ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We express the sincere gratitude to our principal Dr. Aparna Pande
for his towards our academic growth.
We express sincere gratitude to Dr. Ravindra K. Bhegde (HOD-ECE)
successful completion of our academic semester. We record it as my privilege
to deeply thank for providing us the efficient faculty and facilities to make
our ideas into reality.
We express my sincere thanks to our project Guide Mrs. Shaweta
Hasija Mam for his novel association of ideas, encouragement, appreciation
and intellectual zeal which motivated us to venture this project successfully.
We are pleased to acknowledge the indebtedness to our lab technicians
all those who devoted themselves directly or indirectly to make this project
report success.
Last but not the least we express our deep gratitude and affection to our
parents who stood behind us in all our en eavours.
Anil P. Gavange 2264191370505
Yogesh D. Agwal 2264191370514
Gayatri B. Patil 2264191370515
Divya R. Patil 2264191370516
TABLE OF CONTENTS
S.NO CONTENTS PAGE NO
1. Abstract v
2. Introduction vi-viii
3. Principle of Project ix-x
4. Architecture of project xi
5. Components Required xii-xiv
6. Working xv-xviii
7. Code xix-xxiv
8. Output xxv-xxvi
9. Applications & Advantage xxvii-xxviii
10. References & Research Paper xxix-xxx
11. Conclusion
ABSTRACT
Radar is an object detection system which uses radio waves to
determine the range, altitude, direction, or speed of objects. It can be
used to detect aircraft, ships, spacecraft, guided missiles, motor
vehicles, weather formations, and terrain. The radar dish or antenna
transmits pulses of radio waves or micro waves which bounce off any
object in their path. The object returns a tiny part of the wave's energy
to a dish or antenna which is usually located at the same site as the
transmitter.
The modern uses of radar are highly diverse, including air traffic
control, radar astronomy, air-defense systems, antimissile
systems ;marine radar start locate landmarks and other ships; aircraft
anti-collision systems; ocean surveillance systems, outer space
surveillance and rendezvous systems; meteorological precipitation
monitoring; altimetry and flight control systems; guided missile target
locating systems; and ground-penetrating radar for geological
observations. High tech radar systems are associated with digital
signal processing and are capable of extracting useful information
from very high noise levels.
The Arduino based project requires a ultrasonic sensor, the
sensor released the waves which we want to measure the distance of a
object. The microcontrollers of the Arduino board can be
programmed using C and C++ languages. When a code is written in
Arduino UNO IDE software and connected to the board through a
USB cable, Arduino boards have lot of applications in the present day
scenario, so we have decided to do a small project on them.
INTRODUCTION
Defining Arduino:
An Arduino is actually a microcontroller based kit which can be either used
directly by purchasing from the vendor or can be made at home using the
components, owing to its open source hardware feature. It is basically used in
communications and in controlling or operating many devices.
1. Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use
hardware and software. Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a
sensor, a finger on a button, or a Twitter message - and turn it into an
output - activating a motor, turning on an LED, publishing something
online. You can tell your board what to do by sending a set of instructions
to the microcontroller on the board. To do so you use the Arduino
programming language (based on Wiring), and the Arduino Software
(IDE), based on Processing.
2. Over the years Arduino has been the brain of thousands of projects, from
everyday objects to complex scientific instruments. A worldwide
community of makers - students, hobbyists, artists, programmers, and
professionals - has gathered around this open-source platform, their
contributions have added up to an incredible amount of accessible
knowledge that can be of great help to novices and experts alike.
3. Arduino was born at the Ivrea Interaction Design Institute as an easy tool
for fast prototyping, aimed at students without a background in
electronics and programming. As soon as it reached a wider community,
the Arduino board started changing to adapt to new needs and challenges,
differentiating its offer from simple 8-bit boards to products for IoT
applications, wearable, 3D printing, and embedded environments. All
Arduino boards are completely open-source, empowering users to build
them independently and eventually adapt them to their particular needs.
The software, too, is opensource, and it is growing through the
contributions of users worldwide.
How to program an Arduino ?
The Arduino tool window consists of the toolbar with the buttons like verify, upload, new, open,
save, serial monitor. It also consists of a text editor to write the code, a message area which displays
the feedback like showing the errors, the text console which displays the output and a series of menus
like the File, Edit, Tools menu. Thus the code is uploaded by the bootloader onto the microcontroller.
ULTRASONIC SENSOR:
As the name indicates, ultrasonic sensors measure distance by
using ultrasonic waves. The sensor head emits an ultrasonic wave and
receives the wave reflected back from the target. Ultrasonic Sensors
measure the distance to the target by measuring the time between the
emission and reception. An optical sensor has a transmitter and receiver,
whereas an ultrasonic sensor uses a single ultrasonic element for both
emission and reception. In a reflective model ultrasonic sensor, a single
oscillator emits and receives ultrasonic waves alternately. This enables
miniaturization of the sensor head. Distance calculation
The distance can be calculated with the following formula:
Distance L = 1/2 × T × C
Where L is the distance, T is the time between the emission and
reception, and C is the sonic speed. (The value is multiplied by 1/2
because T is the time for go-and-return distance.) Features The following
list shows typical characteristics enabled by the detection system.
[Transparent object detectable].
Since ultrasonic waves can reflect off a glass or liquid surface and
return to the sensor head, even transparent targets can be detected.
[Resistant to mist and dirt] Detection is not affected by accumulation of
dust or dirt. [Complex shaped objects detectable] Presence detection is
stable even for targets such as mesh trays or springs.
PRINCIPLE OR METHODOLOGY
A radar system has a transmitter that emits radio waves called a
radar signal in predetermined directions. When these come into
contact with an object they are usually reflected or scattered in many
directions.
Example:- Let us take example for Bat released the eco sound
while travelling if any object came in middle and it reflect back to the
bat.
APLLICATIONS AND USAGES:-
The development of the radar technology took place during the
World War II in which it was used for detecting the approaching
aircraft and then later for many other purposes which finally led to the
development of advanced military radars being used these days.
Military radars have a highly specialized design to be highly mobile
and easily transportable, by air as well as ground. Military radar
should be an early warning, altering along with weapon control
functions. It is specially designed to be highly mobile and should be
such that it can be deployed within minutes.
Here's a summary of how radar works:
• Magnetron generates high-frequency radio waves.
• Duplexer switches magnetron through to antenna.
• Antenna acts as transmitter, sending narrow beam of radio waves
through the air.
• Radio waves hit enemy airplane and reflect back.
ARCHITECTURE OF PROJECT
ALL CONNECTIONS OF BREADBOARD:
CONNECTIONS ON THE ARDUINO:
PROCEDURE
Components Required:
In this project we have used the Arduino and ultrasonic sensor
along with the jumping wires, relay motors and hardware components.
• Arduino board and Arduino cable:
• Bread board:
• Ultrasonic sensor:
• Relay motor (Servo motor):
• Processing Software:
• Arduino Software:
WORKING
PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION
A. Making On Arduino Board
Since, we believe in learning by doing. So, we decided to make our own
Arduino board instead of using the readymade board. So, the steps required to make
an Arduino board are as follows:
Boot-loading an Atmega328 using the Arduino board/AVR Programmer by uploading
the boot loader to the Microcontroller.
Making the connections on a general purpose PCB, connecting the crystal oscillator,
capacitors, connectors for the connections to Arduino board etc.
Providing the power supply, usually 5 volts. Arduino is Ready to use.
After you have done all this, then only the minimum circuitry like crystal
oscillator, capacitors, connectors, power supply is required to complete the board. The
same circuit can be made on the PCB, either designed or general purpose. Since,
Arduino is an Open-Source. Hence, it is easy to make and can have any enhancements
as per the requirements.
B. Connecting Servo Motor
A Servomotor is a rotary actuator that allows for precise control of angular
position, velocity and acceleration. A normal Servo motor has three terminals:
1.VCC
2. GND
3. PULSE
A Servo motor works at normally 4.8 to 6 volts. Ground is provided by connecting
it to the Ground of the Arduino. The total time for a Servo motor pulse is usually
20ms. To move it to one end of say 0 degree angle, a 1ms pulse is used and to move it
to other end i.e 180 degrees, a 2ms pulse is applied. Hence, according to this to move
the axis of the Servo motor to the center, a pulse of time 1.5 ms should be applied. For
this, the pulse wire of the Servo motor is connected to the Arduino that provides the
digital pulses for pulse width modulation of the pulse. Hence, by programming for a
particular pulse interval the Servo motor can be controlled easily.
C. Connecting Ultrasonic Sensor
An Ultrasonic Sensor consists of three wires. One for VCC, second for
Ground and the third for pulse signal. The ultrasonic sensor is mounted on the
Servo motor and both of them further connected to the Arduino board. The
ultrasonic sensor uses the reflection principle for its working. When connected
to the Arduino, the Arduino provides the pulse signal to the ultrasonic sensor
which then sends the ultrasonic wave in forward direction. Hence, whenever
there is any obstacle detected or present in front, it reflects the waves which are
received by the ultrasonic sensor. If detected, the signal is sent to the Arduino
and hence to the PC/laptop to the processing software that shows the presence
of the obstacle on the rotating RADAR screen with distance and the angle at
which it has been detected.
D. Using Processing Software
Processing is an open source programming language and integrated
development environment (IDE) built for the electronic arts, new media art, and
visual design communities with the purpose of teaching the fundamentals of
computer programming in a visual context, and to serve as the foundation for
electronic sketchbooks. The project was initiated in 2001 by Casey Reas and
Benjamin Fry, both formerly of the Aesthetics and Computation Group at the
MIT Media Lab. One of the stated aims of Processing is to act as a tool to get
non-programmers started with programming, through the instant gratification of
visual feedback. The language builds on the Java language, but uses a simplified
syntax and graphics programming models.
Problem Faced
A. Making Own Arduino Board
The Arduino boards are available readily in the electronics market, but we
decided to make our own Arduino board instead of buying one. So, the first
problem was where to start from to achieve this goal. Since, all parts on an
Arduino board are SMD’s, so we had to find a way to replace the SMD’s with
DIP IC’s and also had to make an AVR programmer in order to pursue our
further work. Hence, it took us some days to determine and plan our course of
action. After that we had to boot load the AVR chip so as to make it compatible
with the Arduino DE software. Hence, we had to find a way to boot load the
Arduino using the AVR programmer. It took us a long time to make the AVR
programmer by researching on the type of communication and architecture of
the AVR as it is not as same as a 8051 microcontroller
B. Communicating with Arduino through PC
Another major problem related to the Arduino board was the
communication with it from PC. Since, there is a requirement of an RS-232 to
TTL conversion for the communication, so try some methods:
[1] Firstly I used the MAX-232 IC to communicate with the Arduino as with the
8051 but due to large voltage drop and mismatch in the speed, it failed to
communicate.
[2] Next, I tried to use a dedicated AVR as USB to Serial converter as in the
original Arduino board, the difference being DIP AVR used by us instead of the
SMD Mega16U2 controller. But, unfortunately I was unable to communicate
through it.
[3] At last I had no other choice but to use the FTDI FT-232R chip for USB to
Serial conversion. Finally IT WORKED!!!
ARDUINO CODE
#include <Servo.h>.
const int trigPin = 8;
const int echoPin = 9; // defining time and distance
long duration;
int distance;
Servo myServo; // Object servo
void setup() {
pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT); // trigPin as an Output
pinMode(echoPin, INPUT); // echoPin as an Input
Serial.begin(9600);
myServo.attach(10); // Pin Connected To Servo
}
void loop() { // rotating servo i++ depicts increment of one degree
for(int i=15;i<=165;i++){
myServo.write(i);
delay(30);
distance = calculateDistance();
Serial.print(i);
Serial.print(“,”);
Serial.print(distance);
Serial.print(“.”);
}
// Repeats the previous lines from 165 to 15 degrees
for(int i=165;i>15;i–){
myServo.write(i);
delay(30);
distance = calculateDistance();
Serial.print(i);
Serial.print(“,”);
Serial.print(distance);
Serial.print(“.”);
}
}
int calculateDistance(){
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2); // Sets the trigPin on HIGH state for 10 micro seconds
digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);
distance= duration*0.034/2;
return distance;
}
OUTPUT:
Ultrasonic sensor is rotating the sensor from 0 degree to 180 degree by using
the Servo motor it is rotating and repeating this cycle continuously. Sensor
Emitting signals. When signal are reflected by any obstacle, then it is showing
output on monitor screen.
ADVANTAGES :-
1. The cost effective our project below 1000rs only.
2. Improvised accuracy: The resistors with low value in milliohms are used in
advanced cars with sensitive power steering and break circuits. Now a days
these advancements have become the major cause for the severe accidents.
Therefore the components used in such circuits must have accurate and
precise value for smooth working of such circuits. Ultimately this refers to
the accurate testing of the resistors used. Improvised accuracy is thus the
second primary aim of the sensor.
3. Reduced hardware complexity: Hardware complexity is one of the reasons
for the high cost of the ultrasonic sensor. The use of Arduino Uno is to
reduce the motherboard present in the conventional ohmmeter in Arduino
based ultrasonic sensor. The Arduino acts as the central board. Since
Arduino are readily available in market it leads to the reduction in the
complexity of the design. The automated range selection is also the
objective in order to speedup the testing process. This will also reduce the
faults in range selection in manually operated conventional sensor.
4. Affordability: Arduino Uno boards are relatively affordable, making
them a cost-effective choice for prototyping and hobbyist projects.
This affordability encourages experimentation and learning without a
significant financial investment.
5.Community support: The Arduino community is vast and active. Users can
seek help, share experiences, and collaborate on projects through forums, social
media, and online communities.
Conclusion :-
This project aims on the use of Ultrasonic Sensor by connected to the
Arduino UNO R3 board and the signal from the sensor further provided to the
screen formed on the laptop to measure the presence of any obstacle in front of
the sensor as well as determine the range and angle at which the obstacle is
detected by the sensor.
Widely used in educational settings, the Arduino Uno contributes to the
learning experience in electronics and programming. Its hands-on approach and
supportive community make it an effective tool for teaching and exploring
concepts related to radar technology.
REFERENCE
1. http://www.Arduino.cc/
2. http://www.Arduinoproducts .cc/
3. http://www.atmel.com/atmega328/
4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:16MHZ_Crystal.jpg
5. http://www.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://www.electrosome.com/wp-
content/uploads/2012/06/ServoMotor.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.electrosome.com/
tag/Servomotor/
&h=405&w=458&sz=67&tbnid=rcdlwDVt_x0DdM:&tbnh=100&tbnw=113&zoo
m=1 & usg =
6J2h0ZocdoSMrS1qgK1I2qpTQSI=&docid=lEfbDrEzDBfzbM&sa=X&ei=a_
OKU vTbD8O5rgeYv4DoDQ&ved=0CDwQ9QE
6. http//:www.sproboticworks.com/ic%20pin%20configuration/7805/Pinout.jpg/
7. http://www.sproboticworks.com/ic%ultrasonicsensor%20pinout.jpg
8. http://www.instructables.com/id/ ATMega328-using-Arduino-/
9. http://www.motherjones.com/files/blog_google_driverless_car.jpg
10. http://www.google.co.in/imgres/Radar_antenna.jpg&w=546&h=697&ei=wuuK
11. http://www.radomes.org/museum/photos/equip/ANSPS17.jpg
12. http://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2011/07/ suicide- bombers-from-100-yards/
13. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/Radaraccumulationseng.png
14. http://Arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BarGraph/
15. http://Arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/LiquidCrystal/
16. http://fritzing.org
