gSA dHkh og vkl&ikl ds cPpksa
dks i<+krh gS rks dHkh ck<+ ihfM+rksa ds fy, pank bdV~Bk djus esa O;Lr jgrh gSA bu dk;ks±
dh otg ls og viuh i<+kbZ dh Hkh mis{kk dj nsrh gS blfy, mldh l[kh fp=kk mls
i<+kbZ ds izfr lpsr djrs gq, dgrh gS& ^rsjs bfErgku flj ij vk jgs gSa dqN i<+rh&fy[krh
rw gS ugha] lkjs fnu cl HkVdrh jgrh gSA* v#.kk ds ân; esa lekt&lsok ds fy, bruk
mRlkg gS fd og iz/kukpk;Z ls Lo;alsodksa ds ny ds lkFk tkus ds fy, vuqefr ik ysrh
gSA laosnu'khy v#.kk ck<+ ihfM+rksa dh lsok esa fnu&jkr ,d dj nsrh gS vkSj Hkw[k&I;kl
dh ijokg fd, fcuk lekt lsok esa yxh jgrh gSA ifj.kke ;g gksrk gS fd ek=k ianzg fnu
esa gh og ,slh yxrh gS ekuks Ng eghus ls chekj gksA
njvly v#.kk ds LoHkko esa jksfx;ksa] nqf[k;ksa ds fy, vikj izse gSA tc og iqQfy;k nkbZ
ds cPps dh chekjh ds ckjs esa lqurh gS rks iQ+kSju mldh lsok eas rRij gks tkrh gSA lsok
djus ds ckotwn og cPps dks ugha cpk ikrhA bl ?kVuk ls og bruh nq[kh gksrh gS fd
fnu&Hkj Hkw[ks jgus ds ckn Hkh okil gkWLVy ykSVus ij Hkkstu ugha djrhA og bruh
d#.kkoku gS fd fp=kk tc bl laca/ esa mlls dqN iwNrh gS rks og mÙkj rd ugha ns ikrh
vkSj mldh vk¡[ksa NyNyk tkrh gSaA cPps dh e`R;q ds nq%[k ls v#.kk bruh O;fFkr gks
mBrh gS fd og dbZ fnuksa rd mnkl jgrh gS vkSj vkf[kj fp=kk dks dguk gh iM+rk gS
^tks gksuk Fkk gks x;k vc Hkw[ks jgus ls D;k gksxk] FkksM+k&cgqr [kk ysA^
;|fi dgkuh ds vkjaHk esa v#.kk dh migkl&o`fÙk dk irk pyrk gS fdarq okLrfodrk ;g
gS fd LoHkko ls og xaHkhj gS blfy, fp=kk ds ;g dgus ij fd] ^D;k lkspus yxh :uh]

fganh 191
 ekWM;wy -2 nks dykdkj % eUuw HkaMkjh
xn~; iBu
eukst dh ;kn vk xbZ D;k* og mls f>M+drs gq, dgrh gS fd ^gj le; dk etkd vPNk
ugha yxrk*A thou ds mi;ksxh vkSj jatd i{kksa esa ls v#.kk dks mi;ksxh i{k gh csgrj
yxrk gSA og ldeZdrk dks ;kuh yksxksa ds nq[k&nnZ dks gj ysus esa gh thou dh lkFkZdrk
le>rh gSA og fp=kk ls dgrh gS] ^dkxt+ ij futhZo fp=kksa dks cukus dh ctk; nks pkj
fVIi.kh dh ft+anxh D;ksa ugha cuk nsrhA rsjs ikl lkeF;Z Hkh gS vkSj lk/u HkhA fdl dke dh ,slh
dyk tks vkneh dks vkneh u jgus nsA* og dyk vkSj thou dks ysdj dbZ ckj fp=kk ls
cgl djrh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA
v#.kk u dsoy lekt lsfodk gS] cfYd vius lac/ksa ds izfr Hkh iw.kZr% tkx:d gSA og
viuh l[kh fp=kk dk cjkcj è;ku j[krh gSA tc og fp=kk ds fons'k tkus dh ckr lqurh
gS rks mlds lkFk fcrk, Ng o"kks± ds fp=k mldh vk¡[kksa ds lkeus ?kweus yxrs gSaA og mUgha
esa [kks tkrh gS vkSj dgrh gS] ^Ng lky rsjs lkFk jgrs&jgrs eSa rks ;s Hkwy xbZ fd ,d fnu
gedks vyx gksuk iM+sxkA rw pyh tk,xh rks eSa dSls jgw¡xhA* fons'k xeu ds le; fp=kk rks
vU; Nk=kkvksa ls feyus pyh tkrh gS fdarq v#.kk mldk lkjk lkeku rS;kj djrh gSA tc
fp=kk xq# th ds ikl ls okfil ugha ykSVrh rks mls cspSuh gksrh gS vkSj mls ns[kus tkus ds
fy, rRij gks mBrh gSA
v#.kk ds ân; esa nwljksa ds fy, bruk nnZ gS fd og gj ifjfLFkfr esa mldh lgk;rk djuk
pkgrh gSA ^xxZ LVksj* ds lkeus okys isM+ ds uhps cSBus okyh fHk[kkfju dh ?kVuk lqurs gh
og viuh lf[k;ksa dks NksM+ mls ns[kus pyh tkrh gSA ogk¡ fHk[kkfju ds cPpksa dks l¡Hkkyus
esa og bruh rYyhu gks tkrh gS fd viuh fiz; l[kh dks fonk djus ds fy, LVs'ku ij
Hkh ugha tk ikrhA og fHk[kkfju ds jksrs&ph[krs nksuksa cPpksa dks l¡Hkkyrh gS vkSj mUgsa vius
ikl j[kdj Hkj.k&iks"k.k djds u;k thou nsrh gSA
v#.kk ds bl izse&Hkko ls fp=kk Hkh pfdr jg tkrh gSA tc v#.kk fp=kk dh fp=k izn'kZuh
esa vius lkFk e`r fHk[kkfju ds nksuksa cPpksa dks ykrh gS vkSj fp=kk dks irk pyrk gS fd ;s
nksuksa cPps os gh gSa ftudh otg ls mls bruh izflf¼ feyh gS rks foLe; ls mldh vk¡[ksa
iQSyh dh iQSyh jg tkrh gSaA oLrqr% mlh fnu mls bl ckr dk vglkl gksrk gS fd
okLrfod dyk rks nwljksa dks thou nsuk gS ftls mldh l[kh v#.kk us bu nks cPpksa dks
fn;k gSA
bl izdkj ge ns[krs gSa fd v#.kk ds ân; esa lPph laosnuk gSA n;k] eS=kh] ijksidkj rFkk
lgkuqHkwfr ls Hkjk mldk ân; deZ ds izfr vuqizsfjr djrk jgrk gSA lcls cM+h ckr ;g
fd mlds Hkhrj esa d#.kk dk ;g Hkko gh mls lekt ds fy, dqN djus dks izsfjr djrk
gSA
fp=kk
fp=kk /uh firk dh bdykSrh larku gSA og fp=kdyk dh Nk=kk gS vkSj egÙokdka{kh gSA dksbZ
Hkh fp=k tc iwjk gks tkrk gS rks mls fn[kkus ds fy, mRlkfgr gksrh gSA blhfy, og lksrh
gqbZ v#.kk dks mBk dj viuk u;k fp=k fn[kkrh gSA

192 fganh
 nks dykdkj % eUuw HkaMkjh ekWM;wy -2
xn~; iBu
fp=kdyk dh yxu mls bruh gS fd og gj le; jaxksa esa Mwch jgrh gS] ,sls eas mls
ns'k&nqfu;k rd dh [kcj ugha jgrhA og O;fDrxr miyfC/;ksa dks izkFkfedrk nsrh gS] u
fd lkekftd deks± dksA blhfy, v#.kk mlls dgrh gS] ^rq>s nqfu;k ls dksbZ eryc ugha
nwljkas ls dksbZ eryc ugha] cl pkSchlksa ?kaVs vius jax vkSj rwfy;ksa esa Mwch jgrh gSA*
fp=kdyk dks og bruk egRo nsrh gS fd gjsd ?kVuk esa viuh dyk ds fy, vkbfM;k dh fVIi.kh
ryk'k esa jgrh gSA v#.kk mlls dgrh gS fd] ^nqfu;k esa cM+h ls cM+h ?kVuk ?kV tk, ij
;fn mlesa rsjs fp=k ds fy, dksbZ vkbfM;k ugha rks rsjs fy, ml ?kVuk dk dksbZ egÙo ughaA
cl gj ?kM+h gj txg rw ekWMy [kkstk djrh gSA mldh bl yxu dks ns[kdj xq#th dgrs
gSa fd og le; nwj ugha tc fganqLrku ds dksus&dksus esa rsjh 'kksgjr xw¡tsxh*A bl dyk ds
fy, og viuh l[kh v#.kk ls cgl Hkh djrh gS vkSj ^lekt&lsok* ls ^dyk* dks csgrj
ekurh gSA dyk dh lk/uk ls gh og ns'k&fons'k esa [;kfr izkIr djrh gSA v[kckj dh
lqf[kZ;ksa esa gksrh gSA mlds fp=kksa dh izn'kZuh ppkZ dk fo"k; curh gSA og izFke iqjLdkj
thrrh gS vkSj lEeku ikrh gSA
dyk esa yxu ds lkFk&lkFk fp=kk fouksnh LoHkko dh Nk=kk gS blhfy, vius gkWLVy esa og
bruh yksdfiz; gS fd jsyos LVs'ku ij vusd Nk=kk,¡ mls fonk djus vkrh gSaA gkWLVy esa
mldh fonkbZ lekjksg dk vk;kstu fd;k tkrk gS vkSj xq#th ds ikl ls ykSVus esa nsjh gksus
ij lHkh Nk=kkvksa dks mldh fpark jgrh gSA
fp=kk vius eS=kh laca/ksa dk lnk gh è;ku j[krh gSA og v#.kk ds iQqfy;k nkbZ ds ?kj ls
ykSVus ij [kkuk xeZ djus ds fy, mBrh gS vkSj v#.kk dks [kkuk f[kykus dk iz;kl djrh
gSA og cgqr Lusg ls v#.kk dh ihB FkiFkikrs gq, dgrh gS] ^tks gksuk Fkk lks gks x;k vc
Hkw[ks jgus ls D;k gksxk FkksM+k cgqr [kk ysA* dkWyst ls ykSVrs gh og v#.kk ds fy, pk;
cukrh gSA mldh fpV~fB;ksa dk è;ku j[krh gS vkSj ;gk¡ rd fd tc v#.kk ck<+ ihfM+rksa
ds fy, pank bdV~Bk djus dk dke djrh gS rks og fpafrr gks dgrh gS fd ^rsjs bfErgku
flj ij vk jgs gSa dqN i<+rh&fy[krh rks rw gS ugha] lkjs fnu cl HkVdrh jgrh gSA iQsy
gks xbZ rks rsjs llqj lkgc D;k lkspsaxsA*
bl izdkj ge ns[krs gSa fd fp=kk tgk¡ ,d vksj dyk ds izfr lefiZr gS ogha viuh eS=kh
ds izfr fu"Bk ls lcdk fny Hkh thrrh gSA

ikBxr iz'u 11-2

1- v#.kk dh deZfu"Bk ls dkSu bZ";kZ djrk gS&
(d) fp=kk ([k) lfork
(x) 'khyk (?k) eukst

fganh 193
 ekWM;wy -2 nks dykdkj % eUuw HkaMkjh
xn~; iBu
2- fdl ?kVuk ls v#.kk dbZ fnuksa rd mnkl jgrh gS&
(d) fHk[kkfju dh e`R;q ls
([k) iQqfy;k nkbZ ds cPps dks ugha cpk ikus ls
fVIi.kh (x) ck<+ ds fnuksa esa Hkh fp=kk ds fp=k cukus ls
(?k) fp=kk ds gkWLVy NksM+us dh ?kVuk ls
3- v#.kk pijklh] nkbZ vkfn ds cPpksa dks i<+krh gS] D;ksafd og
(d) ;'k pkgrh gS ([k) lekt&lsok djuk pkgrh gS
(x) iSlk pkgrh gS (?k) gkWLVy ls ckgj jguk pkgrh gS
4- v#.kk ds O;fDrRo dh fo'ks"krk ugha gS&
(d) laca/ksa ds izfr tkx#drk ([k) O;fDrxr miyfC/;ksa ls yxko
(x) d#.kkoku gksuk (?k) ldeZd gksuk

4- dFkksiFkdu vFkok laokn&;kstuk

ge ckr dj pqds gSa fd dgkuh esa laokn&;kstuk Hkh ,d egRoiw.kZ rÙo gksrk gSA D;k vki
crk ldrs gaS fd laokn fdls dgrs gSa\ fiQYesa rks vki lHkh ns[krs gSa] ukVd Hkh [ksyrs o
ns[krs gksaxsA mlesa ik=k vkil esa ckrphr djrs gSa mls D;k dgrs gSa\ laokn ;k Mk;ykxA
dgkuh esa Hkh tc ik=k vkil esas ckrphr djrs gSa rks mls laokn dgk tkrk gSA izLrqr dgkuh
^nks dykdkj* laoknkRed 'kSyh esa fy[kh xbZ gSA bl dgkuh dk vkjaHk gh laokn ls gqvk gS
tks ikBd ds Hkhrj ftKklk ,oa dkSrwgy txkrk gSA NksVs&NksVs laoknksa ds ekè;e ls dgkuh
dks fodflr fd;k x;k gSA dgkuh tgk¡ gkl&migkl ls vkjaHk gksrh gS ogha bldk var
vR;ar dk#f.kd gSA vafre ?kVuk nks dykdkjksa esa ls ,d dks dgha vf/d mnkl cuk nsrh
gSA iwjh dgkuh esa vke cksy&pky ds NksVs&NksVs laokn gSaA
eUuw HkaMkjh dh bl dgkuh dh nwljh fo'ks"krk gS & vkReh;rkA v#.kk vkSj fp=kk ds bu
laoknksa ls muds vkReh; O;ogkj dks nsf[k,&
1- ^,s :uh mB*
^vjs D;k gS\*
^ns[k esjk fp=k iwjk gks x;kA*
^vksg! rks fn[kkus ds fy, rwus esjh uhan [kjkc dj nh cnreht+ dgha dh!*
2- fp=k dks ?kqekrs gq, v#.kk cksyh ^fd/j ls ns[kw¡ ;g rks crk nsA gt+kj ckj dgk gS
ftldk fp=k cuk, mldk uke fy[k fn;k dj] ftlls xyriQ+geh u gqvk djs] ojuk

194 fganh
 nks dykdkj % eUuw HkaMkjh ekWM;wy -2
xn~; iBu
rw cuk, gkFkh vkSj ge le>sa mYywA*
3- ^t+jk lkspdj crk ;g fdldk izrhd gSA*
^rsjh csodwiQ+h dk*
mDr va'k esa ,slk vkfRed O;ogkj gS fd dgkuh&dgkuh u yxdj thou dk lPpk fVIi.kh
izfrfcac yxrh gSA nksuksa lgsfy;ksa ds laoknksa esa migkl] NsM+NkM+ vkSj ,d&nwljs ds fy,
cspSuh lki+Q fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA lkFk gh dgkuh dk fodkl] ik=kksa dk fouksnh LoHkko] mudh
[kh>] bZ";kZ rFkk nwljksa ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k dk laoknksa ds tfj, gh irk pyrk gSA

5- dgkuh dk mn~sn';
vki tkurs gSa gj jpuk dk dksbZ&u&dksbZ mn~ns'; gksrk gSA ys[kd bl jpuk ds
ekè;e ls dksbZ&u&dksbZ lans'k nsuk pkgrk gSA dgkuhdkj eUuw HkaMkjh }kjk fyf[kr bl dgkuh
dk mn~ns'; lekt&lsok dks dyk dk ntkZ nsuk gS vkSj dyk dks ldeZdrk ls tksM+uk gSA
;kuh dgkuhdkj dh ut+j esa ogh dykdkj cM+k gS tks fuf"Ø; gksdj dyk esa gh u Mwck
jgs] cfYd lekt ds t:jreanksa dh lgk;rk djsA lkFk gh og O;fDr lPpk dykdkj gS
tks bu t+:jreanksa dh lgk;rk djrk gSA tkurs gSa ,slk D;ksa gS\ th gk¡! lPph dyk gesa
laosnu'khy vkSj d#.kkoku cukrh gS ftlds dkj.k gh lkekftd dk;ks± ds fy, izsfjr gksrs
gSaA vr% bl dgkuh esa fp=kksa dh vis{kk lekt&lsok esa dyk dh lPph laosnuk gSA nwljksa
dh ihM+k ls vuqizsfjr gksus ds dkj.k lekt&lsok] fp=kdyk ls vf/d mi;ksxh gSA bl
mn~ns'; dh iwfrZ ds fy, dgkuhdkj us ,slh fLFkfr;ksa vkSj ?kVukvksa dk p;u fd;k gS]
ftlesa nksuksa gh i{k fgLlk ysrs gSa] vkSj vius&vius dk;ks± dks Js"B gksus dk nkok djrs gSaA
dgkuh ds vkjaHk esa fp=kk dqN ydhjsa [khapdj nqfu;k ds Je dks mtkxj djrh gS] rks v#.kk
gkWLVy ds bnZ&fxnZ jgus okys cPpksa dks i<+kdj vkSj iQqfy;k nkbZ ds chekj cPps dh lsok
djds lkekftd&dk;ks± esa layXu jgrh gSA blh rjg ,d ck<+&ihfM+rksa ds dkYifud fp=k
rS;kj djrh gS rks nwljh muds fy, pank bdV~Bk dj f'kfoj esa tkrh gS vkSj yksxksa dks
thounku nsus ds iq.; dk;ks± esa tqVh gqbZ gSA
rhljs [kaM esa fp=kk ,d fHk[kkfju ds cPpksa dk Ldsp cukrh gS vkSj v#.kk fHk[kkfju dh
e`R;q ds ckn mlds nksuksa cPpksa dks ikyrh&ikslrh gSA dgkuh dk ;g ,d ,slk fcanq gS ftl
ij vkt dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa fopkj djus dh t+:jr gSA vktdy dqN ,slh ?kVuk,¡ gks jgh
gSa ftuls dgkuh ds bl fcanq dks tksM+k tk ldrk gSA
vki yxHkx izfrfnu dqN nq?kZVukvksa ds ckjs esa lqurs gSaA mu nq?kZVukvksa ds ohfM;ks Hkh ns[krs
gSaA dHkh&dHkh ;g Hkh lqurs gSa fd yksx bu nq?kZVukvksa dks jksd ldrs Fks ;k jksdus dh
dksf'k'k dj ldrs Fks ij os buds ohfM;ks cuk jgs FksA D;k ;g ogh fLFkfr ugha gS ftldk
laca/ fp=kk ls gSA fp=kk e`r fHk[kkfju vkSj mlds jksrs gq, cPpksa dks vius fp=k dh lkexzh
ek=k le>rh gSA bl fp=k ds ekè;e ls og /u vkSj ;'k dh izkfIr djrh gSA mldh
izkFkfedrk,¡ v#.kk dh izkFkfedrkvksa ls fHkUu ,oa O;fDrxr ykHk ls izsfjr gSaA fuf'pr :i
fganh 195
 ekWM;wy -2 nks dykdkj % eUuw HkaMkjh
xn~; iBu
ls ge ikBdksa ds fy, bu nksuksa esa ls v#.kk vf/d izsjd ik=k gSA mlesa ,d lPps
dykdkj dh laosnu'khyrk ,oa deZ'khyrk gS tcfd fp=kk dke rks dykdkj dk dj jgh
gS ij mlesa lPph laosnu'khyrk vkSj deZ'khyrk ugha gSA dYiuk dhft, fd fp=kk fp=k
cukus ds lkFk gh v#.kk dh ldeZerk ls ;qDr gksrh rks D;k gksrkA rc og v#.kk ls
fVIi.kh vf/d vuqdj.kh; ik=k cu tkrhA
dgkuhdkj us bu vusd ?kVukvksa ds ekè;e ls lekt&lsok dks lgt :i ls mÙke fl¼
djuk pkgk vkSj crk;k fd ekuoh; laosnukvksa ls Hkjk O;fDr gh lPpk dykdkj gks ldrk
gSA ^fdl dke dh ,slh dyk tks vkneh dks vkneh u jgus ns*] ^nqfu;k dh cM+h ls cM+h
?kVuk Hkh bls vkanksfyr ugha djrh] tc rd mlesa dyk ds fy, dksbZ LFkku u gks* tSls
laoknksa ls dgkuhdkj us vius mn~ns'; dks Li"V fd;k gS vkSj lgt :i ls vkbZ ?kVukvksa]
pfj=kksa rFkk laoknksa ds ekè;e ls vius mn~ns'; izkIr djus esa liQyrk ikbZ gSA ?kVukvksa ds
vfrfjDr laoknksa ds ekè;e ls Hkh mn~ns'; dks Li"V djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA fp=kk
vkSj v#.kk tgk¡ vius&vius dk;Z dks Js"B crkrh gSa ogha muds laokn dgkuh ds mn~ns';
dks js[kkafdr djrs gSaA fp=kk tgk¡ cPpksa dks i<+kus vkSj Qqfy;k nkbZ ds chekj cPps dh lsok
djus okyh ?kVuk dk etkd mM+krh gS ogha dgkuh ds var esa v#.kk Hkh fp=kk }kjk rS;kj
fd, x, fp=k dks fp=kk dk daÝ;qtu ;kuh Hkze dgrh gSA v#.kk dk ;g laokn fd ^fdl
dke dh ,slh dyk tks vkneh dks vkneh u jgus ns* dgkuh ds mn~ns'; dks Li"V djrk
gSA ^bu futhZo fp=kksa dh ctk, nks&pkj dh ft+anxh D;ksa ugha cuk nsrh* tSls laokn Hkh
mn~ns'; dks Li"V djus esa lgk;d gSaA bl izdkj laoknksa ds ekè;e ls Hkh ysf[kdk us
dgkuh ds mn~ns'; dks Li"V djus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA

ikBxr iz'u 11-3

fn, x, fodYiksa esa ls mfpr fodYi pqudj fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft,%
1- fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk dFku xyr gS&
(d) ^nks dykdkj* dk vkjaHk ys[kd dh fVIi.kh ls gqvk gSA
([k) ^nks dykdkj* ds laoknksa esa ik=kksa dh vkReh;rk >ydrh gSA
(x) ^nks dykdkj* ds laokn cgqr cM+s u gksdj NksVs gSaA
(?k) ^nks dykdkj* ds laoknksa ls ik=kksa dk LoHkko vfHkO;Dr gqvk gSA
2- dgkuh ds mn~ns'; dks Li"V djus esa lokZf/d ;ksxnku jgk gS%
(d) laoknksa vkSj pfj=kksa dk ([k) ?kVukvksa vkSj laoknksa dk
(x) pfj=kksa vkSj ?kVukvksa dk (?k) okrkoj.k vkSj pfj=kksa dk

196 fganh
 nks dykdkj % eUuw HkaMkjh ekWM;wy -2
xn~; iBu
3- dgkuh dk ewy mn~ns'; gS&
(d) fp=kdyk dks Js"B crkuk ([k) fp=kdyk dk fojks/ djuk
(x) lekt&lsok dks Js"B crkuk (?k) gj dyk dks Js"B crkuk
fVIi.kh

6- Hkk"kk&'kSyh
eUuw HkaMkjh ubZ dgkuh ds nkSj dh dFkkdkj gSaA bl nkSj esa dgkuh dh Hkk"kk esa ,d
xq.kkRed ifjoZru vk;k gSA bldh lcls cM+h fo'ks"krk gS& cksypky dh Hkk"kkA eUuw HkaMkjh
dh bl dgkuh esa Hkk"kk ds mDr lHkh xq.k fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA gk¡] ifjos'k vkSj ik=k ds vuqlkj
Hkk"kk cnyrh jgrh gSA cksy&pky dh Hkk"kk dk uewuk nsf[k,&
1- ^D;ksa cM+&cM+ dj jgh gSA ys eSa vk xbZA py] cuk pk;*

2- ^rsjs eukst dh fpV~Bh vkbZ gSA*

^rwus rks i<+ yh gksxh] iQkM+djA*
^py gVA*
3- ^ugha fp=kk] vc jgus ns] cl rw ySai cq>k nsA*

dgkuh dh Hkk"kk esa dgha Hkh ,slk ugha yxrk fd og tcjnLrh Bw¡lh xbZ gSA Hkk"kk lc txg
ljyrk] lgtrk] vkSj cksypky dk xq.k fy, gq, gSA blds fy, vkius ns[kk gksxk fd okD;
NksVs gSa rFkk rn~Hko vkSj ns'kt 'kCnkoyh ds lkFk&lkFk cksypky dh vaxzst+h vkSj mnwZ ds
'kCnksa dk Hkh iz;ksx gqvk gSA
vaxzst+h 'kCnksa esa ySDpj] cksj] vkbfM;k] daÝ;qtu] fizafliy] okMZu tSls vusd 'kCn gSa rks
mnwZ ds bfErgku] gquj] cgl] v[kckj] [kLrk] gkyr vkfn tSls cksy&pky ds
lk/kj.k 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx gSA
iwjh dgkuh esa ,slk dgha ugha gS fd okD; Hkkjh vkSj cksf>y gksa ;k laokn yacs&pkSM+s
nk'kZfudrk ls Hkjs gksaA laokn NksVs] pqLr vkSj fiz; gSA nsf[k,&
1- ^eklh rqe t:j Mªkbax esa iQLVZ vkrh gksxhA*
^rqe Hkh viuh Dykl esa iQLVZ vkrh gksA*
^rqe gekjs ?kj vkvksxh rks viuh dkWih fn[kkm¡xhA*
2- ^;s cPps D;ksa jks jgs gSa eklh!*
^mudh ek¡ ej xbZ] ns[krh ugha ejh iM+h gSA*
^;s lpeqp ds cPps Fks eklhA*
^vjs lpeqp ds cPps dks ns[kdj gh rks cukbZ Fkh ;g rLohjA*

fganh 197
 ekWM;wy -2 nks dykdkj % eUuw HkaMkjh
xn~; iBu
eUuw th dh viuh fo'ks"krk gS fd os dgkuh dh fLFkfr ds vuqlkj Hkk"kk&O;ogkj dk iwjk
è;ku j[krh gSA

fVIi.kh
ikBxr iz'u 11-4
1- v#.kk ds bl dFku esa Hkk"kk dh dkSu&lh fo'ks"krk gS] ^D;ksa cM+&cM+ djrh gS] ys
eSa vk xbZA py] cuk pk;A*
(d) laLd`r&fu"Brk ([k) vkReh;rk
(x) vkSipkfjdrk (?k) Ñf=kerk
2- u;h dgkuh dh Hkk"kk cksy&pky dh gSA bl dFku ds vk/kj ij ^nks dykdkj*
dgkuh esa cksy&pky dh Hkk"kk ds nks mnkgj.k nhft,%
(d) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
([k) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

11-4 Hkk"kk&dk;Z
l jpuk dh n`f"V ls okD;&Hksn vki tku pqds gSa&ljy] la;qDr vkSj feJ okD;A
vkb,] vc dk;Z dh n`f"V ls okD;&Hksn le> ysa] uhps fn, gq, okD;ksa dks if<+,%

1- fp=kk us lksrh gqbZ v#.kk dks mBk;kA

2- ^,s :uh] mBA*

3- ^vjs ;g D;k\*

4- ^vk x, lc cPps\*

5- ^rsjh rjg ydhjsa [khapdj le; cckZn ugha djrsA*

6- ^ve`rk 'ksjfxy dh rjg esjk Hkh uke xw¡t mBsA*

7- ^vksg! rks bls fn[kkus ds fy, rwus esjh uhan [kjkc dj nhA*

l Åij igyk okD; lkekU; lwpuk ns jgk gSA bls lk/kj.k okD; ;k dFkukRed
okD; dgrs gSaA okD; 2 esa vkns'k@vkKk gSA ,sls okD; vkKkFkZd dgs tkrs gSaA
okD; 3 vkSj 4 esa iz'u iwNs x, gSa bUgsa D;k dgsaxs\ iz'ukFkZdA okD; 5 esa fu"ks/

198 fganh
 nks dykdkj % eUuw HkaMkjh ekWM;wy -2
xn~; iBu
gS D;ksafd ;g ugha ;k euk djus dk vFkZ ns jgk gSA bls dgsaxs fu"ks/kFkZdA okD; 6
if<+,A bl okD; esa fp=kk dh euksdkeuk gS] bPNk gS] blfy, ,sls okD;ksa dks
bPNkFkZd dgrs gSaA vafre okD; ^vksg* ls izkjaHk gks jgk gS vkSj euksosx dks lwfpr
dj jgk gSA ,ssls okD; euksosxkRed okD; dgs tkrs gSaA bl ikB ls ,sls okD;ksa ds fVIi.kh
vkSj Hkh mnkgj.k vki <w¡<+ ldrs gSaA

l vFkZ dh n`f"V ls ,d izdkj dh okD; jpuk dks vki nwljh izdkj dh okD; jpuk
esa cny Hkh ldrs gSa] tSls&

fp=kk us lksbZ gqbZ v#.kk dks mBk;k & dFkukRed

fp=kk us lksbZ gqbZ v#.kk dks ugha mBk;k & fu"ks/kFkZd

D;k fp=kk us lksbZ gqbZ v#.kk dks mBk;k\ & iz'ukFkZd

fp=kk! lksbZ gqbZ v#.kk dks mBkvksA & vkKkFkZd

lksbZ gqbZ v#.kk mBsA & bPNkFkZd

dk'k] v#.kk mBrhA & euksosxkRed

l vke rkSj ij fu"ks/kFkZd okD;ksa esa u] ugha] er] uk fuikrksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA fdarq
fganh esa buds fcuk Hkh fu"ks/kFkZd okD; cuk, tkrs gSaA ,sls okD; ckgj ls ns[kus ij
dFkukRed] iz'ukRed ;k euksosxkRed ls izrhr gksrs gSaA ij vFkZ dh n`f"V ls ;s
fu"ks/kFkZd gksrs gSa] tSls&

l gesa dksbZ 'kje gS D;k\ gesa 'kje ugha gSA

l D;k [kkd dke djksxhA dke ugha djksxhA

l rsjh bPNk Hkh dHkh Vkyh tk rsjh bPNk ugha Vkyh

ldrh gSA tk ldrhA

l ekSr dg dj FkksM+s gh vkrh gSA ekSr dg dj ugha vkrhA

l vjs! ft+anxh dk D;k HkjkslkA ft+anxh dk Hkjkslk ugha gSA

fganh 199
 ekWM;wy -2 nks dykdkj % eUuw HkaMkjh
xn~; iBu

11-5 vkius D;k lh[kk (fp=k izLrqfr)

dgkuh ds rRo
fVIi.kh
dFkkoLrq pfj=k&fp=k.k mn~ns'; ns'kdky rFkk dFkksidFku Hkk"kk 'kSyh ekuo ewY; jpukdkj
& gksLVy dk & v#.kk % & vHkkoxzLrksa okrkoj.k laokn & vke & ijksidkj eUuw HkaMkjh
ifjos'k eè;eoxhZ; dh lgk;rk & vk/qfud & laoknkRed cksypky
& lsokHkko & izfln~/
ifjokj] dky [kaM 'kSyh
& ck<+ dk & lsok/eZ & ljy ,oa dgkuhdkj
ijksidkjh] & lg;ksx
n`'; & yM+fd;ksa dk & NksVs ljy lgt Hkk"kk
lsok Hkko] & lkekftd & lkekftd
Nk=kkokl esa laokn & ekuo izse
& fp=kdyk lgn;h nkf;Ro cks/ & NksVs okD; euksoSKkfud
izn'kZuh jguk
& fp=kk % /uh & leiZ.k dk & gkl&ifjgkl & rn~Hko] ns'kt ys[ku
ifjokj] Hkko & vk/qfud ds lkFk 'kCnkoyh & izeq[k dgkuh
egRokdka{kh] lksp vkfn ekfeZdrk
& vaxzsth] mnwZ laxzg
vfr mRlkgh] & Hkkokuqdwy ds 'kCn eSa gkj xbZ
fouksnh Hkk"kk
LoHkko] ,d IysV lSykc
lekt ds
izfr ;gh lp gS
mnklhurk & miU;kl
vkidk caVh
11-6 lh[kus ds izfriQy
egkHkkst
l vius ifjos'kxr vuqHkoksa ij viuh Lora=k vkSj Li"V jk; O;Dr djrs gSaA
l vius lkfFk;ksa dh t:jrksa dks viuh Hkk"kk esa vfHkO;Dr djrs gSaA
l dgkuh dks viuh le> ds vk/kj ij u, :i esa izLrqr djrs gSaA
l izkÑfrd] lkekftd ,oa lkaLÑfrd eqn~nksa] ?kVukvksa ds izfr viuh izfrfØ;k dks
cksydj@fy[kdj O;Dr djrs gSaA
l Hkk"kk&dkS'kyksa ds ekè;e ls thou&dkS'kyksa dks vkRelkr djrs gSa vkSj vfHkO;Dr
djrs gSAa

11-7 ;ksX;rk foLrkj

1- ys[kd ifjp;
eUuw HkaMkjh u, nkSj ds dgkuhdkjksa esa vxz.kh LFkku j[krh gSaA budk tUe 3 vizSy
1931 bZ- dks Hkkuiqjk] eè;izns'k esa gqvk FkkA budh izkjafHkd f'k{kk vtesj esa gqbZA dk'kh

200 fganh
 nks dykdkj % eUuw HkaMkjh ekWM;wy -2
xn~; iBu
fganw fo'ofo|ky; ls fganh esa ,e- ,- djus ds
ckn dydÙkk esa vè;kiu&dk;Z djus yxhaA dqN
le; ckn budh fu;qfDr fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;
esa izkè;kfidk ds in ij gks xbZA vkius vf/drj
lkekftd vkSj euksoKS kfud ys[ku fd;k gSA vkids fVIi.kh
izeq[k dgkuh laxzg gSa& ^eSa gkj xbZ*] ^,d IysV
lSykc*] ^rhu fuxkgksa dh ,d rLohj*] ^;gh lp
gS* vkfnA buds ^egkHkkst* vkSj ^vkidk caVh*
izfl¼ miU;kl gSaA* 2006 esa lykdk lEeku ls
vyaÑrA budk nsgkolku 15 uoacj] 2021 dks
gqvkA fp=k 11-5 % eUuw HkaMkjh

11-8 ikBkar iz'u

1. ^nks dykdkj* 'kh"kZd dh lkFkZdrk ij fVIi.kh fyf[k,A
2. v#.kk dks cPps D;ksa cqykus vk,\
3. v#.kk nsj jkr gkWLVy esa dgk¡ ls ykSVh Fkh vkSj D;ksa\ Li"V dhft,A
4. nsj jkr vkus ij v#.kk us Hkkstu D;ksa ugha fd;k\ dkj.k izLrqr dhft,A
5. dgkuh esa ls mu ifDr;ksa dks Nk¡fV, tks dgkuh ds mn~ns'; dks Li"V djrh gSaA
6. e`r fHk[kkfju vkSj mlds lw[ks 'kjhj ls fpids gq, nks cPpksa okyh ?kVuk
lokZf/d egRoiw.kZ D;ksa gS\ foospu dhft,A
7. v#.kk vkSj fp=kk esa ls ;FkkFkZoknh dkSu gSa vkSj vkn'kZoknh dkSu\ mnkgj.kksa ls vius
er dh iqf"V dhft,A
8. v#.kk esa dkSu ls xq.k Fks ftuls fizafliy rFkk okMZu Hkh mldk jkSc ekurh Fkha\
9. ^dgkuh esa vke cksypky dh Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA* fl¼ dhft,A

11-9 mÙkjekyk
cks/ iz'uksa ds mÙkj
1- (x) 2- (x) 3- (?k) 4- (d) 5- (?k) 6- ([k) 7- (x)

ikBxr iz'uksa ds mÙkj

11.1 1- (d) 2- (x) 3- ([k) 4- ([k)

11.2 1- ([k) 2- ([k) 3- ([k) 4- ([k)

11.3 1- (d) 2- ([k) 3- (x)

11.4 1- ([k) 2- (d) D;ksa cM+&cM+ djrh gS ([k) ,s ! :uh mBA

fganh 201