ME 326 – Research Methods for ME

Long Quiz no. 2

1.
a.) Research Design - Ensuring that your methodologies and data analysis are
appropriate for your research goals and data is made easier by a well-planned
study design. Your goals and priorities should inform your study design decisions.
Start by carefully considering your goals.
b.) Exploratory Research- It is frequently employed when the problem you are
researching is brand new or when gathering the facts is difficult in some way. It is
also a research strategy that considers research problems that haven't been
thoroughly investigated before.
c.) Descriptive Research- is a suitable option when the goal of the research is to
find traits, occurrences, patterns, and classifications. A descriptive research
strategy can study one or more variables using a wide range of research
techniques.
d.) Causal Research- It determines the size and type of cause-and-effect
connections between two or more variables. and to forecast fictitious events and
results while enhancing current tactics.
E.) Secondary Data Analysis- It includes the use of data collected by someone else
by a researcher for the researcher's personal objectives. This is an actual activity
using the same fundamental research ideas as investigations using primary data.
f.) Experience Surveys- If you ask the correct questions, experience surveys can
provide you with excellent data. An experience survey enables you to record
respondents' feelings in light of their interactions with numerous connections.
g.) Case Analysis- It describes an actual administrative situation where a choice
must be made or an issue must be fixed. It is a well-known research strategy that
is widely applied across a wide range of academic fields.
h.) Focus Groups- is a research method that uses group discussion to gather data.
This includes asking a group of people questions about their attitudes and beliefs
toward specific goods, services, or ideas.
i.) Cross Sectional Study- This resembles an observational study design. It is an
empirical study that examines information on variables gathered at one particular
moment across a sample population.
j.) Longitudinal Study- This is a style of correlational research study that takes a
long-term approach to looking at variables. Risk variables or health consequences
are continuously or repeatedly observed over time.
k.) Experiments- A study that closely adheres to a scientific research design.
Experiments are studies that use two sets of variables and a scientific
methodology.
l.) Independent Variable- An independent variable is any variable to which a
value can be assigned without also assigning a value to any other variable.
Additionally, it serves as a proxy for a quantity that is being changed as part of an
experiment.
m.) Dependent Variable- An experimentally tested or measured variable. It is a
variable that operates alone and is unaffected by the other variables.
n.) Extraneous Variable- Anything that could influence the findings but is not an
independent variable. Any factors in your experiment that you are not specifically
examining
o.) Experimental Design- the method of preparing an experiment to verify a
theory. It speaks of how volunteers are divided among the various groups in an
experiment.
p.) Structure Approach- the placement of words in a sentence to create an
acceptable sentence structure. a strategy that focuses on memorizing sentence
patterns
q.) Credibility- the initial consideration, or criterion, that needs to be made. It
relates to how credible and acceptable a research account is, specifically with
regard to the degree of agreement.
2.) The three types of research designs are exploratory research design,
descriptive research design, and causal research design. Exploratory design is
helpful for gathering background knowledge and selecting future research
methodologies. It can raise additional issues that need different study
approaches. The qualitative survey is an example of an exploratory design.
Descriptive research design describes the characteristics of the market or
respondents. This style of research methodology produces quantitative data. As a
result, surveys would frequently be used in such a design. Scientific Classification
is an example of a descriptive research design. Causal research design focuses on
cause-and-effect connections. The most effective method for determining how
one variable might affect another is through a well-designed experiment. An
example of causal research design is when a marketer may want to determine the
cause of a dip in sales.
3.) A cross-sectional study is an empirical study that examines information on variables gathered at one
particular moment across a sample population. This resembles an observational study design. While a
longitudinal study is a type of correlational research study that looks at variables over time. The primary
distinction between the two types of research is that longitudinal studies track the same sample of
people over time, whereas cross-sectional studies interview a new sample of people each time they are
conducted. A longitudinal study is the opposite of a cross-sectional study. Cross-sectional studies gather
information from a large number of subjects at one time, whereas longitudinal studies gather
information from the same subjects over time, frequently concentrating on a smaller group of people
who share a characteristic. A medical study that looks at the incidence of cancer in a specific population
is an example of a cross-sectional study. The 1970 British Cohort Study is an example of a Longitudinal
Study

4.) An independent variable is any variable to which a value can be assigned without also assigning a
value to any other variable. A dependent variable is a variable that operates alone and is unaffected by
the other variables. An extraneous variable is anything that could influence the findings but is not an
independent variable. an example of independent variable is someone's age. a test score could be a
dependent variable. Time of day of testing might be an extraneous variable.

5.)

6.) Participants in a control group do not receive any of the experimental treatments. The individuals in
the control group act as a benchmark group. Let's say you wish to research a new ADHD medicine. A pill
that looks exactly like the one the other group received but is actually a placebo would be given to the
other group while the other group would receive the new treatment. The control group would be the
one that received the placebo. Participants exposed to a specific manipulation of the independent
variable make up an experimental group. These participants are the ones who get the treatment of
interest. Let's say you wish to research whether being able to focus while studying can be aided by
listening to various forms of music. Participants are divided into three groups at random: those who
listen to music with lyrics, those who don't, and those who don't. The control group consists of people
who don't listen to music while studying, while the two experimental groups consist of participants who
do.

7.) Rule number one is to collect more in order to learn more. It makes sense that you can gain deeper
insights about your audience if you have access to more data. Rule number two is to make data
collection as simple, seamless, and strategic as possible. It is essential to have a plan in place before you
begin collecting data. These are the top six data collection methods. Interviews, questionnaires, and
surveys Observations, documents and records, Focus groups and Oral histories

8.) The characteristics of a good measure or method of collecting data have four steps. 1. 'Define the
aim of your research' You must clearly define your goals before you can begin the data collection
process. 2 is Choose your data collection method. Choose the approach that is most appropriate for
your research based on the information you wish to gather. Choose the approach that is most
appropriate for your research based on the information you wish to gather. 3 is Plan your data collection
procedures. After choosing your approaches, you must carefully consider how you will put them into
practice. 4 and last is Collect the data. To measure or keep an eye on the variables you are interested in,
you can put your chosen techniques into practice.

9.) The sort of data you require to address your research topic will determine the research techniques
you choose. Use quantitative methods to quantify something or test a hypothesis. Use qualitative
methods to examine concepts, meanings, and concepts. instances when qualitative research is
frequently employed; creation and generation of new product ideas. examining the positioning and
marketing plan of a product, service, or brand, either existing or potential. Researchers often employ
quantitative data when the purpose of their study is to examine an issue or answer the "what" or "how
many" of a research question.

10.) tool 1: Participatory Methods: approaches to planning, executing, and evaluating development
projects that involve additional voices. An example of this is mapping. Tool 2 records and secondary
data, Compared to primary data, secondary data is thought to be easier to find. An example of this is
books or journals. Tool 3 is observation. It is the deliberate gathering of knowledge from a primary
source. An example of this is traffic patterns. Tool 4 is Surveys and Interviews While surveys can be
conducted on a large number of individuals, interviews, which ask respondents questions and record
their spoken responses, often have a greater response rate. Tool 5 is Focus Groups it is a study
technique that gathers a few people to respond to questions in a controlled environment. Tool 6 Diaries
and Self-Reported Checklists, Use if you wish to record details about everyday happenings in people's
life. Tool 7 Expert Judgment it is a project planning method that involves making a decision based on
knowledge, talent, or experience in a certain field. Tool 8 Delphi Technique it employs several rounds of
questionnaires distributed to a panel of experts to try to reach a consensus or agreement.