Cicle VI Unit 1

Electrical Circuits
 Bibliography

Journal articles

Stavrinidou, Eleni, Roger Gabrielsson, Eliot Gomez, Xavier Crispin, Ove Nilsson, Daniel T. Simon, and
Magnus Berggren. "Electronic plants." Science Advances 1, no. 10 (November 2015): e1501136.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1501136.

Lei, Chi Un, K. L. Man, Eng Gee Lim, Nan Zhang, and Kai Yu Wan. "Development of a Reliability Course for
Emerging Circuits and Systems." Advanced Materials Research 622-623 (December 2012): 1922–24.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.622-623.1922.

books

Vasudevan, K. Basic Electronic Circuits. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09363-0.

Glasford, Glenn M. Digital electronic circuits. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice-Hall, 1987.
Lesson Objectives
•Define electric circuit
•Identify the parts of an electric circuit.
•Explain how does a circuit work
 Introduction: Video

Circuit construction kid

https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/circuit-construction-kit-
dc/latest/circuit-construction-kit-dc_en.html
Crosswordpuzzle Circuits Vocabulary Solve online

https://www.armoredpenguin.com/crossword/bin/crossword.cgi?cmd=
solve&filefrag=2021.04/2411/24113612.416.html
 https://kids.britannica.com/kids/article/electric-circuit/443114

Introduction

Electric circuits are paths for transmitting electric current,

or moving electricity. Such circuits allow electricity to be
used to provide power to lights, appliances, and many
other devices.

Scientists have studied electricity for hundreds of years. But it was not until

the early 1800s that they learned how to create a continuous flow of

electricity and then to channel that electricity through the use of a circuit.
Circuit terminology

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopedia. "Electric

circuit". Encyclopedia Britannica, 13 Jun. 2018,
https://www.britannica.com/technology/electric-circuit.
Accessed 24 April 2021.
Circuit
Does the word Circuit come from the
word circle?

What is a circuit?
What does an electric circuit
include?

Basic electric circuit, with switch, battery, and lamp.

Mention the two basic laws that
mathematically describe the
performance of electric circuits.

Georg Simon Ohm

https://www.facebook.com/C.EnglishTeacher/videos/pronunci
ation-of-cally-at-the-end-of-adverbs/2419171071707112/
https://www.facebook.com/C.EnglishTeacher/videos/pronunciation-of-cally-at-the-end-of-adverbs/2419171071707112/

mathematically
/mathematikli/

automatically

/automatikli/
Explain what is a Closed circuit –

Explain what is an Open circuit

Is it a closed circuit?

___________________

Is it a opened circuit?

Yes, it´s an opened circuit.

Is it a closed circuit or an opened circuit?

Is it a closed circuit or an opened circuit?

Short circuit – When does a short circuit happen?

A short circuit happens when ---

The resistor shown below is the

intended path for current, and the
curved wire going around it is the short.
Current is diverted away from its
intended path, sometimes with damaging
results. The wire shorts out the resistor by
providing a low-resistance path for
current (probably not what the designer
intended).
 When do you make a circuit?
When do ypu break a circuit?
Make or Break –
I make a circuit by closing _____________________, such as
when you close ___________. Breaking a circuit is the
opposite. __________a switch breaks the circuit.
Look at the picture. Are you Look at the picture. Are you
making or breaking a circuit? making or breaking a circuit?

Making Breaking
Look at the picture. Are you Look at the picture. Are you
making or breaking a circuit? making or breaking a circuit?

Making Breaking
 What is a schematic? And what does it represent?

Schematic
__________________________________________
__________________________________________

What does the term element mean?

Elements – The term elements means

________________________
 Call on one of your partners to make a Yes/No
question with negative response
Symbols – Elements are represented in schematics
by symbols.

Mention the symbols used in schematics.

 How are connections between the elements
Lines drawn?.

– Connections between elements are drawn as lines,

which we often think of as "wires". On a schematic,
these lines represent perfect conductors with zero
resistance.

What does these lines represent on a

schematic?
F
i wires schematic zero
L
L conductors lines
i
n

t
Lines – Connections between elements are drawn as
h
e ______, which we often think of as “_______". On a
b __________, these lines represent perfect
l
a ____________ with ______ resistance.
n
k
s
Every component or source terminal touched by a line is at the same voltage.

Can connections between lines be

Dots indicated by dots? Explain
___________________________________________
____-
Explain what is a Reference designator –
Node What is a node?

___________________________________________________

Figure. 2 ( Representation of Four Nodes in the Circuit)

For example, as shown in Figure 2, the above circuit

contains the Four nodes. The node A, B, C, and D.
Node

The schematic below shows a

single node (the black dot)
formed by the junction of five
elements (abstractly represented
by orange rectangles).
Since lines on a schematic represent perfect zero-resistance
conductors, there is no rule that says lines from multiple
elements are required to meet in a single point junction. We
can draw the same node as a distributed node like the one in
the schematic below. These two representations of the node

mean exactly the same thing.

A distributed node might be all spread out, with lots of line segments, elbows, and dots.
Don't be distracted, it is all just one single node. Connecting schematic elements with
perfect conductors means the voltage everywhere on a distributed node is the same.
Here is a realistic-looking schematic with the distributed nodes labeled:
PROBLEM 1 How many nodes are in this schematic?

3 4 5 6 8
Branch – Branches are the connections between nodes. A branch is an
element (resistor, capacitor, source, etc.). The number of branches in a
circuit is equal to the number of elements.

PROBLEM 2 How many branches are in this schematic?

3 4 5 6
 What is Loop? Any closed path in the circuit is called as a loop.

A loop is a closed path formed by starting at a node, passing through a

set of nodes, and returning to the starting node without passing through
any node more than once.

Figure. 1 (Representation of Loop in the Circuit)

For example, as shown in Figure.1, the circuit contains three loops.

The first is loop A-B-D-A, the second loop is B-C-D-B. And the third loop is A-B-C-D-A.
Loop – A loop is any closed path going through circuit elements.

To draw a loop, select any node as a starting point and draw a path
through elements and nodes until the path comes back to the node
where you started. There is only one rule: a loop can visit (pass
through) a node only one time. It is ok if loops overlap or contain
other loops. Some of the loops in our circuit are shown here. (You
can find others, too. If I counted right, there are six.)
Six loops.

Just from this simple example you can see the number of loops
in a circuit can become quite large. Loop analysis can be quite a
burden, so you will notice a fair amount of effort going into
figuring out simpler methods.
Mesh – A mesh is a loop that has no other loops inside it.
You can think of this as one mesh for each "open window" of
a circuit.

PROBLEM 3 How many meshes are in this circuit?

1 2 3 4
Answer There are 3 meshes in the circuit, one for each "open
Problem 3: window" in the circuit,
Reference Node – Mention the two common
choices that simplify circuit
analysis.
Ground – The reference node is often referred to as ground. The
concept of ground has three important meanings.

Ground is:
What are the three
•the reference point from which voltages are measured.
important meanings of the
•the return path for electric current back to of
concept its ground?
source. .
•a direct physical connection to the earth, which is important
A metal stake driven into the
ground next to a home. The wire for safety.
clamped to the stake curves up
to the right to provide the safety
ground reference for the home's
electrical system. Sometimes the
The ground node gets its name from the third meaning. But
grounding wire is clamped to a
water pipe where the pipe
the other two are equally important.
disappears into the Earth.
You will come across various symbols for ground:
Schematic equivalence
We need to take a second to talk about the idea of schematic equivalence. This is important
because a circuit can be represented by schematics drawn in different ways.
The following two schematics are drawn differently.
The schematic on the left shows a voltage source and three resistors in numerical order.
In the schematic the right, resistor \text R3R3start text, R, end text, 3 appears to the left of the
voltage source.
When do We say a real circuit and a
schematic (or two schematics),
are equivalent?

What do two schematics need to be

equivalent?
•Do both schematics have the same number of nodes?

_____________________________________
Is each node connected to the same branches?

____________________________________________________________
The two nodes are marked with orange lines.
The four branches are shown as blue arrows.

So the answer is: yes, these schematics are equivalent.

 How can we measure
current?
We can measure current by connecting an ammeter between
copper wire and voltage source.
 Parts of an Electric Circuit
Mention the 2 parts that all electric
circuits have

Does the conductor in most circuits

consist of one or more wires?

Do they form a closed loop?

Figure 1
In Figure 1 , are the wires connected to
both terminals of the battery?

What is the voltage source of the circuit

in Figure 1?
A circuit must be closed
for electric devices such
as light bulbs to work.
The arrows in the
diagram show the
direction in which
electrons flow through
the circuit. The current
is considered to flow in
[Figure 2]
the opposite direction. What are the two other parts of the
circuit in the figure above?
 What happens when the switch is turned on?

•______________________________________________

What happens when the switch is turned off?

•____________________________________________________
 Mention the basic properties of
electrical circuits.

There are some basic properties of electrical

circuits and they are:
What is a circuit diagram?
2.Schematic: These diagrams are drawn using standard industrial
symbols.

These diagrams are used for the representation of a circuit to an

electrician or any other technical audience.
Circuit Diagram Symbols Write the name of the symbols

There are hundreds of symbols for the circuit diagram. Some basic symbols
are:
Name Symbol Name Symbol

Resistor Battery

Capacitor LED

Cell
Types of
Circuits

What happens If in a simple

circuit one terminal is
disconnected?
2.Closed
circuit
If the curren flows through the load … How is it
considered?
3.Short
circuit

If the positive terminal of the

battery is directly connected to
the negative terminal without
any resistance between them
is said to be a _____________.
Series Circuit

Other than the above circuits, ____________ in an electric

circuit can be arranged in ______ different ways and that
are in _________ connection and in
____________connection.
 Fill in the blank with parallel
words from the
Series
boxes. I Circuit two series
f the

components

Other than the above circuits, ____________ in an electric

circuit can be arranged in ______ different ways and that
are in _________ connection and in
____________connection.
Fll in the blank with words from the boxes. I

series sum series circuit same componen

t
If in a circuit, components are connected in series then the
circuit is known as a ______________.

In a series circuit, current through each component is

_________ and voltage supplied is the ______ of the voltage
across each _____________. If a wire joins the battery to one
lamp, to the next lamp and then back to the battery, the
lamps are said to be connected in ________.
Parallel
Circuit

If If in a circuit, components are connected in

parallel then the circuit is known as ________
.