BHAKTI MOVEMENT48.2 | Ancient and Medieval India. Blas oven | 48:8 MOVEMENT IN NORTH INDIA Interestingly, the evolution of Bhakti Movementin medieval India, which gained momentum in the northern parts of the country during the 12h-17th century CE, differs from the454 | Ancient and Medien nda tial aware other's teachings and influen ve monotheistic poet-saints were also aware of each other's teachings ead aa ae nanes they frequently mentioned each other and their predecessors in manner suggesting ideological affinity among them. yeke che ferences between these two branches are indeed important, ther overarching ele eee ei fact only aap One we ro ie aap Com Wenham a tem Shin yachecnateamapens ned world, which is only a reading iman by our minds. But once we attain realisation and see that it was Brahman all. along, we do not s the world anymore, ‘ ie similarities eannot be minimised: indde, “Brahma Satyam Jagat Brahmatra Noparaha’, meaning, “The Absolute world of appearance is Maya @b Prominent Leaders of the Bhakti Movement. = According to him, gyaan (knowledge) alonecan led to salvation, = Wrote commentary on the Bhaguat. shads, and wrote books like: Upadesh Shastri the various lower dlasses. | to Hinduism,15.6 ‘Ancient and Medieval India 2. Ramanyja = Born at Sriperumbudut near modern Chennai in the 12th century, = He opposed the majavada of Shankara and advocated the philosophy ‘of Vishista Advaitavada (qualified monism), and founded the Shrivaishnava sect. According to him, God is Saguna Brahman. The ‘creative process and all the objects in creation are real but not illusory ‘as was held by Sanikaracharya. Therefore, God, so But god is inner substance and the rest are his attribut ‘Advaita, the world and Brahman are also < real entities, asin dualism, but here the Brahman but is formed out of Brahman his own self. Thus, the world bears to Brahman to the whole, or the relation of a ‘qualified eff qualified monism). The famous analogy given the sea. The wave is of name and form only. this are gold and gold jewellery, clay and clay p web, ete. ~ Brahmanas defined by Ramanujaisan entirely p considered Brahman tobe Vishnu or one of his the qualities of a personal God like omniscience, Vishnu creates the world out of his love for humans, and c Lord Vishnu so that he will grant deliverance when our worship has ripened. = The practice of religion in Vishista Advaita is similar to Dualism, and the only difference is that mankind enjoys a pure dualistic worship and is nearer to God. Thus i although both the world and Brahman are consi they are not considered two separate entities as in ~ He also advocated prabattimarga or the path of self-surrender to God. He invited the downtrodden to Vaishnavism and advocated salvation, by bhakti = He wrote: Bhakti Movement | 45:7 (@) Seibhashya () Vedanta dipa ita Bhasya (@) Vedantasara 3, Madhavacharya ye 13th century, Madhava from Kannada region Drs ore deat Se ES Poston Arace to this philosophy, the world is not an illusion but a reality, full of real distinction. According to Madhava, Brahman and the world are Considers teal elie aad sc a ‘The God of dualism is the Hindu God, Vishnu. Vishnu has created the wold ad td eel epee Gd ber pin to God with no link between the two. Vishnu controls the world and all = God, soul, and matter are all unique in ature and hence they ae irreducible to each other. — He also founded the Brahma Sampraija 4, Nimbraka me — Younger contemporary of Ramanujam who propounded the Dita advaita philosophy and the philosophy of Beda Abies (ference! nd Brahman ar oth ‘Abheda school also, believes that the, world wally rea, and that th wold spat of roman. The difeencs's srphanis only Thesame analog ofezandvare a2 7245:8 | Ancient nd Medio Indio is used here. A particular analogy of Bhed Abheda is th sun beam. The sun beam cannot be called separate fro very small manifestation, and the difference with Brahman is very larg, — Preacher of Vaishnavite Bhakti in the Telangana region. — Worshipper of Krishna and Radha and established his ashrama in Braja (Mathura). He also founded the Sanak Sampradaya. 5. Vallabhacharya — Born in Benaras in the 15th century and lived at the court of another side. There is no change — the world isa part of the coin that Brak Moremen | 45.9 is Brahman. Hence, this is called‘ there ionly one and here isnchanga, tt Det ae — However, see - recon the prestcade na le sou Presence of both, the wad and Baber lence, here ae wo ets Hee ng even if we say that dite oe 7 ana ae aspect of Brahman. Thsitends mores ane Vishista Advaita of Ramana, ute Advaita than the = Its philosophy is Pushtimarga, He founded the Rudra Sampradya, — According to him, God is omnipotent and omniscient thai there inthe ive Sra wath cpio ste Krishna cult in north India. 6, Vidyapati ~ Vidyapati was a 14th century Maithil poet known for his poetry | dedicated o Shiva, whom be addresed aguas @@ The Bhakti Movement in Maharashtra ‘The Bhakti movement in Maharashtra centred around the shrine of Vithob or Vhs, the residing deity of Pandharpur, who was regarded as a manifestation of Krishna, That is why it is also known as the Pandharpur movement, which led to great cultural and socal development in Maharashtra such as the development of Marathi literature, elevation in the status of women, breaking of caste barriers, et. In Maharashtra, the Bhakti Movement drew its inspiration from the Bhagavata Purana and the Shiva Nathpanths. The Bhakti Movement is broadly divided into two sects: rational, practical, and concrete in ther thoughts : ‘The difference between the two schools, however, is only apparent andthe relsnon of God as the highest end of human life is commen aim of bath. The thre: gat Sn belonging tothe Vithoba cult were Jnaneswar,Jnanadera, Namdev and Tolan.45:10| Ancient and Medieval India 7.Jnaneswara or Jnanadeva: A 13th century pioneer ‘bhakti saint of Maharashtra, whos Commentary on the Bhagvat Gita called Jnanesvari served at a foundation of the bhakti ideology in Maharashtra s jons, he believed that the only way to 9, Sant Eknath — He was a prominent Marathi saint, scholar and religio rt us poet ofthe ‘Varkari sampradaya, belonging to the 16th century CE — He introduced a new form of Marathi religious song alled Bhar. Eknath’s teachings in Marathi attempted to shift the emphasis of Hardas, Marathi literature from spiritual to narrative compositions, — He isbelieved to be a family man and emphasised onthe factthat say in monasteries oF resignation from the world ae not necessary for leading a religious ife.eee 45.12 Ancientand Medieval India Bhakti Movement [ssa , 10, Tukaram = Tukaram was a 17th cer aes 12. Ramananda: — He is believed to have lived in the fist al ofthe 1th century, bor in Allahabad, and was originally a follower of Ramanuj. Later, he founded his own sect and preached his principles in Hind at Benaras and Agra. He considered it tobe the link between the South Indian Bhakti and North Indian Vaishnava Bhakti traditions. — Ramananda brought to North India what Ramanoj di in South India. He raised his voice against the increasing formalism ofthe ‘orthodox cult and founded a new school of Vaishnavsm based onthe {gospel of love and devotion. His most outstanding contributions the abolition of distinctions of caste among his followers. = He looked upon Ram and not Vishm as the object of Bhat He be identified asthe founder of ie >. soe preached in he local languages ins atone polar Sie is flowersarecaled Ramanand Ta: — He put emphasis on bhakti and avoide ethigrene rs marg:45.14| Ancient and Medieval India Gave rise to two schools of thought: (@) Orthodex school - Represented by Nabhadas, Tulsidas () Liberal - Represented by Kabir, Nanak, and others = Other followers included: (a) Raidasa ~A cobbler whose songs are included in the Guru Granth Sahib () Kabir ~ A weaver who preached that Ram, Rahim, and Allah are allthe same (0 Sena~A barber (@ Sadhana ~ Abutcher (© Dhanna ~A farmer (© Narabarai ~A goldsmith (@ Pipa ~ A Rajput prince 13, Kabir: | ~ Among the disciples of Ramananda, oné of the most famous was Kabir. He wasa 15th century Bhakti poet and saint, whose verses are found inthe Sikh holy scripeure, Adi Granth, ~ He was born near Benares toa Brahman widow, but was brought up bya Muslim couple who were weavers by profession, He possessed an Bhakti Movement |1545 rind, and while in Benay me familiar With samc ahi tM Hadi He is regarded as the greatest ofthe mystic saints and his fllowers are called Kabirpanthis, Among those who were influenced by Kabir were Raidas, who was a tanner by caste, from Benares, Guru Nanak, a Khatri me! Guru Nanak Dev]45.46| Ancient and Medieval India 14. Guru Nanak — The first Sikh Gurtand founder of the Sikhism, who was also a Nirgung Bhakti Saint and social reformer. — He was born in a Khatri household in the village of Talwandi (now called Nankana), on the banks of the river Ravi in ¢1469 CE. Hig father was an accountant, and even Nanak was trained in Persian to follow his father's footsteps, but he was inclined towards mysticism, = He was opposed to al rivalries and rituals, and preached the unity of god and condemned the formalism and ritualism of both Islam and Hinduism, and conduct a5, = He laid a great emphasis on the purity 0 the first condition of approaching, God, and the need snce. Like Kabir, he advocated a middle path in wi could be combined with the duties ofthe householder. 15, Dadu Dayal (€1544-1603 CE): tobeknownas the Dadupanchis who set up ashrams known as Thambas around the region. ~ According to tradition, he was the fosterson of anaffiuentbusinessman, ‘who had found him floating on the river Sabarmati It is believed that Emperor Akbar was one of his followers. believed that devotion to God should transcend rian affiliation, and that devotees should become non: rita Ramayana, is very popular among Hi portrays the image of Sri Ram as all virtuous and all powerful, the Lord of the World, and the very embodiment of the Supreme Reality (Parambrahmc), ical dimensio apolar Bhakti sain gal was ver parts sn north India and the south, It was inf af the Bhagevata Purana, and the Sahajive Budi fence to Krishna and Radha, , who was even looked upon as, Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu Well-known saint, ascetic Hindu monk, and socal reformer of Bengal, who popularised the Krishna cult in the 16th century. With him, the Bhakti Movement in Bengal began to develop intoareformmavement it questioned social division on the bass of caste Popuarsedthe can/ Kirtan system (group devotional songs accompanied with ecstatic dancing), He renounced the world, becamean ascetic, and wandered all ver the country preaching his ideas. |45.18| Ancient and Medieval India = He prodaimed the universal brotherhood of man and cond ir disnetion based on religion and caste, and emphasised love and $ ! ‘sed the elem: ve and d us are the Pr chowed great empathy towards the sufering of other peop fofom axesed che clments of love and dvoton a eee as a re sda that of the poor and the weak, and believed that code fat Love of God meant he oof hanya hee eae cree evtion ang and dance, a devotee cn fel the presence of pene wae anumonso vicf Gol Tn Su ata = Goa. cesential by sae ae a coed . smphasise external condi the Perception. an — He accepted disciples from all classes and castes, and his teachings are Me oy ener soe Whe ctor eared ileiages,f ‘widely followed in Bengal even today. — The biography of Chaitanya Was written by Krishnadas Kaviraj 17, Narsingh Mehta = Saint from Gujarat who wrote songs in Gujarati depicting the love of | | Radha-Krishna, — Author of Mahatma Gandhi's favorite bhajan - “Vaishanava jan ko’ 18, Saint Tyagaraja (.1767-1847 CE): = Was one of the greatest composers of Carnatic musi, who composed thousands of devotional compositions, most in Telugu and in praise of Lord Ram. | — Hewasaprolificcomposerand composed the famous Pancharatna Kritis (meaning five gems). He was highly influential in the development of ‘the classical devotional music tradition. ‘The word ‘suf’ is derived from ‘suf, which means wool in Arabic, referring to the simple ofthe Sufis believed in. formance of miracles. Almostall prs wee ssodated withthe miracles performed by them. @D Me chisti silslah | ‘The Chisti Order was established in India by Khwaja Muinudéin Chishti, who probably ‘moved to India after the invasion of Muizzuddin Muhammad Ghori, and setled in Aimer around ¢:1206 CE, Muinuddin Chishti argued that the highest frm of devotion to God was | totedress the misery of those in distress, fullling the need ofthe bebe, and tf the . eS grew mor after his death in 1235 CE, hen es 0 M id Tuy ‘which the mosque wah al eal to the darah reached418.20| Ancient and Medieval India eae ights after the support of Mughal Emperor Akbar, es Delhiwas established by Qutbuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki (the Queub Minar is named after him), who settled in Delhi from his homeland in Transoxiana in <.1221 CB, His presence in Delhi was a threat to the Suhrawardis, who tried to levy charges against him so that he was forced to leave, but the Sultan of Delhi, Itutmish, dismissed these attempts, eventually forcing the Suhrawardis to relent. ‘The Chists believed in: ‘a. Simplicity of life, humility, and selfless devotion to God. The renunciation of ‘worldly possessions was regarded by them as significant for the control of the ‘senses that was necessary to maintain a spiritual life. b, Loveas the bond between god and the individual soul, and adopting an attitude of ‘benevolence towards all. The tolerance between people of different faiths, and acceptance of disciples irrespective of their religious beliefs 4. Use of simple language and the refusal to accept any grant for their maintenance from the Sultans ‘Apart from Muinuddin Chist, the other important Chistis were Baba Fariduddin Ganji- Shakar, who established himself at Hansi in Haryana on the route between Multan and Lahore, and Nizamuddin Auliya, who lived in the 14th century, during a period of political change andturmoil. Hehada conflicting relationship with different Sultans such as Mubarak Khaljiand Ghiyasauddin Tughlag, as he maintained a strict policy of not involving himself Chisti saint who played an active role in the political affairs ofthe period. Inthe 13th century, the Chisti Order was established in the Deccan by Shaikh Burhanuddin Gharib. Between the 14th and 16th centuries, many Chisti Sufis migrated to Gulbarga, and Deccan city of Bijapur emerged as an important centre for Sufi activity, and one of the famous pirs of the region was Muhammad Banda Nawaz, b> The Suhrawardi Sisilah The Silslah was founded by Shihabuddin Suhrawardi in Baghdad and was established in India by Bahauddin Zakariya, The Suhrawardis, unlike the Chistis, accepted, maintenance rants from the Sultans, While the Chistis were active in Delhi, Rajasthan, and parts of the ‘western Gangetic plains, and in the later years in the eastern regions of the Gangetic plain GBihar and Bengal) and into the Deccan, the Suhrawardis were active in Punjab and Sin Rieter rardis were active in Punjab and Sindh, Bhakti Movement | 45.24 excessive austerties or self-mertifeat and mingled with the Muslim aristocracy and took. ae] bb: They stressed on the observince of extemal forms of lig a combination of th (scholarship) with myptidagc ee ee end adrocated ab ‘The Naqshbandi Silsilah ‘This order was established in India by Khwaja Bahauddin Nagshbandl, and later on, propagated by his successors, Sheikh Bai Billahand Shaikh Ahmad Sithind, The mystce of this order stressed on: rae a Th nce of the shariat and denounced all innovations or Biddat. They attempted to purge Islam from all liberal, and according to them, ‘un-Llamic’ practic ed the listening of sama (religious musi) and the practice of pilgrimage bs of saints, and strongly opposed interaction with Hindus and Shias, ‘was Baba Farid, the famous Sufi Saint, who maintained that devotional ‘one way of coming lose to God. the liberal polices of Akbar such as the high status accorded by any non-Muslims, the withdrawal ofthe jaya, and the ban on cow tis, they maintained that the relationship between man and f the slave and the master and not of the relation of a lover and @D The Qaari Silslah ‘The QuadiriyyaSislah, which was popular in Punjab, was initiated during the Moghal rule brother Dara as disciples. Another prominent pir was Shah Badakhshani. The pirs of this Order supported the following: a. The concept of Wahdat al Wajud meaning "Unity of Existence” or “Unity of Being’, that is to say, God and his creation are one and similar. : b. ‘They dismissed Orthodox elements, declaring that the infidel who had perceived reality and recognised it was a believer and that believer who did not recognise reality was an infidel.15.22| “Ancient and Medieval India pertinent to note tat during the medieval period, while there was a constant tens caere the Uberal and orthodox views in Islam, the Sufis featured on both sides, Fay impact of Sufism ‘a, These liberal and unorthodox features of Sufism had a. profound, influence.on contributed a great deal in bringing both the communities of Hindus and Muslims closer together. b, Sufism took roots in both rural and urban areas and exercised a deep social, politica, and cultural influence on the masses. It rebelled against all forms of The most important contribution of Sufism i ed to blunt the edge of Hindu-Muslim prejudices by forging the idarity and brotherhood Bhakti Movemene | 45.23 ¥f Vhencir woveneti ‘The Sikh Movement had origins in the medieval period when saint preacher Guru Nanak, founded the Sikh Religion, which started as aminorreligion, bt developed into prominent religion over the centuries. There were ten recognised lving Gurus in the Nanak line: 39 CE): = Rejected the authority ofthe Vedas and preached the new idea of God as the supreme, universal, all-powerful, truthful, formless, fearless, without hate, selfexistent, everlasting creator of all things, the ‘eternal and absolute truth. ~ He denounced caste distinctions and rituals ike bathing in oly rivers, and promoted equality of all human beings, induding women. ‘He argued that the caste and honour should be judged by the acts or the deeds of individuals. He lid stress on concepts of justice, righteousness, and liberty. — His conception of religion was highly practical and sternly ethical. He exhorted people to give up selfish-ness, falsehood and hypocrisy ‘was one of his famous sayings. ——45.24| Ancient and Medieval India ‘Bhakti Movement |48.25 ~ His philosophy consists of three basic elements: a leading charismatic personality (the Guru), ideology (Shabad), and organisation (Sangat), ~ He repudiated idol worship and did not favour pilgrimage, nor did he accept the theory of incarnation. He condemned formalism and ritualism. = He introduced the concept of Langar (a community kitchen). er ena ise — His main teachings can be summarised as: Faith in one true lord’ Se Oey (CASEI Teak ge a eNO '¢ Worship of the name. = Had very cordial relatio aes ns with + Necessity of the guru in worship of the name Harmandir Sahib. Sahil and installed it at Sei — God conceptualised as Nirguna (attribute less) and Nirankar (formless) 2. Guru Angad (€.1539-1552 CE) — His real name was Bhai Lehna. — He standardised and popularised the Gurumukhi script of the Punjabi language. — He established new religious institutions to strengthen the base of = Was the proprietor of the concept of miriand piri (keeping two ives). 7. Guru Har Rai (¢.1644-1661 CE) charges of anti-Islamic blasphemy against the Gura and the Gura aoe | ener races aa 8, Guru Har Kishan (€.1661-1664 CE) ceatin ee = Was forcibly summoned to Delhi, the imperial capital of Aurangre | = Aske altar to remove the tlt (print for now Muslims canna tng ovation be diet «Young age of 8 ear’ : aa Srmallpor which he contracted while healing the sick people during ¥anepidemic ~ Composed the four Lawans (stanzas) of the Anand Kargj a distinct 3 sw Tegh Bahadur (1665-1675 CE) marriage code for Sikhs separate from the orthodox and traditional reer eee a gach at was ected by hin and was Y Hindu Vedic system. Soe ae i Chowk in 1675 CE. The beheaded before the publicn Delis Chandni Ch Sis Ganj Sahib Gurudwara stands atthe it fis a sats b=15.26| Ancient and Medieval India | = Credited with spread Sikhism to Bihar and Assam. +10. Guru Gobind Singh (€:1675-1708 CE) rast Sikh Gurw in human form, who passed the Guruship of the Sikhs to the Guru Granth Sahib. He died of complications from stab wounds inflicted by an Afghan, believed to have been sent by the Mughal governor, Wazir Khan. — Was born in Patna and organised the Sikths as community at warriors and called them Khalsa in ¢.1699 CE. = To create a sense of unity among the Sikhs, practices which were to be followed by Sikhs. through baptism by the double-edged carrying arms, and adopting the epit ~ He selected five persons known as the P and requested them to administer the pah ‘ — Compiled the supplementary granth of Deswan Padshan Ka Granth, ‘The Bhakti movement had a tremendous impact in medieval India. Por instance: Bhakti movement provided an the development of regional languages such Bhakti Movement |45.27 srr mreminmes W Jou take BHATT MOVEMENT: Female poet-saints also played a significant rlein the Fegan ies el tire eh a Only through demonstrations of their utter devotion t9 the Divine than ene ny and stubborn insistence oftheir pital ema withthe eee me ro garner acceptance and more egalitarian acess tothe Dine Mirabai, or Mira: She belonged to a high cass ruling Rajput family. Mirabai's -aks of her vision of Lord Krishna when she was child: rom that point Mira vowed that she would forever be his bride. However, agnnst her ras married to the song of Rana Sanga of Mewar atan earlyage, Central ints are Mirabai's struggles within the family she had been married successful attempts made by her jealous husband to ll her, and *w’s efforts to obstruct Mirabal in her desires to join the company saints, Eventually, Mirabailefter husband and family and went on45.28| Ancient and Medieval India ‘pilgrimage to various places associated with h rejected initially because she was a womat 2. Consider the following Bhakti Saints: (2013) 4. Dadu Days fi, Guru Nanak fil, Tyagaraja . Which one of the following sequences indicates the correct ehronclogil onde? at Moen [18.20 Who among the above was/vere preaching "when the Lodhi dynasty ell and ©) itonly @) iandii ‘Among the following, who was not a pro Anengthe fo Popenent of Bhat al? con SL Taper # iv, Valabhachaya ntavadaisa core theory and philosophy afer sar () Jainism efollwing (2008) (@) Vaishnavism Shakta Tukaram was a contemporary of which Maghl Peron @) Babur Oise wo (© Jahangir (@) Aurangeeb (2004) (@) Shankaracharya - Ramanuja Chaitanya ;charya - Chaitanya~ Ramanyja following statements about the Sikh Gurus-(2004) anda Babadur warappoiteds the itary nde th Sy CT Bahadur. i. Guru Arjun Dev became the Sikh Guru after Guru Ram Das. ra Arjun Dev gave to Siks their own script, Guru Mui. the statements given above is/are correct? () fiandii @ iandit the following was the first Bhakti saint to use Hind forthe propagation ©) Kabir Q Ma oS tinted indy Soa Naan hdr Muamad Jen these statements are come? sooth (b) iandiii (@ iiandiv45.30 Ancient and Medieval India 10, Match LstI with List Il and select the correct answer using the code given below, oat List Il Profession) i Barber ii, Weaver ii, Tailor ix. Cobbler 20 c iv i ‘and the most prominent figure of the Chisti order of Sufis in India is Khwaja Moinuddin Chisti. Reason (R): The Chisti order takes ts name from a village Chisti in Ajmer. (1997) (2) Both Aand R are true and Ris the correct explanation of A. (©) Both Aand Rare true but Ris not the correct explanation of A (© Ais true but Ris false (@) Ais false but Ris true 12, Prem Vatika, the poems on the life of Krishna, was composed by:(1996) (@) Bihari (©) Surdas, (© Raskhan (@ Kabir 13, The Sufi Saint who maintained that devotional music was one way of coming close to God was (1996) @) Muin-ud-din Chisti () Baba Farid (© Saiyyad Mahammad Gesudaraz (@ Shah Alam Bukhari eee Lo) 2 ® 4 @) 5. © 6 @ 8 © 2 @ 10. @) 2 13.) @ Questions From Last Year’s Mains Evaluate the contribution of Vaishnava saints to the growth of medieval Bhakti literature, (2014, History optional) ..__ Who among the following was not an exponent of the Bhakti Movementin northern. hake Movement 48.34 Discuss and evaluate critically various ‘trends in the {@013,History optional) in the hitorogray of bh, (Q] *ce essen ring) I with List If and select the correct . answer using the code given below 1 , Lise (@) Bengal i. Chaitanya () Sri Perumbudur a Renee (©) Amritsar iil, Ramanyja (@ Benaras i. Ramdas Code: 9 AB Cae, Cee oP ® 1 “Hiner © i Weeping dyer g wo i India? (@) Nanak () Shankaracharya (© Ramananda @ Kabir Consider the following: i, The pioneer in preaching Nirguna Bhakti in medieval India was Ramananda. ii, Surdas was the blind poet who worshipped Krishna. iii. Shankaracharya established four mathas in the four comers of India. (b)iionly @ itiandit (@) Tawakkhul i Teacher () Beshara i Toobserve contentment (© Bashara iii, Bound by Shariat Law @ Wali jx. Notbound by Shariat Law Code: A BO OC OD @ Ag tv tet ©) i ii ow i © i iv ii ii @ 1p fll se baaaaiaa. “a 15.32] Ancient and Medieval India 5. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer usit : the lists: ‘sing the code given below List I List IL (a) Guru Nanak i, Introduced the Oy cian Dey ii, Khales SOnCEPE of Langa (©) Guru Ram Das iii, Anand Karaj (@ Guru Gobind Singh iv. Compiled Guru Granth Sahit Code: A B iG D @) ii ea b) ii iii iv i © i iv iii ii @ i nial tii i, Aurangzeb executed Guru Angad. ii, Guru Arjun Dev was executed by Jahangir. | 6. Consider the following: / Select the incorrect answer using the codes given below: (@) iandiionly () ionly (O iionly (@) None ou 1 @ Suman 3 @ aerate) Se (0) 6. (b) @ Practice Questions (Mains) Te 1. _Delineate the role of Sikh Gurus in the development of Sikhism. 2, Bhakti Movement and Sufism were both categorical in promoting Hindu-Muslim whoa 4 ou agree? Substantiate your answer with examples. has a rich tradition of Bhakti saints, and the Maratha rulers have also . Elaborate with examples.