CHAPTER 2 DECODING

DIRECTIVES

What are Directives?

A directive is a keyword used in a question to help students better grasp what is expected from them. It offers a
viewpoint on what to write as well as how to write it in an effective manner. You can spot words like 'elucidate,'
'comment,' 'discuss,' 'analyze,' 'explain,' and so on; they usually function as a directive. In the case of opinion-based
questions phrases like 'Do you agree',' Do you think', 'To what extent', or words like 'Is', 'Has', etc play the role of
directives.

Let's Spot Directives

Evaluate the policies of Lord Curzon and their long term implications on the national movements. (CSE 2020)
Discuss the multi-dimensional implications of uneven distribution of mineral oil in the world. (CSE 2021)
‘Indian diaspora has a decisive role to play in the politics and economy of America and European Countries’.
Comment with examples. (CSE 2020)
To what extent, in your view, the Parliament is able to ensure accountability of the executive in India? (CSE 2021)
Is diversity and pluralism in India under threat due to globalization? Justify your answer. (CSE 2020)

While it may seem simple to spot directives at first glance, the real challenge lies in interpreting them in the context
of the question, the directive determines the structure, content, and approach of the answer. However, we leave that
discussion to another chapter, we will first try to understand the meaning and relevance of some recurrent directive
words used in CSE Mains Examination questions.

General Directives
1. Discuss
The "discuss" directives are often used to assess students' ability to think critically, gauge the debate, and
communicate ideas effectively. It is important to be concise and well-reasoned in responding to these types of
questions. A student needs to understand the context and provide arguments both for and against if the context
requires it, or he may have to provide arguments backed with data, facts, or examples.
This directive can be present at the beginning of the question or it may be spotted as a tail word in the question or
a context. It acquires meaning when read with the context or discourse of the question.

Type 1: When ‘Discuss’ is placed at the beginning of the statement

When its present at the beginning of the statement it means we need to highlight reasons, impact or explain effects
as the question requires. The discourse of the statement is very important here, students should test the veracity
of the statement before structuring their answer.
Example:Discuss the causes of depletion of mangroves and explain their importance in maintaining coastal
ecology. ( CSE 2019)
This question demands you to highlight the causes of mangrove depletion and bring out their importance. Let us
structure this
Introduction: Write a general introduction on mangroves
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VARIOUS CAUSES OF DEPLETION OF MANGROVE

1. Natural causes
(a) Subduction of coastal regions inhabited by mangroves due to rise in sea levels.
(b) Changes in the ocean circulation pattern and rainfall also affect the growth of mangroves, by affecting
propagule dispersal and the genetic structure of mangrove populations.
(c) Cyclones and strong waves lead to high rates of coastal erosion and storms which hinder the growth of
mangroves.
(d) Diseases like top dying disease among Sundari trees have emerged as one of the biggest causes of the
depletion of Mangroves in the Sundarban forests.
2. Anthropogenic causes
(a) Unplanned human expansion leading to fragmentation of mangrove habitats, Coastal agriculture, and
plantation crops can impose threats on mangrove vegetation. For example, 40% of mangroves on the west
coast have been converted into farmlands.
(b) Pollution: Mangroves face severe threats from the disposal of Industrial pollutants, fertilizer, and
pesticides from riverine aquaculture and agriculture; and domestic wastes.

IMPORTANCE OF MANGROVES IN MAINTAINING COASTAL ECOLOGY

1. Geographical
(a) Protects overall coastal and Marine ecosystems by providing a favorable environment for the breeding,
and rearing of several fishes as well as protecting coral reefs.
(b) Mangroves act as shock absorbers reducing the impact of high tides thus preventing floods, and
erosion in coastal areas as seen in the 2004 Tsunami.
2. Economic
(a) It is a major source for forest products, fisheries, tourism, etc., and provides numerous employment
opportunities to local communities. It Sustains a blue economy.
(b) Access to Medicinal plants and fodder for animals.
3. Environmental
(a) Mangroves’ unique adaptation of stilt roots stabilizes coastlines that are erosion prone due to their
vulnerable location.
(b) Mangroves absorb up to 5 times more carbon than land tropical forests, thus acting as massive carbon
sinks.
Conclude your answer.

Type 2: When ‘Discuss’ is placed as a tail word or at the end of a discourse or context.
This would generally mean an in-depth analysis or debate based on whether the discourse is a statement of fact
or debatable.
Example: Are we losing our local identity for the global identity? Discuss. (CSE 2019)
The discourse here is clearly debatable and therefore ‘discuss’ would mean that we make our case both for and
against the statement with evidence.

Introduction: Define Globalization

Losing Local Identities for Global Identities:
1. The Indian family structure has shifted from ritual marriages to civil marriages.
• Joint family towards the nuclear family under the influence of globalization in the metropolitan cities.
• Establishment of same-sex marriages and live-in relationships.
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2. Rising commodification of women and pink collarisation of jobs.

3. Homogenization of consumption patterns and lifestyles is reflected by the process of McDonaldization,
Disneyfication, or simply the Americanization of India and its Culture.
4. English language used as a means of communication and administrative work also endangered a large
number of tribal/local languages due to less use & awareness.
5. Secularization of traditional festivals led to their declining ritual significance and has become a mere tool in
the hands of MNCs’ vested interests.
6. Purchasing habit: Walmartisation of Indian culture and Promotion of consumerism.
However Local Identities are still preserved in this era of Globalization such as:
1. Glocalization means Global Culture is becoming local: It is a strategy often utilized by foreign firms while
dealing with local traditions to enhance their marketability.
2. Food: Cuisines of foreign countries are modified to suit the taste buds of Indians(Mcdonalds not selling beef
Burger)
3. Music: Growth of popularity of ‘Indi pop’, fusion music, etc.
4. According to the Export Promotion Council for Handicrafts, India’s traditional jewelry, embroidery,hand
printed textiles–produced by tribal communities, have started gaining demand overseas. During 2021-22, the
total exports of Indian handicrafts were valued at $ 4.35 billion
5. Cultural consumption is playing a crucial role in shaping the growth of cities. Growth of shopping malls,
Multiplex cinema halls, etc in every major city.
Conclude your answer.

2. Enumerate
The directive "enumerate" means that the student should provide a list of specific points, and ideas, with examples
related to the question being asked. This is to test the candidate's ability to organize their thoughts and present
their ideas in a clear and structured manner.

Example: Enumerate the indirect taxes which have been subsumed in the Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India.
Also, comment on the revenue implications of the GST introduced in India since July 2017. (CSE 2019)
Introduction: Write a general introduction on GST.

INDIRECT TAXES SUBSUMED IN GST:

At Central Level At State Level
Central Excise Duty Subsuming State Value Added Tax/Sales Tax
Additional Excise Duty Entertainment Tax (other than the tax levied by the
local bodies)
Service Tax
Octroi and Entry tax
Additional Customs Duty
Purchase Tax and Luxury tax
Special Additional Duty of Customs
Taxes on lottery, betting and gambling

POSITIVE REVENUE IMPLICATION OF GST

1. Increase in Taxpayers and Tax compliance: The Goods and Services Tax (GST) taxpayers have increased
in number from 70 Lakhs in 2017 to 1.4 Crores in 2022. The average monthly collections have increased from
Rs 1.04 lakh crore in 2020-21 to Rs 1.24 lakh crore in 2021-22.
2. Formalisation of the economy: GST brings simplified compliance which led to the process of formalisation
of the Indian economy.
3. Elimination of tax arbitrage and Use of ICT: Logistics costs were estimated to contribute as much as 15 per
cent to the cost of goods.GST has eliminated the tax arbitrage and created an online platform(GSTIN) which
provided indirect revenue for the Government through taxes.
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NEGATIVE REVENUE IMPLICATION OF GST:

1. The 15th Finance Commission has highlighted several areas of concern in the GST regime: Multiplicity of tax
rates, shortfall and high volatility in GST collections, inconsistency in filing of returns , etc.
2. Economy Outside GST purview: Exclusion of petroleum and related products are outside of the GST net.
3. Revenue Position Of States: Dependence of States on the compensation from Centre
Conclude your answer.

3. Explain
This directive requires the candidate to provide a clear and concise description of the topic in question, along
with relevant details, examples, and supporting evidence. The objective is to demonstrate a deep understanding,
clarity, and the ability to communicate that understanding effectively.

Example: Explain the process of resolving ethical dilemmas in Public Administration. (CSE 2018)
Introduction: You can define ethical dilemma.

COMMON DILEMMAS FACED IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

1. Personal Vs. Professional. Eg. An allopathy doctor is assigned the task of promoting Traditional Medicines.
2. Legal Vs. Compassion. Eg. Law suggests punishments for the person who steals bread from a shop because
of his hunger whereas compassion suggests setting him free.
3. Environmental Ethics Vs. Economic Growth. Eg. Making an expressway across a dense forest will require
a lot of deforestation.
4. Constitutional Morality Vs. Social Morality. Eg. Forcing age of marriage-related restrictions on isolated
tribal communities.

PROCESS OF RESOLVING ETHICAL DILEMMAS

1. Clear identification of the dilemma in order to make a decision objectively. Necessary training modules to
generate awareness among civil servants to identify potential conflicts of interest.
2. Discussion with all the stakeholders where the free exchange of ideas is allowed. Eg. While making
expressway across dense forests discussions among Government agencies, NGOs, Civil Society, Wildlife
activists, Tribal communities, Independent Think tanks related to that particular sector, etc.
3. Brainstorming about the various alternatives and thinking about various pros and cons of the alternatives.
4. Build consensus (Good Governance) on one solution which seems appropriate as per the Utilitarian approach
i.e. maximum happiness and minimum unhappiness for society.
5. Framing guidelines after extensive consultations with all stakeholders on maintaining Procedural Integrity at
various stages of the project implementation.
6. Taking decisions based on recommendations of a committee rather than one single person to avoid
delegation of excessive discretion in the hands of one person.
7. Laying out a clear code of conduct in line with the ideals of the constitution and creating a mechanism to
oversee its implementation and adherence by the employees.
Conclude your answer.

4. Describe
When a question includes the instruction to "describe," it requires the student to provide a clear and thorough
explanation of the topic, along with relevant details, characteristics, and features. The objective is to provide a
complete and accurate picture of why and how something happens.
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In general, when answering a question that requires a description, it is important to provide a comprehensive and
detailed account of the topic, while maintaining clarity and coherence. The candidate should aim to provide a well-
structured and organized answer that demonstrates their knowledge and understanding of the topic in question.

Example: What are the forces that influence ocean currents? Describe their role in the fishing industry of the world.
(CSE 2022)
Introduction: You can write a general introduction on ocean currents.

FORCES INFLUENCING OCEAN CURRENTS

Ocean currents are influenced by two types of forces i.e. Primary Force, which initiates the movement of water while
the secondary force influences the flow of current.
A. PRIMARY FORCES
1. Planetary or prevailing winds: Due to friction between the wind and the water, water that is on the the surface
moves in the direction of prevailing winds. For instance, under the influence of the North East and South West
trade winds, equatorial currents move westward.
2. Coriolis Force: In the Northern Hemisphere, the Coriolis effect causes surface currents to shift to the right and
move in a clockwise direction, and in the Southern Hemisphere, to the left and in counterclockwise.
3. Gravity: When the wind blows over ocean water, the water piles up in the direction of the wind. Gravity,
therefore, pulls the water down the ‘hill’ against the pressure gradient.
4. Temperature: Solar heating causes water to expand, which is more in the in equatorial regions Therefore, the
water around the equator is roughly 8 cm higher than in middle latitudes. It causes a slight slope in the water
and it flows down the slopes.
5. Density: The greater the density differences between different layers in the water column, the greater the
mixing and circulation. Density differences in ocean water contribute to a global-scale circulation system, also
called the global conveyor belt.
6. Salinity: Less salinized water travels in a surface current towards more salinized water, while denser water
sinks and moves as a subsurface current. Eg: The Gibraltar Strait current that travels from the Atlantic Ocean
to the Mediterranean Sea is a result of the salinity difference.

ROLE OF OCEAN CURRENTS IN FISHING INDUSTRY

1. Sustains sea life : Ocean currents carry nutrients and food to organisms that live permanently attached in
one place, and carry reproductive cells and ocean life to new places. Eg: Upwelling along the coast of Chile
brings nutrients from the depth of the sea.
2. Dispersal of life forms: Ocean currents are also important as they disperse many life forms. For instance, the
lifecycle of the European Eel is highly sustained and influenced by ocean currents.
3. Plankton Movement: Cold ocean currents moving from the polar and subpolar areas bring in a large amount
of plankton, which is critical to the survival of numerous essential sea creature species in marine ecosystems.
4. Formation of Fishing Zones: The world’s greatest fishing grounds are located where cold and warm currents
converge. Eg: Newfoundland.
5. Ecological Balance: Ocean currents maintain ecological balance by moving water to places with less oceanic
current and a low fish population in order to keep oxygen levels and fish populations in the deficit area stable.
Examples include the Sargasso Sea and the Dead Zone.
6. Vital for ports in the polar regions: Warm ocean currents are responsible for keeping the ports in polar
regions operational by keeping them ice-free. Ex: The North Atlantic Drift, keeps most of the European ports
ice-free and operational, aiding the fishing industry in countries like Norway.
Conclude your answer.
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5. Justify
When a question includes the instruction to "justify," it requires the candidate to present a clear and well-reasoned
argument to support their stance on a particular issue or question. The objective is to persuade the examiner
that the candidate's position is valid and well-supported.
In general, when answering a question that requires justification, it is important to provide a clear and persuasive
argument that is supported by evidence and examples. The student should aim to present their reasoning in a
logical and organized manner while anticipating and addressing potential counterarguments.

Example: Is diversity and pluralism in India under threat due to globalisation? Justify your Answer. (CSE
2020)

Introduction: You may define diversity and pluralism.

GLOBALIZATION: A THREAT TO DIVERSITY AND PLURALISM IN INDIA

1. Anglicization threatens Linguistic diversity: As per UNESCO’s Atlas of World languages, there are 196
languages that are in danger of disappearing in the Indian context.
2. Threat to religious systems: Globalization has led to a shift from spiritual to materialistic aspects of religion.
Festivals like Diwali, Holi, Raki Bandhan, etc have become occasions to further spread rampant consumerism.
3. Rise of religious fundamentalism: It was seen through the participation of Indian youth in ISIS. Also, religious
conversions by missionaries on the pretext of material benefits have resulted in communal clashes.
4. Homogenization of food culture: Dominance of Western food is witnessed through franchises such as
McDonald, KFC, etc. This has led to a loss in the diversity of local food cuisines.
5. Growth of Denim Culture: Today traditional attires are used as a symbol of ceremony while Western clothing
pattern has been dominating in day-to-day life leading to a loss of clothing diversity.

GLOBALIZATION: A MEANS TO FURTHER THE DIVERSITY AND PLURALISM IN INDIA

1. Rise in popularity of regional handicraft: There has been a rise in demand of local handmade art and crafts
in the global market and led to the strengthening of local cultures and practices. Eg: Dokra art from central
India is in high demand in Western markets.
2. Recognition to Indian practices: Spiritual practices such as yoga and meditation have spread worldwide
giving recognition to the Indian practices and customs. Eg: UNGA celebrates June 21 every year as
International Yoga Day.
3. Acceptance of Traditional medicines: Globalization has led to a rise in acceptance of Traditional medicinal
practices such as Ayurveda, Siddha, and Sowa Rigpa, which are considered closer to nature.
4. Promotion of folk films: Promotion of folk films and arts as seen in BRICS summit which showcased such
films highlighting local traditions. The dubbing of Indian movies in foreign languages has also been on rise.
Eg: Popularity of the movie Dangal in China, Oscar award for RRR movies.
5. Diaspora aiding in the spread of Indian culture: Increase in Job and educational opportunities due to
globalizations has ensured there is a huge and vibrant Indian diaspora all across the world who are not only
spreading Indian culture in their country of residence but also adding rich diversity in those societies.
• For example the spread of Indian cuisines in countries like UK, USA, spread of Hare Krishna Movement,
celebrations of Diwali in countries like UK, USA, Germany etc.

6. Comment
When a question includes the instruction to "comment," it requires the candidate to provide their perspective
on the topic, along with relevant evidence, arguments, and examples. The objective is to provide a thoughtful
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and well-supported opinion that demonstrates the candidate's ability to engage with complex issues and offer
constructive insights.

Example: Covid-19 pandemic accelerated class inequalities and poverty in India. Comment. 10 Marks.
Introduction: Write a general introduction on the impact of Covid-19.
COVID - 19 ACCELERATED CLASS INEQUALITIES
1. Inequality of wealth: While the poor were struggling and had to incur out-of-pocket expenditure to arrange
their food and health requirements, the wealth of billionaires increased by 35% during the lockdown (Oxfam
report).
2. Inequality in access to employment: As per CMEI, more than 18.9 million salaried people have lost their
job since April 2020 and the situation of the informal sector was even worse as seen from lakhs of people
trudging home back from cities during lockdown.
3. Inequality in access to Health care: Lack of availability of beds, high hospitalization charges high cost
of medicines and accessories made accessibility of healthcare limited to families with better resources.
4. Learning inequality: As per ASER Study, 2021 due to the digital divide and differential access to technology,
in only 5/26 Indian states surveyed more than 50% children did online learning activities.
COVID - 19 ACCELERATED POVERTY
1. Rise in incidence of poverty: Absence of regular work and income during Covid-induced lockdown forced
nearly 400 million informal sector workers into Below Poverty Line(BPL) as per UN-ILO report.
2. Learning poverty: According to the World Bank report, due to closure of school and lack of access to online
learning had resulted in loss of all gains in learning poverty achieved since 2000 For every 100 children in low
and middle-income countries, 60 are now “learning deprived”.
3. Poverty due to health emergency: High out of pocket expenditure during Covid has pushed many families,
who were trying to come out of poverty, back into poverty.
4. Dominance of the Informal sector in economy: Around 90% of India’s workforce is employed in the informal
sector who are not provided with employment and social security to cope up with any eventuality like Covid-19.

7. Argue
When a question includes the instruction to "argue," it requires the candidate to provide a clear and convincing case
for their stance on the issue, along with relevant evidence, reasoning, and examples. The objective is to persuade
the examiner that the candidate's position is valid and well-supported. In general, when answering a question that
requires an argument, it is important to provide a clear and persuasive case that is supported by evidence and
reasoning.

Example: Multiplicity of various commissions for the vulnerable sections of the society leads to problems of
overlapping jurisdiction and duplication of functions. Is it better to merge all commissions into an umbrella
Human Rights Commission? Argue your case. (CSE 2018)
Introduction: You may explain the context.
ISSUES WITH REGARD TO THEIR MULTIPLICITY AND FUNCTIONS
1. Confusion and inefficiency in addressing the rights of vulnerable groups. For example, if a complaint is filed
with multiple commissions, it can be difficult to determine which commission has the primary responsibility for
addressing the issue, leading to delays and duplication of effort.
2. These commissions are often under-resourced and lack the necessary autonomy to carry out their mandate
effectively. This can lead to a lack of accountability and transparency, and make it difficult for marginalised
groups to access and engage with the commission system.
3. Overlapping jurisdictions: For example, the National Commission for women protects women against violence
and is also protected by the Human Rights Commission.
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CREATING AN UMBRELLA ORGANIZATION

Pros
1. One of the main advantages of merging all commissions into an umbrella Human Rights Commission is
the reduction of overlapping jurisdiction and duplication of functions. This can lead to more efficient use of
resources and a more streamlined approach to protecting the rights of vulnerable sections of society.
2. An umbrella commission can also help to ensure that the rights of all vulnerable groups are protected,
regardless of their particular identity. This can be especially important in cases where groups may face
intersecting forms of discrimination.
3. An umbrella commission can also help to ensure consistency and uniformity in the protection and promotion
of human rights across the country.
4. Issues of vulnerable sections such as Women and children are interrelated, so holistic solutions can be derived.
Cons
1. Loss of specificity: Merging all commissions into one entity may lead to the loss of specificity and focus on
the needs of different vulnerable sections of society. This could result in a dilution of the advocacy and support
provided by each commission.
2. Conflicting mandates: Different commissions may have different mandates, and merging them could lead to
conflicts over priorities, functions, and agendas.
3. Complexity: The process of merging all commissions into an umbrella Human Rights Commission could
be a complex and time-consuming process. There may be challenges in integrating the different functions,
structures, and personnel of each commission.
4. Lack of representation: An umbrella Human Rights Commission may not be able to adequately represent
the diverse needs and perspectives of different vulnerable sections of society. This could lead to a lack of
inclusiveness and participation.
5. Every vulnerable group has specific problems, that’s why we need a separate constitutional body to protect
their rights (Separate legislation such as the Protection of Civil Rights act or Scheduled Castes and Tribes
(Prevention of Atrocities Act).

8. Clarify
When a question includes the instruction to "clarify," it requires the candidate to provide a straightforward
and unambiguous answer that sheds light on the topic in question. The goal is to provide a clear and concise
understanding of the concept or idea being asked about.
In general, when answering a question that requires clarification, it is important to provide a concise and accurate
explanation of the concept or idea, while maintaining clarity and coherence.

Example: Clarify how mid-eighteenth century India was beset with the spectre of a fragmented polity. (CSE
2017)
Introduction: You can write a general introduction on the decline of the Mughal empire.
Decline of the Mughal Empire, led to many regional states emerged resulting in fragmented Indian polity:
1. successor states: these were the Mughal provinces that turned into states after breaking away from the empire.
though they did not challenge the sovereignty of the Mughal emperor empire the ruler the establishment of
virtually independent and hereditary Authority by the governors showed the emergence of autonomy polity in
these territories.For Example:
• Bengal in 1717 under Murshid Quli Khan;
• Awadh in 1722 under Saadat Khan Burhan-ul-Mulk;
• Hyderabad in 1724 under Nizam-ul-mulk
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2. Independent kingdoms: They came into existence due to the destabilization of the Mughal empire’s control
over provinces. For example
• Mysore under Haidar Ali;
• Kerala(King Martanda Varma)
• the Rajput states( Raja Sawai Singh of Amber)
3. The new states: They were set up by the rebels against the Mughal empire. Example: Marathas under the
leadership of Peshwas, the Sikh, and the Jat states.
This fragmentation of empire was a ghastly spectre for the common masses and society because:
1. Poor socio-economic conditions: Due to frequent feuds between royal family members for succession and
invasion by neighboring and foreign rulers such as Nadir Shah and Ahmad Shah Abdali resulted in instability
in society.
• Prevailing poverty and food insecurity.
• Food inflation because of wars, heavy taxation, trade restrictions, homicides by the invading armies.
2. Revolts and insurgents were started as a result of Aurangzeb’s insensitive policies.
3. The regional rulers would exploit neighboring provinces and prosperous cities to finance their economic and
military expansion
• This had degraded agricultural revenue and trade growth despite the entry of multiple trading companies
from Europe.
4. Economic crisis: Failure of the jagirdari system and the Ijaradari system led to a huge fall in revenues and
economic exploitation of the masses.
• It made the agrarian system more exploitative, resulting in peasant revolts which ruined political stability
5. Political Instability: Rise of Britisher EIC from a trading company to a political power . This fragmented polity
was exploited by British power to rule India.
• The Battle of Plassey and the Battle of Buxar marked the beginning of the downfall of the Indian Empire.

9. Critical Directives
We have already understood most of the common general directives, in this section we will proceed with the critical
directives. There are some general guidelines with respect to these directives which the student should always bear
in mind. The interpretation and structure of the question will depend on the discourse provided. Let us highlight
these rules
1. Evaluate different perspectives: Consider multiple viewpoints related to the discourse. Examine contrasting
arguments and assess their validity and reliability.
2. Identify assumptions and biases: Recognize underlying assumptions or biases within the discourse being
presented. Consider how these assumptions may influence the analysis and explore alternative interpretations.
3. Provide a balanced assessment: Offer a balanced evaluation that acknowledges both the positive and negative
aspects of the discourse if it requires. Avoid a one-sided perspective and present a nuanced understanding.
4. Support analysis with evidence: Back up the analysis with relevant evidence, data, examples, and reasoning.
Draw upon credible sources to strengthen the arguments and provide a solid foundation for the analysis.
5. Consider broader implications: Analyze the wider implications of the topic, both in terms of immediate effects
and long-term consequences. Assess potential benefits and drawbacks, as well as unintended consequences.

9.1 Evaluate
When we encounter ‘evaluate’ directive we need to provide a balanced and critical analysis, weighing the pros
and cons, advantages and disadvantages, or effectiveness and limitations of the topic under consideration.
The goal is to provide a comprehensive and informed assessment of the subject matter. When answering a question
that requires evaluation, it is important to provide a well-supported and objective assessment of the topic.
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Example: Do Department-related Parliamentary Standing Committees keep the administration on its toes and
inspire reverence for parliamentary control? Evaluate the working of such committees with suitable examples.
Clearly as can be understood from the context itself, the question is about the effectiveness of DRSCs in the context
of parliamentary control. We have ample evidence to show they are very effective in enforcing accountability,
parliamentary control, ensuring good policies, etc, however, these DRSCs also face various challenges. Therefore
the directive requires us to present a balanced perspective on this issue.

IMPORTANCE OF DRSCS TO KEEP THE ADMINISTRATION ON ITS TOES

1. Examining Demands for Grants: After the Budget is presented, the DRSCs examine the Demands for Grants
of all the ministries. After the examination, the Committees present their recommendations in the form of a
report to the Parliament. It helps the MPs to understand the implications of financial allocations. They allow for
a more informed debate and analysis of Demands for Grants in Lok Sabha.
2. Examining Bills: Once a Bill has been introduced in Parliament, it may be referred to a DRSC for detailed
scrutiny. This reduces the burden on Parliament as it does not have the time and expertise to analyse each Bill
in detail, on the floor of the House. For e.g., the Standing Committee on Transport, Tourism and Culture (2017)
examined the Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Bill, 2016.
3. Improve Quality of Debates: DRSCs involve inputs and consult with expert witnesses, stakeholders, and
government officials. They can involve stakeholders who are actually the potential beneficiaries of that
particular policy or scheme. This presents the MPs with effective points to debate in Parliament.
4. Anti-Defection Law: The anti-defection law does not apply to Committees, therefore, there is no party line to
follow. This ensures direct accountability to the public and not the party.
5. Inter-Party Consensus: Since DRSCs consist of members from all parties, they help in building consensus
across parties on contentious issues.
6. Prevent Misappropriation of Funds: As DRSCs work closely and dedicatedly on issues, they find gaps and
misappropriation of funds. They act as an early warning system against laxity and corruption in Government
Functioning. For e.g., the Committee on Information Technology had examined the issue of spectrum allocation
in 2006 much before unearthing the 2G scam.

LACUNAS IN THE COMMITTEE SYSTEM WHICH PREVENT EFFECTIVE WORKING OF DRSCs:

1. Not Mandatory: It is not mandatory to refer a Bill to a Committee. In the 16th Lok Sabha, only 27% of the Bills
were referred to the relevant Committees as against 60% in the 15th Lok Sabha. For e.g., the NJAC Bill, 2014
or the recent 3 Farm Bills were not referred to the Committees resulting in hasty legislation.
2. Low Attendance of MPs: Attendance of MPs in Committee meetings is about 50% (2009-2019), which is lower
than the 84% attendance seen during the Parliament sittings.
3. Lack of Sufficient Time: DRSCs examine the Demand for Grants for ministries and table their reports before
the Parliament. But the data suggests that the DRSCs do not give sufficient time to the Parliament to examine
their reports. This renders their report redundant.
4. Lack of Experts and Witnesses: Committees invite witnesses and experts on their own discretion. And
several critical issues and Bills are left without involving stakeholders. For e.g., the DRSC that examined the
Right to Education Bill, 2008, which guarantees free education to all children ages six to 14, did not invite any
expert witnesses.
5. Recommendations of the DRSCs are not Binding: The recommendations of committees are not binding.
Discussing the recommendations made by the Committees, or specifying the reasons for rejecting certain
recommendations is also not mandatory.
6. Lack of Standing Research Support: Currently, the technical support available to Parliamentary Committees
is limited to a secretariat that helps with matters such as scheduling meetings and note-taking. The NCRWC
(2002) highlighted the lack of research support and specialist advisors with the DRSCs.
Conclude your answer.
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9.2 Examine/Critically examine:
To ‘examine’ means that the candidate should carefully investigate, and explore a particular topic or issue in
a detailed manner.You need to look into the topic intricately with analysis of various aspects of the topics or their
implications with examples to substantiate your point of view.
When answering a question with ‘critical examine’ as the directive, it is important to provide a well-supported and
objective analysis of the topic. The student should carefully evaluate the subject matter, considering different
viewpoints, strengths, and weaknesses. It is essential to present a balanced view, highlighting both the positive and
negative aspects, and supporting the analysis with evidence, reasoning, and relevant examples.

Example: The banning of ‘Jamaat-e – islami’ in Jammu and Kashmir brought into focus the role of over-ground
workers (OGWs) in assisting terrorist organisations.Examine the role played by OGWs in assisting terrorist
organisations in insurgency affected areas. Discuss measures to neutralise influence of OGWs. (CSE 2019)
Introduction: Write a general introduction on OGWs.
ROLE PLAYED BY OGWS:
OGWs play a vital role in militant attacks, providing real-time information and support to the tactical elements(militants).
1. Political Support: OGWs also coordinate with secessionist leaders, and organized crime Networks to meet
their political objectives.Example: PFI role in Delhi Riots
2. Economic Support: They manage funding support for militants by using mechanisms like the Hawala route,
circulating counterfeit currency, etc.
3. Intelligence Support: They act as the eyes and ears of the underground militants feeding them with required
information support.Example: Pulwama Attack 2019
4. Logistic Support: They provide logistical support to militants such as weapons, food, safe havens, movement
of arms, and ammunition using their local network.
5. Ideological Support: They also provide ideological support and radicalization support to terror outfits thus
promoting positive perceptions towards their cause and increasing their mass support base.
MEASURES TO NEUTRALISE INFLUENCE OF OGWS:
1. Awareness campaign: It should be launched to counter the false propaganda by militant outfits.
2. Graded response: Strict action under Public Safety Act against OGWs involved in bigger crime and who are
involved in petty offences like stone pelting, their parents should be called in for counselling of their ward.
3. Intelligence Infrastructure and cooperation: Intelligence capacity of the local police and armed personnel
should be increased so that a strict gathering mechanism is in place.
4. Social Welfare and Address grievances: Provide education and employment opportunities to the locals and
address the grievances of the public so that the alienation of people stops and OGWs do not find recruits.
5. Fast track courts: Veerappa Moily panel recommended in favour of setting up Special Courts for quick
disposal of terrorism related cases.
Conclude your answer.
Example : The interlinking of rivers can provide viable solutions to the multi-dimensional inter-related problems of
droughts, floods and interrupted navigation. Critically examine. (CSE 2019)
Introduction: You can write a general introduction on the National River linking project.

RIVER INTERLINKING IS A VIABLE SOLUTION TO THE INTERRELATED PROBLEMS

ADDRESSING DROUGHTS AND FLOODS
1. Connecting water-scarce and water surplus regions: For example, Kosi-Mechi interlinking project would
solve flooding issues in northern Bihar and droughts in Southern Bihar.
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2. Tackling hydrological drought: Given the unpredictable nature of the monsoon, hydrological drought i.e
drought caused by a prolonged period of below-average of rainfall is most prevalent in many parts of India.
Interlinking of rivers will ensure increased water availability bringing irrigation benefits to the non-irrigated
areas and ensure food security.
3. Prevents flooding due to sedimentation: The interlinking of rivers reduces the sedimentation of rivers due to
the continuous flow of water, which will avert the frequent occurrence of floods.
4. Recharges groundwater: India is facing the most severe groundwater paucity due to inadequate rainfall and
faulty agricultural practices. Since groundwater is the main source for various purposes, the interlinking of
rivers helps in recharging groundwater and preventing drought.

ADDRESSING INTERRUPTED NAVIGATION

1. India has around 14850 km of navigable Inland waterways. However, only 3852 km are currently operational.
2. Though Inland waterways are cheap, quick, efficient environment-friendly mode of transportation, the major
issue with them is that there is limited availability of round-the-year water in all streams to keep them navigable
throughout the year.
3. Interlinking of rivers will not only increase the network of navigable streams across the country thereby
increasing connectivity but it will also make this network of rivers, lakes, and canals will remain navigable
throughout the year by ensuring round-the-year water in those streams.

RIVER INTERLINKING IS NOT A PANACEA TO THESE INTER-RELATED PROBLEMS

1. High Initial investment costs: It requires large-scale geoengineering, which would require budgetary
allocations to the tune of 11 trillion dollars for the interlinking of rivers of India.
2. Interstate water disputes: Centre-state disagreements over the terms of land acquisition and compensation
and Interstate dispute over water sharing issues.
3. Disagreements with neighboring countries: For example, Bangladesh being a low riparian state is less
likely to agree to India’s interlinking project.
4. Environmental Challenges:
(a) Submergence of land due to the building of dams and new channels for streams.
(b) It can submerge critical forest areas and intervene with protected areas. For example, the Ken-Betwa
project will submerge around 10% of the Panna tiger reserve.
(c) Affect ecology in lower riparian states as the flow of rivers would be affected due to upstream
interventions.
5. It could lead to the displacement of people and submergence of agricultural lands resulting in an internal
migrant crisis and affecting our food security.
6. Most of the drought-prone areas are water stressed largely because of faulty agricultural practices and
mismanagement of water resources rather than non-availability of water.
Conclude your answer.

9.3 Analyse/Critically Analyse

To analyse means to examine something methodically and in detail such as to interpret it. When you encounter
this directive, try to break down the question into parts and analyse each part from various points of view, there
can be pros and cons approach to the discourse.In general, when answering a question that requires analysis, it is
important to provide a comprehensive and systematic examination of the topic. The candidate should break
down the subject matter into its key components, explore their relationships, and assess their significance.
When asked to critically analyse, you need to argue on the discourse from all perspectives providing sufficient
data, examples , and facts to validate your points.
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Example: Coastal sand mining, whether legal or illegal, poses one of the biggest threats to our environment. Analyse
the impact of sand mining along the Indian coasts, citing specific examples.(CSE 2019)
Introduction: You can provide data to substantiate the context provided.
Biggest threat to our environment:
River Environment: Depletion of sand in the streambed causes the deepening of rivers and estuaries, and the
enlargement of river mouths and coastal inlets.It leads to saline-water intrusion.

Coastal Environment: Sand dunes provide reservoirs of sand that feed the beach during tropical storms and
hurricanes.If they are destroyed, coastal lands are vulnerable to flooding.
Biological Environment: The beach and dune system habitat along the coastal zones face threat. Off-shore sand
mining pumping biota with sand and damaging coastal ecosystems.
Hydrological Environment: Saline water intrusion takes along the coastal aquifers which degrade the water
quality.
Impact of sand mining along the Indian coast:
7. Coastal erosion and Habitat destruction: Removal of vegetation and destruction of the soil profile destroys
habitat above and below the ground.For instance, in Coastal Karnataka, rampant sand mining is leading to
the issue of coastal erosion.
8. Degraded Water Quality: Sand aquifer helps in recharging the water table and sand mining causes the
sinking of water tables in the nearby areas thus creating a clean drinking water problem.For Example: Kerala
coast (India)
9. Loss of Natural Barrier: Sand dunes play an important role as barriers against heavy storms, and erosion
through waves or floods.When they are destroyed because of mining, coastal lands become vulnerable to
flooding.For Example:Waikato Beaches,(New Zealand)
10. Loss of biodiversity:Sand dunes serve as habitat for many small animals and plants that are part of the
marine and coastal food web and whose loss implies a threat to other species as well.
11. The destruction of picturesque beaches causes tourism to dissipate.For instance illegal sand mining is
affecting turtle nesting habitats in Gahirmatha beach which is leading to loss of nesting sites.
Conclude your answer.
This completes our analysis of the ‘Demand of the question’, understanding the demand is just a step in the right
direction, what requires mastery is the ability to write content as per the demand of the question. There is no hack
for that, it will only come to those who strive and take answer writing very seriously.
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