SESSION: 2023-24

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC SAMDA SAHASWAN ,

BUDAUN- 243638 U.P.

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT AT

IRRIGATION DEPARTMENT,GHAZIPUR

DIPLOMA IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:

PANKAJ KUMAR Mr. SHIV PRATAP

(E212784 32200052) (HOD,CED)

DATE: ..…/……/2024 SIGNATURE: …….…….

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my satisfaction on the completion of

this summer training program and project report
submission as a part of the curriculum for the
degree of DIPLOMA in Civil Engineering. Also I
thank all the members of IRRIGATION
DEPARTMENT GHAZIPUR (U.P.) their kind support.
They have always been a source of inspiration to
me.

DATE: / /2024 PANKAJ KUMAR

2
 CONTENTS:

S. No. Chapters Page No.

1 Introduction to Irrigation Defination , Irrigation

necessities, Irrigation requirement Irrigation 04
development ,Benefits of Irrigation.

2 Classification of Irrigation Schemes/Projects –

Different Irrigation schemes, Important terms 06
relating to Irrigation Schemes

3 Classification of Irrigation Systems - Different

Irrigation systems, Irrigation project structures, 08
Methods of distribution of water

4 Formulation and Implementation procedure of a 11

new scheme

5 Irrigation Schemes undertaken by the Irrigation 13

department

6 Conclusion 19

3
 INTRODUCTION

1.1 DEFINATION:
Irrigation is the application of controlled amount of water to plants at needed
intervals. Irrigation helps to grow agricultural crops, maintain landscapes and
revegitate disturbed soils in dry areas and during periods of less than average
rainfall. Irrigation also has other uses in crop production, including frost
protection, suppressing weed growth in grain fields and preventing soil
consolidation. In contrast, agriculture that relies only on direct rainfall is
referred to as rain- fed or dry land farming.
Irrigation Systems are also used for cooking livestock, dust suppression,
disposal of sewage, and in mining. Irrigation is often studied together with
drainage, which is the removal of surface and sub-surface water from a given
area.

1.2 IRRIGATION NECESSITIES:

The following are the factors that govern the requirement of irrigation:
a) When the rainfall is less than the minimum requirement for the satisfactory
growth of crops, the irrigation system is essential.
b) When the rainfall is not evenly distributed during the crop period or
throughout the culturable area, the irrigation is extremely necessary.
c) Some perennial crops like sugarcane, cotton, etc. require water throughout
the major part of the year. But the rainfall may fulfill the water requirement in
rainy season only. So, for the remaining part of the year, irrigation becomes
necessary.
d) In desert areas where rainfall is very scanty, irrigation is required for the
development of agriculture.

1.3 IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS IN ASSAM:

The economy of Assam is predominantly agricultural based, as about 85% of
the populations live on agricultural activities for their livelihood. The total
geographical area of the state is 78.483 lakh hectares. Gross cropped area of
the state is 41,59,977 hectares out of which net area shown is 28,10,597
hectare. In order to cope up with the food deficit caused by growth in
population and to ensure food security, multiple cropping with Irrigation
support is highly necessary. Moreover due to vagaries of nature, global
warming, ecological imbalance and erratic monsoon, the rainfall is not taking
place at the right time to help of the agricultural practices.

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As such irrigation input is found to be the only alternative which can
provide right amount of water at right time to carry out agricultural
activity.

1.4 IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT IN ASSAM:

Out of geographical area of 78.483 lakh hectares, total crop area of the
state is about 41.49 lakh hectares, as per latest available figures. The
ultimate irrigation potential is assessed as 27 lakh hectares. Irrigation
department has assessed to cover an ultimate irrigation potential to the
tune of 27 lakh hectare in phased manner by harnessing the rich surface
water and ground water resources of the state. Irrigation Department of
Assam executes and maintains major schemes (potential above 10,000
hectare), medium schemes (potential between 2000 to 10,000 hectares)
and minor irrigation schemes (potential below 2000 hectare). It is planned
to provide irrigation facilities to 17 lakh hectare of cropped area through
minor irrigation schemes and remaining 10 lakh hectares through major
and medium irrigation projects out of the ultimate irrigation potential. The
area to be covered by minor irrigation schemes (17 lakh hectares) is further
categorized as 10 lakh hectare from ground water resources and remaining
7 lakh hectares from water resources
.
1.5 BENEFITS OF IRRIGATION:
The following are the important benefits of Irrigation:
a) In the period of low rainfall or drought, the yield may be increased b
application of an irrigation system.
b) The food production of a country can be improved by ensuring the
growth of crops by availing the irrigation facilities. This helps a country to
prevent famine situation.
c) Irrigation helps to improve the cultivation of cash crops like vegetables,
fruits, tobacco, etc.
d) The irrigation canal may be the source of water supply for domestic and
industrial purposes.

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 2. CLASSIFICATION OF IRRIGATION SCHEMES

2.1 DIFFERENT IRRIGATION SCHEMES:

Irrigation projects are classified in different ways, however, in our context it is
usually classified as follows:
a) Major Project: This type of project consists of huge surface water, storage
reservoirs and flow diversion structures. The area envisaged to be covered
under irrigation is of the order over 10000 hectares.
b) Medium Project: These are also surface water projects but with medium
size storage and diversion structures with the area under irrigation between
10000 hectare and 2000 hectare.
c) Minor Project: The area proposed under irrigation for these schemes is
below 2000Ha and the source of water is either ground water or from wells
or tube wells or surface water lifted by pumps or by gravity flow from tanks.
It could also be irrigated from through water from tanks
The major and medium irrigation projects can be further classified as:
i) Flow Irrigation method
ii) Lift Irrigation method.

2.2 IMPORTANT TERMS RELATED TO IRRIGATION SCHEMES:

a) Commanded Area (CA): This is defined as the area that can be irrigated
by a canal system, the CA may further be classified as under:

i) Gross command area (GCA): This is defined as total area that can be
irrigated by a canal system on the perception that unlimited quantity of
water is available. It is the total area that may theoretically be served by
the irrigation system. But this may include inhibited areas, roads, ponds,
uncultivable areas, etc. which would not be irrigated.

ii) Culturable command area (CCA): This is the actually irrigated area within
the GCA. However, the entire CCA is never put under cultivation during any
crop season due to the following reasons:

• The required quantity of water, fertilizer, etc. may not be available to

cultivate the entire CCA at a particular point of time. Thus, this is a physical
constraint.
• The land may be kept fallow that is without cultivation for one or more
crop seasons to increase the fertility of the soil. This is a cultural decision.
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• Due to high water table in some areas of the CCA irrigated water may
not be applied as the crops get enough water from the saturation provide
to the surface water table.
As such, the projects with a CCA of more than 2000 hectare are grouped
as major and medium irrigation projects.

iii) Intensity of Irrigation: It is defined as the percentage of the irrigation

proposed to be irrigated annually. Usually the areas irrigated during each
crop season (Rabi, Kharif, etc.) are expressed as a percentage of the CCA
which represents the intensity of irrigation for the crop season. By adding
the intensities of irrigation for all crop seasons the yearly intensity of
irrigation to be obtained.

iv) Culturable cultivated/non-cultivated area: During any crop season, only

a part of the CCA is put under cultivation and this area is termed as
culturable cultivated area. The remaining area which is not cultivated
during a crop season is conversely termed as culturable uncultivated area.

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 3. CLASSIFICATION OF IRRIGATION SYSTEMS

3.1 SYSTEMS OF IRRIGATION:

There are different types of irrigation:
i) Flow Irrigation: When water flows under gravitational pull through the
artificial canal towards the agricultural land, it is termed as flow irrigation. In
this system the head of canal should always be at higher elevation than the
land to be irrigated. Different systems of flow irrigation are given below:
a) Inundation Irrigation System: In this system a canal is excavated from
the bank of the inundated river. In this case the water flows to the
irrigational field in rainy seasons only. There is no regulator at the head
of the canal to regulate the flow of water. The bed level of the canal is
fixed at such level that the water can flow through the canal only when
the water level of the river rises above the canal bed. And the flow of
water stops automatically when the water level of the canal falls below
the canal bed.

b) Perennial system of Irrigation: In this system, a weir or barrage is

constructed across the perennial river. To raise the water level on the
upstream side a dam is constructed to form a storage reservoir. Then main
canal is constructed on either or both the banks of the river. Regulator is
constructed at the head of the canal to control the flow of water through
the canal.
ii) Lift Irrigation: When water is lifted from surface sources by man or animal
power, mechanical or electrical power and directly supplied to the
agricultural land, than it is knows as Lift irrigation. In this method isolated
small areas can be irrigated. The vast areas cannot be included in this
system. Different types of Lift Irrigation are:
a) Lifting of water by man or animal power.
b) Lifting of water by mechanical or electrical power.

3.2 IRRIGATION STRUCTURES:

Usually a number of structures are required for the successful
implementation and proper functioning of a project. Some of these are:
a) Storage structures and appurtenant works:
i) Dams: A dam is a hydraulic structure constructed across a river to store
water on its upstream side. It is an impervious or fairly impervious barrier
put across a natural stream so that a reservoir is formed
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ii) Spillways and energy dissipaters: Spillway is a channel that carries excess
water over or around a dam or other obstruction. An energy dissipater is a
device that is used to convert concentrated storm water runoff to sheet flow
and is constructed at the end of all storm sewers or channels that outfall into
a buffer.
ii) Sluices and outlets: A sluice is an artificial channel for conducting water,
with a valve or gate to regulate the flow. An outlet is a small structure which
admits water from the distributing channel to a water course of field
channel. Thus an outlet is a sort of head regulator for the field channel
delivering water to the irrigation fields.

b) Diversion structure and appurtenant works:

i) Barrage: It is an artificial obstruction placed in a river or water course to
increase the depth of water.
ii) Canal head regulator: Any structure constructed to regulate the discharge,
full supply level or velocity in a canal is known as a regulator work. This is
necessary for the efficient working and safety of an irrigation channel. A
canal head regulator regulates the supplies of the offtaking channel and the
present channel respectively. The head regulator is provided at the head of
the distributary and controls the supply entering the distributary,
iii) River training works: Various measures adopted on a river to direct and
guide the river flow, to train and regulate the river bed or to increase the low
water depth are called River Training works. The purpose of the river training
is to stabilize the channel alomg a certain alignment.

c) Canal water conveyance structures:

i) Canal sections and layout.
ii) Cross regulators: A regulator provided on the main channel at the
downstream of the offtake to head up the water level and to enable the off-
taking channel to draw the required supply is called a Cross Regulator.
iii) Drops
iv) Turnouts

3.3 METHODS OF DISTRIBUTION OF WATER:

a) Surface method: In this system of field water application the water is
applied directly to the soil from a channel located at the upper reach of the
field. It is essential in these methods to construct designed water distribution
systems to provide adequate control of water to the fields and proper land
preparation to permit uniform distribution of water over the field. 9
b) Sub-surface method: As suggested by the name, the application of
water to fields in this type of irrigation system is below the ground surface
so that it is supplied directly to the root zone of the plants. The main
advantages of these types of irrigation is reduction of evaporation losses
and less hindrance to cultivation works which takes place on the surface.

c) Sprinkler method: Sprinkler irrigation is a method of applying water

which is similar to natural rainfall but spread uniformly over the land
surface just when needed and at a rate less than the infiltration rate of the
soil so as to avoid surface runoff from irrigation. This is achieved by
distributing water through a system of pipes usually by pumping which is
then sprayed into the air through sprinklers so that it breaks up into small
water drops which fall to the ground. The system of irrigation is suitable
for undulating lands, with poor water availability, sandy or shallow soils, or
where uniform application of water is desired. No land leveling is required
as with the surface irrigation methods. Sprinklers are, however, not
suitable for soils which easily form a crust. The water that is pumped
through the pump pipe sprinkler system must be free of suspended
sediments. As otherwise there would be chances of blockage of the
sprinkler nozzles.

d) Drip method: Drip Irrigation system is sometimes called trickle

irrigation and involves dripping water onto the soil at very low rates (2-20
liters per hour) from a system of small diameter plastic pipes filled with
outlets called emitters or drippers. Water is applied close to the plants so
that only part of the soil in which the roots grow is wetted, unlike surface
and sprinkler irrigation, which involves wetting the whole soil profile. With
drip irrigation water, applications are more frequent than with other
methods and this provides a very favorable high moisture level in the soil
in which plants can flourish.

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 4. FORMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION PROCEDURE

4.1 FORMULATION OF A NEW SCHEME:

Following are the different processes involved in the formulation of a new

Irrigation project or scheme:

a) Scheme Identification: First of all, before taking up an irrigation

project for implementation, an investigation of the proposed scheme
is to be made by the competent engineer. A reconnaissance survey of
the headwork site and its proposed command area and catchment
area is to be made to ascertain whether the scheme is technically and
economically viable. The river water discharge data at lean periods
and high flood periods are to be recorded with accuracy for
hydrological design of the structure. If the river discharge in lean
period is sufficient to cater to the need to irrigate the proposed
command area, the scheme may be proposed for its implementation
and further process.

b) Investigation and Surveying: After getting necessary sanction from the

Government to the schemes, a detailed contour survey of the command
area is to be done for canal alignment within the command area and for
assessing the GCA, CCA, NIA, AIA etc. Soil exploration at headwork site is
required to test the bearing capacity of the soil for designing the
abutment walls with seismic load consideration. After command area
mapping, geotechnical investigation etc., detail design estimate/report are
prepared for according technical sanction by the competent engineers.

4.2 IMPLEMENTATION OF A NEW SCHEME:

After the successful formulation of a new scheme, its proper
implementation is done in the following steps:

a) Execution of work: Once the estimate is approved by both

Administrative and Technical officials, the Irrigation Department, through
its field officers executes the work through the registered
Firm/Contractors after observing all formalities.

11
In case of major medium scheme/project clearance from Central Water
Commission (CWC) and environmental clearance has to be obtained before
execution of the scheme/project.

b) Inspection and Quality control: The department has its own Inspection
and Quality Control wing with its headquarters at Guwahati. This wing is
under direct control of the Secretary, Irrigation to monitor the quality and
progress of work from time to time and suggest necessary measures to
complete the project within the scheduled time frame. This wing actually
functions as the department's vigilance wing for execution of works.
c) Monitoring: The work of Monitoring is done at various stages. At field
level it is done by the respective Superintending Engineers and Additional
Chief Engineers. At headquarter level, for better management, schemes
under various funds are monitored by Director Design, Director Design
(Minor Irrigation) and Superintending Engineer, Monitoring Cell.

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5. SCHEMES UNDERTAKEN BY IRRIGATION DEPARTMENT

Following are some of the schemes undertaken by the Guwahati West Sub-
division, Irrigation Department:

1. KOPILI F.I.S.. RANI:

Fig: Kopili F.I.S.

Location: At village Rani under Dev. Block, Kamrup, Assam

Reference of Approval: The scheme was administratively approved for
10,674 Lakhs vide No. NED/27/67/57 dt 26.02.66 and technical sanction
has been made in two parts. First part T.S. accorded for Rs. 3.7047 Lakhs
vide T.S. No. 21 of 1966-67 by Addl. CE ( E&D) and the T.S. for 2nd part was
accorded for Rs. 7.181 Lakhs vide T.S. No. 237 of 1975 by the CE
(Irrigation). In the year 1986 an amount of Rs. 11.65 Lakhs was
administratively approved vide No. IGN (P)/130/36/2 Dt. 22.03.86, for
improvement of Kapili I/S and T.S. was accorded for Rs. 13.32 Lakhs vide
No. AGE (Z-1)/1 Dt 1987- 88.
Date of Starting of works: 1966

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Date of completion of work: 1975
Works: Works relating to construction of Head Works, canal structures,
construction of
X-drainage siphons C.C. falls, dividing dams, culverts etc.
Source of water: Kopili River which is originated from Khasia and Jayantia
hills of
Meghalaya.
• Functioning of the scheme: The scheme is under operation and
supplying water to paddy field.
Net Irrigated Area of the Scheme: 1331 Hectare
Nos. of Revenue Villages Benefited: 14 (Fourteen) Nos.
• Nos. of Family Benefited: 500 (Approx.)

2. KALMONI IRRIGATION SCHEME (FLOW):

.

Fig: Kalmoni Irrigation Scheme

• Location: The Kalmoni Irrigation Scheme is situated at Bakarapara

village under Palashbari Revenue Circle of Kamrup District of Assam.
Reference of Approval: The scheme was administratively approved for
10,674 Lakhs
vide No. NED/27/67/57 dt 26.02.66 and technical sanction has been
made in two parts. First part T.S. accorded for Rs. 3.7047 Lakhs vide T.S.
No. 21 of 1966-67 by Addl. CE ( E&D) and In the year 1986 an amount of
Rs. 11.65 Lakhs was administratively approved

14
vide No. IGN (P)/130/36/2 Dt. 22.03.86, for improvement of Kapili I/S and
T.S. was accorded for Rs. 13.32 Lakhs vide No. AGE (Z-1)/1 Dt 1987-88.
*Date of Starting of works: 1964-65
*No. of Cross Regulator: 1 No.
*No. of Head Regulator: 2 Nos.
*Design Discharge Right H/R-: 9.00 Cumec
*Design Discharge Left H/R-:70 Cumec
*Canal length: 14.425 Km (Originally)
*Design Discharge Right H/R-: 9.00 Cumec
*Net Irrigated Area of the Scheme: 950 Hector for Kharif and 72 Hector
for Rabi crops.
Nos. of Villages Benefited: 7 Nos., These are (i) Bakarapara (ii)
Rajapanichanda (iii)
Sajanpara (iv) Jobay (v) Komargaon (vi) Kahikuchi (vii) Patgaon
At present 550 Hector of cultivable land remains out of 950 Hector due
to thick population, Industries, Railway line etc. existed letter or under
commanded area of the scheme. The design discharge of the scheme
disturb in lean period due to construction of Power Project in the up
stream of the H/W of Kalmoni River. The cultivators are not getting
sufficient water due to less velocity of water and detoriated condition of
the earthen canal and structure. Almost 50% of water supplied to canal is
loss by way of seepage. At present 300 Hectors of land is irrigated out of
550 Hector (C.C.A) due to damage of existing canal structure considerably
deformed with change the design section -- As a result full supply levels
drops and water to the adjoining fields could not be made fully as per
requirement.

3. STATUS REPORT OF MAZIRGAON D.T.O. I/S:

.
*Location: The scheme is situated at Mazirgaon village near Palashbari
under Rani block in the district of Kamrup. It is about 40.00 Km distance
from Guwahati
*The scheme consists of 1 (one) point only, along with the commanded
area of 30.00 hector. The scheme was accorded in amounting Rs.
10,00,000 (ten Lakhs) only vide Govt.
sanction No. DDMI/TB-8/413/93 dt. 5.3.94.

15
*The pump house of the scheme is completed. Due to proper
distribution system irrigation
water supplied in area basis.
*It may also mentioned that the DRDA Department had sanctioned of
Rs. 80,000.00
(rupees eighty thousand) only for construction of canal system. By this
amounting Rs.
80,000.00 (rupees eighty thousand), the canal system has already been
completed 50.00
meter only.
4. SINGUA FLOW IRRIGATION SCHEME AT RAJAPARA:

Fig.: Singua Flow Irigation Scheme

*Location: Village Rajapara, Block: Boko, District: Kamrup, Assam.

*Reference of Approval: The scheme was administratively approved
for Rs. 14.778 Lakhs vide No. NED/262/64/23 dt 4.01.67 and
technically sanctioned for Rs. 5.48 Lakhs vide No. 622/64/Pt II/7 Dt.
19.05.67 for Ph. I and Rs. 10.773 Lakhs for Phase II vide No. FCI/TB-
1/138/74 Dt. 22.02.76
*Date of Starting of works: In 1973
*Date of completion of work: In 1976
*Works: Works Earthen Canal, fall, culvert, dividing, dam, Hume pipe,
siphon, lined canal, etc.
*Source of Water: From river Singua
*Net Irrigated Area of the Scheme: 2048 Hectares for Kharif and 72
*Hector for Rabi crops.
*Annual Irrigated Area of the Scheme: 3,200 Hector
*Nos. of Villages Benefited: 16 Nos.
*Nos. of Family Benefited: 311 Nos.
*Potential Utilized Last Rabi Season: 519 Hectares.
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5. DIMALI FLOW IRRIGATION SCHEME:

Fig.: Dimali Flow Irrigation Scheme

*Introduction: The scheme was started by Agricultural Department in

the year 1969 and completed in the year 1970-71. Later in the year
the 1980 the scheme was handed over in the Irrigation Department.
*Location: Village Milaghat, Bamunigaon, Chaygaon Block
*Reference of Approval: The A.A. of the Improvement of Dimali
Scheme was accorded vide no. IGN(P)365/91/2 dt 31-03-91 for Rs.9.97
Lakhs and the revised A.A was accorded vide no. DDMI/TB-
8/74/2001/7 dt 30-03-02 for Rs.48.62 Lakhs.
*Date of Starting of works: 1990-91
*Date of completion of work: 2002-03
*Works: Works relating to construction of protection works, brick line
canal, Boulder pitching works, Afflux bund etc
*Source of Water: Dimali river

17
Functioning of the Scheme: The scheme is functioning since 1980 and has
irrigated an area of 250 Hectares
N.I.A.: 400 Hectares
A.I.A.: 520 Hectares.
Nos. of Villages Benefited: 5 (Milaghat, Khatira, Nijbagini and Lakadubi)
Potential Utilized Last Rabi Season: 199 Hectares

6. AMTOLA MODEL VILLAGE D.T.W. I/S:

Fig.: Amtola D.T.W. Irrigation System

Location: Rampur Development Block, Rampur

Reference of Approval: The A.A was accorded vide no, IGN (p)
175/88/12 dt 20-03-88 for Rs. 7.89 Lakhs and revalidated for Rs.
5.0 Lakhs vide no. IGN(W)89/99/145 dt 30- 06-2000 under NLCP-II.
Date of Starting of works: 1989-90
Date of completion of work: 2003-04
Works: Works relating to construction of protection works, brick
line canal, boulder pitching works, Afflux bund etc.
Source of Water: Water is pumped out from the Deep Tube Well
by 5 H.P. pump
Functioning of the scheme: The scheme is functioning since 2005
N.A.I.: 30 Hectares
Nos. of Villages Benefited: 1 No.
Potential Utilized in Last Rabi Season: 30 Hectares

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 6. CONCLUSION

In this summer training Program we completed our internship

successfully under the supervision of,……………………….. Assistant
Engineer, Irrigation Department, Ghazipur. We learnt about
various systems of irrigation, irrigation structures and different
methods of water distribution. We also learnt a great deal
about how a new scheme is formulated and implemented later
on and the working procedure of the same. We paid a visit to a
few sites to learn more in depth and details about irrigation
works.
This whole Internship was an useful experience and we got an
insight into professional practice and how things work out
practically on the field.

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