Technical Report

Writing (2)
2nd Semester - Academic Year: 2023 –
2024
Lec 5
Presented By:
Dr. Eman Samir Mohamed
 Introduction to Scientific Paper
Writing
In this lecture the following will be presented:
❑ What is scientific paper?
❑ Components of scientific paper
 Components of scientific paper ‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻮرﻗﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﯿﺔ‬
Section Purpose
Title ‫اﻟﻌﻨﻮان‬ ✔ Clearly describes contents
Authors ‫اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻔﻮن‬ ✔ Ensures recognition for the writer(s)
Abstract ‫اﻟﻤﻠﺨﺺ‬ ✔ Describes what was done
Keywords ‫ ✔ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ‬Ensures the article is correctly identified in abstracting
and indexing services
Introduction ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬ ✔ Explains the problem
Materials & Methods ‫ ✔ اﻟﻤﻮاد واﻻﺳﺎﻟﯿﺐ‬Explains how the data were collected
Results ‫اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬ ✔ Describes what was discovered
Discussion & ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬ ✔ Discusses the implications of the findings
Conclusions ‫واﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎت‬
Acknowledgment & ‫ﺷﻜﺮ وﺗﻘﺪﯾﺮ‬ ✔ Ensures those who helped in the research are recognised
Recommendations ‫وﺗﻮﺻﯿﺎت‬
References ‫اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻊ‬ ✔ Ensures previously published work is recognised
Appendices ‫اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻖ‬ ✔ Provides supplemental data for the expert reader
 Literature Review ‫ﻋﺮض اﻻدب‬
Questions a Lit Review Answers:
1. What do we already know in the immediate area concerned?
• Why write a literature review? Why Write a‫اﻟﻤﻌﻨﯿﺔ؟‬
Literature
‫اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮة‬Review?
‫ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻧﻌﺮﻓﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻓﻲ‬
2. What are the characteristics of the key concepts or the❑ mainTo factors or variables?
evaluate prior work that has been done in
• Common mistakes in literature reviewsyour ‫اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ؟‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮات‬
paper’s ‫أو اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ أو‬
research area‫ﻣﺎ ھﻲ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻤﻔﺎھﯿﻢ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ‬
3. What are Common
the relationships
mistakesbetween these key reviews:
in literature concepts, factors or variables?
• Questions a literature
❑ Literature review becomes should‫اﻟﺨﺎص‬
reviewa summary ofanswer
‫ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬
‫اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ؟‬
existing
‫ﻟﺘﻘﯿﯿﻢ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ اﻟﺬي ﺗﻢ إﻧﺠﺎزه ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺎ ھﻲ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت ﺑﯿﻦ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﻔﺎھﯿﻢ أو اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ أو اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮات‬
literature
4. What are the existing theories? ‫ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﺔ اﻷدﺑﯿﺎت ﻣﻠﺨﺼًﺎ ﻟﻸدﺑﯿﺎت اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة‬ ‫ﺑﻮرﻗﺘﻚ‬
• Example✔of No a poor literature
relationships are built
review ✔ To show relationships between different
‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮﯾﺎت اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة؟‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ھﻲ‬
5. Where are the inconsistencies or other shortcomings in our knowledge existing andwork
understanding? ‫ﻻ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺑﻨﺎء أي ﻋﻼﻗﺎت‬
• Example of a good literature review
✔ No reasons are given for including‫اﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎل‬
a citation ‫وﻓﮭﻤﻨﺎ؟‬‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﻨﺎﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﺧﺮى ﻓﻲ‬
‫إﻧﺠﺎزه‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺼﻮراﻟﺬي ﺗﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞأوﺟﮫ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻨﺎﻗﻀﺎت أو‬
‫أﯾﻦ ھﻲ ﻟﺘﻘﯿﯿﻢ‬
6. What views need to be (further) tested? ✔
• Frequently asked questions ‫إﻋﻄﺎء أي أﺳﺒﺎب ﻹدراج اﻻﻗﺘﺒﺎس‬
‫)ﻣﺰﯾﺪ(؟‬ ‫اﺧﺘﺒﺎر‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﺎج‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺨﺎصﻟﻢ ﯾﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺑﻮرﻗﺘﻚ‬‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫وﺟﮭﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ھﻲ‬
❑ Article is cited but its content and reason for ✔ limited?
being cited are not given
To show relationship between existing
7. What evidence is lacking, inconclusive, contradictory or too
‫اﻻﺳﺘﺸﮭﺎد ﺑﮭﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻐﺎﯾﺔ؟‬work‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮاھﺎ وﺳﺒﺐ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺤﺪودة‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﺳﻤﺔﯾﺘﻢأو ذﻛﺮ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﻀﺔ أو‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮوﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻢ‬
،‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺘﺸﮭﺎد‬
‫اﻟﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ أو‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ھﻲﺗﻢ اﻷدﻟﺔ‬
❑ (further)
Review
and your work
8. Why study theisresearch
exhaustive citing both bad and good work with no distinctions being made
problem?
‫واﻟﺠﯿﺪ دون أي ﺗﻤﯿﯿﺰ‬ ‫وﻋﻤﻠﻚ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲاﻟﺴﯿﺊ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺤﺚ؟ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬
‫اﻹﺷﺎرة إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ(ﻣﻊﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬‫ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻹظﮭﺎر‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻌﺔ‬
‫)ﻣﺰﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎذا دراﺳﺔ‬
❑ Review
9. What contribution can has too many
the present general
study ❑make?
references
be expected to To set the context for your research
‫اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ؟ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬
‫ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻊ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺪﻣﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺑﻚ ﺟﺪًا‬
‫ﻛﺒﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪد‬
‫اﻟﺨﺎصأن‬
‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺳﯿﺎق اﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮي‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎھﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ھﻲ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻌﯿﯿﻦ‬
❑ Review
10. What research designshasor too few specific
methods references
seem unsatisfactory?
‫اﻟﻤﺤﺪدة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻊ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺿﯿﺔ؟‬ ‫ﻣﻦﻏﯿﺮ‬‫اﻟﺘﻲﺪًاﺗﺒﺪو‬
‫ﻗﻠﯿﻞ ﺟ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎﻟﯿﺐ ﻋﺪد‬
‫اﻟﺒﺤﺜﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ھﻲﺗﺤﺘﻮي‬
‫اﻟﺘﺼﺎﻣﯿﻢ أو‬
 Literature Review (Cont.)
• Why write
Example a literature
of a poor literaturereview?
review:
Until
• recently many
Common researchers in
mistakes have shown interest
literature in the field of coastal erosion and the resulting beach profiles.
reviews
They have carried out numerous laboratory experiments and field observations to illuminate the darkness of this
field. Their findings and suggestions are reviewed here.
• Questions
JACHOWSKI
Why is the Previous
a literature
(1964) developed a review
Literature model should
investigation
Review
answer
Poor? conducted on the interlocking precast concrete block
❑• Example
seawall.
It isAfter
onlya aresult of a survey
summary
of a poor
of damages
ofliterature
prior researchcaused by ‫ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‬
review
the severe
‫ﻣﻠﺨﺺ‬ storm at the
‫ﻣﺠﺮد‬ ‫ إﻧﮫ‬coast of USA, a new and especially
❑ It does
shaped concrete
notblock
showwasthedeveloped for use between
relationships in shore protection. Thispieces
each of the block was designed tocited
of research be used in a revetment
type seawall that would be both durable and economical as well as reduce
‫اﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮرة‬ wave‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻷﺑﺤﺎث‬ run-up
‫ﻗﻄﻌﺔ‬and
‫ﻛﻞ‬ overtopping
‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت‬ and ‫ﯾ‬scour
‫ُﻈﮭﺮ‬ ‫وﻻ‬ at
its•base
Example of a good thatliterature
effective shorereview
❑ It or toe. It was
does not showproved
the relationship protection could be designed utilizing these units.
between prior research and the current research being
HOM-MA and HORIKAWA (1964) studied waves forces acting on the seawall which was located inside the surf
zone.done
• Frequently
Based on the asked questions
experimental results conducted to measure waves forces against a vertical wall, the authors
‫اﻟﺬي ﯾﺘﻢ إﺟﺮاؤه‬
proposed an empirical formula of wave pressure distribution on a‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬
seawall. The ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬results
computed ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﯾﻈﮭﺮ‬by‫وﻻ‬
obtained using
❑ above
the It is simply
formula a chronological
were compared wellorganization of prior
with the field data work
of wave pressure on a vertical wall.
SELEZOV and ZHELEZNYAK (1965) conducted experiments on scour of sea ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ‬
bottom in ‫زﻣﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ‬
front of ‫ﺑﺒﺴﺎطﺔ‬
harbor ‫إﻧﮫ‬
seawalls,
basing on the theoretical investigation of solitary wave interaction with a vertical wall using Boussinesque type
equation. It showed that the numerical results were in reasonable agreement with laboratory experimental data.

and so on.
 Literature Review (Cont.)
Example of a good literature review:
On the optimal container size in automated warehousesY. Roll, M.J. Rosenblatt and D. Kadosh, Proceedings of
the
WhyNinthisICPR
This Example a Good Lit
Automated storage and retrieval systems (AS/RS) are being introduced into the industry and warehousing
Review?
• The writers have:
at an increasing rate. Forecasts indicate that this trend will continue for the foreseeable future (see [1]).
❑ Grouped
Research similar
in the area information:
of AS/RS "Steudellseveral
has followed [13], Tanchoco
avenues. and Agee[14], Tanchoco et al. [15] and Grasso and
Early workTanchoco [5] studied
by Hausman, variousand
Schwarz aspects
Gravesof this
[6,subject.“
7] was concerned with storage assignment and interleaving
policies, based
‫ﺟﻮاﻧﺐ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ on turnover
[5] ‫وﺗﺎﻧﺸﻮﻛﻮ‬ ‫وﺟﺮاﺳﻮ‬rates of the ‫وﺗﺎﻧﺸﻮﻛﻮ‬
[15] .‫وآﺧﺮون‬ various،[14]items.‫وأﺟﻲ‬Elsayed
‫[ وﺗﺎﻧﺸﻮﻛﻮ‬3]
،[13]and Elsayed
‫ﺳﺘﯿﻮدﯾﻞ‬ and Stern
‫ "درس‬:‫ﻣﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ‬ ‫[ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬4]‫ﺟﻤﻌﺖ‬compared
•
algorithms for handling orders in AR/RS. Additional work by Karasawa et al. [9], Azadivar [2] and
".‫اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع‬ ‫ھﺬا‬Parry
‫ ﻣﻦ‬et al.
❑ shown
[11] deals withthe therelationship
design of anbetweenAS/RS the andwork
the determination of its throughput
of different researchers, showingbysimilarities/differences:
simulation and optimization "The
techniques.
general results, reflecting the stochastic nature of the flow of goods, are similar to those reported by
Several Rosenblatt
researchersand addressed the problem of the optimal handling unit (pallet or container) size, to be used in
Roll [12]."
material handling
‫اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﺋﯿﺔ ﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ‬ and‫ﺗﻌﻜﺲ‬
‫اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﺔ‬ warehousing systems.
‫ اﻟﺘﻲ‬،‫"اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ Steudell [13],
:‫اﻻﺧﺘﻼف‬/‫اﻟﺘﺸﺎﺑﮫ‬ ‫أوﺟﮫ‬Tanchoco and Agee[14],
‫ ﻣﻮﺿﺤﺔ‬،‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﯿﻦ‬Tanchoco
‫ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ‬et‫أظﮭﺮت‬
al. [15]
• and
Grasso and Tanchoco [5] studied various aspects of this subject. The‫روزﻧﺒﻼت‬
."[12] ‫ورول‬ last two‫ﻋﻨﮭﺎ‬
references incorporate
‫ﻟﺘﻠﻚ اﻟﺘﻲ أﺑﻠﻎ‬ the size of
‫ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﮭﺔ‬،‫اﻟﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ‬
the pallet, or unit load, in evaluation of the optimal lot sizes for multi-inventory systems with limited storage
space.❑ Indicated the position of the work in the research area history: "Early work by Hausman, Schwarz and
Graves
In a report on a[6, 7] . . case,
specific . " Normandin [10] has demonstrated that using the 'best-size' container can result in
considerable savings. A simulation" . . . [7 ،6] ‫وﺟﺮﯾﻔﺰ‬
model ‫ﻟﮭﻮﺳﻤﺎن وﺷﻮارﺗﺰ‬
combining ‫ اﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮ‬size
container ‫"اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬and
:‫اﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬capacity
warehouse ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫• أﺷﺎر إﻟﻰ‬
considerations, in
❑ Moved
an AS/RS environment,
from a generalwas developed
discussionby of Kadosh [8]. The
the research general
in AS/RS to results,
the morereflecting the stochastic
specific area nature of
(optimal container
the flowsize)
of goods, arethemselves
that they similar to arethose reported i.e.
researching by Rosenblatt and Rollwork
they relate previous [12].toNevertheless, container
their own to define size was
it, justify it
found toandaffect strongly
explain it. overall warehousing costs.
In this paper, we present an analytical framework for approximating the optimal size of a warehouse
‫ أﻧﮭﻢ ﯾﺮﺑﻄﻮن‬The
container. ‫ أي‬،‫ﺑﺄﻧﻔﺴﮭﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺬي ﯾﺒﺤﺜﻮن ﻓﯿﮫ‬
approximation (‫ﻟﻠﺤﺎوﯾﺔ‬on
is based ‫اﻷﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫)اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬
series of ‫ًا‬generalizations
‫إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺠﺎل اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬
andAS/RS
specific‫ ﻓﻲ‬assumptions.
‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ اﻧﺘﻘﻠﻮا ﻣﻦ‬these
However,
are valid for a wide range of real-life situations. The underlying assumptions .‫وﺗﺒﺮﯾﺮه وﺷﺮﺣﮫ‬of‫ﻟﺘﺤﺪﯾﺪه‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻤﻠﮭﻢ اﻟﺨﺎص‬
the model ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‬in the
are presented
 Literature Review (Cont.)

Suggestions for Writing a Literature Review

• Collect your references ‫ﺟﻤﻊ اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻊ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻚ‬
• Take notes of key points in article / book that may be useful or relevant
‫اﻟﻜﺘﺎب اﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻔﯿﺪة أو ذات ﺻﻠﺔ‬/‫• ﻗﻢ ﺑﺘﺪوﯾﻦ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﺣﻮل اﻟﻨﻘﺎط اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﻟﺔ‬
• Put references in appropriate format ‫ﺿﻊ اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬
• Write a research argument for your work ‫اﻛﺘﺐ ﺣﺠﺔ ﺑﺤﺜﯿﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻚ‬
• Cut and paste references in their appropriate places in the research argument
• ‫ﻗﺺ اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻊ وﻟﺼﻘﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ أﻣﺎﻛﻨﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺠﺔ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬
• Write review ‫أﻛﺘﺐ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﺔ‬
 Literature Review (Cont.)
Frequently Asked Questions
• Do I have to cite all the relevant literature? There is so much!

• No, you only need to be exhaustive on that literature which is specific to your research
problem.
.‫ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﯿﻚ ﺳﻮى أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﺷﺎﻣﻼً ﻓﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻷدﺑﯿﺎت اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻚ‬،‫• ﻻ‬
• More general literature should be used to set the context of the research and need not be
exhaustive
‫• ﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﺰﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻷدﺑﯿﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﺳﯿﺎق اﻟﺒﺤﺚ وﻟﯿﺲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﺮوري أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬
8
 Literature Review (Cont.)
Frequently Asked Questions
• What if I disagree with the research in an article?

• If the article is relevant to your research, you should write your disagreement and say why
you are pursuing a different approach
‫ ﻓﯿﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﯿﻚ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﺪم ﻣﻮاﻓﻘﺘﻚ وﺗﻮﺿﯿﺢ ﺳﺒﺐ اﺗﺒﺎﻋﻚ ﻟﻨﮭﺞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬،‫• إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﻟﺔ ذات ﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﺒﺤﺜﻚ‬

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 Literature Review (Cont.)
Frequently Asked Questions
• What if a reviewer tells me to add a reference that I think is
irrelevant?
• For a journal paper, you can disagree with the reviewer in your letter to the editor if you
document why you disagree
‫ ﯾﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﻋﺪم اﻻﺗﻔﺎق ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻊ ﻓﻲ رﺳﺎﻟﺘﻚ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺤﺮر إذا ﻗﻤﺖ ﺑﺘﻮﺛﯿﻖ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻋﺪم‬،‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺑﺤﺜﯿﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻮاﻓﻘﺘﻚ‬
• For a conference paper, it is often prudent to include the cite – probably the reviewer’s
paper.
.‫ رﺑﻤﺎ ورﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻊ‬- ‫ ﻏﺎﻟﺒًﺎ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﺗﻀﻤﯿﻦ اﻻﻗﺘﺒﺎس‬،‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻮرﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤﺮ‬
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 Literature Review (Cont.)
Frequently Asked Questions
• I see people cite statistics books and other common references. Do
I need to do that?

If you are using unusual methods, yes. If you are using methods common to your field,
no. You can assume that your readers will have this common background.

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 Literature Review (Cont.)
Frequently Asked Questions
• What format should I use for my reference section?

• Use the format that is recommended by the journal or conference you are
writing your paper for.
.‫• اﺳﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﺘﻨﺴﯿﻖ اﻟﺬي أوﺻﺖ ﺑﮫ اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺔ أو اﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﺬي ﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﻓﯿﮫ ورﻗﺘﻚ‬

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 Literature Review (Cont.)
Frequently Asked Questions
• Can I use web pages as references?

• Yes, but it is not recommended if you can find other sources.

.‫ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻻ ﯾﻨﺼﺢ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ إذا ﻛﺎن ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻧﻚ اﻟﻌﺜﻮر ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺼﺎدر أﺧﺮى‬،‫• ﻧﻌﻢ‬
• Web pages are not trusted, reviewed sources ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺎت اﻟﻮﯾﺐ ﻟﯿﺴﺖ ﻣﺼﺎدر ﻣﻮﺛﻮﻗﺔ وﻣﺮاﺟﻌﺔ‬
• Web pages are not archival and therefore may disappear even before your research is
published ‫ وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺨﺘﻔﻲ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻧﺸﺮ ﺑﺤﺜﻚ‬،‫ﺻﻔﺤﺎت اﻟﻮﯾﺐ ﻟﯿﺴﺖ أرﺷﯿﻔﯿﺔ‬

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 Materials & Methods ‫اﻟﻤﻮاد واﻷﺳﺎﻟﯿﺐ‬

❑ Include the frequency of observations, what types of data were recorded, etc.
.‫ وﻣﺎ إﻟﻰ ذﻟﻚ‬،‫ وأﻧﻮاع اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺴﺠﯿﻠﮭﺎ‬،‫❑ ﻗﻢ ﺑﺘﻀﻤﯿﻦ ﺗﻜﺮار اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺎت‬
❑ Be precise in describing measurements and include errors of measurement or research design
limits.
.‫❑ ﻛﻦ دﻗﯿﻘﺎ ً ﻓﻲ وﺻﻒ اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﺎت وﻗﻢ ﺑﺘﻀﻤﯿﻦ أﺧﻄﺎء اﻟﻘﯿﺎس أو ﺣﺪود ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬
 Results and Discussion ‫اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ واﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬
❑ Objectively present your findings and explain what was found.
.‫❑ اﻋﺮض ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺠﻚ ﺑﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﯿﺔ واﺷﺮح ﻣﺎ ﺗﻢ اﻟﻌﺜﻮر ﻋﻠﯿﮫ‬
❑ Show that your new results are contributing to the body of scientific knowledge.
.‫❑ أظﮭﺮ أن ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺠﻚ اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪة ﺗﺴﺎھﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﯿﺔ‬
❑ Follow a logical sequence based on the tables and figures presenting the findings to answer the question
or hypothesis.
.‫❑ اﺗﺒﻊ ﺗﺴﻠﺴﻼً ﻣﻨﻄﻘﯿًﺎ ﺑﻨﺎ ًء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﺪاول واﻷﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺮض اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻟﻺﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﺆال أو اﻟﻔﺮﺿﯿﺔ‬

❑ Figures should have a brief description (a legend), providing the reader sufficient information to know
how the data were produced.
.‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﻮﻓﺮ ﻟﻠﻘﺎرئ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻛﺎﻓﯿﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬،(‫❑ ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﺗﺤﺘﻮي اﻷﺷﻜﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ وﺻﻒ ﻣﻮﺟﺰ )وﺳﯿﻠﺔ إﯾﻀﺎح‬
❑ Describe what your results mean in context of what was already known about the subject.
.‫❑ ﺻﻒ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﻨﯿﮫ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺠﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺳﯿﺎق ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎن ﻣﻌﺮوﻓًﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع‬

❑ Indicate how the results relate to expectations and to the literature previously cited.
.‫❑ وﺿﺢ ﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ ارﺗﺒﺎط اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﻗﻌﺎت واﻷدﺑﯿﺎت اﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮرة ﺳﺎﺑﻘًﺎ‬
❑ Explain how the research has moved the body of scientific knowledge forward.
.‫❑ اﺷﺮح ﻛﯿﻒ دﻓﻊ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﯿﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻷﻣﺎم‬
 Conclusions and Recommendations ‫اﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎت واﻟﺘﻮﺻﯿﺎت‬
❑ Do not extend your conclusions beyond what is directly supported by your results -avoid undue
speculation.
.‫ وﺗﺠﻨﺐ اﻟﺘﻜﮭﻨﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ داﻋﻲ ﻟﮭﺎ‬،‫❑ ﻻ ﺗﻘﻢ ﺑﺘﻮﺳﯿﻊ اﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺗﻚ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺎ ھﻮ أﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺪﻋﻤﮫ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺠﻚ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ‬
❑ Outline the next steps for further study.
.‫❑ اﻟﺨﻄﻮط اﻟﻌﺮﯾﻀﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻄﻮات اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻟﻤﺰﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ‬

The main text and important considerations of the

❑
paper
The text is to be typed in font 12 Times New Roman or Palatino, single spaced.
❑ A4 size paper can be used.
❑ The entire text is in a single column format or double (Refer to the publisher).
❑ Authors maybe encouraged to use style template in Microsoft Word given by publisher.
 Figures and Photographs
❑ Figures are to be inserted into the text nearest its first reference
‫❑ ﯾﺠﺐ إدراج اﻷﺷﻜﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺺ اﻷﻗﺮب إﻟﻰ ﻣﺮﺟﻌﮫ اﻷول‬
❑ The text in the figures should be large enough so that the text is reasonably readable.
.‫❑ ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﻨﺺ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد ﻓﻲ اﻷﺷﻜﺎل ﻛﺒﯿﺮًا ﺑﺪرﺟﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﯿﺔ ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﻨﺺ ﻗﺎﺑﻼً ﻟﻠﻘﺮاءة ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻌﻘﻮل‬
❑ Figures must be numbered sequentially in Arabic numerals.
.‫❑ ﯾﺠﺐ ﺗﺮﻗﯿﻢ اﻷرﻗﺎم ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﺑﺎﻷرﻗﺎم اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ‬
❑ With the text font 9, figure caption must be placed below the figure and centered.
.‫ ﯾﺠﺐ وﺿﻊ اﻟﺘﺴﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻮﺿﯿﺤﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﻜﻞ أﺳﻔﻞ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ وﺗﻮﺳﯿﻄﮭﺎ‬،9 ‫❑ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺧﻂ اﻟﻨﺺ‬
 Tables
❑ Tables should be inserted in the text as close to the point of reference as possible.
.‫❑ ﯾﺠﺐ إدراج اﻟﺠﺪاول ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺺ ﻓﻲ أﻗﺮب ﻣﻜﺎن ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺟﻌﯿﺔ‬
❑ Tables should be numbered sequentially in the text in Arabic numerals.
.‫❑ ﯾﺠﺐ ﺗﺮﻗﯿﻢ اﻟﺠﺪاول ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺺ ﺑﺎﻷرﻗﺎم اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ‬
❑ Captions are to be centered above the tables as the following:
:‫❑ ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﺘﺴﻤﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﻮﺿﯿﺤﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ وﺳﻂ اﻟﺠﺪاول ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‬

❑ The table captions must be in font 9 Times New Roman.

❑ The text inside tables should be in font 9.
❑ If tables need to extend over to a second page or column, the continuation of the table
should be preceded by a caption, e.g. “Table 1 (Continued)”.
 Acknowledgments
❑ This section should be in font 9 and come before the references.
❑ Dedication may also be included.
References
❑ Type references in continuous format in font 9 Times New Roman with single line
spacing.
❑ The reference list should appear in alphabetical order by last name and references heading
is unnumbered.
Example:
❑ References in the text are as {Smith and Hox (1995)} using the last name of the author in
the citation, rather than numbers.
❑ When multiple references are used at the end of a sentence, enter them like this (Joan
1976, Mathew 2005, Roger 2007); order these references in the text by their year of
publication.
The difference between the scientific paper and the
report
 How to publish your paper?

“Good Journals are born in the hands of the editors and die in the hands of
businessman.”
"‫اﻟﻤﺠﻼت اﻟﺠﯿﺪة ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ﻓﻲ أﯾﺪي اﻟﻤﺤﺮرﯾﻦ وﺗﻤﻮت ﻓﻲ أﯾﺪي رﺟﺎل اﻷﻋﻤﺎل‬."
❑ Firstly, you submit your abstract
❑ If it is accepted then you will submit the whole paper.
Example:
Thank you for your Kind Attention

Questions?

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