See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/342966897

Sugarcane bagasse ash as supplementary cementitious material in cement

composites: strength, durability, and microstructural analysis

Article in Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society · May 2020

DOI: 10.1007/s43207-020-00055-8

CITATIONS READS

30 190

3 authors, including:

Yogitha Bayapureddy Karthikeyan ..

VFSTRU Vignan University
4 PUBLICATIONS 57 CITATIONS 21 PUBLICATIONS 366 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by Karthikeyan .. on 20 February 2024.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Sugarcane bagasse ash as supplementary
cementitious material in cement
composites: strength, durability, and
microstructural analysis

Yogitha Bayapureddy, Karthikeyan

Muniraj & Muni Reddy Gangireddy
Mutukuru

Journal of the Korean Ceramic

Society
한한한한한한한한

ISSN 1229-7801

J. Korean Ceram. Soc.

DOI 10.1007/s43207-020-00055-8

1 23
Your article is protected by copyright and
all rights are held exclusively by The Korean
Ceramic Society. This e-offprint is for personal
use only and shall not be self-archived
in electronic repositories. If you wish to
self-archive your article, please use the
accepted manuscript version for posting on
your own website. You may further deposit
the accepted manuscript version in any
repository, provided it is only made publicly
available 12 months after official publication
or later and provided acknowledgement is
given to the original source of publication
and a link is inserted to the published article
on Springer's website. The link must be
accompanied by the following text: "The final
publication is available at link.springer.com”.

1 23
 Author's personal copy
Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
https://doi.org/10.1007/s43207-020-00055-8

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Sugarcane bagasse ash as supplementary cementitious material

in cement composites: strength, durability, and microstructural
analysis
Yogitha Bayapureddy1 · Karthikeyan Muniraj1 · Muni Reddy Gangireddy Mutukuru2

Received: 6 March 2020 / Revised: 11 April 2020 / Accepted: 3 May 2020

© The Korean Ceramic Society 2020

Abstract
Agricultural wastes like sugarcane bagasse ash and rice husk ash can be reused as supplementary cement materials to produce
eco-friendly buildings as plants of grass family contain more silica, which enhances the pozzolanic reactivity of the plant
ashes. Researches so far were limited to evaluate the strength and few durability properties. This paper focuses on the reactiv-
ity among cement particles, a microstructural approach towards analyzing the material, and its performance. Compressive,
splitting tensile strength tests, durability tests like water absorption and RCPT have been performed for 5%, 10%, 15%, and
20% replacement of sugarcane bagasse ash in cement. An increase in strength, less absorption, and low permeability were
observed from 0 to 15% replacement. 15% replacement of SCBA in concrete cured for 56 days has shown maximum durable
compared to other samples that are cured for 28 and 56 days. The enhanced performance of PPC owes to thick lattice formed
due to compounds formed, which lead to the densification of concrete.

Keywords Cement · Sugarcane bagasse ash · Pozzolanic activity · Rcpt · Micro structure

1 Introduction and palm oil fuel ash [9–12] were tested as replacements
of concrete. Sometimes two or more materials are blended
Cement composites consist of binder, water, aggregates, and and tested as binary, tertiary composites [13, 14]. Sugarcane
other materials partially or fully possessing binding proper- bagasse ash is waste material from the sugar factory has
ties. The utilization of wastes helps in reducing the collec- high calorific value, and so is used in boilers and for power
tion, transportation, and manufacturing costs of cement. In generation in countries like Brazil, Philippines [15–17].
the recent Basel convention, the United Nations Environ- The high content of quartz is revealed in XRD analysis of
ment Programme suggested using alternative raw materials sugarcane bagasse ash and rice husk ash by Cardeiro [18].
containing Ca, Si, Al, and Fe to substitute clay, shale, and Effective reuse of bagasse ash reduces landfilling and envi-
limestone [1]. Researches carried out to find alternatives ronmental hazards like leaching and mixing of ashes into
for cement came forward with supplementation cement rivers during rains. When replaced with cement in concrete
materials that possess similar properties of cement without and hydrated, it reacts with free CH present in the concrete
compromising strength and durability. Industrial by-prod- to form C–S–H lattice, the strength-contributing factor to
ucts like fly ash, red mud, silica fume, and metakaolin [2–8] concrete along with C–H, Aft, and Afm [19]. In civil engi-
and also agricultural wastes like rice husk ash, bagasse ash, neering, sugarcane bagasse ash is tested for its suitability in
pavement blocks, roads, bricks, and soil stabilization [20,
21]. Silica is stored in the form of silica gel ­(SiO2·nH2O),
* Yogitha Bayapureddy especially in grass family plants like rice and sugarcane [22],
yogitha0607@gmail.com which is polymerized by absorbing Orth silicic acid from
1 the soil through roots. This helps in forming calcium–sil-
Department of Civil Engineering, Vignan’s Foundation
for Science, Technology, and Research (Deemed to be ica–hydrate compound after hydration. Pozzolanic studies by
University), Guntur, Andhra Pradesh 522213, India Bahurudeen et al. [24] on fly ash and sugarcane bagasse ash
2
Department of Civil Engineering, Andhra University, revealed that ashes cooled at different temperatures possess
Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh 530003, India different grades of reactivity.

13
Vol.:(0123456789)
 Author's personal copy
Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society

Table 1  Codes for the experiments 2 Materials

Code Experiment
OPC 53-grade cement and aggregates passing through
IS 12269 Selection of cement
20 mm and 2–5 mm sieves are selected. They are selected
IS 1727-2004 Specific gravity
as per standards and all the physical properties of materials
IS 4031 part 4 Standard consistency
tested as per codes tabulated in Table 1. As we are replacing
IS 383-2016 Coarse and fine aggregate
cement with SCBA, the same physical tests are performed
on SCBA too.
Sugarcane bagasse ash is collected from KCP sugar fac-
tory, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh. Being itself an ash, SCBA is
inherently unfit to be used as a mineral admixture. It con-
sists of an irregular shape with rough texture, as shown in
Fig. 1. Physical drawbacks, like larger particle size, high
moisture content, sponge-like shape, mineralogical draw-
backs like high carbon content, are associated [23]. The
microscopic study by SEM represents different shapes of
raw SCBA like spherical, prismatic, and fibrous particles, as
shown in Fig. 2. The presence of small voids also observed
in higher magnification (Fig. 3). From earlier researches, it is
Fig. 1  Sugarcane bagasse ash as collected
evident that Spherical particles with the minimum size give
maximum specific surface area, which facilitates good poz-
Extensive research was conducted in recent years in zolanic activity. This was achieved by different processing
on the pozzolanic activity of supplementary cementitious methods like grinding, vibrating, and rolling [18]. Fibrous
material focusing on suitability, processing methods, and particles represent the presence of un-burnt particles, which
pozzolanic performance to increase strength and durabil- show high carbon content. Figure 4 represents presence of
ity of structural concrete. In an aggressive environment cristabolite and quartz in sugarcane bagasse ash. During pro-
like offshore constructions and bridge decks, PPC is more cessing the ash by burning, after a temperature of 700 °C,
prone to Cl attack. This paper aims at evaluating the opti- the quartz would tend to get a crystalline structure, which is
mum replacement of sugarcane bagasse ash in concrete by an undesirable pozzolanic phase [24]. Here, processing of
compressive strength, tensile strength, water absorption bagasse ash involves (i) incineration of raw bagasse ash at
capacity, and chloride permeability testanalysis. 600 °C for 2 h, and (ii) grinding of coarse bagasse ash to fine
Sugarcane bagasse ash would be referred as SCBA in grains in ball mills at a speed of 40 rpm for 120 min which
present study. decreases particle size and increases fineness and pozzolanic
activity of bagasse ash [25]. The fineness attained and repre-
sented in terms of cumulative passing percentage is shown
in Fig. 5. The particle size of sugarcane bagasse ash is less

Fig. 2  SEM images of sugar

cane bagasse ash containing
particles of different shapes

13
 Author's personal copy
Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society

Fig. 3  Microscopic view of sug-

arcane bagasse ash with higher
magnification

Fig. 4  XRD image of sugar

cane bagasse ash

than that of OPC. 90% of SCBA particles passed through

21 µm, whereas 90% of OPC could pass the only 35 µm.
These sugarcane bagasse ash particles were further tested
in Blaine’s air permeability test, whose specific surface area
is found to be 441 m2/kg, and that of cement is 300 m2/kg.
Physical properties of SCBA and OPC are evaluated and
tabulated in Table 2 to check the compatibility of SCBA
with cement and other aggregates. Less specific gravity,
fine particle size, and high specific surface area are desir-
able conditions for an excellent pozzolanic admixture [18],
which is in agreement with present results. In tests for fresh
properties of sugarcane bagasse ash concrete, it observed
that there is a delay in initial and final setting times of SCBA
pastes when compared to OPC cement pastes. Time taken to
form bonding between cement and water may be different
for cement, ash, and water. There is a variation in consist-
ency too for OPC and SCBA samples. Polycarboxylate based
super plasticizer is used to enhance the workability proper- Fig. 5  Particle size distribution of sugar cane bagasse ash particles
ties of concrete in this experiment. Water cement ratio of and OPC

13
 Author's personal copy
Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society

Table 2  Physical characterization of ordinary Portland cement and Table 4. ­C100B0 represents sample with 100% OPC and 0%
sugarcane bagasse ash sugarcane bagasse ash. Similarly, ­C95B5, ­C90B10, ­C85B15, and
Properties OPC Sugarcane bagasse ash ­C80B20, correspond to samples with 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%
replacements of sugarcane bagasse ash in cement. The test
Selection of material 53-grade cement Processed bagasse ash
is performed in a compressive strength testing machine of
Specific gravity 3.15 2.0
200 T capacity, as per IS 516 1956 [26], where the specimen
Consistency (%) 31% 40%
is mounted in the axis of loading frame, and final load noted
Initial setting time(min) 130 185
where it could no longer offer resistance in terms of strength.
Final setting time(min) 175 300

3.2 Splitting tensile strength test

Table 3  Mineral composition of sugarcane bagasse ash by EDS With mixed proportions shown in Table 3, 45 cylindrical
Percentage composition of Ordinary Portland Sugarcane
samples of 300 mm × 150 mm dimensional samples cured
minerals cement bagasse ash for 3, 28, and 56 days. The samples are loaded along the
width of the sample and maximum strength it could resist
SiO2 19.82 68.38
is tested.
Al2O3 4.08 5.25
Fe2O3 3.28 5.82
3.3 Water absorption test
CaO 63.2 5.26
MgO 4.32 2.65
Samples are cast and molded with dimensions of
Na2O 0.05 0.06
150 × 150 × 150 mm, which are further de-molded after 24 h.
K 2O 0.78 2.62
Specimens are saturated by immersing in water for 24 h.
LOI 3 4.2
Weight is measured and recorded as W2. Then they are oven-
dried for 24 h at 100 °C. Weight recorded as W1 calculates
the percentage of water absorption [27]:
0.45 is selected for this experiment based on earlier studies
W2 − W1
on workability [24]. EDS is used to detect mineral compo- W= × 100,
sition in the given sample. Results in Table 3 revealed the W1
presence of silica, aluminum, iron oxides, which constitute where W1 is the weight of specimen dry specimen (without
to be greater than 75% to be a pozzolanic material. moisture) and W2 is the weight of specimen, cleaned, and
fully saturated.

3 Experimental procedure 3.4 Rapid chloride permeability test

3.1 Compressive strength test RCPT test was performed by inserting a 50 mm-thick and
100 mm-diameter disc in 0.3% NaCl and 0.3 N NaOH solu-
A total of 45 samples of 150 mm × 150 mm × 150 mm tion confining to ASTM C-1202 [28]. A charge of 60 V was
dimensions with OPC, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% replace- passed, and the reading noted in 6 h. The age of curing is
ment of sugarcane bagasse ash by weight of cement in con- 28 and 56 days.
crete are prepared as per calculated mix design shown in After testing, the means of 3 values for each sample were
collected and the results presented.

Table 4  Materials used in Mix design label OPC SCBA Coarse aggregate Fine aggregate Water Super plasticizer
respective quantities for the
experiment C100B0 383.16 0 1287.41 674.36 172.42 3.83
C95B5 364 19.158 1287.41 674.36 172.42 3.83
C90B10 344.844 38.316 1287.41 674.36 172.42 3.83
C85B15 325.686 57.474 1287.41 674.36 172.42 3.83
C80B20 306.527 76.633 1287.41 674.36 172.42 3.83

13
 Author's personal copy
Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society

4 Results and discussion

4.1 Compressive strength

Compressive strength results are evaluated and shown

in Fig. 6. Observations made at 3, 28, and 56 days cur-
ing revealed that compressive strength doubled as curing
time increased from 3 days to 28 days. The same pattern
was observed for both OPC and SCBA concretes. There
is an increase in strength by 5.8%, 11.5%, and 19.54%
for 5%, 10%, and 15% replacements when compared to
conventional concrete at 28 days of curing. In ­C100B0 and
­C80B20 samples, similar strengths were noticed which rep-
resents that there is no need to go with replacements of Fig. 7  Splitting tensile strength vs percentage replacement of SCBA
20% SCBA when it is similar to OPC. As the age of cur-
ing increased from 28 to 56 days, a strength increment of
2.5%, 2.65%, 2.05%, 3.72%, and 3.8% for ­C100B0, ­C95B5, 4.3 Water absorption
­C90B10, ­C85B15, and C­ 80B20 is observed. A strength gain
of 20% is observed in C ­ 85B15 samples when compared to A significant decrease in absorption of water is seen in all
­C100B0 samples. In the concrete matrix, a high amount of bagasse ash samples compared to conventional samples.
silica has reacted with calcium oxide-forming calcium-sil- The result shown in Fig. 8 is in agreement with obser-
ica-hydrate lattice, which is a strength-contributing factor. vations of Ganesh et al. for a curing period of 28 and
As the time of curing increased, the hydration increased, 90 days, caused due to the fineness of bagasse ash and
which accelerated the pozzolanic reactivity [24]. its hygroscopic nature. Sugarcane bagasse ash has filled
the interconnected pores caused by the filler effect, which
reduced the permeability of water into the specimen. It is
4.2 Splitting tensile strength evident by the percentage change in weight. High absorp-
tion of water implies high permeability, which shows less
Concrete specimens are tested for axial loading by split durability of concrete. The type of damage occurred to
tensile strength, mounted along the width of the speci- concrete depends on the type of harmful chemicals present
mens. A maximum increase in strength observed at in water. As the age of curing increased from 28 days to
bagasse ash replacement of 15% compared to OPC is seen 56 days, complete hydration of particles is done in both
in Fig. 7. The fineness of the bagasse ash particle, surface OPC and sugarcane bagasse ash concrete. It also enhances
area, enhanced the reactivity, which increased the strength the formation of C–S–H gel, which densifies the concrete
[29] both for compression and split tensile strengths. and reduces the porosity. Minimum water absorption seen
in 15% replacement may be due to connectivity of inter-
pore, which obstructed the permeability of water.
Water Absorption(%)

2.5

1.5

1
28 days
0.5
56 days
0
OPC 5% 10% 15% 20%

Replacement of baggase ash

Fig. 6  Compressive strength vs percentage replacement of SCBA Fig. 8  Water absorption vs percentage replacement of SCBA

13
 Author's personal copy
Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society

ash replaced concrete, and optimum replacement is 15% due

to the densification of the lattice structure.
The optimum replacement of sugarcane bagasse ash
in concrete is 15%. Research suggests that performance
observed at 15% replacement of bagasse ash with con-
crete, which suggests economic and eco-friendly concrete
prepared.

References
1. L.K. Scrivener, M.J. Vanderley, E.M. Gartner, Eco-efficient
cement: potential economically viable solutions for low-CO2
Fig. 9  Rapid chloride penetration tests cement-based materials industry. Cement Concr. Res. 114(24),
2–26 (2018)
2. F.N. Okoye, J. Durgaprasad, N.B. Singh, Mechanical properties of
4.4 Rapid chloride penetration test alkali-activated fly ash/Kaolin based geopolymer concrete. Constr.
Build. Mater. 98(6), 685–691 (2015)
3. R. Siddique, J. Klaus, Influence of metakaolin on the properties
In porous media of hardened cement matrix, small capillary of mortar and concrete: a review. Appl. Clay Sci. 43(8), 392–400
pores formed. In the formation of pore structure in supple- (2009)
mentary cementitious materials like fly ash, silica fume is 4. P. Jahren, Use of silica fume in concrete. Spec. Publ. 79(17),
625–642 (1983)
different from OPC, where a low relative diffusivity due to 5. C. Venkatesh, N. Ruben, M.S.R. Chand, Experimental investiga-
increase in volume fraction of small pores is observed [30]. tion of strength, durability, and microstructure of red-mud con-
From Fig. 9, it is observed that conductivity of OPC, 5%, crete. J. Korean Ceram. Soc. 14(8), 1–8 (2020)
and 10% replacements is moderate and very low for 15% and 6. L. Salmabanu, T. Cheng, L. Ismail, Incorporation of natural waste
from agricultural and aquacultural farming as supplementary
20% replacements for both 28 and 56 days’ curing. There materials with green concrete: a review. Compos. B. Eng. 175(25),
is a decrease in the passage of coulombs by 41% and 31% 107076 (2019)
for 28 days’ curing and 45% and 30% for 56 days of curing 7. K. Umamaheswaran, S.B. Vidya, Physico-chemical characteriza-
observed in 15% and 20% replacements. It indicates that as tion of Indian biomass ashes. Fuel 87(10), 628–638 (2008)
8. M. Fazilati, E.M. Golafshani, Durability properties of concrete
a percentage of replacement increased, there is less penetra- containing amorphous silicate tuff as a type of natural cementi-
tion of ions probably due to the controlled reduction of voids tious material. Constr. Build. Mater. 230(15), 1–15 (2020)
in concrete. More resistance offered by a specimen shows 9. S.A. Miller, P.R. Cunningham, J.T. Harvey, Rice-based ash in
more impermeable symbolizing high strength and durabil- concrete: a review of past work and potential environmental sus-
tainability. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 146(14), 416–430 (2019)
ity of concrete [31]. An increase of passage in coulombs 10. S.A. Zareei, F. Ameri, F. Dorostkar, M. Ahmadi, Rice husk ash as
is more in 20% SCBA when compared to 15% SCBA. It is a partial replacement of cement in high strength concrete contain-
probably due to exhaustion of free lime, which left excess ing micro silica: evaluating durability and mechanical properties.
silica particles unreacted, also called a dilution effect. [31]. Case Stud. Constr. Mater. 7(8), 73–81 (2017)
11. E. Bachtiar, Darwan, I. Marzuki, A.M. Setiawan, A.I. Yunus, S.
Gusty, Potency of sugarcane bagasse ash partial substitution of
cement in concrete, in First International Conference on Materi-
5 Conclusion als Engineering and Management-Engineering Section (ICMEMe
2018) (Atlantis Press, 2019)
12. Weerachart Tangchirapat, Tirasit Seating, Chai Jaturapitakkul,
The microstructure of sugarcane bagasse ash shows the Kraiwood Kiattikomol, Anek Siripanichgorn, Use of waste ash
presence of different shapes of particles, which suggests from the palm oil industry in concrete. J. Waste. Manag. 27(7),
processing is required. XRD study revealed the presence of 81–88 (2007)
quartz and cristabolite. Strength gain is observed in 5, 10, 13. J. Alireza, M.A. Moeini, Evaluating the effects of sugarcane-
bagasse ash and rice-husk ash on the mechanical and durability
and 15% replacement of sugarcane bagasse ash in cement properties of mortar. J Mater. Civ. Eng. 30(7), 04018144 (2018)
and maximum at 15% and decreased further. Water absorp- 14. L. Rodier, E.V. Cocina, J.M. Ballesteros, H. Savastano Jr., Poten-
tion decreased in all samples containing sugarcane bagasse tial use of sugarcane bagasse and bamboo leaf ashes for the elabo-
ash compared to OPC. As the duration of curing increased, ration of green cementitious materials. J. Clean. Prod. 231(9),
54–63 (2019)
the strength and resistance to chloride-ion permeability 15. A. Bouaissi, L.Y. Li, M.M.A.B. Abdullah, Q.B. Bui, Mechanical
increased. This phenomenon was repeated in 5, 10, 15, and properties and microstructure analysis of FA-GGBS-HMNS based
20% replacements of sugarcane bagasse ash in cement in geopolymer concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 210(11), 198–209
concrete. Permeability of ions is less in sugarcane bagasse (2019)

13
 Author's personal copy
Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society

16. F. Moises, E. Villar, H. Savastano, Brazilian sugar cane bagasse 25. J. Payá, J. Monzo, M.V. Borrachero, L. Díaz-Pinzón, L.M.
ashes from the cogeneration industry as active pozzolans for Ordonez, Sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA): studies on its properties
cement manufacture. Cement Concr. Compos. 33(7), 490–496 for reusing in concrete production. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol.
(2011) 77(3), 321–325 (2002)
17. B.J. Jamora, L.E. Sarah, W.G. Alchris, M.B. Giduquio, A.W. John 26. Standard, Indian. Method of tests for strength of concrete. Bureau
Orilla, E.L. Michael, Potential reduction of greenhouse gas emis- of Indian Standards, Manak Bhavan 9 (1959)
sion through the use of sugarcane ash in cement-based industries: 27. T.S. Kumar, K.V.G.D. Balaji, K. Rajasekhar, Assessment of Sorp-
a case in the Philippines. J. Clean. Prod. 239, 118072 (2019) tivity and Water Absorption of Concrete with Partial Replacement
18. G.C. Cordeiro, R.D.T. Filho, L.M. Tavares, E.M.R. Fairbairn, of Cement by Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SCBA) and Silica Fume.
Experimental characterization of binary and ternary blended- Int. J. Appl. Eng. Res. 11(3), 5747–5752 (2016)
cement concretes containing ultrafine residual rice husk and sugar 28. ASTM, CPSC. 1202-12. Standard Test Method for Electrical Indi-
cane bagasse ashes. Constr. Build. Mater. 29(5), 641–646 (2012) cation of Concrete’s Ability to resist Chloride Ion Penetration.
19. I.C.S. Reddy, N. Ruben, M.S.R. Chand, Effect of graphene oxide Annual Book of ASTM Standards 4, 7 (2012)
on microstructure and strengthened properties of fly ash and silica 29. A. Bahurudeen, A.V. Markson, A. Kishore, M. Santhanam,
fume based cement composites. Constr. Build. Mater. 229, 116863 Development of sugarcane bagasse ash based Portland pozzolana
(2019) cement and evaluation of compatibility with superplasticizers.
20. V.M. Mangesh, A.M. Sachin, V.R. Rahul, Development and Constr. Build. Mater. 68(11), 465–475 (2014)
feasibility analysis of bagasse ash bricks. J. Energy Eng. 141, 30. G.C. Sahu, J. Joygopal, Building materials and Construction
04014022 (2015) (McGraw-Hill Education, New York, 2015)
21. D. Solomon, G.D. Ransinchung, S. Singh, S. Surya Kant, Uti- 31. G.C. Cordeiro, R.D. Toledo Filho, L.M. Tavares, E.M.R. Fair-
lization of industrial and agricultural wastes for productions of bairn, Pozzolanic activity and filler effect of sugar cane bagasse
sustainable roller compacted concrete pavement mixes containing ash in Portland cement and lime mortars. Cement Concrete comp
reclaimed asphalt pavement aggregates. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 30(5), 410–418 (2008)
152, 104504 (2020)
22. J.H. Meyer, M.G. Keeping, Review of research into the role of sili- Publisher’s Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to
con for sugarcane production, in Proceedings of the South African jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Sugar Technologists Association vol. 74, pp. 29–40 (2000)
23. S. Deepika, G. Anand, A. Bahurudeen, M. Santhanam, Construc-
tion products with sugarcane bagasse ash binder. J. Mater. Civ.
Eng. 29(10), 04017189 (2017)
24. A. Bahurudeen, K. Wani, M.A. Basit, M. Santhanam, Assesment
of pozzolanic performance of sugarcane bagasse ash. J. Mater.
Civ. Eng. 28, 04015095 (2016)

13

View publication stats