BOOKS
Book - one author
In Reference List In Text Citation
King, M. (2000). Wrestling with the angel: A life of Janet Frame.
Auckland, New Zealand: Viking.
LeLee Su Kim
191987
M Malaysians
UPM
Serdang
John Terry
Lee Su Kim. (1987). Malaysians. Serdang: UPM.
Terry, J. (1987). Malaysians. Serdang: UPM.
(King, 2000)
or
King (2000) compares Frame with "..." (p.
34).
Book - two authors
In Reference List In Text Citation
Trevio, L. K., & NeIson. K. A. (2007). Managing business ethics:
Straight talk about how to do it right. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
e e or
e d e ed
N.B. When paraphrasing, use and, not &
(Publication Manual, p. 175).
Book - three authors and above
In Reference List In Text Citation
Krause, K.-L., Bochner, S., & Duchesne, S. (2006). Educational
psychology for learning and teaching (2nd ed.). South Melbourne,
Vic., Australia: Thomson.
If there are six or seven authors, treat the reference identically as
you would with three to five authors (NEW).
If there are eight or more authors, list the first six, then three elipses
(Krause, Bochner, & Duchesne, 2006) or
Krause, Bochner and Duchesne (2006)
recommend "..." (p. 32).
In subsequent citations:
() and finish with the last author (NEW). According to Krause et al. (2006)
N.B: Cite all authors the first time, and in
subsequent citations include only the first
author followed by et al.(short for et alii. -
Latin for 'and others'). Do not italicise et al.
Book - Electronic with no DOI (NEW)
In Reference List In Text Citation
Will, R. J. (2002). The characteristic symphony in the age of Haydn and
Beethoven [Ebrary Reader version]. Retrieved from Ebrary database.
N.B. If you are submitting work to a publisher and there is no DOI,
you are now required to give the URL of the Ebook's homepage (in
this example, http://www.ebrary.com/corp/).
For undergraduate students, give the name of the database, as in the
example above (do not include the URL).
(Will, 2002) or
Will (2002) attributes ...
Book - Electronic with a DOI (NEW)
In Reference List In Text Citation
Larochelle, M., Bednarz, N., & Garrison, J. (2010). Constructivism and
education. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511752865
N.B. Although the book is first published in print in 1998, this online
version is published in 2010. Use 2010 as the year of publication.
(Larochelle, Bednarz, & Garrison, 2010)
In subsequent citations:
Larochelle et al. (2010) give a detailed
account of ...
Book - Republished
In Reference List In Text Citation
Baldwin, J. M. (1980). Darwin and the humanities (Library of Genetic
Science and Philosophy Series: Vol. 2). New York, NY: AMS.
(Original work published 1909).
N.B. Information about the original publication in parentheses after
the publisher's name or retrieval statement is included (See Also
Publication Manual, pp. 203-204, example 21 and 26).
(Baldwin, 1909/1980) or Baldwin (1909/1980)
criticised...
N.B. Both the original publication year and
the year of the republished are included.
Book - Book or report by a corporate / group author
In Reference List In Text Citation
World Health Organization. (2008) WHO global report on falls prevention
in older age. Geneva, Switzerland: Author.
N.B. When the author and the publisher are the same, use Author in
the publisher field. List in the References list by the first significant
(World Health Organization [WHO], 2008)
In subsequent citations:
WHO (2008) highlight the ...
word of the organisation. For group authors, the parent body
precedes a subdivision (Publication Manual, p.183).
N.B. Some group authors may be
abbreviated in subsequent citations if they
are readily recognisable.
Book - no author (anonymous)
In Reference List In Text Citation
Anonymous. (1999). Courage and grace: One woman's journey of
recovery from food addiction and obesity. Taupo, New Zealand:
Avalon.
N.B. If the author's name is given as Anonymous, use Anonymous in
the author field. If no author is stated, the title takes the author
position.
(Anonymous, 1999)
Book - no author
In Reference List In Text Citation
Joint investigations of child abuse. (1993). Washington, DC: US
Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs.
N.B. If no author is stated, the title takes the author position.
In the book, Joint Investigations of Child
Abuse, ...
Note that the key words of the book title are
capitalised when used in text, but not in the
References list.
Book - edited
In Reference List In Text Citation
Samovar, L. A., & Porter, R. E. (Eds.). (1997). Intercultural
communication: A reader (8th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
N.B. Include (Ed.) or (Eds.) after their name(s). If you are citing a
chapter within an edited book, you will need to reference the
contributor as well as the editor. For an example of how this is done,
review the next section, "Book - chapter in an edited book".
(Samover & Porter, 1997) or
Samover and Porter (1997) conclude by ...
Book - chapter in an edited book
In Reference List In Text Citation
M Helber, L. E. (1995). Redeveloping mature resorts for new markets. In
M. V. Conlin & T. Baum (Eds.), Island tourism: Management
principles and practice (pp. 105-113). Chichester, England: Wiley.
N.B. The author and chapter title come first, followed by the editor(s)
and book title. Note the editor's initials come before the family name.
The page numbers of the chapter are also required.
(Helber, 1995) or
Helber (1995) concludes by ...
Book - translated
In Reference List In Text Citation
Sartre, J.-P. (1962). Imagination: A psychological critique (F. Williams,
Trans.). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
(Sartre, 1962) or
Sartre (1962) is an example of ...
Book - dictionary or encyclopedia entry (with author)
In Reference List In Text Citation
Hwang, E.-G. (2002). North Korea: Economic system. In D. Levinson
& K. Christenson (Eds.), Encyclopedia of modern Asia (Vol. 4, pp.
350-353). New York, NY: Charles Scribner's Sons.
N.B. If there is a volume number or edition (not 1st edition) include
this in parentheses after the title along with page number(s).
(Hwang, 2002) or
Hwang (2002) identifies the hurdles North
Korea ...
Book - dictionary or encyclopedia entry (no author)
In Reference List In Text Citation
Social constructionism. (2009). In J. Scott & G. Marshall (Eds.), A
dictionary of sociology (3rd rev. ed.). Retrieved from Oxford
Reference Online Premium database.
N.B. For online dictionaries and encyclopedia, a retrieval statement
takes the place of publisher location and name. Note the editors'
initials precede the family name.
For undergraduate students, if using a library subscription database,
give the name of the database, as in the example above (do not
include the database URL).
("Social Constructionism," 2009)
N.B. Use capital letters for the first letter of
key words and double quotation marks
(Publication Manual, p. 176).
Book - thesis (except from the U.S.) - print version
In Reference List In Text Citation
Dewstow, R. A. (2006). Using the Internet to enhance teaching at the
University of Waikato (Unpublished master's thesis). University of
Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand.
N.B. For PhD use: Unpublished doctoral dissertation after the title or
Unpublished master's thesis for Master's degree (Publication Manual,
p. 207).
(Dewstow, 2006) or
Dewstow (2006) recommends ...
Book - thesis (except from the U.S.) - electronic version
In Reference List In Text Citation
Dewstow, R. A. (2006). Using the Internet to enhance teaching at the
University of Waikato (Master's thesis, The University of Waikato,
Hamilton, New Zealand). Retrieved from
(Dewstow, 2006) or
Dewstow (2006) recommends ...
http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2241
N.B. For PhD use: Unpublished doctoral dissertation after the title or
Unpublished master's thesis for Master's degree (Publication Manual,
p. 207).
Book - thesis from the U.S. - electronic version
In Reference List In Text Citation
Rose, S. L. (2006). Essays on almost common value auctions (Doctoral
dissertation, Ohio State University). Retrieved from
http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd
(Rose, 2006) or
According to Rose (2006) ...
J OURNAL S
Journal article - print version
In Reference List In Text Citation
Sainaghi, R. (2008). Strategic position and performance of winter
destinations. Tourism Review, 63(4), 40-57.
N.B. A capital letter is used for key words in the journal title. The
journal title and volume number are italicised, followed by the issue
number in parentheses (not italicised).
If each issue begins with page 1, give the issue number in the
parentheses immediately after the volume number.
For researchers, the issue number is not required for journals with
continuous pagination.
(Sainaghi, 2008) or
Sainagh (2008) suggests ...
Journal article - electronic version with a DOI
In Reference List In Text Citation
Shepherd, R., Barnett, J., Cooper, H., Coyle, A., Moran-Ellis, J., Senior,
V., & Walton, C. (2007). Towards an understanding of British public
attitudes concerning human cloning. Social Science & Medicine,
65(2), 377-392. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.03.018
(Shepherd et al., 2007) or
Shepherd et al. (2007) highlight the ...
N.B. If there are six or seven authors, list all
authors in the reference list. From the first
citation in text, use et al. after the first author.
If there are eight or more authors, list the first
six, then three elipses () and finish with the
last author.
Journal article - electronic version with no DOI
In Reference List In Text Citation
Harrison, B., & Papa, R. (2005). The development of an indigenous
knowledge program in a New Zealand Maori-language immersion
school. Anthropology and Education Quarterly, 36(1), 57-72.
Retrieved from Academic Research Library database.
N.B. For undergraduate students, give the name of the database, as
in the example above (do not include the database URL). It is no
longer necessary to include the date of retrieval.
If you are submitting work to a publisher and there is no DOI, you are
now required to give the URL of the journal homepage (Publication
Manual, p. 199).
(Harrison & Papa, 2005) or
In their research, Harrison and Papa (2005)
established ...
N.B. If there are six or seven authors, list all
authors in the reference list. From the first
citation in text, use et al. after the first author.
If there are eight or more authors, list the first
six, then three elipses () and finish with the
last author.
Journal article - internet only
In Reference List In Text Citation
Snell, D., & Hodgetts, D. (n.d.). The psychology of heavy metal
communities and white supremacy. Te Kura Kete Aronui, 1.
Retrieved from http://www.waikato.ac.nz/wfass/tkka
N.B. (n.d.)= no date. As there are no page numbers, cite the
paragraph number in text.
(Snell & Hodgetts, n.d.) or
Snell and Hodgetts (n.d.) identified "..." (para.
3)
MAGAZ I NES AND NE WSPAPERS
Magazine - print version
In Reference List In Text Citation
von Drehle, D., Ghosh, B., Scherer, M., Zaidi, S. H., Baker, A.,
Jme R Pee G 9 Ocbe 1 A eemy wh Time
South Pacific [Australia/New Zealand editon], 174(14), 12-17.
N.B. Full date is used for weekly magazines; month and year for
monthly magazines.
If there are eight or more authors, list the first six, then three elipses
() and finish with the last author (NEW).
(von Drehle et al., 2009) or
Von Drehle et al. (2009) assert ...
N.B. If an author's name which usually begins
with a lower case letter appears at the
beginning of a sentence, it must be
capitalised.
Magazine - electronic version
In Reference List In Text Citation
Robison, J. (2008, January). On the waka wave. North and South, 262,
80-87. Retrieved from Australia/New Zealand Reference Centre
database
N.B. If you are submitting work to a publisher, you are now required
to give the URL of the journal homepage (Publication Manual, p.
199).
For undergraduate students, give the name of the database and do
(Robison, 2008) or
Robison (2008) considers ...
not include the database URL. It is no longer necessary to include the
date of retrieval.
Newspaper - print version
In Reference List In Text Citation
Cumming, G. (2003, April 5). Cough that shook the world. The New
Zealand Herald, p. N4.
N.B. Include p. or pp. before the page number. This is used for
newspapers only, not magazines or journals. p = 1 page, pp. more
than one page. If page numbers are discontinous, separate page
numbers with a comma. e.g. pp. A1, A4-5.
(Cumming, 2003) or
Cumming (2003) reports ...
Newspaper - electronic version
In Reference List In Text Citation
Cumming, G. (2003, April 5). Cough that shook the world. The New
Zealand Herald, Retrieved from http://www.nzherald.co.nz
N.B. Use the URL of the homepage of the newspaper to avoid non-
working URLs. It is no longer necessary to include the date of
retrieval.
(Cumming, 2003) or
Cumming (2003) reports ...
Newspaper - article with no author
In Reference List In Text Citation
Drivers reject fuel prices driven by war threat. (2003, March 7). The
Timaru Herald, p.1.
N.B. If there is no author, the article title comes first. In the in text
citation, abbreviate the title, use double quotation marks and capital
letters (Publication Manual, p. 176).
("Drivers Reject Fuel Prices", 2003)
N.B. Use capital letters and double quotation
marks.
AUDI OVI SUAL
Film - motion picture
In Reference List In Text Citation
Vasile, T. (Producer), & Fellini F. (Director). (2001). Roma [Motion
picture]. United States: MGM Home Entertainment.
In the Author field, identify the primary contributors (i.e. the director or
producer or both) but not the presenters.
For publication information, give the motion picture's country of origin
and the name of the motion picture studio.
(Vasile & Fellini, 2001)
A description of the form of the work goes in square brackets [ ] after
the title. It is not italicised.
Music Recording - a song in an album (NEW)
In Reference List In Text Citation
The Beatles. (2003). Across the universe. On Let it be... naked [CD].
Hollywood, CA: Capital Records.
(The Beatles, 2003, track 10)
N.B. Include side and band or track numbers.
Television programme
In Reference List In Text Citation
Slater, K. (Producer). (2002). Gene in a bottle [Television series
episode]. In 60 minutes. Auckland, New Zealand: TV3 Network
Services.
N.B. Put television series episode or motion picture in square
brackets [ ] after the title.
(Slater, 2002)
Audio podcast (NEW)
In Reference List In Text Citation
Noonan, D. (Producer). (2008, January 9). The whistle from the blunder:
Part 5 [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.radionz.co.nz
N.B. Include as much information as possible, e.g. date, title and
identifier
(Noonan, 2008)
UNPUBL I SHED AND I NF ORMAL L Y PUBL I S HED WOR KS
Webpage - informally published work
In Reference List In Text Citation
Statistics New Zealand. (2007). New Zealand in profile 2007. Retrieved
from http://www.stats.govt.nz
N.B. A personal or institutional webpage is considered an informally
published work (Publication Manual, p. 212).
It is no longer necessary to include the date of retrieval, unless
webpage content is likely to be updated (e.g. a wiki) (NEW)
(Statistics New Zealand, 2007)
N.B. Do not write URLs in the text
Wiki
In Reference List In Text Citation
University of Waikato, Law Library. (n.d.). Commentary. Retrieved July
19, 2009, from
http://law.waikato.ac.nz:8080/lrs/index.php/Commentaries
N.B. Do not italicise titles of unpublished works. Include the date of
retrieval since the contents of a wiki are likely to change over time.
For group authors, the parent body precedes a subdivision
(Publication Manual, p. 183).
(University of Waikato, Law Library, n.d.)
Online discussion
In Reference List In Text Citation
Chalmers, D. (2000, November 17). Seeing with sound [Online forum
comment]. Retrieved from
http://groups.google.com/group/sci.psychology.consciousness/
N.B. Do not italicise titles of unpublished works.
(Chalmers, 2000)
Blog post (NEW)
In Reference List In Text Citation
Wadard. (2009, June 15). Australia's climate bill may be scuttled [Web
log message]. Retrieved from
http://globalwarmingwatch.blogspot.com/
N.B. Do not italicise titles of unpublished works.
(Wadard, 2009)
Video blog post (NEW)
In Reference List In Text Citation
Leelefever. (2007, May 29). Wiki in plain English [Video file]. Retrieved
from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dnL00TdmLY
(Leelefever, 2007)
OT HERS
Course handout, lecture notes - print version (unpublished work)
In Reference List In Text Citation
Brown, P. (2004). Marketing: MKTG200-04B [Lecture notes]. Hamilton,
New Zealand: University of Waikato, Department of Marketing.
N.B. Course handouts and lecture notes belong to the group
"unpublished papers, lectures from an archive or personal
collections" (Publication Manual, p. 213). In the publication
information field, list the organisation's name (e.g. university,
department), city, and country. Put the format in square brackets after
the title. e.g. [Lecture notes].
(Brown, 2004)
Legal material
APA recommends the use of The Bluebook: A uniform system of citation (18th ed. 2005) for referencing legal
material - see NZ section (p. 297).
In Reference List In Text Citation
Children's Commissioner Act 2003, 2003 S.N.Z. No. 121. (Children's Commissioner Act 2003) or
The wellbeing of children is covered by the
Children's Commissioner Act 2003
N.B. Italicise the name of legal material when
it is cited in text (Publication Manual, p. 177).
Personal Communications - letters, telephone conversations, e-mails, personal interviews, lecture
notes etc.
In Reference List In Text Citation
N.B. No information is required in the reference list as the data is not
retrievable.
(H. Clarke, personal communication, March
19, 2004) or
Professor Clarke (personal communication,
March 19, 2004) remarked that...
Conference paper as part of a book of proceedings
In Reference List In Text Citation
Shobhadevi, Y. J., & Bidarakoppa, G. S. (1994). Possession
phenomena: As a coping behaviour. In G. Davidson (Ed.), Applying
Psychology: Lessons from Asia-Oceania (pp. 83-95). Carlton, Vic.,
Australia: Australian Psychological Society.
N.B. To cite published proceedings from a book, use the same format
as for a book or book chapter (Publication Manual, p.206). To cite
proceedings published regularly use the same format as a periodical.
(Shobhadevi & Bidarakoppa, 1994) or
Shobhadevi and Bidarakoppa (1994)
published their ...
Contribution to Conference or Symposium not formally published - electronic version
In Reference List In Text Citation
Bochner, S. (1996, November). Mentoring in higher education: Issues
to be addressed in developing a mentoring program. Paper
presented at the Australian Association for Research in Education
Conference. Retrieved from
http://www.aare.edu.au/96pap/bochs96018.txt
N.B. A capital letter is used for all key words in the conference name.
Give the month of the conference (NEW) (Publication Manual, pp.
206-208).
(Bochner, 1996) or
Bochner (1996) addressed this ..
Report - print version
In Reference List In Text Citation
University of Waikato. (1967). First hall of residence (Information
series No. 3). Hamilton, New Zealand: Author.
N.B. If the report has a number, give the number in parentheses
immediately after the title. If it is an annual report, reference it as a
book.
(University of Waikato, 1967)
Annual Report - electronic version
In Reference List In Text Citation
Telecom New Zealand. (2007). Ready to compete, connect,
communicate: Annual report 2007. Retrieved from
http://annualreport07.telecom.co.nz/download/telecom-annual-report-
2007.pdf
(Telecom New Zealand, 2007)
Report - electronic version
In Reference List In Text Citation
Caygill, R. (2009). Science: Trends in year 5 science achievement 1994 to
2006. Retrieved from Ministry of Education, Education Counts website:
http://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/34413/914_TIM
SS-06_Science2.pdf
N.B. If a report is available online, add the publisher as part of the retrieval
statement if it has not been identified as the author (Publication Manual, p. 205).
(Caygill, 2009) or
Caygill (2009) concludes ...
Report - technical or research
In Reference List In Text Citation
Holmes, P. (2000). The intercultural communication experiences of
ethnic Chinese students in a Western tertiary institution: Implications
for education providers (Working paper 2000-14). Hamilton, New
Zealand: University of Waikato, Department of Management
Communication.
N.B. If there is a report number, give this in parentheses after the
title. If the name of the state, province, or country is included in the
name of the university, this does not need to be repeated in the
publisher location.
Give the name of the university first, followed by the department that
produced the document (Publication Manual, p. 206).
(Holmes, 2000) or
Holmes (2000) highlights the importance ...
