PL A N N IN G 3

LOCATION THEORY:

THE FOUNDATION OF
PLANNING
GROUP D
Bargas, Jiyann
Diño, Dhane
Luat, Raymart
Salomon, Dhestenie Claire
LOCATION
THEORY
a fundamental concept in urban planning that focuses on
understanding the spatial distribution of economic activities, land uses,
and population within a city or region.
THEORIES OF
URBANIZATION
Urbanization refers to the process of transformation
from rural to urban lifestyles and the growth of cities.
THEORIES OF URBAN PLANNING
1). Sector Theory of Urban Growth (as one of the Theories of Urbanization)

2). Multiple-Nuclei Theory

3). Concentric Zone Theory (as one of the Theories of Urbanization)

4). Conflict Theory

5). Peripheral Theory (as one of the Theories of Urbanization)

 1). Sector Theory of Urban Growth (as one of the
Theories of Urbanization)
The sector theory of urban growth was proposed in 1939 by
economist Homer Hoyt, in a bid to develop a reliable model by
which the development of cities can be understood.

According to the sector theory, urban development tends to occur

in terms of distinctive sectors or components of the urban
ecosystem, so that the individual growth of these sectors leads
to collective advancement of urban areas.

It can be viewed as a contrary perspective to that of the

Homer Hoyt concentric zone theory, which provides a more unified and
holistic portrayal of urban development.
 1). Sector Theory of Urban Growth (as one of the
Theories of Urbanization)

Homer Hoyt
2). Multiple-Nuclei Theory

The multiple-nuclei theory and model were proposed by geographers

Chauncy, D. Harris and Edward, L. Ullman in the year 1945, in a bid to
describe urbanization from a basic developmental perspective

It can be seen therefore to share similar role and purpose to the sector Chauncy, D. Harris

theory of urban growth, as both concepts are designed to analyze how

urban areas develop.

The multiple-nuclei theory states that urbanization does not emanate

or progress from a single, traceable point or nucleus; but is rather the
product of multiple simultaneous growth processes around various
nuclei within a single geographic area

Edward, L. Ullman
Chauncy, D. Harris

Edward, L. Ullman
 3). Concentric Zone Theory (as one of the
Theories of Urbanization)
The concentric zone theory is based on the Burgess model,
proposed in 1925 by sociologist Ernest Burgess.

It states that urban expansion, growth and development occur in

concentric circles that surround a CBD core, from which most of
the regional industrialization emanates.

The Burgess model tells us that the cost of resources, as well as

the living conditions and general economic activity level at any
location in an urbanized area, all depend on the distance of that
Ernest Burgess location from the CBD; where living cost tends to reduce with
increase in distance from the CBD.
 3). Concentric Zone Theory (as one of the
Theories of Urbanization)

Ernest Burgess
3). Concentric Zone Theory (as one of the
Theories of Urbanization)
The concentric zones or rings represent various levels of sociological and geographic
distance from the CBD.

They are often five in number, identified from the center outward as follows;
1). Central business district (CBD)
2). Zone of deterioration
3). Zone of workingmen’s homes
4). Residential area
5). Commuter’s zone

Concentric zone theory is especially applicable and important for urbanization

concepts that are relatively simple and which involve significant economic activity.
4). Conflict Theory

The conflict theory of urbanization focuses on the occurrence and role of

social and economic differences in the development, modification and
control of urban areas.

A conflict theorist’s view on urbanization is based on conclusions that the

middle and upper-class in urban societies, dictate the trend of development
to suit their instantaneous needs, so that the dynamic of conflicts of interest
plays a huge role in shaping cities.

Conflict theory is more focused on the political aspect of urbanization than

other theories, and evaluates economic aspects only on the basis of how
they influence, or are influenced by, political factors.
Peripheral
Theory
Portrays urban areas as decentralized
and indefinite

The peripheral theory of urbanization explains

how cities grow outward, creating new suburbs
or suburban areas. This expansion is often
decentralized, meaning that development
occurs in various locations rather than being
concentrated in a central area.
EVOLUTION OF MODERN
URBAN PLANNING MODELS
Nolli Map
WHEN: 1748

ARCHITECT: GIAMBATTISTA NOLI

Unlike traditional maps, it portrays not

only the streets and buildings but also
the interior spaces of public buildings.

It introduced the concept of "positive"

and "negative" space, highlighting the
interconnectedness of public and
private realms within the urban fabric.
GARDEN CITY
WHEN: 1903

ARCHITECT: EBENEZER HOWARD

Howard wanted to design an alternative to the

overcrowded and polluted industrial cities of the
turn of the century, and his solution centered on
creating smaller “garden cities”

It aim to promote harmony between urban living

and nature, offering residents access to open
spaces and agricultural land within a compact
urban framework.
SETBACK
PRINCIPLE
WHEN: 1916

ARCHITECT: HUGH FERRIS

As cities came to fill with skyscrapers in the early
20th century, planners turned their interest from the
layout and footprint of neighborhoods at street
level to the volume of buildings as they rose toward
the sky.
It aims to enhance pedestrian comfort, daylight
access, and visual aesthetics by creating space
between buildings and the public realm.
BROADACRE CITY
WHEN: 1932

ARCHITECT: FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT

It envisions a landscape where every family is

given an acre of land, fostering a dispersed
pattern of settlement and individualized living
environments.
It emphasizes the integration of technology,
transportation, and agriculture into a
decentralized urban framework, challenging the
conventional notion of centralized city centers.
RADIANT CITY
WHEN: 1933
ARCHITECT: LE CORBUSIER
The layout of the ideal city was abstractly inspired by
the arrangement and functions of the human body. Like
a living organism, it consisted of organized parts that
would work together as a whole.

Create vertical architecture and leave plenty of shared

open space in between for people to use and enjoy.
The resulting horizontal areas would serve as traffic
corridors as well as public landscapes with lush
greenery.

RADIANT CITY
PSYCHOGEOGRAPHY
WHEN: 1960

ARCHITECT: KEVIN LYNCH

• From the 1950s sought to capture the
city as it was experienced by actual
people, not as it was designed from the
top down by architects and planners.

• Their approach helped give way to a new

emphasis in planning on bottom-up
citizen experience and input.
TOP-DOWN
In a top-down approach, decisions and planning initiatives
originate from higher levels of authority or a centralized
structure and then trickle down to the lower levels.

BOTTOM-UP
In a bottom-up approach, initiatives, decisions, or
innovations start at the lower level, with local communities
or individuals, and then work their way up to higher levels
of organization or governance.

PSYCHOGEOGRAPHY
THE MEGAREGION
WHEN: 1961

ARCHITECT: JEAN GOTTMANN

Conceptualization of the megalopolis, which paved

the way for understanding and planning within larger
urban regions or megaregions

Planners increasingly talk today about Issues involving

transportation, the economy and the environment not
at the scale of communities or cities, but within whole
regions where multiple metros link together.
THE TRANSECT
WHEN: 2000

ARCHITECT: ANDRES DUANY

Transects have been used by planners as a visual

tool to divide landscapes into multiple uses.

The rural-to urban gradation between nature and

dense urban zones and has become a popular
framework among New Urbanists.
MODERN
ENVIRONMENTAL
PLANNING
Modern environmental planning aims to address the
challenges of urbanization and its impact on the
environment.
Green
Infrastructure
Refers to natural or nature-based features

This concept involves the integration of natural

elements, such as green roofs, parks, and green
corridors, into urban design to improve air quality,
reduce heat island effects, and enhance biodiversity
TYPES OF GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE

Green Roof
A green roof or living roof is a roof of a building that is
partially or completely covered with vegetation

Permeable Pavement
Permeable paving surfaces are made of either a porous
material that enables stormwater to flow through it or
nonporous blocks spaced so that water can flow between
the gaps.
TYPES OF GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE

Rain Garden
A rain garden is a depressed area in the landscape that
collects rain water from a roof, driveway or street and
allows it to soak into the ground.

Bioswales
Bioswales are engineered landscape features designed to
manage stormwater runoff in linear paths. They are
typically longer and narrower than rain gardens and are
often situated areas with high volumes of runoff.
Energy
Efficiency
Reducing energy waste and costs while
minimizing environmental impact

Modern urban planning focuses on reducing energy

consumption in cities through the use of energy-
efficient buildings, transportation systems, and
urban design strategies
Digital
Connectivity
Enhancing urban efficiency and
sustainability through digital integration

The integration of digital technologies into urban

planning is crucial for improving the efficiency and
sustainability of cities. This includes the
development of smart grids, intelligent
transportation systems, and digital platforms for
citizen engagement
THANK YOU!