MODULE 10

FOR B1 & B2 CERTIFICATION

AVIATION LEGISLATION

Aviation Maintenance Technician

Certification Series

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AVIATION MAINTENANCE TECHNICIAN CERTIFICATION SERIES

Contributors Mladen Hanževacki

Layout/Design Michael Amrine

Version 3 - Effective Date 09.01.2019

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 WELCOME
The publishers of this Aviation Maintenance Technician Certification Series welcome you to the world of
aviation maintenance. As you move towards EASA certification, you are required to gain suitable knowledge and
experience in your chosen area. Qualification on basic subjects for each aircraft maintenance license category or
subcategory is accomplished in accordance with the following matrix. Where applicable, subjects are indicated by
an "X" in the column below the license heading.

For other educational tools created to prepare candidates for licensure, contact Aircraft Technical Book Company.

We wish you good luck and success in your studies and in your aviation career!

REVISION LOG
VERSION EFFECTIVE DATE DESCRIPTION OF CHANGE
001 2014 02 Module Creation and Release
002 2017 05 Format Update/Addition of Part-T, Sub-Module 06.
003 2019 08 Updated to current regulations, and reduction of Sub-Module 04 to appropriate level 1 requirements.

Module 10 B1/B2 - Aviation Legislation iii

 FORWARD
PART-66 and the Acceptable Means of Compliance (AMC) and Guidance Material (GM) of the European Aviation
Safety Agency (EASA), Appendix 1 establishes the Basic Knowledge Requirements for those seeking an aircraft
maintenance license. The information in this Module of the Aviation Maintenance Technical Certification Series
published by Aircraft Technical Book Company meets or exceeds the breadth and depth of knowledge subject matter
referenced in Appendix 1 of the Implementing Rules. However, the order of the material presented is at the discretion
of the editor in an effort to convey the required knowledge in the most sequential and comprehensible manner.
Knowledge levels required for Category A1, B1, B2, and B3 aircraft maintenance licenses remain unchanged from
those listed in Appendix 1 Basic Knowledge Requirements. Tables from Appendix 1 Basic Knowledge Requirements
are reproduced at the beginning of each module in the series and again at the beginning of each Sub-Module.

How numbers are written in this book:

This book uses the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) standard of writing numbers. This method
displays large numbers by adding a space between each group of 3 digits. This is opposed to the American method which
uses commas and the European method which uses periods. For example, the number one million is expressed as so:

ICAO Standard 1 000 000

European Standard 1.000.000
American Standard 1,000,000

SI Units:
The International System of Units (SI) developed and maintained by the General Conference of Weights and
Measures (CGPM) shall be used as the standard system of units of measurement for all aspects of international civil
aviation air and ground operations.

Prefixes:
The prefixes and symbols listed in the table below shall be used to form names and symbols of the decimal multiples
and submultiples of International System of Units (SI) units.
MULTIPLICATION FACTOR PReFIx SyMbOL
1 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 101⁸ exa E
1 000 000 000 000 000 = 101⁵ peta P
1 000 000 000 000 = 1012 tera T
1 000 000 000 = 10⁹ giga G
1 000 000 = 10⁶ mega M
1 000 = 103 kilo k
100 = 102 hecto h
10 = 101 deca da
0.1 =10-1 deci d
0.01 = 10-2 centi c
0.001 = 10-3 milli m
0.000 001 = 10-⁶ micro µ
0.000 000 001 = 10-⁹ nano n
0.000 000 000 001 = 10-12 pico p
0.000 000 000 000 001 = 10-1⁵ femto f
0.000 000 000 000 000 001 = 10-1⁸ atto a

International System of Units (SI) Prefixes

iv
 EASA LICENSE CATEGORY CHART
A1 B1.1 B1.2 B1.3 B1.4
B2
Module Number and Title Airplane Airplane Airplane Helicopter Helicopter
Avionics
Turbine Turbine Piston Turbine Piston

1 Mathematics X X X X X X
2 Physics X X X X X X
3 Electrical Fundamentals X X X X X X
4 Electronic Fundamentals X X X X X
5 Digital Techniques / Electronic Instrument Systems X X X X X X
6 Materials and Hardware X X X X X X
7A Maintenance Practices X X X X X X
8 Basic Aerodynamics X X X X X X
9A Human Factors X X X X X X
10 Aviation Legislation X X X X X X
11A Turbine Aeroplane Aerodynamics, Structures and Systems X X
11B Piston Aeroplane Aerodynamics, Structures and Systems X
12 Helicopter Aerodynamics, Structures and Systems X X
13 Aircraft Aerodynamics, Structures and Systems X
14 Propulsion X
15 Gas Turbine Engine X X X
16 Piston Engine X X
17A Propeller X X X

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE REQUIREMENTS

MODULE 10 SYLLABUS AS OUTLINED IN PART-66, APPENDIX 1

Level 1 Level 2 Level 3

A familiarization with the principal elements of A general knowledge of the theoretical and practical A detailed knowledge of the theoretical and practical
the subject. aspects of the subject and an ability to apply aspects of the subject and a capacity to combine and
Objectives: that knowledge. apply the separate elements of knowledge in a logical
a. The applicant should be familiar with the basic Objectives: and comprehensive manner.
elements of the subject. a. The applicant should be able to understand the Objectives:
b. The applicant should be able to give a simple theoretical fundamentals of the subject. a. The applicant should know the theory of the
description of the whole subject, using common b. The applicant should be able to give a general subject and interrelationships with other subjects.
words and examples. description of the subject using, as appropriate, b. The applicant should be able to give a detailed
c. The applicant should be able to use typical terms. typical examples. description of the subject using theoretical
c. The applicant should be able to use mathematical fundamentals and specific examples.
formula in conjunction with physical laws c. The applicant should understand and be able to
describing the subject. use mathematical formula related to the subject.
d. The applicant should be able to read and d. The applicant should be able to read, understand
understand sketches, drawings and schematics and prepare sketches, simple drawings and
describing the subject. schematics describing the subject.
e. The applicant should be able to apply his e. The applicant should be able to apply his
knowledge in a practical manner using knowledge in a practical manner using
detailed procedures. manufacturer's instructions.
f. The applicant should be able to interpret results
from various sources and measurements and apply
corrective action where appropriate.

Module 10 B1/B2 - Aviation Legislation v

 LEVELS
PART-66 - APPENDIX I
BASIC KNOWLEDGE REQUIREMENTS B1 B2

Sub‑Module 01 ‑ Regulatory Framework

Role of the International Civil Aviation Organization; 1 1
Role of the European Commission;
Role of EASA;
Role of the Member States and National Aviation Authorities;
Regulation (EC) No 216/2008 and its implementing rules Regulations (EU) 748/2012 and
(EU) 1321/2014;
Relationship between the various Annexes (Parts) such as Part‑21, Part‑M, Part‑145, Part‑66,
Part‑147 and Regulation (EU) 965/2012.

Sub‑Module 02 ‑ Certifying Staff ‑ Maintenance

Detailed understanding of Part‑66. 2 2
Sub‑Module 03 ‑ Approved Maintenance Organizations
Detailed understanding of Part‑145 and Part‑M Subpart F. 2 2
Sub‑Module 04 ‑ Air Operations
General understanding of EU‑OPS. 1 1
Air Operators Certificates;
Operator's responsibilities, in particular regarding continuing airworthiness and maintenance;
Aircraft Maintenance Program;
MEL//CDL;
Documents to be carried on board;
Aircraft placarding (markings).

Sub‑Module 05 ‑ Certification of aircraft, parts and appliances

(a) General understanding of Part‑21 and EASA certification specifications CS‑23, 25, 27, 29. 1 1
(b) Documents:
Certificate of Airworthiness; restricted certificates of airworthiness and permit to fly; 2 2
Certificate of Registration;
Noise Certificate;
Weight Schedule;
Radio Station License and Approval.

Sub‑Module 06 ‑ Continuing airworthiness

Detailed understanding of Part‑21 provisions related to continuing airworthiness. 2 2
Detailed understanding of Part‑M.

vi Module 10 B1/B2 - Aviation Legislation

 LEVELS
PART-66 - APPENDIX I
BASIC KNOWLEDGE REQUIREMENTS B1 B2

Sub‑Module 07 ‑ Applicable National and International Requirements

(If not superseded by EU requirements)
(a) Maintenance Programs, Maintenance checks and inspections; 2 2
Airworthiness Directives;
Service Bulletins, manufacturers service information;
Modifications and repairs;
Maintenance documentation:
maintenance manuals, structural repair manual, illustrated parts catalogue, etc.;
Only for A to B2 licenses:
Master Minimum Equipment Lists, Minimum Equipment List, Dispatch Deviation Lists;

(b) Continuing airworthiness;

Minimum equipment requirements ‑ Test flights; 1 1
Only for B1 and B2 licenses:
ETOPS, maintenance and dispatch requirements;
All Weather Operations, Category 2/3 operations.

Module 10 B1/B2 - Aviation Legislation vii

viii Module 10 B1/B2 - Aviation Legislation
 CONTENTS

AVIATION LEGISLATION Relationship Between the Annexes (Parts)‥‥‥‥‥ 1.16

Welcome‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ iii EASA Relations with the Other Aviation Authorities 1.16
Revision Log‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ iii Multilateral Cooperation‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.16
Forward‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ iv Bilateral Cooperation‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.16
EASA License Category Chart‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ v International Cooperation‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.16
General Knowledge Requirements‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ v Questions‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.17
Contents‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ ix Answers‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.18

SUB‑MODULE 01 SUB‑MODULE 02
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK CERTIFYING STAFF – MAINTENANCE
Knowledge Requirements‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.1 Knowledge Requirements‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.1
10.1 ‑ Regulatory Framework‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.2 10.2 ‑ Certifying Staff – Maintenance‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.2
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)‥ 1.2 General‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.2
The Chicago Convention‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.2 Part‑66‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.2
Second Freedom Agreement‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.3 Scope‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.2
Fifth Freedom Agreement‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.3 License Categories‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.2
ICAO Goals and Objectives‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.3 Aircraft Groups‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.4
ICAO Strategic Objectives‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.3 Application‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.4
ICAO Composition and Concerns‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.4 Eligibility‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.4
Technical Annexes‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.4 Privileges ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.4
Annex 1 ‑ Personnel Licensing‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.5 Requirements for Exercising Privileges‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.7
Annex 6 ‑ Operation of Aircraft‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.5 Definitions for Exercising Privileges‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.7
Annex 8 ‑ Airworthiness of Aircraft‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.5 Basic Knowledge Requirements‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.8
Annex 10 ‑ Aeronautical Telecommunications‥ 1.5 Basic Experience Requirements‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.9
European Union Aviation Safety System‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.5 License Extension‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.9
European Union Institutions‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.6 Alternate Experience‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.9
The Role of the European Commission (EC)‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.6 Continued Validity of the Aircraft
Role of the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) 1.8 Maintenance License‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.10
EASA Responsibilities‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.9 Aircraft Rating Requirements‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.10
Independence and Supervision‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.9 Limitations‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.10
Working methods‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.10 Evidence of Qualification‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.10
Studies and Research‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.11 Information in Part‑66 Appendices‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.11
EASA Internal Structure and Operation‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.11 Questions‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.13
Staff and Language‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.11 Answers‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.14
Management Board‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.12
Member States' Advisory Body (MAB) and Technical SUB‑MODULE 03
Bodies (TeBs)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.12 APPROVED MAINTENANCE
Executive Director‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.12 ORGANIZATIONS
Board of Appeals‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.12 Knowledge Requirements‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.1
Financial Requirements‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.12 10.3 ‑ Approved Maintenance Organizations‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.2
The Role of Members States‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.13 Part‑145‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.2
Sharing of Roles‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.13 Part‑145 – Maintenance Organization Requirements 3.2
Member State Obligation‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.13 General‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.2
Rules and Authority‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.13 Definitions‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.2
Regulation (EU) 2018/1139 (Basic Regulation) ‥ 1.13 Scope‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.3
Regulation (EU) 748/2012 (Part‑21)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.14 Application‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.3
Regulation (EC) 1321/2014‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.15 Terms of Approval‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.3

Module 10 B1/B2 - Aviation Legislation ix

 CONTENTS

Facility Requirements‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.3 Scope‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.13

Personnel Requirements‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.4 Authority Requirements for Air Operations
Certifying Staff and Category B1 and B2 Annex III (Part‑ORO)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.17
Support Staff‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.6 General (GEN)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.17
Equipment, Tools and Material‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.8 Scope‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.17
Acceptance of components‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.8 Operator Responsibilities‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.17
Maintenance Data‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.9 Air Operator Certification (AOC)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.18
Production planning‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.10 Air Operator Certificate‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.18
Certification of Maintenance‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.10 Manuals, Logs and Records (MLR)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.18
Maintenance Records‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.11 Minimum Equipment List (ORO.MLR.105)‥ 4.18
Occurrence Reporting‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.11 Technical Crew in HEMS, HHO or
Safety and Quality Policy‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.12 NVIS Operations (TC)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.19
Maintenance Organization Exposition (MOE)‥ 3.12 Scope‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.19
Privileges of the Organization‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.13 Commercial Air Transport Operations Annex IV
Part‑M; Subpart‑F Maintenance Organization‥‥‥‥ 3.13 (Part‑CAT)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.19
Scope‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.13 General Requirements (GEN)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.19
Facilities‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.13 Taxiing of Airplanes (CAT.GEN.MPA.125)‥ 4.19
Personnel Requirements‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.14 Rotor Engagement – Helicopters
Certifying Staff‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.14 (CAT.GEN.MPA.130)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.19
Components, Equipment and Tools‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.15 Documents, Manuals and Information To
Maintenance Data‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.15 Be Carried (CAT.GEN.MPA.180)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.19
Maintenance Work Orders‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.15 Operating Procedures (OP)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.21
Maintenance Standards‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.15 Refuelling/Defuelling with Passengers Embarking,
Component Certificate of Release to Service‥‥‥‥ 3.15 On Board or Disembarking‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.21
Component Certificate Of Release To Service‥‥ 3.15 Pushback and Towing – Airplanes‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.21
Maintenance Records‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.15 Ice and Other Contaminants
Privileges of the Organization‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.16 Ground Procedures‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.21
Organizational Review‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.16 Mass and Balance, Loading‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.21
Questions‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.17 Mass and Balance Data and Documentation‥ 4.21
Answers‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.18 Instruments and Equipment – General‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.22
Minimum Equipment for Flight‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.23
SUB‑MODULE 04 Spare Electrical Fuses‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.23
AIR OPERATIONS Operating Lights‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.23
Knowledge Requirements‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.1 Equipment to Clear Windshield‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.23
10.4 ‑ Air Operations‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.2 Operations Under VFR by Day – Flight
Scope‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.2 and Navigational Instruments and
Specialized Operations‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.2 Associated Equipment ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.23
Commercial Operations & Commercial Operations Under IFR or at Night – Flight
Air Transport‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.2 and Navigational Instruments and Associated
Complex Aircraft‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.2 Equipment‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.23
Contents of Regulations‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.3 Additional Equipment for Single Pilot
General Understanding of Air Operations‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.3 Operation Under IFR‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.24
Regulation on Air Operations – Structure‥‥‥‥‥ 4.3 Altitude Alerting System‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.24
Basic Regulation (EC) No 1139/2018 – Analysis by Terrain Awareness Warning System (TAWS)‥ 4.24
category, Regulation and Implementation‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.8 Airborne Collision Avoidance System (ACAS) 4.25
Air Operations (AIR‑OPS) Annex II (Part‑ARO)‥ 4.11 Airborne Weather Detecting Equipment‥‥‥‥ 4.25
Issue of the Air Operator Certificate‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.11 Additional Equipment for Operations in

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Icing Conditions at Night‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.25 Annex VI‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.32

Flight Crew Interphone System‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.25 Non‑Commercial Air Operations with Other
Crew Member Interphone System‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.25 Than Complex Motor Powered Aircraft
Public Address System‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.25 (PART‑NCO) Annex VII‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.32
Cockpit Voice Recorder‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.25 Specialized Operations (PART‑SPO)
Flight Data Recorder‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.25 Annex VIII‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.32
Combination Recorder‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.26 Operator's Responsibilities‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.32
Seats, Seat Safety Belts, Restraint Systems Responsibilities (M.A.201)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.32
And Child Restraint Devices‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.26 Aircraft Maintenance Program‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.32
Fasten Seat Belt And No Smoking Signs‥‥‥‥ 4.26 General Presentation‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.32
Internal Doors And Curtains‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.26 The General Maintenance Review Board
First‑Aid Kit‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.27 (MRB) Process‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.33
Emergency Medical Kit‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.27 Structure Program‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.33
First‑Aid Oxygen‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.27 Analysis of Accidental Damage‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.34
Supplemental Oxygen – Pressurized Airplanes 4.27 Damage Analysis due to the Environment‥‥‥ 4.34
Supplemental Oxygen – Non‑Pressurized The "ALI" (Airworthiness Limitation Items)‥‥‥ 4.34
Airplanes‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.28 Zonal Inspection Program (ZIP)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.34
Crew Protective Breathing Equipment‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.28 The MRB Report (Maintenance Review Board)‥ 4.34
Hand Fire Extinguishers‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.28 Maintenance Planning Document (MPD)‥‥‥‥‥ 4.35
Crash Axe And Crowbar‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.29 Minimum Equipment Lists & CDL
Marking of Break‑In Points‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.29 (Operator's Responsibilities)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.35
Means For Emergency Evacuation‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.29 MEL‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.35
Megaphones‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.29 CDL‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.35
Emergency Lighting and Marking‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.29 Manuals To Be Carried (OPS 1.130)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.35
Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT)‥‥‥‥‥ 4.29 Identification of Parts and Appliances‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.35
Flight Over Water‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.30 Identification of Products‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.35
Survival Equipment‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.30 Identification of Parts and Appliances‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.36
Headset‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.30 Marking of Break‑In Points‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.36
Radio Communication Equipment‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.30 Emergency Markings‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.36
Audio Selector Panel‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.31 Emergency Exit Markings‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.36
Transponder‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.31 Interior Emergency Lighting and Emergency
Specific Approvals – Annex V (Part‑SPA)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.31 Light Operation‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.37
Operations in Airspace with Reduced Vertical Questions‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.39
Separation Minima (RVSM)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.31 Answers‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.40
RVSM Operations‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.31
RVSM Operational Approval‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.31 SUB‑MODULE 05
Helicopter Emergency Medical Services CERTIFICATION OF AIRCRAFT, PARTS AND
(HEMS) Flight‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.31 APPLIANCES
Equipment Requirements (SPA.RVSM.110)‥ 4.31 Knowledge Requirements‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5.1
Extended Range Operations with Two‑Engined 10.5 ‑ Certification of aircraft, parts and appliances‥‥‥ 5.2
Airplanes (ETOPS)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.31 Sailplanes And Powered Sailplanes (CS 22)‥‥‥‥ 5.2
ETOPS‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.31 Normal, Utility Aerobatic And Commuter Airplanes
Operational Approval‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.31 (CS 23)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5.2
En‑Route Alternate Aerodrome‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.31 Large Airplanes (CS 25)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5.2
Annexes VI, VII and VIII‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.32 Small Rotorcraft (CS 27.1)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5.3
Non‑Commercial Air Operations with Complex Large Rotorcraft (CS 29.1)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5.3
Motor‑Powered Aircraft (PART‑NCC) CS‑VLA Very Light Airplanes‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5.4

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Production Organization Approval‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5.4 System ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.6

Approval Requirements (21A.145)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5.4 Owner And/Or The Operator Obligations‥‥‥ 6.7
Privileges (21A.163)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5.5 Operator Technical Log System‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.7
Obligations Of The Holder (21A.165)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5.5 Maintenance Standards – Subpart‑D‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.7
Duration And Continued Validity (21A.159)‥‥‥ 5.5 Maintenance Data‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.7
Design Organization Approval‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5.5 Performance of Maintenance‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.8
Part‑21 – Subpart‑J‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5.5 Aircraft Defects‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.8
Approval Requirements (21A.245)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5.5 Components – Subpart‑E‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.8
Privileges (21A.263)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5.7 Installation‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.8
Duration and Continued Validity (21A.259)‥‥‥‥ 5.7 Components Maintenance‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.9
Documents‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5.8 Caution‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.9
Type Certificates‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5.8 Control of Unserviceable Components‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.9
Scope‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5.8 Maintenance Organization – Subpart‑F‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.10
Validity‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5.8 Continuing Airworthiness Management
Supplemental Type Certificates‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5.9 Organization ‑ Subpart‑G‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.10
Certificates of Airworthiness‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5.10 Certificate of Release to Service (CRS)
Restricted Certificates of Airworthiness‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5.11 Subpart‑H‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.10
Permits to Fly‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5.12 Aircraft Certificate Of Release To Service‥‥‥ 6.10
Aircraft Registration‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5.12 Component Certificate Of Release To Service‥ 6.11
Noise Certification‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5.13 Pilot‑Owner Authorization‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.12
Weight Schedule‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5.14 Airworthiness Review Certificate – Subpart‑I‥‥ 6.12
Mass and Balance Documentation Aircraft Airworthiness Review‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.12
(Air Operations 1.625)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5.14 Validity Of The Airworthiness
Radio Station License and Approval‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5.15 Review Certificate‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.14
Approval‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5.15 Findings‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.14
Questions‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5.17 Part‑T‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.15
Answers‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5.18 Acceptable Means of Compliance and Guidance
Material to Annex Va (Part‑T) to Commission
SUB‑MODULE 06 Regulation (EU) No 1321/2014‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.15
CONTINUING AIRWORTHINESS Part‑T Scope and Responsibilities‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.15
Knowledge Requirements‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.1 Annex VA (Part‑T)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.15
10.6 - Continuing Airworthiness‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.2 Scope‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.15
Part‑21 General Provisions‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.2 Responsibilities‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.15
Failures, Malfunctions And Defects‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.2 Section 1‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.15
Airworthiness Directives‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.2 Section 2‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.16
Part‑M‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.3 Section 3‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.16
General – Subpart‑A‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.3 Questions‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.17
Scope‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.3 Answers‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.18
Accountability – Subpart‑B‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.3
Responsibilities‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.3 SUB‑MODULE 07
Occurrence Reporting‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.4 APPLICABLE NATIONAL AND
Continuing Airworthiness ‑ Subpart‑C‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.5 INTERNATIONAL REQUIREMENTS
Continuing Airworthiness Tasks‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.5 Knowledge Requirements‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 7.1
Maintenance Program‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.5 10.7 ‑ Applicable National and Int'l Requirements‥‥‥‥ 7.2
Airworthiness Directives ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.6 Maintenance Checks And Inspections‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 7.2
Data For Modifications And Repairs‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.6 General‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 7.2
Aircraft Continuing Airworthiness Record "A" Check ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 7.2

xii Module 10 B1/B2 - Aviation Legislation

 CONTENTS

"B" Check ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 7.2

"C" Check ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 7.2
"D" Check ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 7.2
Airworthiness Directives‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 7.3
Purpose ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 7.3
Issuance‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 7.4
Service Bulletins‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 7.4
ATA Spec 2200‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 7.4
Scope‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 7.4
Types of Service Bulletins‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 7.5
Alert SB‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 7.5
Standard SB‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 7.5
Engine Conversion SB‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 7.5
Service Bulletin Contents‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 7.5
General ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 7.5
Planning Information‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 7.5
Material Information‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 7.6
Service Letter (SL)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 7.7
Modifications And Repairs‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 7.7
Maintenance Documentation‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 7.7
Minimum Equipment Lists (MMEL/MEL)‥‥‥ 7.7
DDL Dispatch Deviation List (OR CDL)‥‥‥‥‥ 7.8
Minimum Equipment Requirements‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 7.8
Test Flights‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 7.8
Permit To Fly‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 7.8
ETOPS/EDTO‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 7.8
Definition:‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 7.8
All Weather Operations (Cat 2 and 3 Operations)‥‥ 7.9
Definitions:‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 7.9
Air Operations Subpart‑E‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 7.9
Low Visibility Operations ‑ General Operating
Rules (OPS 1.440)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 7.9
Maintenance‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 7.9
General‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 7.9
Equipment Approval‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 7.10
Maintenance Control System‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 7.10
Maintenance Control Manual‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 7.10
Questions‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 7.11
Answers‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 7.12

Acronym Index‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ A.1

Glossary‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ G.1
Index‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ I.1

Module 10 B1/B2 - Aviation Legislation xiii

a safety performance that is the best of any world EUROPEAN UNION INSTITUTIONS
region, uniformly enjoyed across the whole Union, and
continuing to improve over time. In doing so the EU Figure 1‑3 below shows the EU institutions end their
will use, as a measurement of success, the rate of fatal interdependence in terms of aviation safety.
accidents per 10 million flights per world region.
THE ROLE OF THE EUROPEAN
The strategy for aviation safety in the EU for the coming COMMISSION (EC)
years was established by the European Commission in The European Commission is one of the institutions of
a Communication to the Council and the European the European Union (EU). (Figure 1‑4) It is independent
Parliament called Setting up an Aviation Safet y of the individual EU states and holds great powers. The
Management System for Europe. European Commission represents and defends the
European Union as a whole entity. It presents legislative
In order to further improve the already good safety proposals and oversees the application of policies and
record that exists in the civil aviation industry, ICAO implementation of the EU budget.
has promoted the principles of safety management.
These principles revolve around the implementation The main roles of the European Commission are:
of a Safety Management System (SMS) in industry • Proposing new legislation ‑ The Commission is the
organizations and a State Safety Program (SSP) in sole EU institution tabling laws for adoption by the
Contracting States. Parliament and the Council that:
-- Protect the interests of the EU and its citizens
The sharing of roles between the EU and the Member on issues that can't be dealt with effectively at
States, as described in the EASA Basic Regulation, national level;
makes it necessary for the Member States to work -- Get technical details right by consulting experts
together with EASA to fully implement the SSP. and the public.
Production of an EU equivalent of an SSP ‑ an • Implementing EU policies and the budget
European Aviation Safety Program (EASP) ‑ is a more -- Sets EU spending priorities, together with the
efficient means of discharging this obligation and would Council and Parliament.
support the EU Members and associated States in -- Draws up annual budgets for approval by the
developing their own SSPs. Parliament and Council.
-- Supervises how the money is spent, under
The key players and their role in the European Union scrutiny by the Court of Auditors.
Aviation Safety System are shown in Figure 1‑2. • Enforcing European law

Adopts Rules Issue licenses, certificates and

European National Aviation approvals where centralization is
Commission Authorities
Launches Infringement not more efficient.
Procedure
European Aviation Safety Agency Oversee Organizations
Manages Safety List Proposes rules and issues guidance material.
Implement EU Law
Issues certificates and approvals where
centralization is more efficient.
Conduct Ramp Inspections
Audits Authorities.
Manages the European Aviation Safety Plan.
Coordinates the SAFA program.

Industry

Figure 1‑2. EU Aviation Safety System.

1.6 Module 10 B1/B2 - Aviation Legislation

 Council of the European
European Union Council

FRAMEWORK
REGULATORY
European Court
of Justice

European European
Parliament Commission

EASA

Figure 1‑3. EU institutions.

-- Together with the Court of Justice, ensures

that EU law is properly applied in all the
member countries.
• Representing the EU on the international stage
-- Speaks on behalf of all EU countries in
international bodies, in particular in areas of
trade policy and humanitarian aid.
-- Negotiates international agreements for the EU.

The European Commission's activities in civil aviation

fall within the responsibility of the Directorate‑General Figure 1‑4. European Commission headquarters in Brussels, Belgium.
for Transport and the Environment (DG TREN).
Specifically, within the organization of the Directorate The members of the Commission are chosen from
of Air Transport, Unit F2 is responsible for Single Member State nationals following a fair rotation
European Sky & Modernization of Air Traffic Control, system between member countries. The Commission is
Unit F3 deals with Air Safety and Unit F4 is responsible responsible to the European Union parliament.
for Infrastructures and Airports.
The Commission is assisted by a secretary general who
Since 1 November 2004, the European Commission prepares the work and ensures coordination between its
has a commissioner for each Member State (27 28 total branches and other institutions. The length of mandate
commissioners). The Commission has a president, a of the Commission is five years as is the term of office of
vice president, who is also the representative for foreign the European parliament. The commission meets at least
affairs and safety policy, and 25 members each in charge once a week in Brussels, generally on a Wednesday, and
of an individual area of concern (for example, regional during the monthly sessions of the European Parliament
policy, business, action on climate, etc.) In November in Strasbourg. (Figure 1‑5)
of 2014, the number of commissioners was reduced to
two thirds of the number of Member States (18 total). The European Commission promotes the general
(Figure 1‑4) interests of the EU and takes appropriate initiatives to
that end. It ensures external representation of the EU
with international organizations in most areas. The EC

Module 10 B1/B2 - Aviation Legislation 1.7

 September 2003. The agency employs over 800 aviation
experts and administrators from all European Union
countries. (Figure 1‑6).

EASA gathers 32 member states, 28 of them being

European Union states and the remaining 4 are EFTA
states (Switzerland, Norway, Iceland and Lichtenstein).
It has 4 permanent international representations:
Washington (USA), Montreal (Canada), Beijing
(China) and Singapore.
Figure 1‑5. European Parliament in Strasbourg, France.
The creation of EASA paved the way for a new EU
also provides delegations to third countries (non‑EU legislation on safety and the environmental compatibility
states). European Commission responsibilities include: of civil aviation. EASA was established in 2002 by
1. Initiation of Legislative Power ‑ most of the Regulation (EC) No 1592/2002 (repealed by Regulation
legislative acts of the Council (Council of (EC) No 216/2008) of the European Parliament and
Ministers of the European Union) require a the Council in order to ensure a high and uniform
proposal for such action from the Commission. level of safety in civil aviation, by the implementation
The Council cannot amend a proposal without a of common safety rules and measures. The new Basic
unanimous ruling. The Commission can modify Regulation (EU) No 2018/1139 entered into force on
the proposal as long as the council has not 22 August 2018 and sets out the tasks of the Agency.
ruled on it. In addition to the tasks previously established, the
2. Guardianship of Treaties ‑ the Commission so‑called new Basic Regulation formalizes EASA's role
ensures compliance with and enforcement in the domain of drones and urban air mobility, enabling
of European law and secondary legislation the Agency to prepare rules for all sizes of civil drones
(regulations, directives, decisions, etc.) under the and harmonize standards for the commercial market
control of the Court of Justice of the European across Europe. The regulation enlarges the Agency's role
Union (CJEU). It inquires, prevents and penalizes in areas such as in environmental protection, research
members for non‑compliance with European and development, or international cooperation. The
treaties. It can appeal to the Court of Justice of new mandate also gives EASA a coordinating role in
the European Union if a state does not follow cyber security in aviation.
the opinion that the European Commission has
previously sent. EASA's mission is to promote the highest possible level
3. Execution Power ‑ the Commission is the body of safety and environmental protection in civil aviation.
that executes policies and measures adopted by It facilitates the free movement of goods, persons and
the Council of Ministers of the European Union. services, promotes cases for regulatory and certification
It administers the budget and manages common
policies and funding. The Council monitors EC
activities through various committees.

ROLE OF THE EUROPEAN AVIATION

SAFETY AGENCY (EASA)
The European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA or the
Agency) is the centerpiece of the European Union's
strategy for aviation safety. Its mission is to promote
and achieve the highest common standards of safety
and environmental protection in civil aviation. EASA is
the agency of the EU that looks after flight safety. It is
based in Cologne (Germany) and became operational in Figure 1‑6. EASA headquarters in Cologne, Germany.

1.8 Module 10 B1/B2 - Aviation Legislation

processes and assists Member States in meeting their The Agency may adopt various types of acts (Figure 1‑7).
obligations under ICAO. At the global level, EASA It may:
promotes and defends its views on the safety standards • Take binding individual decisions by granting

FRAMEWORK
REGULATORY
to be applied in civil aviation. aircraft type certificates and by conducting
inspections and investigations;
EASA RESPONSIBILITIES • Issue non‑binding documents containing
At f irst, EU regulations merely established EASA certification specifications (CS), acceptable means
on the basis for action in the f ield of certif ication of compliance (AMC) and guidance material (GM)
of aeronautical products, organizations and persons (for use in the certification process) and present
involved in the design, production and maintenance of opinions to the European Commission on the
aircraft. EASA has taken over the responsibilities of the essential requirements and implementing rules to
former Joint Aviation Authorities (JAA) system which be adopted.
ceased on 30 June 2009. The agency's responsibilities
are being acquired progressively. In 2008, through The Agency also has the power to conduct certain
the implementation of a new EASA Regulation (EC) tasks for which collective action is more effective than
No 216/2008, EASA's role was extended beyond its action by individual Member States. In particular,
previous scope to cover Flight Operations and Flight EASA is responsible for the certification of aeronautical
Crew Licensing. products. It also helps the Commission monitor the
implementation of rules and safeguards that may
In autumn 2009, as part of an aviation package also be required. EASA provides technical assistance
including the second package of measures for Single to aeronautical authorities of third countries and
European Sky (SES II), the European Community international organizations for safety and environmental
adopted Regulation (EC) No 1108/2009 amending compatibility of civil aviation. Finally, the Agency
Regulation (EC) No 216/2008 and extending EASA's supports the European Union and its Member States in
remit to encompass the field of aerodromes, air traffic their cooperation with and assistance to third countries.
management and air navigation services. As previously, (Figure 1‑8)
however, aircraft used for military, customs and police
services, and persons and organizations involved in such INDEPENDENCE AND SUPERVISION
activities, remain outside the remit of EASA. To protect from political interference, decisions of
safety must be undertaken by a neutral and independent
EASA has currently the following responsibilities: authority with the necessary skills. EASA and its
• Draft implementing rules in all fields pertinent to Executive Director are under the supervision of an
the EASA mission and provide technical expertise independent Management Board of the Agency,
to the EU which is responsible for the definition of the Agency's
• Certify & approve products and organizations, priorities, the establishment of the budget and for
in fields where EASA has exclusive competence monitoring the Agency's operation. It adopts EASA
(e.g. airworthiness)
• Provide oversight and support to Member States in
fields where EASA has shared competence (e.g. Air Agency Opinion
Operations, Air Traffic Management) Basic
European Commission
European Council
• Promote the use of European and Regulation European Parliament
worldwide standards
Agency Opinion
• Cooperate with international actors in order to
Implementing Rules European Commission
achieve the highest safety level for EU citizens EU Member States
globally (e.g. EU safety list, Third Country
Soft Law
Operators authorizations) Agency Decision
• Acceptable Means of Compliance
• Perform safety research and analysis including • Guidance Material AMC, GM, CS
publication of an Annual Safety Review. • Certification Specifications

Figure 1‑7. EASA Regulatory Structure.

Module 10 B1/B2 - Aviation Legislation 1.9

 Product Certification Third Country Note to the image above: The Rulemaking Advisory
Operators
Group and the Thematic Advisory Groups have been
Rulemaking Safety Analysis and replaced by the Member States' Advisory Body (MAB)
Research
and the Member States' Technical Bodies (TeBs). The
Standardization European Aviation Safety Standards Consultative Committee (SSCC)
Safety Program
and its Subcommittees have been replaced by the
International Stakeholders Advisory Body (SAB).
Organization Approvals Cooperation

Safety Assessment of
WORKING METHODS
Technical Training
Foreign Aircraft The Agency applies transparent procedures for the
Figure 1‑8. EASA Core Activities.
adoption of opinions, acceptable means of compliance
and guidance material. These procedures ensure the
annual report and work program (after approval use of the relevant expertise, wide consultation of all
by the European Commission) and the work ing interested parties and the right of each Member State
procedures to be followed by the Agency. The Executive to be associated with the adoption process. Special
Director is appointed by the Management Board that procedures allow the Agency to take immediate action in
is composed of representatives from Member States case of safety problems. Similar transparent procedures
and one representative of the Commission. The EASA apply in the case of individual decisions.
Advisory Board assists the Management Board in its
work. It comprises organizations representing aviation The Agency and the qualified entities acting on its
personnel, manufacturers, commercial and general behalf may undertake the inspections and investigations
aviation operators, maintenance industry, training necessary in order to perform the tasks assigned to them.
organizations and air sports (Figure 1‑9). The Agency's The Agency conducts inspections in the Member States
budget is financed by a contribution from the European to verify that safety regulations and the implementing
Community, fees (paid for certificates issued by the rules are applied correctly at national level.
Agency) and charges for publications and training
provided by the Agency. EASA is authorized to conduct the investigations
required in order to issue the relevant certificates and
ensure continued safety oversight.

Rulemaking Member State Member State Observers

Advisory Board Management Board

Panels of Experts Executive Director Boards of Appeal

Certification/Approvals
Rulemaking and
Thematic Advisory
Groups of NAAs

Safety Standards Rulemaking

Consultative Committee

Figure 1‑9. EASA Governance.

1.10 Module 10 B1/B2 - Aviation Legislation