CONWORLD REVIEWER: FINALS

- Sino yung nag babantay**

CONWORLD LECTURE - The international monetary fund
Market Integration - Tinitignan kung just ba yung exchange
Economy rate na binibigay
4. Eliminating restrictions on time trade
− Also called the market
- Pag nabawasan ang trade mas Madali
− Market integration (Global Economy) ang exchange ng goods and services
5. US Dollar as global currency
● Production and Consumption
- Mas mapapadali pag eexcahnge pag iisa
● Sectors of Production
ang currency
1. Primary
- Extraction of Raw Materials
- Some are consumed raw but there are ♥ General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
instance they are manufactured (GAIT)
2. Secondary ● Papaluwagin ang tarifa
- Manufactured Goods ● 1947
3. Tertiary > 23 countries
- Service Sector ● Trade through multinational agreement
- Hindi mo maiuuwi > Because of the general agreement
- Ex. Magbabayad ka para manood ng
cine, magbayad para magpagupit
Trade ♥ World Trade Organization
− Nag integrate para ih boost ang economy - 152 members
- Independent
− Mas malawak ang market, mas malawak - Non tariffs; pero may barrier
ang pagbebenta means mas mag dedevelop ● Trade Liberalization
ang market economy > They explored different ways to
widen the trade liberalization
− Bigger market = mas malaki itetrade
♥ International Monetary Fund
♥ Bretten Woods System - Last Resort (Lend Money)
● World War - Acts as an overseer
● Great Depression 1930 - Acts as someone that can lend money;
● World War II with certain applications.
> Bumagsak ang economy and nag seek
for development after ♥ World Bank
> Different countries met
● Long Term Approach
- Mas long term example: poverty
Key Elements:
- Borrowing is not bad as long you know
1. Expression of currency in terms of gold
how to manage the money
- Nagkakaroon ng rate para sa isang
- To increase yung umiikot na pera sa
currency
bansa
- Exchange rate
- Example. Ounce of gold is equal to 5
nicaraguan, then 5 nicaraguan is 1 dollar ♥ Organization for Economic Cooperation
2. Official Monetary authority in each country and Development
- Sila yung mag aagree sa exchange rate - 2016; 35 members
- Usually the central bank ● Natural Resource
3. Establishment of an overseas for exchange
rates (IMF)
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- Little Formal power that comes from

− Before agricultural revolution, we had this
natural resources and economic power
society.
♥ Organization of Petroleum Exporting − Societies are hunter and gatherer societies
Countries (OPEC) (they go out and hunt for their food of the
● Increase the price of oil day)
● Price of oil increases as inflation − Kakahunt mauubos ang hayop and resources
increases
around that area
- Goal now is oil to keep up with the
inflation − No permanent settlements, moving sila
- They do not produce much oil;
however, they contribute through Agricultural Revolution
strategic - First Major Economic Change
- Not everyone should spend time working
for food
♥ European Union - Permanent settlements, trade networks,
- Population growth.
- 28 members
- Adapted euro as their basic currency − People learned how to domesticate plants
- Countries that has same currency (euro) and animals
have easier exchange of trades.
- Nag suffer yung hindi sumali dahil it helps − Kung nasan sila, that became their
to boost their economy settlements
− Trade networks - makikipagtrade sa ibang
♥ North American Free Trade Agreement tao ng isang tanim, marami ka resource na
(NAFTA) ittrade mo na sa mas kailangan mo
● US, Mexico, Canada
● North America − Mas dumami ang population
> Elimination of trade barriers − They do not have to spend their time looking
> Mas madali ang pag exchange ng
for food
production
> Dadaan muna sa isang country − With the rise of population, the needs rise too
para mas mura or mas walang
trade tariffs Industrial Revolution
- Second major economic revolution
No man is an Island - New industries / economic tool
- Need connections with other country - Factories
- Very important to have connections with - Laborers
different countries - Wider Variety of goods
It will build partnership − Economic tools: steam engines,
- Good for development manufacture
- Opportunities to make more revenues
− Mass production
IMF and World Bank
- where the countries borrow money − Nagkaron ng factories, it changed

− Streamline production
History of Market Integration
Hunter Gatherer Society − Instead of people working at home, they
- 12,000 years ago now work as wage laborers, and they
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specialize with the skills na ginagawa nila

− Goal: meet everyone’s basic need kesa sa
sa factory
individual profit
− Productivity level tumaas - Profit for everyone
− Tumaas ang standards of living, mas
dumami ang produktong napproduce na
magagamit nila
- Technology ⬇️
Information Revolution
Human labor

Downsides: − Nangyayari ngayon

- Economic casualties (low income, etc)
− Everything is automated
- Economic inequality
- Labor groups − Service industry ang may malaking damay,
− Late 19th century, labor unions started to kasi dati nasserbisyuhan lahat ng manual
form to push for equality labor ngayon dumadami ang machineries
− Take action sa awareness with the help of − Tasks nagnanarrow down because of
social media platforms technology
− The challenge is how can they assure that
Up until today we still experience this
people would still have enough job
− Means ganon na katagal pinaglalaban opportunities
− Labor Day − We all use technology; Naka dikit na yan
Reason why there is no actions on awareness: sa buhay natin
− Fear of losing the job; major income − Tech: Reduce the role of human labor

− Mahirap maghanap ng ibang trabaho − Yung human labor nagiging technology na

siya
− They choose to experience inequality
− Slowly nangyayari na yan; automated na
2 Competing Economic Models − Kase mas mabilis (production)
1. Capitalism
- All resources in the means of production − Less human error
are privately owned
- Competition (Labanan ng produkto; they − Mas Malaki ang damay sa mga service
need to outperform the competitors
− Challenge kase nag iimprove pa ang mga
− Profit maximization
technology (nagiging modern pa)
− Individual Profit
Global Corportations
- Efficiency - International Trade = International
Regulatory (Regulate Flows)
2. Socialism
- Collective goal − Corporations that go beyond the
− Owned by the government to provide the geographical borders kung nasan sila.
citizens − Market is around the world.
− Allocated for citizens − Leaning on doing international trade.
- Expect to work for the common good
− There are international regulatory groups
− Common good
that regulate the flow of trade.
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− Private industries halos ang nagbebenefit;

Global Governance Factors
they have the resources, money to conduct 1. Declining power of nation states.
international trade. They have the means to
do international trade. − Hirap ang mga bansa if they would
stand alone, some countries has
− Goal: provide the product of the best
declining powers. Therefore, it could
quality but cheapest price to sell it ng mas help in seeking international
mura. relationships.
− Locate factories in countries that provide 2. Flow of all sorts of things.
the cheapest labor. − The flow of ideas would have an
- Benefits private industries impact in the country.
3. Mass migration.
Positive
1. Better allocation of resources. − Mayroong need for global governance
since you are involving people moving
− Hahanap ng place na may cheapest
from one country to another. Illegal
labor, maraming resources na migration needs global governance
makukuha don. You could help people since they don’t have legal papers.
in that area, you could provide
employment. Effects of Globalization to Governments
2. Low Prices for Products Government - group of people that have ultimate
3. Employment authority to act on behalf of a state.
4. Higher product output. - Other countries must know that there is a
− Mas mura, mas maraming right to sovereignty.
- They decide for the people
mapproduce. - The decision should be benefit of the
people
Negative
1. Self-interested agendas. Challenges to Government
− May hidden agendas na sila lang ang ● Traditional challenges – External
magbebenefit. They only think of intervention
themselves. Hindi lang dapat sayo ang − Russia's affairs to ukraine (war)
benefit. ● National/Identity movements - global
2. Exploitation movements
− Inequalities, unjust na sahod, etc. It − People are attached to cultural entity
could lead to people not receiving the
right benefits but working in dangerous − NIC movement; islam
working conditions. ● Global economics - demands state to
conform to free-market capitalism
Unit IV: The Global Interstate System
− 1980’s
Global Governance − Lead to economic growth
- We have to be governed on our way on how to
collaborate with other countries to address − Minimal government intervention
issues (trade and finance, security, public
health). − Free-market capitalism could lead to
- Communicate on how to cooperate with economic degradation
different countries. ● Global Social movement - transnational
- Effectiveness, accountability, etc. movements, states have less cont them
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− Seen as a threat, but a challenge.

4. Sovereignty - supreme authority of a state
− There would be people who fight for to govern itself without interference from
external sources
their rights.
− They stand for the interest of the
− Border to border
country’s people.
− States has less control over them − Hindi susunod sa snasabi ng ibang
Ex: Human rights movements. If a bansa
country decides that there would be a
policy, there is a challenge to the − There is still a relevance on your own
ability of the states to fully implement state
it.
● Ex: Position of US when it comes Institution that Govern International Relations
to death penalty. - Intergovernmental, organizations
● Ex: Environmental movements ng - Plays a crucial role in shaping economics.
mga country, they aim to develop - Peace and security
an area pero marami siyang puno, - Dialog and cooperations between countries
so there would be social - Cooperation - collaboration of common
movements of environmental interests.
organizations to disallow that - Trades in terms of humans
action. - Solution to conflict or injustice to govern
● Ex: Same sex marriage, gender common resources
equality, etc. - To promote sustainable development
● Kalaban ng government ang tao - Importance: Collaboration to maintain
(the public). peace security

Relevance of State amid Globalization Peace Treaty: United Nations

State - the country - Leading political organization in the world
- Maintaining the law and order - Different countries nagmimeet
- Public service - Independent actor in global politics
Four elements of the state: - For the reconstruction of the world
1. Permanent population - taong nakatira sa - Made up of almost 200 countries from
state around the world
− Often share the same language - Headquarters: New York City
- General Assembly: Nagkakaroon ng
speech in each country
2. Territory - clear geographical area, dun
- Voting on certain issues
exercise yung control
- International Court of Justice: Netherlands
− land water bodies, and air space - Critics say that the institution is weak

− Defined territory Military Alliance (North Atlantic Treaty

Organization)
3. Government - institution that has the - Defensive treaty, military alliance
authority, power - Based on collective security
- Nag-aagree ang bansa na they will
− They govern
combine militaries
− Democracy, dictatorship, monarchy, - Most Advanced military
- Pag may nang away sa isang bansa,
oligarchy magtutulong tulong ang ibang bansa
− Regulate relationship with other people - Military Approach
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Non - Governmental Organization

- May volunteers
- May mga kaakibat na group sa isang bansa
- They give support to people na
nakakaexperience ng emergency such as
disaster.
- Red Cross - an international organization;
started as giving first aid
− Allows them to operate freely
around the world
− Red cross logo acted as a signal na
hindi sila sundalo
− Neutral

− Helps both sides of the war

− Easier for the countries to allow the

red cross to help their country since
neutral ang red cross.
− Head Quarters: Geneva,
Switzerland.

Global Economic Association

World Trade Organization
- Helps with countries to do free trade
(without huge tariffs)
North American Free Trade Agreement
- Treaty with three countries (US, Canada,
and Mexico
- Do trade with each other

Globalism
- connection between countries and people
Globalization
- how fast nagkakaroon ng link with another
country
Global citizen
- you have responsibilities or obligations in
a country,