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Pagb.!

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R

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MATC

>
History
DiscoveRel by simltaneeusly hy
R
by Phynicit
1941.
ar

ar
in
Feliz Bloch
um

um
ldcoand hills euztell

u
fixclinicel maye Gbtainecdiu 1972,
K

K
r

r
de

de
ResonanteSmging non-inv Sin
in

in
Magn
duiagnogtic ie
Aechnigue used to
paodad
aj

aj
detatle intesnal stuctexe
R

R
the
o Unlike
the body X-say-and CT
SCCns MÂT USes
adio to geneate
which meang. does
ar

ar

not ecpose paient toionizig

eoiation.
um

um

MRI
Tupes-• (anventionad

u
K

K
•functiona MRT
r

Oitdusion Tenso r
3mging
de

de
Mandic Ktsonante Agiagabhy
in

in
aj

aj
R

MRT -opate on tte painciple Mot

Nuclean Maqneie Resonance (NMR), aphyslcal
phenome no n in which nucles in
elod
maqnetic absoxb Cnd he-enit
naandic adiction, Tn eontert
ar

ar

MRT, hydmgen nucleiCprotaut)

um

um

u
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boclyscucto cnd t

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the moleules
most commonly used due to

4heia abundance
>WorlenyF
Magnedic idd
Mancic
ar

ar
Alucc density measured in Tesla
l). Chid

Cintkal MARL
pentormed O
at 4.5-9T londa magncti
um

um
is composed aot 102. t,o._
Bocdy

u
elo oo0n:3.
prapoies ata
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K
MA elie the mannedic
procures
r

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ctomto to imoge.H. Roandomly
de

de
Griented slth applisdtisll
in

in
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aj
R

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•Primoy Haquet
A gneaten
prppanion aigna panalladOrua eneagy) than.
anlipancllJ Chigh enexgy the pima magaetic
ar

ar
um

um

-Qxadient Coils

u
Atez the prima magndie idd eadiast coil
K

K
in the ,4 u z atis Raponsible x
loud naise
r

r
de

de
in

in
aj

aj
R

3RF Coil (Rodio Frequency)

Desfaned toa speitie body
asi
Shaulelouch
ar

ar

eao Bod, Knee,

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um

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Page.!

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A
shoxt bunst o
radio oaves is then used
to coto this lingment o pnotons,
the
caaly ilting them
magneeield
ar

ar
il Relanahon and Signal
um

um
mission

u
ften the RE
pulse. is
K

K
protons heun ho thein 0nigine
r

r
de

de
alingae cignment As they nelaoe
emitJhadio oth ei oon,
in

in
CisaveS.
aj

aj
iy Ddecion ot
o
imgal signd=
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R
hese emitted adio
detected oy cails in
y mage Creation
ar

ar

The siqngds e
processed hy campton
um

um

to cineot detailadl

u
intesnal struduxes, dislinguished by
K

Qmoyt
K
r

r
de

de
in dil4eat tissue.
in

in

oAeplicatior
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aj
R

Medicol
Diaqnosis
•. Reseanch
SozgiclPlaning and Quidante
ar

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um

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Date. I

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Page.

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Pimay Magndi Coil,
Coils
Gadien
KF Coil,
ar

ar
um

um
RF Coil

u
Gradient Coil
K

K
Aimay Magnelk Freld
r

r
de

de
in

in
dmage
Co mputo
HRFots
aj

aj
R

R
EEG(2lectroencephalagraphy)
Boajn
ar

ar

leebode
um

um

u
K

tat K
flectoencephalagnophy( is a techrnique ua
r

r
de

de
nst dexeloped in 929 by hešman Scentist Q

named Hans Berqe.

in

in

(9) can
be delied as a technigue ta
recoad
aj

aj

o
ondintexcept the activity bain with
R

help o brain
Cuaves.he
eleetsical Waves.
o
the bnain. i knoan
eleetxoencaphalagyua phy aheseas the
device that is used to stud
ar

ar

electicc impuls Mehve presenti

um

um

u
K

K
 e

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Än the brain is knocon as

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EEB.
aami he EEG
also known
has a Very compleo patlen, cohich
is bre diicult
muchmbre to necognize thu
the locaio
ar

ar
lectaade n
measuning thesealp. EEG
putentials medsuned at the Surare o
um

um
Actuady- repregent conbinecd

u
the
K

K
ft-e4edide om Cercbal
r

r
yaibug poibts heneat.
de

de
/Epeainerds haveseems to
shocwn that equeny
in

in
ta be afectd hy sthe
prson ane
aj

aj
mental ot
eei acivily
Cestain e hanactexístics
R

EEG

R
wavefonmg aSsDciatd C

coith the dittenent stages o sleep gpilgpti

SeizuaeS.
The yaniouS MAnges o EEh have a bitxxl
given Greck ettasdesignations baCAUS.
bacause frequea
ar

ar

Seems to be most prominent eatux af

patton. EFG an be divided into
um

um

main
Companests, nhytmic adiihy

u
The ahyt hmic into
K

K
ci vih Can be divided
Aeoading Arquengy
r

bande r
de

de
y Delta
yThet
in

in

-Alpha
aj

aj
R

Delta Waves

hese cwaves MGngesnom 1 to lessthan

hese ava patalagicaily impaatut
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Page.

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o leSiDhs, cli
o the dedecion subcontic
mídline leisong. 34 hc
lesions, deep
amplisudetand slowesd wae prepgeti
S is generaly aeucna dusing ciscatinuas
attention tasks.
ar

ar
g Waves
Theta
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um
hese nanges rom 4 t 1Hz d is more Common

u
young children. hese cwayeS
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K
in
pathloaicnlly mpontast ton the detectin
r

r
de

de
Subcostialleisuns dep midlie tpisoketies clisoxdens
meabalic encephalapatyy and minoN caseg
in

in
Theta wves
ohydeocepkalus.
aj

aj
associataJ withthe a an
psesion
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R
Jitd responge.
Waves
3) Alph4
hese cweve
abund utly oond in 6postovos
baain. Hence
these
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nCmed the pasteion basic nhyt.

um

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also CSSD ciated coith the inlbititia

u
ebicited Mesponse. They
K

K
patsoleaical detomissuth o
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de

de
Waves
(hege coaves
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in

psominaaty tound Oin Be matal e

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the bain.. They have

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these haye los

asso ciatod
amplitude. These
cwith
igh dhisliy
and Cnuou behaiowh hese
oe pathalogi cally inpant sthe
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Dplsg Sundanne
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Page.l
5 Camma Weves

R
hese Waves hare reguencie up to 3DM2
mele Gamma decaeaLe e
Coeves
associated caidh a
declinein ogindive
abilit bud idslilt needg Cevidet
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prove he hypsthais to
um

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be used diagn ari'

u
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Sleeo, daeAn
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Theta
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O0wsines)
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Alpha
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Busy, acdivr
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Camn

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Ppsten ftving
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#Pacemakexs
in

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A pacemaken is a medical device that nelps

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agqul at the heanbect. s commnonly used

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euhen the nat

heant's natuxal pacemake the
sinDatial ADde, isnt unctiong apoy
Leading ínJequlan
shytim 60 baecycandiel slow head sate)
o a
Pacemaken s Consiss pulse.
ar

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qeneraton and appropniate deetxodes.

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•Pulse Geneou
he qentaatun contains the battey and the
intonmaion to control the. heantheat
electrodes
ar

ar
qhe
leads which Conneds the heat
to the qenerchon dectica) messag
andcaydectaica
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um
to hemd,

u
K

K
Pacemakas e
avaiable
r

r
Inteznal pacemakens may be
pemanently implanted
de

de
inpatients ahose SA mode is
sho
ailed
suo
in

in
functionproperly who robn the
aj

aj
pesmanent heart block because a a
heat
Lota ck.
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R
A
inteand) pacemakes is de ined as
ne in cuhich the entixe gystem is inside
the body Tn contaast, CAn eoctexna pacemaken
Su aly Consists pulse
genezžto connectrd to electrodes. ocated on
ar

ar

caithin he'
myocaeliun
he
um

um

ofotena Pacemakens.
usualy used on patients ath temjaazany

u
he
K

K
heoat isJIESUloaities, Such those encountere
r

oronony
r
in the patient including heaxt
de

de

blocks,They also used on tempo

in

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My managenentot certain aahythmias that

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maysceun in patient during criticalpostopaatiye

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peaiods. -and paliend s dozing cadiac

in
SUDgeay,
involves
especialy
he Yalyes.
itheSungey
and septum
•
Trtesnal Pacemaker
Syslems implanted cath tae pulse
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genaata
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u
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placed tormed
ina l surgicall clavicle, pocket belos de

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o
ight i the lylt subcosal.
ACa 0n, in women,
beneath the
Tateanal leade
pectalr muscle. ane
menpecoaile
tonnect to alectrodes thal dinecty
Cantacl he inside ot the aight iventsicle
ar

ar
eocact
0uace
um

um
locaion o
pulse depehde uoon
plecthado

u
ype used, t nahse
the
K

K
mode ot
candiac dystuneton, and the
r

r
no ectesnal
de

de
Since
paing Conne theac
ctibn toaapplying power, the
in

in
pulse generatan must be
Complekly sall=contincd
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aj
SOUSCe capabh a ontinuou
R

R
apraing
EleceolPrep L9pe-EEG daeck &
Clasridet
8lsck
Diagnam High
ar

ar

Pacemae
um

um

ulse Bactey

u
Memy
K

K
Higs
r

r
de

de
in

in

Paciny Me
dea
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aj
R

Compelitive

Ventic ulon
pwgngme
Fized Rt R- wave Rawave P-wave
ar

ar

Asyncho hely Tnhibiteed iggd Synehate

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Pag9l

R
The most instxumeat
widel used labosnany
on hesiaoy yolume, measuoenentis. the
MCording pibme. Alunq and volumes
deermintd_by measuxung he
apatiio that Can be
ar

ar
mounta gas
inspiard eocpiredunde.
um

um
a qiven se o
condlilions

u
timeintex val can beobtan byUse
K

K
o
the spixometen.. Tncluded e
the timed
r

r
Capacty
de

de
itc voluma
he onl volume
only andorCedPt
and capouy mea
dhet
in

in
cannat be doneuith spiromeh which heguho
aj

aj
o ge dLad cant be
eapcled
R

R
Jungs ndo Ony
Condition. 8uch
measVIeMpn includes he hesiduo ivalume.
. totel Tung capacty
Asidual capacity
The standca d spinometo Consiss of
bell invotel OVea chqmbe
ar

ar

o
cate, Inside the bell,. above the
um

um

ato line., is the qas that thad is to be bneahed

u
The bell is countabalonced by a cweight to
K

K
maintcin the inside od mos,aheic
r

r
de

de
Aressuse SO that ids. heighd above thc
batu propestinal ta he amnauut o ge
in

in

bell baeathing ube Conneds tte

A
in the
aj

aj

mouth o
He patient uith the 1as nden
R

the bel). hus cthe patiestneQthes

into the tube, he
bel movel up and
dowu wth each ins,piaation aad expisatio,
to the o
in propandion Cmount ai bneathed
onot Attached
ar

ar

jn to the bel) onhr

um

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Date.

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Page.!

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Countenbalancing mechanism
coaites n
adiacent dzum neader,
called a kymagnaph.
Asthe kymogabb.
aotate, the pen tsce the bnecdt, ine
potteen patitnd
ar

ar
pley
um

um

u
Aj
K

K
(
r

r
de

de
eigh
in

in
aj

aj
Condaje
R

R
Plethysmogropny
1elated to measUSe ment
is
o blood Aloceis
is the measuement o Yolbme
changes in in any pand o the bnd that
ar

ar

pulsadion od blaod
um

um

with each heantbeot. Such meaSuTe m

Pud

u
o
Usel in diag nosis
od enic obstuchiang.
K

K
pulse-ve sclocity messurem
r

euds, Tnstauments. xalume

r
de

de
measing chango
-pvicing sutputs that Can be xeloted
in

in

called plethysmagaaphs, Cnd he

aj

aj

measuDRmput these volume

changes,an
R

phenomena. aeladed thexto, iscaled

Ahot
A
+e
actuolly
Oplethys mogaps iS.
nespond t changes in
vblume.. Šuch instsument
ar

ar

Cn
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um

u
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Date. I

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Page.!

Consists o4 aigid cup o chamben hat is

placed limp shich thevolume
changes e
to be measuzed he cup is tiqstly
sealed to the membento be
o
MegSuneel
ar

ar
so that any change ny ya
Yolume in limb nelle
memben, Eho
um

um
ingide the
usec to be
be
il

u
luid Can
K

K
chambo.
r

r
Pressuse
de

de
Chamben Tagnsduto
in

in
Necoder
aj

aj
Calibnalis Syinge
R

R
Aiaigd Scal

Plethysmagnaphs may
canstont
be desiqned fon
pressae bconstontum coithin the chQmben
In eithes Aressuse
Aisplacem pnt tGnsducex múst be included to respend
ar

ar

to prssuS changes coithin the chomber

um

um

orovidea signal hat be calibnatd to

u
Mtpresent o
he valume the limb The baseline
K

K
pressuze calibnltee by
r

r
de

de

can be used
in

in

tuo ways. T
in
the placed pstn m
aj

aj

Hrpm the secl, is not inlated the oudput igaal

R

poopontional to the individual Nolume change

with
eachoheott ead
The pletysmsgu be used to
meaUe totel
ar

ar

the imb yelrg m eesuo laing inh

um

um

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#Electrode

R
heor
The iudeo-toce ot melallte ions in solotion
ar
Loith heis asso ciaded metalsnests in
dectica potenia thad íg_called the dedode
ar

ar
Thispotential
potenticls.
um

um
o
di}ence in ditusion vato jons
jons into

u
qnd sut ot metal. lquili baium is prduted
K

K
r

r
a is
de

de
the ieoace. Skis chasge neal
double lay, ith thelayen neops
in

in
one
metol being o
polaty o and the layen
aj

aj
neat to the solulion being pposik polasi
R

R
mad oicds
Nonmelcllfc hydngen, alss
haye dectece poticals jutetaced
cwith
4hei associcded ions in soltion.
ar

ar
um

um

u
K

K
r

r
de

de

4 is jnpossible. o
in

in

Jetode psentialo Single elewde, tun

aj

aj

mpt -pateutiel
R

Jectd and

placig anothe metallic

he
salu on, henetot
as.
decede
ve.
bede potatiale
given Onelati Value Cnd
mus
ar

ar

be statee! teo m
so me
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Page.I

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neehtes, intanctional cgmeemest
By
hydsag n eledde ehoseh eDectade
standan d and oabitcty ssigned
potential
ar

ar
Anothen electodepotatial
um

um
the unequn erchang
Mable t

u
m
embnQne Semipe
K

K
siYen when membthe Sepan ates
r

r
Soluhiohs_coit ditloent concendctinus
de

de
Aa eqution selatiny he
in

in
pattotiel Gnd
aj

aj
the concentbdions ionis
R

R
clled Nexnst quation Qnd Can he
steed

nF
ar

ar
um

um

u
K

K
r

r
de

de
in

in

sides
aj

aj

o
tespect'ye adtivity coediciends the
R

o
On the two side te
ar

ar
um

um

u
K