-AFRICA Let's break it down:

It is the second largest continent (after Asia), covering 1. "Deeply and predominantly contemplative": This part
about one-fifth of the total lsurface of Earth. The suggests that the subject matter or experience being
continent is bounded on the west by the Atlantic Ocean, described is characterized by deep thinking,
on the north by the Mediterranean Sea, on the east by introspection, or contemplation. It implies that it
the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean, and on the south by encourages deep thought and reflection.
the mingling waters of the Atlantic and Indian oceans.
2. "Hauntingly sweet": This part conveys that there is an
ETYMOLOGY: The name Africa came into Western element of sweetness or beauty that lingers in a haunting
use through the Romans, who used the name Africa terra or unforgettable way. It's often used to describe
- "land of the Afri" (plural, or "Afer" singular) - for the something that is emotionally touching or enchanting.
northern part of the continent, as the province of Africa
with its capital Carthage, corresponding to modern-day AFRO-ASIAN LITERATURE
Tunisia.
The background of Afro-Asian literature dates to the
ASIA very beginning when the first mixed race individual
•Asia is bounded by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the began writing
Pacific Ocean to the east, the Indian Ocean to the south, • Earlier written documents were based on stories
the Red Sea (as well as the inland seas of the Atlantic passed by word of mouth.
Ocean - the Mediterranean and the Black) to the
southwest, and Europe to the west. • Literary works were handed by mouth from generation
to generation to entertain, educate and remind the people
ETYMOLOGY: The word Asia is originated from the about their past, heroic deeds of their people, ancestry
Ancient Greek word Aoia, first attributed to Herodotus and culture.
(about 440BCE) in reference to Anatolia or to the
Persian Empire, in contrast to Greece and Egypt. It Afro-Asian literature is a sign of new and modern times.
originally was a name for the east bank of the Aegean It also teaches people and allow them to learn about
Sea, an area known to the Hittites as Assuwa. different experiences and cultures from all over the
world.
AFRO-ASIAN LITERATURE
Generally, literary works of Afro-Asian tell people
• It is a term for writing written by people from mixed about the unique struggles and successes of Afro-Asian
African-Arab ethnicity, or African-Asian ethnicity. people.

It mirrors not only the customs and traditions of African GENRES: playwriting, poems, prose
and Asian countries but also their philosophy of life
which on the whole are deeply and predominantly POEMS - tell about the history and culture of the Afro-
contemplative and hauntingly sweet. Asian people. Today, Afro-Asians still express their
creativity and honor their culture by crafting beautiful
• It is the reflection of the storm and the stress of poems such as haikus, ballads or sonnets.
developing nations seeking a place under the sun which
every student must understand so he may know how this PLAYWRIGHTS celebrate their own culture and
literature affects the history and culture of a nation. ancestry by setting plays in the past and referencing
historical events in their storylines. When performed,
• It refers to the literary output of the various countries this will feature backdrops and costumes which will
and cultures in Africa and Asia. This includes their oral reflects the culture and unique spirit of Afro-Asian
traditions and from the first to the contemporary written people. PROSE it is used to expose truth, to describe
and/or published prose and poetry. objects, places and people, to draw a reader deeper into
a story.
• Asian Literature alone is diverse and vibrant. Add to
that the sple of African Literature and you get enriching NORMS AND CULTURE
Afro Asian Literature
NORMS - a standard or pattern, especially of social
The phrase "deeply and predominantly contemplative behavior typical or expected of a group.
and hauntingly sweet" describes something that is both
profoundly reflective and thought-provoking, as well as CULTURE is defined as the shared patterns of
emotionally evocative and charmingly delightful. behaviors and interactions, cognitive constructs, and
affective understanding that are learned through a
process of socialization. These shared patterns identify
the members of a culture group while also distinguishing parents are more likely to spend much more time with
those of another group. their children, and drive them harder, sometimes even at
the expense of their personal time and ambitions of the
The highest degree of culture is embodied within a parents themselves.
virtue of respecting other humans, either as an individual
or a part of community. It is no surprise that, in this Reserve Conformity and Harmony - Since the well-
phase, people of Asia and Africa adapt the culture of being of the larger group is most important in Asian
mutual cooperation. culture, great importance is placed on maintaining
harmony. The greatest virtue that can achieve is not
NORMS AND CULTURE: AFRICA greatness of one's self, which is viewed as being selfish
and self-centered, but of fulfilling his or her role in the
AFRICA - Africa has 300 distinct ethnic groups, 2000 whole of the family or group. The achievement of an
language. Home to the most genetically diverse people individual may be seen as really the result of the effort
on Earth. So diverse that two Africans are more of one's family or group
genetically different from each other than a Chinese and
European are from each other. Africa is the world's • Benevolence and Obligation - Asian societies tend to
second largest and second most populous continent. be very hierarchical, in contrast to African culture,
There are generations, which do define Africa, but none where in some cases it is not unusual to consider teacher
that are exclusive. and student, or even parent and child as equals. Asian
hierarchical relationships involve a lot of and what
Sense of Community - A popular African proverb might be viewed as dependence or domination. But a
comes to mind here to express the African sense of good deal of responsibility and benevolence is expected
community. It says: "Go the way that many people go; if in return. While children might be obligated follow their
you go alone, you will have reason to lament". The parent's wishes very closely at the expense of their own
African idea of security and its value depends on independence the parents are also expected to raise
personal identification with and within support, and educate them far in excess of what might be
expected by African standards.
Sense of Good Human Relations - The art of dialogue
and conversation is a cherished value in African human • Loss of face, shame and honor -Losing face is one of
People freely discuss their problems and look for the better known Asian concepts among others society
suggestions and solutions together. The unwillingness to Unlike individualisticcultures, shame and honor go far
talk to people about either private or public affairs can beyond the individual, and reflect directly upon ones
be interpreted as bad manners or sign of enmity. family, nation,or other group, and so is taken very
seriously. Maintaining good face is a kind of
Sense of hospitality - The African sense of hospitality is measurement of howwell one has maintained faith to
one of the African values that is still quite alive. The traditional values, and ones' social standing among
Africans easily incorporate strangers and give them others. It serves asa strong control mechanism which
lands to settle hoping that would go one day, and the reinforces all other Asian values.
land would revert to the owner. Africans have symbolic
ways of expressing welcome. These are in forms of NORMS AND CULTURE: GENERAL
presentation of kola nuts, traditional gin, coconuts, etc;
in various communities. The Afro-Asian countries usually cared for their family
first; then they are fond of their social values; and
NORMS AND CULTURE: ASIA specially, their love for their own country.

• ASIA - Asian values are very much inter-related. They They are also active in celebrating festivals that reflects
all support the view of the individual as being a part of a their own characteristics as an Asian.
much larger group or family, and place great importance
on the well- being of the group, even at the expense of They are religious because they give importance to The
the individual. Creator by giving thanks and offering prayers to Him.

• Family and Education - A number of Asian students They are also active if we talk about literature because
have done conspicuously well in terms of test scores, they are good writers.
gifted student programs, admissions to prestigious
schools, academic awards, and in classical music. They are talented on different branch of sports and arts
Though obviously not all Asians fit this pattern. this that they are about to compete worldwide.
trend can be attributed primarily to the basic notion of
the family, and the central role that education plays in
the family. Great importance is placed on child rearing,
and education is a fundamental aspect of this. Asian
CHARACTERISTICS OF AFRO-ASIAN ASIAN
LITERATURE -relating to asia or its people, customs or languages.

•African literature is as diverse as the continent itself, LITERATURE

but several characteristics an themes prevail throughout * Latin = litera letter
much of the written works emerging from Africa. There Art of written works.
is often great emphasis on the history, culture and
customs of a group of people when telling their stories. What is Afro-Asian Literature?

• Afro-Asian's literary works were handed by mouth *It is the literary output of the various countries and
from generation to generation to entertain, educate and cultures in Africa and Asia.
remind the people about their past, heroic deeds of their
people, ancestry and culture. It is a term for writing written by people from mixed
African-Arab ethnicity or African- Asian ethnicity.
Afro-Asian literature is a sign of new and modern times.
It also teaches people and allow them to learn about • It mirrors not only the
different experiences and cultures from all over the customs and traditions of African and Asian countries
world. but also their philosophy in life.

COMMON THEMES IN AFRO-ASIAN EGYPTIAN BOOK OF THE DEAD

LITERATURE
Is considered to be the earliest records of literature.
• Afro-Asian literature shares several common themes
between African and Asian countries. Funerary Text.

Some of these themes include nature, peace, and the *Collection of spells for the dead people.
highlight on emotions.
WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF AFRO-ASIAN
EXAMPLE ABOUT NATURE LITERATURE?
Petals of Blood by Ngugi wa Thiong'o
1.It is a sign of new and modern times.
It is a poem which suggests that there is a deadly power
within nature that must be respected despite attempts to 2. It teaches people and allows them to learn about
suggest by humans that they live harmoniously with it. different experiences and cultures from all over the
world.
• EXAMPLE ABOUT PEACE
GENRE
No Longer at Ease by Chinua Achebe
*Is a CATEGORY of art, or literature. music,
It is a novel which concerns the struggle of Obi
Okonkwo's grandfather Okonkwo against changes TYPE or KIND characterized by content, form and
brought by the English. style.

• EXAMPLE ABOUT HIGHLIGHT ON EMOTIONS GENRES OF MOVIE

Brave Faces: The Daring Stand Against Cancer by *Horror

Nasra Al Adawi It is a poetry and true to life stories
about women with breast cancer in Tanzania. The *Fantasy
testimonies in Brave Faces are told through personal
stories and poetry that speak to this courage, the *Comedy
loneliness, the anger and the pain of loosing something.
GENRES OF MUSIC
DEFINITION OF TERMS
*Classic
AFRO
hair style originating with black people. - a combining *Rock
form of Africa:
*Ballad...
Genres of Literature background, any type of literature depicts a certain
culture. English literature, by its all forms, genres, and
POETRY stylistics, reflects the culture of the British. The most
known features of English literature include its wit,
*PROSE (Fiction and depiction of manners, disparity between classes, themes
being stressed on plots and characterization.
Non-Fiction)
What is American Literature?
*DRAMA/ PLAY
Comparatively, American literature is a notion that
emerged in the recent past. It is the production of literary
English Literature VS American Literature work written in the context of America portraying
American culture and themes. America, originally being
As English literature and American literature plays an a British colony, was part of English literature until the
important role where the term literature is concerned, country won independence and every aspect of the
identifying the difference between English literature and country: economy, education, literature, arts, culture,
American literature is essential for literature students. and social aspects changed and new brands brooded.
As you may already know, literature encompasses a The origin of the American literature dates back to the
wide variety of written works, especially those with early 17th century. American literature was largely
eternal artistic value and it is not confined to a particular shaped by the history of the country and revolutionary
geographical area, yet it is rather spread in almost every ideas emerged during civil and revolutionary wars.
country.
What is the difference between English Literature and
For example, published literary works in France is American Literature?
termed French literature while published literary works
in India is called Indian literature. Hence, literature is • Literary works written and published in Great Britain
rather a scattered discipline in every nook and corner of and British colonies are referred by the term English
the world. Although literature differs from one country literature while American literature refers to literary
to another, the outcome of learning literature is just the works written and published in America.
same where it makes you a person with critical thinking;
a trait that is essential for growth of one's character and •English literature is written in British English while
personality. This article seeks to explore two American literature is written in American English.
geographically parted sections of literature: English
literature and American literature. To begin with, just • English literature mainly reflects the English culture,
remember that one time, when America was a British English mannerisms while American literature mirrors
colony, both terms meant the same. It started to mean American culture, its history, and revolutionary concepts
different since the early 17th century when America was such as relationships with the church, the state,
no longer a British colony literary works were just supernatural elements that emerged in the country. E.g.
blooming. Massachusetts battle.

What is English literature? •English literature is older than the American English.

English literature refers to the collection of written • American literature is often known as a much more
literary work in the Great Britain and its colonies since realistic in portraying characters while English literature
the 7th century to the present day. As may be apparent, is known for its wit and portrayal of theme in plots and
it has a great and much-loved history where it is characterization.
chronologically categorized into several eras: Old
English literature (c.658-1100), Middle English •Judging by the above distinct and subtle differences, it
literature (1100-1500), English Renaissance (1500- is comprehensible that English literature and American
1660), Neo-Classical Period (1660-1798), 19th-century literature are two different notions although American
literature, English literature since 1901 which includes literature was once part of the English literature.
modern, post-modern, and 20th century literature.

Among the many writers from different parts of the Literature: A body of written works. The name is often
English speaking world, those who have immensely applied to those imaginative works of poetry and prose
contributed to the development of English literature are, distinguished by the intentions of their authors and the
William Shakespeare, Jane Austen, Charlotte Bronte, excellence of their execution. (Encyclopedia Britannica,
Virginia Woolf, William Wordsworth, W.B. Keats, Micropedia)
Robert Frost. As literature is the presentation of writers'
expressions towards life in their socio-economic
Literature: The collective writings proper to any Before writing was developed as a system of signs,
language or nations. The term literature is site of whether pictographs or alphabets, “texts” were passed
ideological conflict; it may refer to those canonical on orally.
works in the genres, ie., traditional works considered to The predecessor of literary expression, called “oral
be artistic or it may also refer to the total sum of poetry,”
writings, including letters, memoirs, comics, historical In 21st century, Audio-literature and the lyrics of songs
writings, etc. (adapted from the Cambridge display the acoustic features of literary phenomena
Encyclopedia) through the medium of radio and other sound carriers.

Literature: An intimate experience of an author In the Middle Ages the visual component of writing was
carefully expressed in concrete images through the use highly privileged in such forms as richly decorated
of structure, imaginative style and luxurious metaphors. handwritten manuscripts, the arrival of the modern age -
It is not practical or logical communication, but an along with the invention of the printing press- made the
aesthetic experience. visual element disappear or reduced it to a few
illustrations in the text.
Literature: A collection of writings, which reflect the
experience of class struggle in a society. The history of Only in DRAMA- union between the spoken word and
literature is, therefore, a reflection on changing material, visual expression
economic and social conditions in that society. DRAMA, which is viewed as literature, combines the
acoustic and the visual elements.
“Thus is revealed the total existence of writing: a text is The symbiosis of word and image culminates in FILM.
made up of multiple writings, drawn from many cultures
and entering into mutual relations of dialogue, parody, FILM is interesting for textual studies, since word and
contestation, but there is one place where this picture are recorded and, as in a book, can be looked up
multiplicity is focussed and that place is the reader, at any time.
not ......... the author.” Methods of literary and textual criticism are, therefore,
frequently applied to the cinema and acoustic media.
•All writing in prose and poetry having permanent value,
excellent format, an imaginative or critical characteristic, •Computer hypertexts and networks/ the Internet are the
and heightened emotional effect. latest hybrids of the textual and various media -writing
is linked to sounds, pictures or even video clips within
Literature is referred to as the entirety of written an interdependent network.
expression, with the restriction that not every written •The written medium is obviously the main concern in
document can be categorized as literature in the more the study of literature or texts - the stage, painting, film,
exact sense of the word. (Klarer p.1) music or even computer networks.

•Etymologically: the Latin word “litteratura” is derived GENRE

from “littera” (letter), which is the smallest element of
alphabetical writing. A Genre is a French word meaning “type” or “kind” of
literature.
•The word text is related to “textile” and can be The genres of literature we will study are poetry, drama,
translated as “fabric”: just as single threads form a fabric, fiction (short story, non-fiction, and novel) and film.
so words and sentences form a meaningful and coherent
text. PROSE AND POETRY
-Prose and poetry are two kinds of writing formats in
•Literature or text as cultural and historical phenomena standard American English
and to investigate the conditions of their production and
reception. Prose is straight writing in paragraph form (e.g.
-From the variety of definitions of the word literature, newspaper, novels, magazines).
choose one and explain your own understanding of how Poetry is a particular arrangement of words on a page
you perceive it through personal reflection. for heightened emotional effect.

THE BEGINNING OF LITERATURE All writing falls into one of these two categories:
-Fiction
•Not only pictorial but Acoustic Fiction is not true. It is drawn from the imagination of
•Spoken words -Signs the author.
•Oral traditions -Nonfiction
• Integral Parts of Literature Nonfiction is true. It is based on real events or facts.
LITERARY GENRAS -Atmosphere
-Language
•Fiction -Style
Ancient: Fables, Tales -Irony
Modern: Novels & Short Stories -Time and Place
Poetry -Themes
Drama
Biography and Autobiography Plot:
The Essay -A plot in fiction is the arrangement of events in a story.
Film It has an exposition, a conflict (complication of events
and a conclusion), and a resolution.
FABLE -Plots differ with reference to the above arrangements.
•The Oak and the Reed For example: there are stories which do not have a
A VERY LARGE OAK was uprooted by the wind and climax or a resolution. The arrangement of the parts of
thrown across a stream. It fell among some Reeds, the plot is the writer’s choice
which it thus addressed: "I wonder how you, who are so
light and weak, are not entirely crushed by these strong CHARACTERS
winds. There are Flat and Round characters.

Ancient: Fables, Tales A Round character: a major character (usually the

Not Realistic protagonist) who experiences change.
No details A Flat character: a minor character
Quick and simple plots
Nonhuman characters Narrator’s point of view:
They aim at a quick and simple moral (lesson) First Person
Third Person:
Modern Fiction (Men in the Sun) A Narrator can also be:
It was not too uncomfortable riding on the back of the Omniscient
huge lorry. Although the sun was pouring its inferno Partially omniscient
down on them without any respite, the breeze that they Objective
felt because of the lorry’s speed lessened the intensity of Dramatic
the heat. Abu Qais had climbed up on top with Marwan,
and they sat side by side on the edge of the tank. They
had drawn lots, and it was Assad’s turn to sit beside the POINT OF VIEW
driver -a term used to describe the way in which the reader is ,s
ds with the story; also defined as the vantage point from
MODERN FICTION which the author presents the story.

•Novels & Short Stories I. First Person point of view

-Verisimilitude: Realistic (life-like) presentation of (Uses personal pronouns: I, me, mine, we, us, our)
events - the narrator is the main character who tells his/her own
-Real (human characters) story.
-Minute details
-Not reality but an illusion of reality II. Third Person point of view
-Modern fiction is the genre of the Middle Class.
The Industrial Revolution created the Middle Class and (Uses personal pronouns: he, she, it, they, them, etc.)
the novel became the new form of literature which - This narrator is an outside narrator.
represented the difficulties encountering Middle Class
people. A. Third Person: Objective
This narrator is like a news reporter. He tells us the facts
•History: an objective presentation of reality only. He cannot enter into the thoughts of the characters.
•Biography/Autobiography: a subjective presentation of
reality. B. Third Person: Limited
•Fiction: An illusion of reality. This narrator can see into the mind of only one character.

ELEMENTS OF FICTION C. Third Person: Omniscient

-Plot This narrator can relate the thoughts of all the characters.
-Characters
-Narrator’s Point of view
-Symbolism
The objective point of view- proficiency and not the difficulty of the language of the
is the point of view from a distanced, informational story
perspective, as in a news report.
STYLE
The subjective point of view -involves a personal Style is the way the writer presents his/her story
perspective. The style of a story can be described as lucid, boring,
tense, complicated, sophisticated ---etc.
THE STREAM OF CONSCIOUSNESS TECNIC A writer may choose at certain episodes to use long
sentences; short sentences at other episodes.
One modern and sophisticated technique of narration is
the Stream of Consciousness Technique. Time and Place
In the S of C techniques the writer introduces to us a Writers usually locate their stories within a specific time
narrator who oscillates between past, present and future and place
in a haphazard manner; without attention to the Awareness of the time and place of a story illuminates
chronological sequence of events our perception
Some critics describe the S of C techniques as “human A story located in London during the post World War
mind at work”; human mind is not rhythmic in its era may inform our reading of that story.
perception of things
IRONY
AESTHETIC DISTANCE The simple definition of irony entails saying something
We need to be aware of the difference between the and meaning just the opposite of what is said.
author/writer and the narrator: they are not the same. The whole story or parts of it can be ironic.
The aesthetic distance is the distance that the writer If one says “I love having four exams in one day), s/he
maintains between himself and the narrator. certainly means the opposite of what s/he says.
Students usually confuse the narrator with the writer. In
fiction the author does not appear in the story or the THEMES
novel. It is the narrator who tells the story. The theme of the story is the message that the writer
aims at conveying to us.
The message that the writer intends to convey to us may
What if the narrator is the same as the Author? not be the same message that we find. This reality is
-The work then becomes an autobiography and not referred to as the intentional fallacy.
fiction. A writer may intend to present to us the negative
consequences of prejudice and we as readers may find
SYMBOLISM the same work a terrible source of prejudice.
There are conventional symbols: symbols that are used
by many writers and that are known to almost all people.
The Dove: a symbol of Peace
There are private symbols that are used by one writer in
one work of literature
Symbols are naturally known to allow for different
interpretations.

Atmosphere
-The atmosphere of the story is generally created by the
author and it contributes to the meaning of the story. An
atmosphere can be described as dark, sunny, gloomy,
rainy, silent, boisterous ---etc.
A protagonist who initiates a journey at night may be
seen as a fearless adventurer or a gloomy ignorant
mishap

LANGUAGE
The language of a story or a novel may be one of the
concerns of the critic. The language of a story may be
described as slang, standard, difficult, poetic, prosaic ---
etc.
The language of a story may not be described as difficult
if we, as foreign readers, find very many new words.
This reality may be attributed to our language
Ma’am Burgos the learner's understanding of own abilities, and the
knowledge about oneself as a learner and of the factors
CHAPTER 2: METACOGNITION: THINKING that moderate one's performance.
ABOUT THINKING
Procedural knowledge or task knowledge
“CHILDREN MUST BE TAUGHT HOW TO THINK,
NOT WHAT TO THINK”. ~ and how skills or comnpetencies are executed. The
-Margaret Mead assessment on the learner's task knowledge includes
what knowledge is needed (content) and the space
Introduction available to communicate what is known (length).

Today,facilitating learning is aimed at assisting learners Conditional knowledge or strategy knowledge

in acquiring expected competencies. Inaddition, the
facilitation of learning addresses the expected ~ refers to the ability to know when and why various
competencies to help them understand theirlearning and cognitive acts should be applied. It involves using
thinking. strategies to learn information (knowing how to know)
as well as adapting them to novel contexts (knowing
Research findings Have shown that metacognitive when a strategy is appropriate).
thinking operates as a vitalskill to other skills like
problem-solving, creative thinking, and critical thinking. KEYWORDS OF COMPONENTS IN
METACOGNITION
The good news is that metacognition can be taught. In
this chapter, you will discover the nature of •Declarative Knowledge
metacognition, its components,and how metacognitive
processes work in the classroom. Knowledge about things
Knowledge about one's own abilities
LESSON 1: METACOGNITION AND Knowledge about factors affecting one's own
METACOGNITIVE KNOWLEDGE performance

Definition of Metacognition •Procedural Knowldege

~ The term metacognition is attributed to Flavell. He
described it as “knowledge concerning one'scognitive Knowledge on how todo things
processes and products or anything related to them, the Knowledge on how to execute skills
learning-relevant properties of information and data.
•Conditional Knowledge
Simply stated, metacognition is "knowledge and
cognition about cognitive phenomena” (Flavell, 1979). Knowledge on when and why to apply cognitive acts
The meaning metamorphosedinto “thinking about Knowledge on when a strategy is appropriate
thinking,” “knowing about knowing,” and “cognition
about cognition.” LESSON 2:
METACOGNITIVE REGULATION AND CONTROL
The elements of metacognition are metacognitive
knowledge and metacognitive regulation. These two •METACOGNITIVE REGULATION
elements are interrelated; the presence of the first one -IS THE SECOND ELEMENT OF METACOGNITION.
enhances the second element. WHEREAS METACOGNITIVE KNOWLEDGE
REFERS TO THE LEARNERS' KNOWLEDGE OR
Components of Metacognition BELIEFS ABOUT THE FACTORS THAT AFFECT
COGNITIVE SKILLS.
~ It involves three kinds of metacognitive awareness,
namely: METACOGNITIVE REGULATION PERTAINS TO
• Declarative knowledge THEIR ABILITY TO KEEP TRACK OF (MONITOR)
AND ASSESS THEIR KNOWLEDGE OR LEARNING.
• Procedural knowledge INVOLVES THREE PROCESSES: SETTING GOALS
AND PLANNING, MONITORING AND
• Conditional knowledge CONTROLLING LEARNING AND EVALUATING
OWN REGULATION.
Declarative knowledge or personal knowledge.

~ Is the learner's knowledge about things. It also refers

to
Planning
~ involves the selection of appropriate strategies and
the allocation of resources that affect performance
(Schraw, 2002).

Monitoring
~ refers to one's ongoing awareness of comprehension
and task performance (Schraw, 2002). Referred to as
metacognitive monitoring and controlling learning, it
also involves the monitoring of a person’s thinking
processes and the current state of knowledge.

~ Given a task, it involves the awareness of the

person that the prerequisite knowledge and process to
manage the task is sufficient to succeed in it.

Evaluating
~ assessing knowledge or learning. It refers to
appraising the products and efficiency of one's learning
(Schraw, 2002)

LESSON 3: METACOGNITIVE INSTRUCTION

Principles of Metacognitive Instruction. Developing

Metacognitive thinking among students needs the
creativity of the teacher. Using metacognitive strategies
facilitates how learners learn.

As studies proven, metacognitive teaching practices

enhance the learners capabilities to transfers their
competencies in learning new tasks in new contexts
( Palinscar & Brown, 1984; Schoenfeld, 1991).

To effectively develop metacognitive skills among

learners, Veneman et al. (2012) recommend three
fundamental principles:

1. Metacognitive Instruction should be embedded in

the context of the task at hand in order to allow for
connecting task specific condition knowledge (the IF-
side) to the procedural knowledge of "How" the skill is
applied in the context of the task (the THEN-side of
production rules).

2. Learners should be informed about the benefit of

applying metacognitive skills in order to make them
exert the initial extra effort.

3. Instruction and training should be sstretched

overtime, thus allowing for the formation of production
rules and ensuring the smooth and maintained
application of metacognitive skills.