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Екзамен

The document discusses analyzing a text and translating a fragment from it. It provides guidelines for analyzing the title, main idea, structure, characters and keywords of a text. It also discusses translating techniques like lexical and grammatical transformations that can be used when translating a fragment.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
55 views6 pages

Екзамен

The document discusses analyzing a text and translating a fragment from it. It provides guidelines for analyzing the title, main idea, structure, characters and keywords of a text. It also discusses translating techniques like lexical and grammatical transformations that can be used when translating a fragment.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

Аналіз тексту і переклад фрагменту


2. Теоретичне питання
3. Ситуативне мовлення з англійської мови. Agree or challenge
4. Реферування статті німецькою мовою
5. Розмовна тема німецькою мовою
1. Аналіз тексту і переклад фрагменту
1. Аналіз тексту (не переказ!!!!)
1. The title, the author, the source
The title of the text is …
The author of the text is …
This text represents the following topics:
2. The main idea
The main idea of the text is …
The main idea of the text represents …
The main topic is …
The main message of the extract from the analysis is …
3. Structure
Compositionally, the text can be divided into … parts.
The first part is about …
The second part deals with …

Narration or description
 Якщо Narration, тоді кажемо Чому? Чи є sequence of events (послідовність подій)?
The events of the text are presented chronologically or non-chronologically.
 Якщо description, тоді кажемо Чому? Аргументовано навести приклади!!!
We can find the descriptive features in the following message:
 Може також бути суміш narration and description, тоді потрібно вказати які події і які
фрагменти описового змісту
4. The main characters
The main character(s) of the text (story) is/are ….
Якщо можна поділити, то можна поділити на Positive and Negative Characters
The way to outline characters --- direct  Опис напряму, опис тексту Приклади!!!
--- indirect  Опис через дії, події, вчинки, слова Приклади!!!
2. Аналіз лексичного складу
The main topic of the analyzed text is as follows:
There are some words related to the topic. They are:
Keywords can be …
Topically-coloured words are …

 Derivatives, compound nouns, proper nouns, collective nouns, suffix or prefix


 Derivative nouns are nouns which have derivative elements (prefixes or suffixes or
both): reader, sailor, blackness, childhood, misconduct, inexperience.
 Compound nouns are nouns built from two or more stems. Snowball, bluebell, blackbird,
appletree, reading-hall
 Nouns fall under two classes: (A) proper nouns; (B) common nouns. Proper nouns are
individual names given to separate persons or things. As regards their meaning proper nouns may
be personal names (Mary, Peter, Shakespeare), geographical names (Moscow, London, the
Caucasus), the names of the months and of the days of the week (February, Monday), names of
ships, hotels, clubs, etc.
 Common nouns are names that can be applied to any individual of a class of persons or things (e.
g. man, dog, book), collections of similar individuals or things regarded as a single unit (e.
g. peasantry, family), materials (e. g. snow, iron, cotton) or abstract notions (e. g. kindness,
development).
 Collective nouns denote a number or collection of similar individuals or things as a single unit.
 Collective nouns fall under the following groups:
 nouns used only in the singular and denoting a number of things collected together and regarded
as a single .object: foliage, machinery.
 nouns which are singular in form though plural in meaning: police, poultry, cattle, people,
gentry. They are usually called nouns of multitude. When the subject of the sentence is a noun of
multitude the verb used as predicate is in the plural:
 nouns that may be both singular and plural: family, crowd, fleet, nation. We can think of a
number of crowds, fleets or different nations as well as of a single crowd, fleet, etc.
 Nouns of material denote material: iron, gold, paper, tea, water. They are uncountables and are
generally used without any article.
 Dominant tense form – why?
3. Стилістичний аналіз
 Назвати стилістичні засоби
1. Alliteration - The repeated sound of the first consonant in a series of words, or the repetition of the same
sounds of the same kind at the beginning of words or in stressed syllables of a phrase.
Examples: A lazy lying lion. Peter picked a peck of pickled peppers. Sally sells seashells by the seashore.
2. Anaphora - Word repetition at the beginnings of sentences in order to give emphasis to them.
Example: “Let freedom ring from the mighty mountains of New York. Let freedom ring from the heightening
Alleghenies of Pennsylvania. Let freedom ring from the snow-capped Rockies of Colorado. Let freedom ring from
the curvaceous slopes of California.” (Martin Luther King)
Opposite: Epiphora. Word repetition at the end of sentences.
Example: “And that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.”
(Abraham Lincoln)
3. Antithesis - Emphasizing contrast between two things or fictional characters.
Example: “Love is an ideal thing, marriage a real thing; a confusion of the real with the ideal never goes
unpunished.” (Johann Wolfgang von Goethe)
4. Ellipsis - Word or phrase omission.
Example: I speak lots of languages, but you only speak two (languages).
5. Euphemism - Replacing offensive or combinations of words with lighter equivalents.
Example: Visually challenged (blind); meet one’s maker (die)
Opposite: Dysphemism. Replacing a neutral word with a harsher word.
6. Hyperbole - Exaggeration of the statement.
Example: If I’ve told you once, I’ve told you a thousand times.
Opposite: Litotes. Understatement.
7. Hypophora - Asking a question and answering it right away.
Example: Are you going to leave now? I don’t think so.
9. Metaphor - Comparing two different things that have some characteristics in common.
Example: “Love is clockworks and cold steel.” (U2)
10. Metonymy - Giving a thing another name that is associated with it.
Example: The heir to the crown was Richard. (the crown stands for authority)
11. Onomatopoeia - Imitating sounds in writing.
Example: oink, ticktock, tweet tweet
12. Oxymoron - Combining contradictory traits.
Example: Living dead; terribly good; real magic
13. Parallelism - Arranging a sentence in such a manner that it has parallel structure.
Example: “Tell me and I forget. Teach me and I may remember. Involve me and I will learn.” (Benjamin Franklin)
14. Personification - Attributing human characteristics to nonhumans.
Example: Practically all animals in fairy tales act like human beings. They speak and have traits that are typical of
people.
15. Rhetorical question - Questioning without expecting the answer.
Example: Why not? Are you kidding me?
16. Simile - Direct comparison.
Example: “Your heart is like an ocean, mysterious and dark.” (Bob Dylan)
17. Synecdoche - Generalization or specification based on a definite part/trait of the object.
Example: He just got new wheels. (car)
The author’s main goal of this fragment is …
Main aim is …
Main goal is …
The author’s purpose is …
 Висловити думку чому автор написав цей фрагмент
ПЕРЕКЛАД
 Глянути цікаві перекладацькі штучки
 Трансформації –> лексичні та граматичні
We used the following transformation to translate this fragment
Lexical transformations change the semantic core of a translated word. They can be classified into the
following groups:
Lexical substitution, or putting one word in place of another. Deliberate substitution as a translation technique
can be of several subtypes:
1. Specification, or substituting words with a wider meaning with words of a narrower meaning: Will you do the
room? – Ты уберешься в комнате? I’ll get the papers on the way home. – Я куплю газеты по дороге домой.
The underlined English words have larger scopes of meaning than their Russian counterparts and their
particular semantics is recognized from the context.
2. Generalization, or substituting words of a narrower meaning with those of a wider meaning: People don’t like
to be stared at. – Людям не нравится, когда на них смотрят. If we compare the semantic structure of the
English and Russian verbs, we can see that the English stare specifies the action of seeing expressed by the
Russian verb. The Russian смотреть can imply staring, facing, eyeing, etc. The specific meaning in the Russian
sentence can be expressed by the adverb пристально. Another reason for generalization in translating can be
that the particular meaning expressed by the source language word might be irrelevant for the translation
receptor: She bought the Oolong tea on her way home. – По дороге домой она купила китайского чаю.
Oolong is a sort of Chinese tea but for the receptor this information is not important; therefore, the translator
can generalize.
3. Differentiation is a rather rare technique of substitution. It takes place when we substitute a word by another
one with parallel meaning, denoting a similar species: bamboo curtain – железный занавес. Both bamboo and
железо (iron) are materials known for their hard nature. They are used figuratively to denote the barriers
between the Western and Communist countries (bamboo curtain in reference to China, железный занавес in
reference to other Comecon (Council for Mutual Economic Aid) states. There are no hyponymic relations
between the notions of bamboo and iron (though the referential area of железный занавес is of course much
wider than that of bamboo curtain.)
4. Modulation is a logical development of the notion expressed by the word: But outside it was raining. -– Но на
улице шел дождь. The primary equivalent of the word outside is снаружи. But it is impossible to say in
Russian *Но снаружи шел дождь. By means of unsophisticated logical operation the translator finds another
equivalent: на улице. Thus he takes into consideration a tradition of the word combination and acceptability
of collocation. He is aided in this by the metonymical closeness of word meanings based on contiguity of the
two notions.
Grammatical transformations are the changes of the grammatical elements of sentence structure or
grammatical pattern of the sentence as a whole according to the requirements of the target language norms.
Types of grammatical transformations:
 Transposition;
 Substitution;
 Omission;
 Addition;
 Segmentation/partition;
 Intergration/join-up the sentences.
Transposition is the change of the sequence of elements in the target language text as compared to that of
the source language text. The standard position of the attributive noun is English is before the noun while in
Ukrainian it’s in post-position:
e.g. country music – музика кантрі

Substitution is the change of the grammatical category to which the source language unit belongs. These type
of transformation falls into a number of sub-types depending on the grammatical categories that are
substituted.
Substitution of one part of speech for another a widespread transposition is the substitution of an English
verb for a Ukrainian noun: e.g. we should have broken ten minutes before – ми мали зробити перерву ще 10
хвилин тому
Gerund is always replaced since there is no paralel equivalent in Ukrainian: e.g. he was caught on lying.
In a number of cases both transformed and untransformed variants can co-exist as equally valid options: e.g.
the American embassy – американське посольство і посольство америки
 substitution of one tense form for another is mostly caused by the need to persue the rule of
the sequence of tenxes in english while there is no such rule in Ukrainian. Sometimes the
source language structure may turn out ambiguous. This requires for one thing – the
reconstruction of all the possible options of its rendering and for another thing – very careful
choice of the variant which suits the communication best: e.g. he said they had no money
 substitution of passive voice for active. Active voice is more common for Ukrainian language in
most functional styles, especially in the oral variety of speech. That’s why we use active instead
of passive while translating from English into Ukrainian: e.g. he was told the news
 substitution of singular for plural and vice versa: e.g. the police are trying…
 substitution of a word for a word combination: e.g. since David is over 16 he can legally decide
whether or not to stay on at school – має право
 An interrogative sentence can be substituted for declarative: e.g. Isn’t she beautiful? Вона
прекрасна!
 A negative sentence can be replaced by an affirmative: e.g. you can’t be so careful
 A simle sentence can be transformed into a complex one: e.g. the police examined the
weapon for fingerprints

Omission: some structural elements can be regarded redundant from the target language grammar or style
perspective: e.g. major part of Asia may keep dry. Also in politeness forms: Could I buy a street map of
Atlanta?

Addition – transformation of the target language sentence structure when new elements non-existent in the
original appear in the target language text in accordance with the requirements of the structural adequacy.
These additions are either structurally or contextually motivated.
Structurally motivated additions are of completely regular type and therefore predicable. Contextually
motivated additions are of relatively irregular nature. They mostly reflect the differences of combinability and
peculiarities of social norms of the respective languages:
e.g. haven’t you started that book yet? It’s good of you to see me.

Elliptical constructions are much common in English. The principle of language economy is the major reason of
ellipsis. Instead of saying “soup opera star” they use the “soup star”
In English there is a marked tendency of making elliptical many company names as well as the names of
institutions, titles of the books, films etc.:
e.g. defense language institute – військовий інститут іноземних мов
Partition consists in converting source language sentence into two or more in the target language text. This is
particularly effective in interpreting:
e.g. Tony Blare entered parliament in 1983…

Integration is joining-up of 2 or more sentences of the source language text into a single syntactical structure
in the target language text.
e.g. our classes of business English will help you to solve any real-life business problems.
 Транслітерація чи транскрипція власних імен (якщо будуть)
2. Теоретичне питання
 Обовязково мають бути визначення
 Бажано зазначати представників
3. Ситуативне мовлення з англійською мови. Agree or challenge
 НЕ ТЕМИ
 Ведення дискусії
 Мають бути аргументи за і проти
4. Реферування статті німецької мови
 Кліше
 Ідея і ставлення до статті
 Знати переклад слів
1. Ich würde gerne zum Thema ... sprechen. 1. Я хотів би висловитися на тему...
2. Das Thema ist erst seit Kurzem aktuell und schon lange 2. Тема лише недавно стала актуальною і
diskutiert. обговорюється вже давно. 3.Тема особливо важлива
3.Das Thema ist vor allem für ... von großer Bedeutung. для...
4. Es ist allgemein bekannt, dass 4. Загальновідомо, що
5. Das kann man anhand von Beispielen sehr gut 5. Це можна дуже добре проілюструвати
illustrieren. прикладами.
6. Soviel ich weiß, ... 6. Наскільки я знаю...
7. Zusammenfassend kann man feststellen, dass 7. Підсумовуючи, можна сказати, що
8. У майбутньому це може означати, що
8. Für die Zukunft könnte das bedeuten, dass

Was mich betrifft, habe ... Що стосується мене, мати...


Wichtig für uns ist, dass.. Для нас важливо, щоб...
Es ist verständlich, dass.. Einerseits ist..., andererseits ist... Зрозуміло, що... з одного боку..., з іншого боку...
Ich bin der Ansicht/Meinung/Auffassung, dass Я дотримуюся такої думки/думки/думки
Ich bin mir sicher, dass Я впевнений, що
Das halte ich für keine gute Idee. Я не думаю, що це гарна ідея.
Vielen Dank für diese Frage, auf die ich gerne eingehe. Дякую за це запитання, на яке я з радістю відповім.

Ich meine/glaube/finde/vermute/ denke, dass Я маю на увазі/вірю/знаходжу/здогадуюся/думаю це


Ich bin der Meinung/der Ansicht, dass Я вважаю/вважаю, що
Meiner Meinung nach На мою думку
Ich finde es gut, wenn/dass Я думаю, що це добре, якщо/це
Du hast völlig Recht. Ви абсолютно праві.
Ich bin mir (nicht) sicher. Я не впевнений.
Зараз я дуже зайнятий.
Ich habe im Moment wirklich viel zu tun.
Я боюся
Ich habe Angst, dass
Боюся, не вийде.
Ich fürchte, es klappt nicht. Це має сенс/корисно/важливо, якщо/це сподіваюся,
Es ist sinnvoll/nützlich/wichtig, wenn/dass що я маю намір
Ich hoffe, dass Наостанок хотілося б зазначити таке Це мене
Ich habe vor, влаштовує.
Abschließend möchte ich noch erwähnen, dass Дякую за розуміння.
Das passt mir. Це звучить непогано.
Vielen Dank für Ihr/dein Verständnis. Це хороша ідея.
Das klingt gut. Мені подобається ця ідея.
Das ist eine gute Idee. Я в цьому переконана
Ich finde diese Idee gut. Наскільки мені відомо,
Ich bin überzeugt, dass
Soweit ich weiß,
Das ist richtig Це правильно
Das ist falsch Це неправильно
Erste По-перше
Zweite По-друге
Dritte По-третє
Ich denke das ist richtig Я думаю що це правильно
„Jung und Alt unter einem Dach“ bedeutet, dass … означає, що ….
ist ein wichtiger Aspekt unseres täglichen Lebens. Є важливим аспектом у нашому повсякденному
… spielen eine wichtige Rolle in unserem Leben житті.
Відіграють важливу роль у нашому житті
vielleicht можливо
auf jeden Fall в будь-якому випадку
vor allem понад усе
manchmal іноді
in der Regel зазвичай
Ich muss mir das noch überlegen. Мені ще треба про це подумати.

teilnehmen an D брати участь у


achten auf A зверніть увагу на
einladen A in A запросити А в А
anrufen A подзвонити
telefonieren mit D телефонувати
reagieren auf A реагувати на
gratulieren D zu D привітати Д з Д
дякувати Д за А
danken D für A
надіятись на a
hoffen auf A
залежати від d
abhängen von D. думати про a
denken an A
поговорити з Д про А
sich unterhalten mit D über A мати справу з d
sich beschäftigen mit D зацікавлений в a
sich interessieren für A з нетерпінням чекати a
sich freuen auf A подати заявку на А
sich bewerben um A сваритися з Д
sich streiten mit D злитися на А
sich ärgern über A вибачатись перед Д за А
sich entschuldigen bei D für A запам'ятати А
sich erinnern an Aa звикнути до
sich gewöhnen an A закохатися в
sich verlieben in A підготуватися до
sich vorbereiten auf A зосередитися на
дізнатися про
sich konzentrieren auf A
sich informieren über A

Стаття, про яку я говорю, називається... Стаття з


Der Artikel, über den ich spreche, heißt... газети.
Der Artikel stammt aus der Zeitung.. Стаття складається з 2/3 частин. Перша і друга
Der Artikel hat 2/3Teile. Im ersten/zweiten Teil geht es частини про...
um... Підводячи підсумок, я хотів би сказати, що...
Zusammenfassend möchte ich sagen, ... У майбутньому це може означати, що... Я вважаю
Für die Zukunft könnte das bedeuten, dass... цю статтю цікавою/актуальною... тому що..
Ich finde diesen Artikel interessant/ aktuell..., weil..

5. Розмовна німецька мова


 5-7 речень з гарним словником
 Можна взяти словник
 Взяти Воду, ручку, листочок
 Відповідь триває 20 хв
 Є список, хто як заходить
 О 9:15 перші заходять

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