Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Materials Today: Proceedings

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr

Effect of ceramic reinforcements on the mechanical and tribological

properties of aluminium metal matrix composites – A review
Greegory Mathew *, Vijaya Kumar N. Kottur
Dwarkadas J. Sanghvi College of Engineering, Opp. Cooper Hospital, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai 400056, India

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Aluminium alloys were previously used by industries worldwide because of their excellent mechanical properties
Aluminium over other metallic alloys. However, the need for improved performance has shifted the focus to composites.
Composites Researchers have fabricated composites with various aluminium alloys as the base matrix and different ceramic
Ceramics
particulate as the reinforcements. These aluminium metal matrix composites (AlMMCs) were fabricated using
Reinforcements
Mechanical properties
various manufacturing processes such as stir casting, friction stir processing, accumulative roll bonding, in-situ
Tribological properties synthesisation using halide salts and pressure infiltration. This review article analyses the work carried out by
researchers in the area of AlMMCs and summarises the effect of reinforcement type, reinforcement size and
percentage proportion of reinforcements, on the mechanical and the tribological properties of AlMMCs.

1. Introduction 2. Aluminium alloys and reinforcements

Aluminium has been commonly used by various industries due to its AlMMCs are a type of lightweight, high-performance aluminium
excellent properties like high strength to weight ratio, corrosion resis­ centered composite material that can have any of the aluminium alloys
tance, malleability, ductility, etc. Aluminium and aluminium compos­ as the base material. Aluminium alloys (AA) can belong to any of the 8
ites are easy to fabricate and have been used for architectural different series. Alloys from the 1XXX series are essentially pure
applications like cladding panels and panel frameworks. Their low aluminium containing at least 99% aluminium by weight [1]. Copper is
weight makes them suitable for a large number of aeronautical and the dominant alloying element in the 2XXX series [2], while manganese,
automotive applications. They have been commonly used for aircraft silicon, and magnesium are the primary alloying elements in the 3XXX
seating, fuselage, wings, aircraft supporting structures, automobile [3], 4XXX [4], and 5XXX series [5], respectively. Alloys from the 6XXX
structures, powertrain and wheel applications, doors, bumpers and even series are primarily alloyed with magnesium and silicon [6] while those
for train coaches. They are used in the production of different consumer from the 7XXX series are alloyed with zinc [7]. The 8XXX series alloys
goods like televisions, laptops, smartphones, etc. Their high thermal are made up of elements that aren’t covered by the other series (AA8011
conductivity allows them to be used as heatsinks in electrical appliances. has iron and silicon as the major alloying elements [8]). Aluminum al­
Their low density and high ductility make them a good option for long loys and details of their alloying elements are shown in Table 1.
distance power lines. Reinforcements are added to the base alloy to improve the desired
In the recent past, significant efforts have been made to fabricate mechanical/tribological properties. Commonly used ceramic re­
aluminium metal matrix composites (AlMMCs) with improved perfor­ inforcements are carbides such as silicon carbide (SiC) [9], boron car­
mance and reduced costs. These composites were produced through bide (B4C) [13], zirconium carbide (ZrC) [14], titanium carbide (TiC)
different fabrication processes after considering various ceramic rein­ [15] and tungsten carbide (WC) [16], oxides such as aluminium oxide
forcement particles such as borides, carbides, oxides, nitrides, and their (Al2O3) [17], silicon dioxide (SiO2) [2], titanium dioxide (TiO2) [18],
combinations. Many of these combinations led to the formation of and zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) [19], borides such as titanium diboride
composites with improved mechanical, tribological and thermal (TiB2) [1] and zirconium diboride (ZrB2) [20], and nitrides such as
characteristics. boron nitride (BN) [21] and silicon nitride (Si3N4) [22]. Stir casting (SC)
[17], electromagnetic stir casting (ESC) [23], ultra-sonic assisted stir

* Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: greegory.mathew@djsce.ac.in (G. Mathew), vijaykumar.kottur@djsce.ac.in (V.K.N. Kottur).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.09.099
Received 14 June 2023; Received in revised form 9 September 2023; Accepted 12 September 2023
2214-7853/Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 1st International
Conference on Advanced Materials, Manufacturing and Industrial Engineering – 2023.

Please cite this article as: Greegory Mathew, Vijaya Kumar N. Kottur, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.09.099
G. Mathew and V.K.N. Kottur Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Table 1
Proportion of alloying elements (%).
Alloy Cr Cu Fe Mg Mn Ni Si Ti Zn Ref

AA1050 – 0.001 0.1 0.001 0.02 – 0.05 0.04 0.002 [1]

AA1100 – 0.041 0.132 0.005 0.052 – 0.074 – 0.022 [9]
AA2024 0.1 3.9 0.45 1.4 0.85 – 0.2 0.05 0.2 [2]
AA3003 – 0.1 0.7 – 1.3 – 0.6 – 0.1 [3]
AA3004 – – 0.6 1 1.1 – 0.25 – – [10]
AA4015 – 0.004 0.099 0.059 0.001 0.001 2.313 0.005 0.004 [11]
AA4032 0.1 0.9 – 1 0.415 0.8 11.53 – 0.25 [4]
AA5052 0.2 0.01 0.3 2.5 0.05 – 0.13 0.03 [12]
AA5083 0.13 0.022 0.332 4.6 0.82 – 0.128 0.012 0.008 [5]
AA6061 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.84 0.03 – 0.62 0.1 0.1 [6]
AA7075 0.21 1.42 0.42 2.42 0.12 – 0.13 0.11 5.4 [7]
AA8011 0.002 0.002 0.8 0.02 0.015 – 0.72 0.009 0.002 [8]

Table 2
AlMMC’s with AA1100/AA1050 as the base matrix.
Alloy Reinforcement Method Improvement/Conclusion Ref

Type Size Proportion

AA1100 ZrO2 48.6 nm 0.50, 0.75, 1 vol% ARB 115.2% increase in TS with 1 vol% ZrO2 [19]
AA1100 Al2O3 – 2, 4 wt% SC Increase of 24.3% and 47.1% in TS and H while 50% decrease in WR, with 4% Al2O3 [17]
AA1050 TiB2 3 μm 65 vol% PI Increase of 41.7%, 602.7%, 742.4% and 737.9% in DE, TS, CYS and H, with 65 vol% TiB2 [1]
AA1100 B4C 100 nm 10, 20, 30 vol% SC Increasing the vol.% of B4C increases TS and H, and reduces wear [13]
AA1100 SiC 25 μm 3, 6, 9, 12 wt% SC Increase of 51.5%, 178.1% and 124.2% in H, YS and PE, with 12% SiC [9]

casting (USC) [24], accumulative roll bonding (ARB) [19], pressure Table 2.
infiltration (PI) [1], powder metallurgy (PM) [25], in-situ synthesisation
(INS) [15] and friction stir processing (FSP) [26] are some of the
methods employed for the fabrication of composites. 3.2. Base alloys from the 2xxx series

3. Effect of reinforcements on the mechanical and the S. Reddy et al. [27] showed that 2% SiC reinforcement resulted in
tribological properties superior tensile strength, hardness, and impact resistance, while 1% SiC
reinforcement exhibited the highest flexural strength. Gallardo et al.
The influence of reinforcements on the mechanical and the tribo­ [25] achieved notable improvements in microhardness, compression
logical properties of AlMMCs, fabricated using base alloys from the yield strength, and ultimate compression strength with 2% B4C rein­
various aluminium series as discussed previously, is presented below. forcement and T6 heat treatment. S. P. Reddy and Reddy [14] found that
30% ZrC reinforcement increased the material’s density significantly.
Yang et al. [15] observed increased ultimate tensile strength and yield
3.1. Base alloys from the 1xxx series strength with 1.5% TiC reinforcement and T6 heat treatment but noted
25% decreased ductility. Gowda et al. reported enhanced hardness, ul­
Salimi et al. [19] demonstrated a remarkable 115.2% increase in timate tensile strength, ultimate compressive strength, and Young’s
tensile strength when incorporating 1% ZrO2, while Biradar and modulus with 3% WC reinforcement, although ductility decreased with
Mashetty [17] observed notable improvements in tensile strength and increasing fraction of WC reinforcement. Kok [28] demonstrated
hardness with 4% Al2O3 reinforcement. However, these improvements improved density, hardness, and tensile strength with 30% Al2O3 rein­
in strength were accompanied by a reduction of 74.8% and 28% in forcement. Shayan et al. [2] observed substantial improvements in
ductility. A 50% reduction in wear rate (at 3 kg load) was also observed various mechanical properties with 0.5% SiO2 reinforcement. Nour­
with 4% Al2O3. Ko et al. [1] achieved substantial enhancements in bakhsh et al. [18] reported increased density and microhardness with
density, ultimate tensile strength, compressive yield strength, and 1.5% TiO2 reinforcement, along with improved ultimate strength at 1%
hardness by utilizing 65% TiB2 reinforcement. In H18 heat treated TiO2, but decreased percentage elongation and wear rate with 1.5%
AA1100/B4C composites, Alavala [13] found that both tensile strength TiO2 reinforcement. Kennedy et al. [29] found that 6% ZrO2 reinforce­
and microhardness increases with an increase in B4C fraction. Moha­ ment reduced corrosion rates and increased hardness. Dey et al. [30]
nakumara et al. [9] added 5 wt% Mg to improve the wettability between achieved an increase in microhardness and a reduction in wear rates (at
the matrix and reinforcements, and reported significant gains in hard­ 10 N load) with 7% TiB2 reinforcement. Rebba and Ramanaiah [31]
ness, yield strength, and percentage elongation with 12% SiC rein­ reported enhanced hardness, ultimate tensile strength, and yield
forcement. To summarise, 65% TiB2 reinforcement in AA1050 matrix strength with 4% MoS2 reinforcement, along with increased percentage
led to a very high tensile strength of 470 MPa and more than 700% elongation at 1% MoS2 reinforcement. Khatavkar et al. [21] observed a
improvement in hardness [1]. 12% SiC reinforcement in AA100 matrix decrease in density with 9% BN reinforcement, but hardness with 9% BN
led to high yield strength of around 144 MPa [9], while 30% B4C and wear rate (at 10 N load) with 6% BN reinforcement showed sig­
increased microhardness to 520 KHV [13] and 4% Al2O3 led to 50% nificant improvements. Muralidharan et al. [20] achieved substantial
reduction in wear [17]. The improvements in tensile strength (TS), yield improvements in microhardness and tensile strength with 10% in situ
strength (YS), impact strength (IS), flexural strength (FS), percentage synthesised ZrB2 reinforcement (using inorganic salts K2ZrF6 and KBF4).
elongation (PE), hardness (H), microhardness (MH), wear rate (WR), Xiu et al. [22] obtained a high tensile strength of 360 MPa by utilizing
friction coefficient (COF), compressive yield strength (CYS), compres­ 45 vol% Si3N4 reinforcement and T6 heat treatment. Their findings are
sive strength (CS), density (DE), Youngs modulus (YM), shear strength presented in Table 3 and Fig. 1. To conclude, reinforcing AA2024 matrix
(SS), corrosion rate (CR), and Knoop hardness (KH) are summarised in with 1.5% TiC led to composites with substantially high tensile strength

2
G. Mathew and V.K.N. Kottur Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Table 3
AlMMC’s with AA2024 as the base matrix.
Alloy Reinforcement Method Improvement/Conclusion Ref

Type Size Proportion

AA2024 SiC 35 μm 1, 2, 3, 4 wt% SC High TS, H and IS with 2% SiC, while high FS with 1% SiC [27]
AA2024 B4C 7 μm 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 wt% PM Increase of 68%, 39.7% and 26.8% in MH, CYS and CS, with 2% B4C [25]
AA2024 ZrC 100 10, 20, 30 vol% SC Improvement in TS with increase in ZrC % [14]
nm
AA2024 TiC 48 μm 1.5 wt% INS Increase of 15.3% and 17.5% in TS and YS with 1.5 wt% TiC [15]
AA2024 WC 60 μm 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 wt% SC Increase of 9%, 57.6%, 60.7% and 4.8% in H, TS, YM and CS, with 3% WC [16]
AA2024 Al2O3 66 μm 10, 20, 30 wt% SC Increase of 31.1% and 29.4% in H and TS with 30% Al2O3 [28]
AA2024 SiO2 6 nm 0.5, 1 vol% SC Increase of 15.7%, 27.8%, 10.2%, 166.7%, 7.8% and 12.6% in H, TS, YS, PE, FS and SS, with 0.5 vol% [2]
SiO2
AA2024 TiO2 20 nm 0.5, 1, 1.5 vol% SC 31.6% increase and 68% decrease in MH and WR with 1.5 vol% TiO2. 14.7% increase in TS with 1 vol% [18]
TiO2
AA2024 ZrO2 50 nm 2, 4, 6 wt% SC 44.4% decrease in CR and 14.3% increase in H with 6% ZrO2 [29]
AA2024 TiB2 14 μm 7% SC 30.3% increase in MH and 32.5% a decrease in WR with 7% TiB2 [30]
AA2024 MoS2 40 μm 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 wt% SC Increase of 37.9%, 17.4% and 27.3% in H, TS and YS, with 4% MoS2. 21.7% increase in PE with 1% [31]
MoS2
AA2024 BN 8 μm 3, 6, 9 wt% SC 48% increase in H with 9% BN. 23.6% decrease in WR with 6% BN [21]
AA2024 Si3N4 1.5 μm 45 vol% PI A high TS of 360 MPa with 45 vol% of Si3N4 [22]
AA2024 ZrB2 – 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 wt INS Increase of 111.5% and 77.4% in MH and TS, with 10% ZrB2 [20]
%

Fig. 1. Improvement in properties of AlMMC’s with AA2024 as the base matrix.

of 392 MPa, yield strength of 370 MPa and microhardness of 208 HV [3] while the normalised tensile strength with 30% SiO2 was found to be
[15]. A flexural strength of 442 MPa was observed with 0.5% SiO2 re­ more than 2 [32].
inforcements [2], while 30% Al2O3 increased hardness to 118 BHN [28]
and 1.5% TiO2 decreased wear by 68% [18].
3.4. Base alloys from the 4xxx series

3.3. Base alloys from the 3xxx series V. K. Reddy & Reddy [34] investigated B4C reinforced and H14 heat
treated composites and observed a remarkable 175% increase in Knoop
Veeresh Kumar, Gowtham et al. [3] reported that 4.5% SiC rein­ hardness with 30% B4C reinforcement, highlighting its capacity to
forcement increased density and significantly reduced wear rates (at 10 enhance material hardness significantly. The wear rate was also found to
N load and a sliding distance of 3000 m), showcasing its potential for reduce with increasing B4C%. Similarly, Reddy A C [35] and V. K. Reddy
improving the alloy’s tribological performance. K. A. Kumar et al. [26] & Reddy [36] explored the effects of SiO2 and TiB2 reinforcements
found that 6% TiO2 reinforcement led to substantial increases in respectively and concluded that both Knoop hardness and wear rate
microhardness, tensile strength, and yield strength, highlighting its improves with an increase in the fraction of these reinforcements. The
effectiveness in enhancing mechanical properties through friction stir composites with SiO2 reinforcements were subjected to H14 heat
processing. Rajan & Reddy [32] discussed the micromechanical treatment while the ones with TiB2 were subjected to H16 heat treat­
behaviour of solution treated and cold rolled AA3003/SiO2 composites. ment. Rajan & Reddy [37] focused on TiC reinforced, solution treated
P. R. Reddy and Reddy [33] showed that 30% ZrO2 reinforcement cold rolled composites, and found that 30% TiC reinforcement led to
increased density and tensile strength while Liu et al. [10] observed that high tensile strength. P. R. Reddy & Reddy [38] analysed ZrO2 rein­
3% TiB2 reinforcement and precipitation heat treatment significantly forced composites, where an increase in vol.% of reinforcements did not
reduced creep strain. Their findings are presented in Table 4 and Fig. 2. significantly affect the stiffness and tensile strength of the composite,
To summarise, reinforcing AA3003 matrix with 6% TiO2 led to com­ suggesting the need for further exploration of material behaviour in such
posites with improved tensile strength of 212 MPa, yield strength of 143 composites. Alavala [39] studied Si3N4 reinforced H18 heat treated
MPa and microhardness of 101 HV [26]. 4.5% SiC reduced wear by 68% composites, with 30% Si3N4 reinforcement leading to high Knoop

3
G. Mathew and V.K.N. Kottur Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Table 4
AlMMC’s with AA3003/AA3004 as the base matrix.
Alloy Reinforcement Method Improvement/Conclusion Ref

Type Size Proportion

AA3003 SiC 25 μm 1.5, 3, 4.5 wt% SC 68.4% decrease in WR with 4.5% SiC [3]
AA3003 TiO2 – 1.5, 3, 4.5, 6 wt% FSP Increase of 88.8%, 84.3% and 98.6% in MH, TS, and YS, with 6% TiO2 [26]
AA3003 SiO2 100 nm 10, 20, 30 vol% SC High TS with 30 vol% SiO2 [32]
AA3003 ZrO2 100 nm 10, 20, 30 vol% SC High TS with 30 vol% ZrO2 [33]
AA3004 TiB2 20–80 nm 1.5, 3 wt% SC 50% decrease in creep strain with 3% TiB2 [10]

hardness. Similar to other studies, the wear rate reduced due to ultimate tensile strength, and yield strength with TiB2 reinforcement in
increasing reinforcement fraction. D. Kumar & Singh [4] reported AA5083, emphasizing its potential for enhancing mechanical properties.
enhanced tensile strength, percentage elongation, microhardness, and N. Kumar et al. [12] showed that ZrB2 reinforcement in aluminum alloy
impact strength, with 6% SiC reinforcement. Their findings are pre­ 5052 through in situ synthesisation using inorganic salts K2ZrF6 and
sented in Table 5 and Fig. 2. From the above studies, it was observed that KBF4, resulted in enhanced percentage elongation with 3% ZrB2, sig­
reinforcing AA4032 alloy with 6% SiC led to composites with better nificant increase in tensile strength and yield strength with 9% ZrB2, and
tensile strength (around 138 MPa) and high micro hardness (around 216 increased hardness with 10% ZrB2. Sayed et al. [5] demonstrated that
VHN) [4]. Introducing 30%B4C in AA4015 led to composites with Knoop SiO2 reinforcement through friction stir processing increased micro­
hardness of 550 KHV [34]. hardness, tensile strength, and percentage elongation, showcasing the
versatility of these composites for mechanical property enhancement.
3.5. Base alloys from the 5xxx series Their findings are presented in Table 6 and Fig. 3. From their studies, it
can be deduced that reinforcing AA5083 with SiO2 can lead to com­
Bathula et al. [40] observed a substantial increase in microhardness, posites with tensile strength of more than 330 MPa [5], while 5% TiB2
elastic modulus, and compressive strength by incorporating 10% SiC can result in composites with yield strength of 232 MPa and hardness of
reinforcement through powder metallurgy. However, a decrease in 105 BHN [47]. 10% SiC can increase microhardness to 280 HV [40]
percentage elongation suggests a trade-off between strength and while a 32% reduction in wear can be achieved with TiC reinforcements
ductility. Yuvaraj et al. [41] reported that incorporating B4C re­ [42].
inforcements through friction stir processing reduces wear rate, friction
coefficient, and percentage elongation, while increasing microhardness 3.6. Base alloys from the 6xxx series
and tensile strength. Jain et al. [42] explored TiC reinforced composites
and showed that TiC reinforcemens improve hardness, tensile strength Swamy et al. [48] found that the addition of 3% WC reinforcement in
and wear resistance but decrease percentage elongation. Kishore et al. AA6061 led to notable improvements in hardness, tensile strength, and
[43] demonstrated that WC reinforcement in AA5052 alloy led to compression strength, while decrease in percentage elongation indi­
reduced wear rates and friction coefficient with increasing fraction of cated a trade-off between strength and ductility. Additionally, the
WC in the matrix. Siddaraju et al. [44] found that Al2O3 reinforcement composite exhibited a substantial reduction in wear rate (at 10 N load
upto 6% in AA5083 improved tensile strength, yield strength and and a sliding distance of 3000 m). Maurya et al. [23] incorporated 5%
microhardness, while percentage elongation reduces with Al2O3 rein­ SiC reinforcement through electromagnetic stir casting, resulting in
forcement. Ahmadifar et al. [45] investigated TiO2 reinforced compos­ modest gains in density, hardness, and tensile strength. Gudipudi et al.
ites, observing increased ultimate tensile strength and microhardness [24] introduced B4C reinforcement through ultrasonic-assisted stir
but decreased percentage elongation. Shahraki et al. [46] found that casting, showcasing improvements in microhardness, yield strength, and
ZrO2 reinforcement enhanced microhardness and tensile strength, with tensile strength at 4% reinforcement. However, a significant reduction
a minor increase in yield strength and a decrease in percentage elon­ in percentage elongation was observed, and impact strength decreased
gation. Pirlari et al. [47] reported significant improvements in hardness, by 86.6% at 8% reinforcement. The composites were subjected to T6

Fig. 2. Improvement in properties of AlMMC’s with AA 1XXX, 3XXX and 4XXX as the base matrix.

4
G. Mathew and V.K.N. Kottur Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Table 5
AlMMC’s with AA4015/AA4032 as the base matrix.
Alloy Reinforcement Method Improvement/Conclusion Ref

Type Size Proportion

AA4015 B4C 100 nm 10, 20, 30 vol% SC 175% increase in KH with 30 vol% B4C [34]
AA4015 SiO2 100 nm 10, 20, 30 vol% SC Increase in KH and reduction in WR with increasing SiO2 vol.% [35]
AA4015 TiB2 100 nm 10, 20, 30 vol% SC Increase in KH and reduction in WR with increasing TiB2 vol.% [36]
AA4015 TiC 100 nm 10, 20, 30 vol% SC Increase in TS with increasing TiC vol.% [37]
AA4015 ZrO2 100 nm 10, 20, 30 vol% SC No significant effect of ZrO2 on TS [38]
AA4015 Si3N4 100 nm 10, 20, 30 vol% SC Increase in KH and reduction in WR with increasing Si3N4 vol.% [39]
AA4032 SiC 37–54 μm 3, 6, 9 wt% SC Increase of 29.6%, 38.3%, 57.7% and 72.7% in TS, PE, MH and IS, with 6% SiC [4]

heat treatment. T. S. Kumar et al. [49] reported that adding 15% ZrC 3.7. Base alloys from the 7xxx series
reinforcement resulted in substantial enhancements in microhardness,
yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and wear reduction (at a load of Baradeswaran & Elaya Perumal [59] observed that incorporating
9.81 N and a sliding distance of 2000 m), albeit with reduced percentage 20% B4C reinforcement and T6 heat treatment led to significant en­
elongation. Veeresh Kumar, Pramod, et al. [6] reported that 8% TiC hancements in hardness, tensile strength, compression strength, and
reinforcement led to significant gains in hardness, tensile strength, and flexural strength, however the wear rate was lowest with 10% B4C.
wear properties (over a distance of 2544 m). However, this composite Havalagi & Mallur [60] found that the composite with 7% TiC rein­
exhibited decreased percentage elongation. Kandpal et al. [50] forcement exhibited notable increases in yield strength, tensile strength,
concluded that Al2O3 reinforcements in AA6061 can improve ultimate and hardness. However, it also led to a decrease in percentage elonga­
tensile strength and hardness, with the composite containing 20% tion. T. V. Kishore [61] reported that incorporating 6% WC reinforce­
reinforcement exhibiting the highest values. Prakash et al. [51] ment led to significant gains in ultimate tensile strength and
observed that incorporating 6% SiO2 reinforcement in AA6061 microhardness. Nevertheless, this composite experienced a notable
increased hardness and ultimate tensile strength, while also reducing reduction in impact strength. G. B. V. Kumar et al. [62] found that the
wear loss (at a load of 30 N and a speed of 300 rpm). Ramesh et al. [52] composite with 6% Al2O3 reinforcement exhibited increases in density,
concluded that TiO2 reinforcement reduced wear coefficient (at load of microhardness, tensile strength, and wear resistance. Saritha et al. [63]
30 N and sliding distance of 360 m) at 8% reinforcement. G. B. V. Kumar showed that the composite with 3% ZrO2 reinforcement resulted in
et al. [53] showed that ZrO2 reinforcement in AA6061 could signifi­ slight improvements in tensile strength, percentage elongation and
cantly increase hardness and tensile strength, but at the expense of microhardness. Bhowmik et al. [64] found that incorporating 9% TiB2
ductility. 6% ZrO2 led to 79.1% reduction in wear (at a load of 20 N). reinforcement resulted in reduced wear rate and friction coefficient (at a
Suresh et al. [54] indicated that incorporating 12% TiB2 reinforcement load of 20 N), indicating improved tribological properties. Vithal et al.
led to remarkable enhancements in microhardness, tensile strength, [65] observed that the composite with 15% ZrB2 reinforcement expe­
yield strength and wear properties (at a load of 10 N and after 300 s), rienced improvements in microhardness and a significant reduction in
while causing a significant reduction in percentage elongation. Mukesh wear rate (at velocity of 100 m/min, load of 14.72 N, time period of 45
et al. [55] found that incorporating 9% BN reinforcement resulted in min). Ul Haq & Anand A [66] concluded that the composite with 8%
increased microhardness and reduced wear rate (at a load of 30 N). Si3N4 reinforcement exhibited increases in density, microhardness, and
Studies were also conducted using MoS2 [56], ZrB2 [57] and Si3N4 [58] compression strength. Additionally, it showed a substantial reduction in
reinforcements. Table 7 and Fig. 4 presents details of composites with wear rate (at a load of 20 N), highlighting its potential for applications
AA66061 as the matrix. It can be inferred from above studies that 20% requiring wear resistance. However, an increase in coefficient of friction
Al2O3 in AA6061 can lead to a high tensile strength of 310 MPa, [50] (18.2%) was also observed for the composite. Studies were also con­
while 4% B4C can increase yield strength to 200 MPa and microhardness ducted using SiC [7] and MoS2 [67] reinforcements. Their findings are
to about 145 HV [24]. 8% TiC increases hardness upto 101 BHN [6] presented in Table 8 and Fig. 5. To summarise, the various re­
while 6% ZrO2 reduces wear by about 79% [53]. inforcements have led to improvement in mechanical and tribological
properties. AA7075 reinforced with 20% B4C can result in composites
with tensile strength of 300 MPa and hardness of 210 BHN [59] while
7% TiC can result in high yield strength of 185 MPa and microhardness

Table 6
AlMMC’s with AA5083/AA5052 as the base matrix.
Alloy Reinforcement Method Improvement/Conclusion Ref

Type Size Proportion

AA5083 SiC 20 nm 10 wt% PM Increase of 185.7%, 85.3% and 170.2% in MH, YM and CS, with 10% SiC [40]
AA5083 B4C 20 μm – FSP Decrease of 27% and 25% in WR and COF, and increase of 42% and 4.2% in MH and TS [41]
AA5083 TiC 5 μm – FSP Increase of 46.4% and 7.4% in H and TS, and a decrease of 32.2% in WR [42]
AA5052 WC 16 μm 1, 3, 5 wt% SC Reduction in WR and COF with increase in WC% [43]
AA5083 Al2O3 30–50 2, 4, 6, 8 vol% SC Increase of 29.5%, 29.7% and 24.7% in TS, YS and MH with 6 vol% Al2O3 [44]
nm
AA5083 TiO2 15 nm 7 vol% FSP 7 vol% TiO2 led to an increase of 9.3% and 34.4% in TS and MH [45]
AA5083 ZrO2 10–15 – FSP Increase of 47.3%, 9.4% and 2% in MH, TS and YS [46]
nm
AA5083 TiB2 – 1, 3, 5 vol% INS Increase of 36.4%, 36.2% and 78.5% in H, TS and YS with 5 vol% TiB2. 36.2% increase in PE with 1 vol% [47]
TiB2
AA5083 SiO2 – – FSP Increase of 23.8%, 5.5% and 11.4% in MH, TS and PE [5]
AA5052 ZrB2 – 3, 6, 9 and 10 vol INS 160.5% increase in PE with 3% ZrB2. Increase of 80.9% and 83.6% in TS and YS, with 9% ZrB2. 52.9% [12]
% increase in H with 10% ZrB2

5
G. Mathew and V.K.N. Kottur Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 3. Improvement in properties of AlMMC’s with AA5083, AA5052 and AA8011 as the base matrix.

of 454 HV [60]. An almost 90% reduction in wear can be achieved with with 20% Si3N4 reinforcement experienced increases in tensile strength,
2% MoS2 reinforcement [67]. yield strength, and microhardness. Moreover, it exhibited a remarkable
reduction in wear rate (at a load of 20 N), highlighting its potential for
wear-resistant applications. A 207.7% increase in friction coefficient
3.8. Base alloys from the 8xxx series
was observed for the composite with 15% Si3N4. Munivenkatappan et al.
[72] reported a reduction in wear rate with 4% ZrB2 however a signif­
Tamilarasan & Sampath [68] found that the composite with 5% SiC
icant increase in wear rate (more than 40%) was reported for the com­
reinforcement exhibited a notable increase in percentage elongation.
posite with 8% ZrB2 reinforcement, suggesting that the impact of
However, higher concentrations of SiC led to decreases in tensile
reinforcement on wear behaviour can vary depending on the material
strength and flexural strength, highlighting the need for careful selection
and content. Chandrasekar et al. [73] employed the accumulative roll
of reinforcement content. Munivenkatappan et al. [69] showed that in-
bonding technique to reinforce AA8011 with WC, ZrC, and B4C,
situ reaction-based fabrication of composites with 8% TiB2 reinforce­
resulting in substantial improvements in microhardness and tensile
ment resulted in increased microhardness, tensile strength, and density.
strength showcasing the effectiveness of this technique for enhancing
Additionally, the composite with 4% reinforcement exhibited enhanced
mechanical properties. Their findings are presented in Table 9 and
percentage elongation. Abdullah and Ansari [8] indicated that the
Fig. 3. From the discussed studies, it can be observed that substantially
composite with 20% Al2O3 reinforcement displayed improved hardness,
strong composites with tensile strength of 430 MPa can be obtained by
and tensile strength. However, a trade-off was observed with decreased
reinforcing AA8011 with 8% B4C [73]. The microhardness however was
percentage elongation and impact strength. Thippeswamy & Sathisha
131 HV. 20% Si3N4 in AA8011 can improve yield strength to 135 MPa
[70] reported that the composite with 6% ZrO2 reinforcement exhibited
and reduce wear by 60% [71]. A flexural strength of 195 MPa can be
the highest tensile strength, compression strength, and microhardness,
achieved with 3% SiC [68].
while the composite with 4% reinforcement had the highest percentage
elongation, showcasing the importance of reinforcement content in
tailoring specific properties. Fayomi et al. [71] found that the composite

Table 7
AlMMC’s with AA6061 as the base matrix.
Alloy Reinforcement Method Improvement/Conclusion Ref

Type Size Proportion

AA6061 WC 5 μm 1, 2, 3, 4 wt% SC Increase of 15%, 56.6% and 48.5% in H, TS and CS, and 59.4% decrease in WR, with 3% WC [48]
AA6061 SiC 32 μm 1, 2, 3, 5 wt% ESC Increase of 12.5% and 4.3% in H and TS, with 5% SiC [23]
AA6061 B4C 30 μm 2, 4, 5, 6, 8 wt% USC Increase of 53.5%, 127.9% and 36.3% in specific MH, specific YS, and specific TS, with 4% B4C [24]
AA6061 ZrC 1–5 μm 5, 10, 15 vol% SC Increase of 112.5%, 72% and 39.8% in MH, YS and TS, and a 55.9% decrease in WR, with 15 vol% ZrC [49]
AA6061 TiC 50 μm 2, 4, 6, 8 wt% SC Increase of 86.2% and 74.9% in H and TS, and a 15.5% decrease in wear, with 8% TiC [6]
AA6061 Al2O3 – 5, 10, 15, 20 wt% SC Increase in TS and H with increasing Al2O3% [50]
AA6061 SiO2 30–33 2, 4, 6 wt% SC Increase of 40% and 10.3% in H and TS, and a decrease of 14.8% in wear, with 6% SiO2 [51]
µm
AA6061 TiO2 10–20 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 wt% SC 25.3% decrease in in wear coefficient with 8% TiO2. 21.6% increase in H with 10% TiO2 [52]
µm
AA6061 ZrO2 200 nm 2, 4, 6 wt% SC Increase of 66.3% and 89.8% in H and TS, and a decrease of 50.2% and 79.1% in ductility and wear, [53]
with 6% ZrO2
AA6061 TiB2 – 3, 6, 9, 12 wt% SC Increase of 72.5%, 72.1% and 100.6% in MH, TS and YS, and a decrease of 82.1% and 55.8% in PE and [54]
wear, with 12% TiB2
AA6061 MoS2 2 μm 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5.5 wt SC Increase of 4.9%, 28.1%, 3.8% and 7.8% in TS, YS, IS and H, with 4% MoS2 [56]
%
AA6061 BN – 3, 6, 9 wt% SC 27.9% increase in MH and 48% decrease in WR, with 9% BN [55]
AA6061 Si3N4 10 μm 5, 15 wt% SC 56.9% increase in H with 5% Si3N4 [58]
AA6061 ZrB2 – 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 wt SC Increase of 68.9%, 50.6% and 37.5% in MH, TS and YS and a 46.3% decrease in PE, with 2% ZrB2 [57]
%

6
G. Mathew and V.K.N. Kottur Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 4. Improvement in properties of AlMMC’s with AA6061 as the base matrix.

4. Conclusion hardness, wear rate, etc. However, for most composites, this improve­
ment comes at the expense of a decrease in ductility. Aluminium alloys
Researchers have fabricated numerous AlMMCs with various can be reinforced using a mix of two distinct ceramic reinforcements for
aluminium alloys as the base matrix and reinforcement particles such as the best improvement in all properties. Future research may focus on
borides, carbides, oxides, nitrides, etc. as the reinforcements. Based on analysing the impact of such hybrid reinforcements on aluminium metal
the articles referred, it can be concluded that AA2024, AA6061, AA7075 matrix composites and the overall improvement achieved in its me­
and AA5083 are the commonly used alloys for the base matrix while chanical and tribological properties. The properties of the composites
ZrO2, SiC, TiB2, B4C, TiC and Al2O3 are the commonly used re­ are also influenced by the type of fabrication method employed and on
inforcements. Researchers have used reinforcement particulate of the process parameters selected for its fabrication. A detailed study is
various sizes for their work, with some using a size as low as 6 nm to needed in this regard to understand the mechanism by which the process
some researchers using particulate of size as high as 150 μm. Addition of parameters affect the properties of the composite. It will help to identify
reinforcements to the base alloy have led to an overall improvement in the significance of each process parameter and will also provide a basis
mechanical properties such as yield strength, tensile strength, hardness, for the determination of their optimal levels that will ensure a uniform
impact strength, shear strength and tribological properties such as wear distribution of reinforcement particulate throughout the matrix alloy.
rate and coefficient of friction. These properties generally improved Applications requiring high wear resistance require reinforcements to be
with an increase in the proportion (wt.% or vol.%) of reinforcements in concentrated at the outer periphery of the component instead of being
the composites, however larger values beyond a limit, led to the uniformly distributed throughout the metal matrix. Studies focussing on
agglomeration of the reinforcement particulate, leading to a decrease in the fabrication and characterisation of such functionally graded com­
the properties. Prevention of particulate agglomeration will provide an posites can emerge as a promising research area. Even though
improved class of composites that hold the potential to meet the current aluminium composites are becoming more common as a material for
world’s requirement of materials with improved properties and low making engineering components, there aren’t much research that
weight. concentrate on how much energy it takes to make them and whether
they can be recycled. Given the growing awareness among governments
5. Future research direction and citizens about various climatic and environmental challenges, as
well as the growing push by policy planners to employ recyclable ma­
Aluminium composites reinforced with ceramic reinforcements have terials, a deeper understanding of its recyclability is necessary. Most
shown considerable improvement in properties such as tensile strength, composites use synthetically manufactured ceramics as reinforcements

Table 8
AlMMC’s with AA7075 as the base matrix.
Alloy Reinforcement Method Improvement/Conclusion Ref

Type Size Proportion

AA7075 SiC 150 2,4,6, 8 wt% SC High H and TS observed with 6% SiC. WR reduces with increase in SiC% [7]
μm
AA7075 B4C 18 μm 5, 10, 15, 20 vol SC Increase of 82.6%, 36.4%, 28.3% and 42.4% in H, TS, CS and FS, with 20 vol% B4C. However, the composite [59]
% with 10 vol% B4C had the lowest WR
AA7075 TiC 20 μm 3, 5, 7, 9 wt% SC Increase of 12.1%, 43.5% and 145.4% in YS, TS and H, and a 34.6% decrease in PE, with 7% TiC [60]
AA7075 WC 5 μm 1.5, 3, 4.5, 6 wt SC Increase of 37.3% and 45.8% in TS and MH, with 6% WC [61]
%
AA7075 Al2O3 20 μm 2, 4, 6 wt% SC Increase of 36.3% and 17.4% in MH and TS, with 6% Al2O3. WR reduces with increase in Al2O3% [62]
AA7075 ZrO2 – 1, 2, 3 wt% SC Increase of 4.1%, 3.9% and 4.2% in TS, PE and MH, with 3% ZrO2 [63]
AA7075 TiB2 14 μm 3, 6, 9 wt% SC Reduction of 53.6% and 16.3% in WR and COF, with 9% TiB2 [64]
AA7075 MoS2 – 2, 4 wt% SC Specific WR decreases with increasing MoS2% [67]
AA7075 Si3N4 40 μm 2, 4, 6, 8 wt% SC Increase of 25% and 105.4% in MH and CS and a 59.8% decrease in WR with 8% Si3N4 [66]
AA7075 ZrB2 – 5, 10, and 15 wt SC 30% increase in MH and 71.7% decrease in WR with 15% ZrB2 [65]
%

7
G. Mathew and V.K.N. Kottur Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 5. Improvement in properties of AlMMC’s with AA7075 as the base matrix.

Table 9
AlMMC’s with AA8011 as the base matrix.
Alloy Reinforcement Method Improvement/Conclusion Ref

Type Size Proportion

AA8011 SiC 10 μm 3, 5, 7 wt% SC 13.8% increase in MH with 3% SiC. 21.3% increase in PE with 5% SiC [68]
AA8011 TiC – 5, 10, 15, 20 wt% SC Increase of 26.1%, 107.1% and 28.7% in TS, IS and MH, with 20% TiC [74]
AA8011 TiB2 – 4, 8 wt% INS 44% increase in PE with 4% TiB2. Increase of 31% and 24.5% in MH and TS, with 8% TiB2 [69]
AA8011 Al2O3 10 μm 5, 10, 15, 20 wt% SC Increase of 60.3% and 35.8% in H and TS, with 20% Al2O3 [8]
AA8011 ZrO2 30 nm 2, 4, 6 wt% SC Increase in TS, CS and MH, with increasing ZrO2% [70]
AA8011 Si3N4 – 5, 10, 15, 20 vol% SC Increase of 10.7%, 3.2% and 9.8% in TS, YS and MH, and a decrease of 64.5% in WR, with 20 vol% [71]
Si3N4
AA8011 WC 22 μm 8 wt% ARB Increase of 37.9% and 106.1% in MH and TS, with 8 wt% WC [73]
AA8011 ZrC 13 μm 8 wt% ARB Increase of 62.1% and 130.3% in MH and TS, with 8 wt% ZrC [73]
AA8011 B4C 14 μm 8 wt% ARB Increase of 98.5% and 160.6% in MH and TS, with 8 wt% B4C [73]
AA8011 ZrB2 4 and 8 wt% AA8011 INS 1.14% decrease in WR with 4% ZrB2 [72]

to improve the mechanical and tribological properties. Alternatives to [3] G.B. Veeresh Kumar, P. Gowtham, P.N.V.N.S. Sai Ram, V. Sai Ganesh, P. Sai
Praneeth, “Fabrication and tribological behavior of Al3003-SiC reinforced MMCs”,
these reinforcements may include industrial and agricultural wastes that
IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 1185 (1) (2021), 012025 https://doi.org/10.1088/
contain ceramic components. Their use can lower the overall cost of 1757-899x/1185/1/012025.
making composites, but a thorough investigation is required to deter­ [4] D. Kumar, P.K. Singh, Microstructural and mechanical characterization of Al-4032
mine, the extent to which they can improve the properties. based metal matrix composites, Mater. Today:. Proc. 18 (2019) 2563–2572,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.114.
[5] E. ELSayed, M. Ahmed, M. Seleman, A. EL-Nikhaily, “Effect of number of friction
CRediT authorship contribution statement stir processing passes on mechanical properties of SiO2/5083Al metal matrix nano-
composite”, J. Petrol. Mining Eng. 19 (1) (2017) 10–17, https://doi.org/10.21608/
jpme.2017.38325.
Greegory Mathew: Conceptualization, Methodology, Data curation, [6] G.B. Veeresh Kumar, et al., Investigation of the tribological characteristics of
Writing – Original draft preparation. K.N. Vijaya Kumar: Supervision, aluminum 6061-reinforced titanium carbide metal matrix composites,
Nanomaterials 11 (11) (2021) 1–17, https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11113039.
Writing – review & editing. [7] P. Raghuvaran, J. Baskaran, C. Aagash, A. Ganesh, S.G. Krishna, Evaluation of
mechanical properties of Al7075-SiC composites fabricated through stir casting
technique, Mater. Today:. Proc. 45 (Jan. 2021) 1914–1918, https://doi.org/
Declaration of Competing Interest 10.1016/J.MATPR.2020.09.191.
[8] M. Abdullah and Y. A. Ansari, “Preparation of (AA8011-alumina) composites, study
the transformation of fracture mechanism using SEM technique and its mechanical
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial behavior. Mohd Abdullah1*, Yaqoob Ali Ansari2,” International Journal of Scientific
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence Research and Review, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 482–492, 2018.
[9] K.C. Mohanakumara, H. Rajashekar, S. Ghanaraja, S.L. Ajitprasad, Development
the work reported in this paper. and mechanical properties of SiC reinforced cast and extruded Al based metal
matrix composite, Procedia Mater. Sci. 5 (2014) 934–943, https://doi.org/
Data availability 10.1016/j.mspro.2014.07.381.
[10] K. Liu, A.M. Nabawy, X.G. Chen, Influence of TiB2 nanoparticles on elevated-
temperature properties of Al-Mn-Mg 3004 alloy, Trans. Nonferrous Metals Soc.
The source for the data will be made available on request China (English Ed.) 27 (4) (2017) 771–778, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326
(17)60088-8.
[11] M.J. Kadhim, K.A. Sukkar, A.S. Abbas, “Copper thin film deposited by PVD on
References aluminum AA4015 substrate for thermal solar application”, IOP Conf. Ser. Mater.
Sci. Eng. 518 (3) (May 2019) https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/518/3/032048.
[1] S. Ko, et al., Fabrication of TiB2-Al1050 composites with improved microstructural [12] N. Kumar, R.K. Gautam, S. Mohan, In-situ development of ZrB2 particles and their
and mechanical properties by a liquid pressing infiltration process, Materials 13 (7) effect on microstructure and mechanical properties of AA5052 metal-matrix
(2020) pp, https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13071588. composites, Mater. Des. 80 (Sep. 2015) 129–136, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
[2] M. Shayan, B. Eghbali, B. Niroumand, Synthesis and characterization of AA2024- matdes.2015.05.020.
SiO2 nanocomposites through the vortex method, Int. J. Met. 15 (4) (2021) [13] C.R. Alavala, Synthesis and tribological characterization of cast AA1100-B4C
1427–1440, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-021-00574-y. composites, Int. J. Sci. Res. 05 (06) (2016) 2404–2407.

8
G. Mathew and V.K.N. Kottur Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

[14] S. P. Reddy and A. C. Reddy, “Synthesis and Characterization of Zirconium Carbide [38] P. R. Reddy and A. C. Reddy, “Processing of AA4015-Zirconium Oxide Particulate
Nanoparticles Reinforced AA2024 Alloy Matrix Composites Cast by Bottom-Up Metal Matrix Composites by Stir Casting Technology,” 7th International Conference
Pouring,” 7th International Conference on Composite Materials and Characterization, on Composite Materials and Characterization, no. December, pp. 221–224, 2009.
no. December, pp. 211–215, 2009. [39] C.R. Alavala, “Adhesive and abrasive wear behavior of AA4015 Alloy/Si3N4 metal
[15] H. Yang, et al., High-temperature mechanical properties of 2024 Al matrix matrix composites”, Indian J. Eng. 13 (34) (2016) pp.
nanocomposite reinforced by TiC network architecture, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 763 [40] S. Bathula, R.C. Anandani, A. Dhar, A.K. Srivastava, Microstructural features and
(May) (2019), 138121, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2019.138121. mechanical properties of Al 5083/SiCp metal matrix nanocomposites produced by
[16] K.P. Gowda, J.N. Prakash, S. Gowda, B.S. Babu, Effect of particulate reinforcement high energy ball milling and spark plasma sintering, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 545 (2012)
on the mechanical properties of Al2024-WC MMCs, J. Miner. Mater. Charact. Eng. 97–102, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2012.02.095.
03 (06) (2015) 469–476, https://doi.org/10.4236/jmmce.2015.36049. [41] N. Yuvaraj, S. Aravindan, and Vipin, “Fabrication of Al5083/B4C surface composite
[17] S. Biradar, S. Mashetty, Synthesis and characterisation of Al 1100-Cu alloy by friction stir processing and its tribological characterization,” Journal of Materials
reinforced with Al 203 particulate metal matrix composites, Int. Res. J. Eng. Research and Technology, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 398–410, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.
Technol. 06 (09) (2019) 889–892. jmrt.2015.02.006.
[18] S.H. Nourbakhsh, M. Tavakoli, M.A. Shahrokhian, Investigations of mechanical, [42] V.K.S. Jain, P.M. Muhammed, S. Muthukumaran, S.P.K. Babu, Microstructure,
microstructural and tribological properties of Al2024 nanocomposite reinforced by mechanical and sliding wear behavior of AA5083–B4C/SiC/TiC surface composites
TiO2 nanoparticles, Mater. Res. Express 5 (11) (Nov. 2018), https://doi.org/ fabricated using friction stir processing, Trans. Indian Inst. Met. 71 (6) (2018)
10.1088/2053-1591/aaded1. 1519–1529, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12666-018-1287-y.
[19] A. Salimi, E. Borhani, E. Emadoddin, Evaluation of mechanical properties and [43] P. Kishore, P.M. Kumar, D. Dinesh, Wear analysis of Al 5052 alloy with varying
structure of 1100-Al reinforced with ZrO2 nano-particles via accumulatively roll- percentage of tungsten carbide, AIP Conf. Proc. 2128 (July) (2019), https://doi.
bonded, Procedia Mater. Sci. 11 (2003) (2015) 67–73, https://doi.org/10.1016/j. org/10.1063/1.5117965.
mspro.2015.11.094. [44] N. Siddaraju, et al., Assessment of tensile and hardness property of AA5083/nano-
[20] N. Muralidharan, K. Chockalingam, I. Dinaharan, K. Kalaiselvan, Microstructure Al2O3 metal matrix composites, Int. J. Compos. Mater. Matrices 1 (1) (2015)
and mechanical behavior of AA2024 aluminum matrix composites reinforced with 28–34.
in situ synthesized ZrB2 particles, J. Alloy. Compd. 735 (Feb. 2018) 2167–2174, [45] S. Ahmadifard, S. Kazemi, A. Heidarpour, Production and characterization of
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.11.371. A5083–Al2O3–TiO2 hybrid surface nanocomposite by friction stir processing, Proc.
[21] R. Khatavkar, A.K. Mandave, B.D. Devakant, S.L. Shinde, Influence of hexagonal Inst. Mech. Eng. Part L: J. Mater.: Des. Appl. 232 (4) (2018) 287–293, https://doi.
boron nitride on tribological properties of AA2024-Hbn metal matrix composite, org/10.1177/1464420715623977.
Int. Res. J. Eng. Technol. 05 (05) (2018) 3792–3798. [46] S. Shahraki, S. Khorasani, R. Abdi Behnagh, Y. Fotouhi, H. Bisadi, Producing of
[22] Z. Xiu, W. Yang, G. Chen, L. Jiang, K. Ma, G. Wu, Microstructure and tensile AA5083/ZrO2 nanocomposite by friction stir processing (FSP), Metall. Mater.
properties of Si3N4p/2024Al composite fabricated by pressure infiltration method, Trans. B 44 (6) (2013) 1546–1553, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-013-9914-9.
Mater. Des. 33 (1) (2012) 350–355, https://doi.org/10.1016/j. [47] A.J. Pirlari, M. Emamy, A.A. Amadeh, M. Naghizadeh, Elucidating the effect of
matdes.2011.03.001. TiB2 volume percentage on the mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of
[23] N.K. Maurya, M. Maurya, A.K. Srivastava, S.P. Dwivedi, A. Kumar, S. Chauhan, Al5083-TiB2 composites, J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 28 (11) (2019) 6912–6920,
Investigation of mechanical properties of Al 6061/SiC composite prepared through https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-019-04403-6.
stir casting technique, Mater. Today:. Proc. 25 (Jan. 2020) 755–758, https://doi. [48] A.R.K. Swamy, A. Ramesha, J.N. Prakash, G.B.V. Kumar, Mechanical and
org/10.1016/J.MATPR.2019.09.003. tribological properties of As-cast Al6061-Tungsten carbide metal matrix
[24] S. Gudipudi, S. Nagamuthu, K.S. Subbian, S.P.R. Chilakalapalli, Enhanced composites, Mater. Sci. Res. India 7 (2) (2010) 355–368, https://doi.org/
mechanical properties of AA6061-B4C composites developed by a novel ultra-sonic 10.13005/msri/070205.
assisted stir casting, Eng. Sci. Technol. Int. J. 23 (5) (Oct. 2020) 1233–1243, [49] T.S. Kumar, S. Shalini, M. Ramu, T. Thankachan, Characterization of ZrC
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JESTCH.2020.01.010. reinforced AA6061 alloy composites produced using stir casting process, J. Mech.
[25] C. Carreño-Gallardo, et al., B4C particles reinforced Al2024 composites via Sci. Technol. 34 (1) (2020) 143–147, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-019-1214-
mechanical milling, Metals (Basel) 8 (8) (2018) pp, https://doi.org/10.3390/ 0.
met8080647. [50] B.C. Kandpal, J. Kumar, H. Singh, Fabrication and characterisation of Al2O3/
[26] K.A. Kumar, S. Natarajan, M. Duraiselvam, S. Ramachandra, Synthesis, aluminium alloy 6061 composites fabricated by stir casting, Mater. Today:. Proc. 4
characterization and mechanical behavior of Al 3003 - TiO2 surface composites (2) (2017) 2783–2792, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.02.157.
through friction stir processing, Mater. Manuf. Process. 34 (2) (2019) 183–191, [51] Y. M. S. Prakash, M. C. G. Shankar, Karthik, S. S. Sharma, and A. Kini, “Property
https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2018.1544711. Enhancement During Artificial Aging of Al6061- Silicon Oxide Metal Matrix
[27] P. Subramanya Reddy, R. Kesavan, and B. Vijaya Ramnath, “Evaluation of Composites,” Mater Today Proc, vol. 5, no. 11, pp. 24186–24193, Jan. 2018, doi:
mechanical properties of aluminum alloy (Al2024) reinforced with silicon carbide 10.1016/J.MATPR.2018.10.213.
(SiC) metal matrix Composites,” Solid State Phenomena, vol. 263 SSP, pp. 184–188, [52] C.S. Ramesh, A.R.A. Khan, N. Ravikumar, P. Savanprabhu, Prediction of wear
2017, doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.263.184. coefficient of Al6061-TiO2 composites, Wear 259 (1–6) (2005) 602–608, https://
[28] M. Kok, Production and mechanical properties of Al2O3 particle-reinforced 2024 doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2005.02.115.
aluminium alloy composites, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 161 (3) (2005) 381–387, [53] G.B.V. Kumar, R. Pramod, C.G. Sekhar, G.P. Kumar, T. Bhanumurthy, Investigation
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2004.07.068. of physical, mechanical and tribological properties of Al6061–ZrO2 nano-
[29] E. Kennedy et al., “Effect of ZrO2nano-particles on mechanical and corrosion composites, Heliyon 5 (11) (Nov. 2019) e02858.
behaviour of Al2024 alloy,” Mater Today Proc, vol. 39, pp. 1710–1713, 2020, doi: [54] S. Suresh, N.S.V. Moorthi, C.E. Prema, Tribological and mechanical behavior study
10.1016/j.matpr.2020.06.194. of Al6061-TiB2 metal matrix composites using stir casting, Adv. Mat. Res. 984–985
[30] D. Dey, A. Bhowmik, and A. Biswas, “Wear behavior of stir casted aluminum- (2014) 200–206, https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.984-985.200.
titanium diboride (Al2024-TiB2) composite,” Mater Today Proc, vol. 26, pp. [55] Y.B. Mukesh, T.P. Bharathesh, R. Keshavamurthy, H.N. Girish, Impact of extrusion
1203–1206, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.242. procession wear behavior of boron nitride reinforced aluminum 6061- based
[31] B. Rebba and N. Ramanaiah, “Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Aluminium composites, Int. J. Mech. Prod. Eng. Res. Develop. 8 (6) (2018) 873–882, https://
Alloy (Al-2024) Reinforced with Molybdenum Disulphide (MoS2) Metal Matrix doi.org/10.24247/ijmperddec201889.
Composites,” Procedia Materials Science, vol. 6, no. Icmpc, pp. 1161–1169, 2014, [56] M.G. Rani, C.V.S. ParameswaraRao, K.R. Kotaiah, Studies on characterization of Al
doi: 10.1016/j.mspro.2014.07.189. 6061/MoS2 metal matrix composite, Int. J. Mech. Eng. Technol. 8 (8) (2017)
[32] S. S. Rajan and A. C. Reddy, “Micromechanical Modeling of Interfacial Debonding 998–1003.
in Silicon Dioxide / AA3003 Alloy Particle-Reinforced Metal Matrix Composites,” [57] P. Morampudi, V. S. N. V. Ramana, K. S. ram Vikas, R. Rahul, and C. Prasad, “Effect
2nd National Conference on Materials and Manufacturing Processes, no. March 2000, of nano ZrB2 particles on physical, mechanical and corrosion properties of Al6061
pp. 110–115, 2020. metal-matrix nano composites through stir casting route,” Engineering Research
[33] P. R. Reddy and A. C. Reddy, “Structure and Properties of Liquid Metal Processed Express, vol. 4, no. 2, Jun. 2022, doi: 10.1088/2631-8695/ac5f66.
Zirconium Oxide Reinforced AA3003 Alloy,” 6th International Conference on [58] T. Vijaya Kumar, M. Indu, A. Sai Gopal, A. Vamsi Krishna, D. Venkat Reddy,
Composite Materials and Characterization, no. June, pp. 133–138, 2007. “Microstructure study and mechanical testing of Al 6061-Si3N4 metal matrix
[34] V. K. Reddy and A. C. Reddy, “Wear performance of AA4015 / Boron Carbide Metal composites”, Int. J. Innov. Technol. Explor. Eng. 8 (9) (2019) 3404–3407, https://
Matrix Composites,” 5th International Conference on Modern Materials and doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.f3883.078919.
Manufacturing, vol. 1, no. December, pp. 384–388, 2013. [59] A. Baradeswaran, A. Elaya Perumal, Influence of B4C on the tribological and
[35] A. C. Reddy, “On the Wear of AA4015 – Fused Silica Metal Matrix Composites,” 4th mechanical properties of Al 7075–B4C composites, Compos. B Eng. 54 (1) (Nov.
International Conference on Composite Materials and Characterization, no. March, pp. 2013) 146–152, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COMPOSITESB.2013.05.012.
226–230, 2003. [60] A. Havalagi, S.B. Mallur, A study on mechanical properties of Al 7075 reinforced w
[36] V. K. Reddy and A. C. Reddy, “Unlubricated Sliding of AA4015 / TiB2 Metal Matrix ith TiC particles of different weight percentages, Int. Res. J. Eng. Technol. 06 (07)
Composites,” 3rd International Conference on Modern Materials and Manufacturing, (2019) 3673–3678.
no. December, pp. 352–356, 2011. [61] T.V. Kishore, Al 7075 reinforced with WC metal matrix composites, J. Sci. Technol.
[37] S. S. Rajan and A. C. Reddy, “Role of Volume Fraction of Reinforcement on 4 (2) (2019) 45–50.
Interfacial Debonding and Matrix Fracture in Titanium Carbide/AA4015 Alloy [62] G.B.V. Kumar, C.S.P. Rao, N. Selvaraj, M.S. Bhagyashekar, Studies on Al6061-SiC
Particle-Reinforced Metal Matrix Composites,” 2nd National Conference on Materials and Al7075-Al2O3 metal matrix composites, J. Miner. Mater. Charact. Eng. 09 (01)
and Manufacturing Processes, no. March 2000, pp. 116–120, 2000. (2010) 43–55, https://doi.org/10.4236/jmmce.2010.91004.

9
G. Mathew and V.K.N. Kottur Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

[63] P. Saritha, A. Satyadevi, R.P. Raju, N. Swapna Sri, Effect of zirconium on synthesis, Ann. Chim. Sci. Mat. 44 (5) (2020) 333–338, https://doi.org/10.18280/
mechanical behavior of aluminum 7075, Int. J. Sci. Res. 7 (3) (2018) 945–948, acsm.440505.
https://doi.org/10.21275/ART2018366. [70] J.C. Thippeswamy, N. Sathisha, “Fabrication and characterization of aluminum
[64] A. Bhowmik, D. Dey, and A. Biswas, “Tribological behaviour of aluminium- 8011 alloy and nano ZrO2 metal matrix composite”, IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng.
titanium diboride (Al7075-TiB2) metal matrix composites prepared by stir casting 1065 (1) (2021) pp, https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1065/1/012023.
process,” Mater Today Proc, vol. 26, pp. 2000–2004, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j. [71] J. Fayomi, A. P. I. Popoola, O. M. Popoola, and O. P. Oladijo, “Effect of silicon
matpr.2020.02.436. nitride (Si3N4) addition on the mechanical and tribological performance of al-fe-si
[65] N.D. Vithal, B.B. Krishna, M.G. Krishna, Impact of dry sliding wear parameters on alloy (AA8011),” Materials Science Forum, vol. 982 MSF, pp. 34–38, 2020, doi:
the wear rate of A7075 based composites reinforced with ZrB2 particulates, 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.982.34.
J. Mater. Res. Technol. 14 (Sep. 2021) 174–185, https://doi.org/10.1016/j. [72] M.S.B. Munivenkatappan, A. Veeramani, D. Muthukannan, Investigation of
jmrt.2021.06.005. tribological behavior of AA8011-ZrB2 in-situ cast-metal-matrix composites, Mater.
[66] M.I. Ul Haq, A. Anand, Dry sliding friction and wear behavior of AA7075-Si3N4 Tehnol. 52 (4) (Aug. 2018) 451–457, https://doi.org/10.17222/mit.2017.046.
composite, Silicon 10 (5) (2018) 1819–1829, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633- [73] P. Chandrasekar, S. Natarajan, K.R. Ramkumar, Influence of carbide
017-9675-1. reinforcements on accumulative roll bonded Al 8011 composites, Mater. Manuf.
[67] R.K. Kumaar, K.S. Vinoth, M. Kavitha, Dry sliding wear performance of AA7075/ Process. 34 (8) (2019) 889–897, https://doi.org/10.1080/
MoS2 composite materials, J. Eng. Res. (Kuwait) 9 (2021) 1–24, https://doi.org/ 10426914.2019.1594279.
10.36909/jer.11447. [74] A. Karthikeyan, G.R. Jinu, A.E. Perumal, Corrosion and mechanical properties of
[68] M. Tamilarasan, P.S. Sampath, A study on effect of SiC on mechanical properties of aa8011 reinforced with tic particles, J. Balkan Tribol. Assoc. 25 (4) (2019)
aluminium 8011 metal matrix, Int. Res. J. Eng. Technol. 07 (04) (2020) 18–21. 1077–1092.
[69] M.S.B. Munivenkatappan, S. Shanmugam, A. Veeramani, Synthesis and
characterization of in-situ AA8011-TiB2 composites produced by flux assisted

10