Introduction, scope and

statistics of pig and poultry

PIG AND POULTRY MANAGEMENT

ANS-213
(1+1)
 Introduction

Chicken is one of the most popular domesticated fowl in

Nepal. The domesticated chicken originated from inter-
mating between following four wild species
 The red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus)
 The ceylong jungle fowl (Gallus lafayetti)
 Gray jungle fowl (Gallus sonneratti)
 Java jungle fowl (Gallus varius)
The red jungle fowl inhabits in Nepal from the Terai foothills
to upto 1,515 meters in the hills (Rand and Fleming, 1963).
Acceptance of chicken into the diet of Nepalease households
has significantly increased over the last four decades.
Rearing of chicken and consumption of chicken and chicken
products are no more confined to certain ethnic groups.
 Zoological classification of poultry birds

1. Duck 2.Fowl 3.Turkey 4.Japanese quail

Kindom – Animalia
Kingdom – Animalia Kingdom – Animalia
Phylum – Chordata Kindom – Animalia
Phylum – Chordata Phylum – Chordata
Phylum – Chordata
Subphylum – Vertebra Subphylum –
Subphylum –
Vertebra Subphylum – Vertebra Vertebra
Class – Aves Class – Aves
Class – Aves
Subclass – Neornithes Class – Aves
Subclass – Neornithes Subclass – Neornithes Subclass – Neornithes
Order – Ansariforms
Order – Galliforms Order – Galliforms
Family – Antidae Order – Galliforms
Family – Phasianidae Family – Meleagridae Family – Phasianidae
Genus – Anas
Species – platychychos Genus – Gallus Genus – Meleagris Genus – Cotunix

Species – domesticus Species – gallopavo Species – japonica

 Statistics of Poultry

 The hen and duck population in Nepal is about 75.70 million and 0.41 million
respectively with 12.52 million laying hen yielding 1534 million eggs and 0.19
million laying duck yielding 15 million eggs (Statistical Information on
Nepalese Agriculture 2075/2076, 2018/2019).
 Statistics of Pig

 Total pigs in Nepal = 15,19593(around 1 million) • Total number of pig holdings

= 477,984 • Pork- 7.29% of total meat production . • 73% pigs reared pigs in the
scavenging /free range system. • 27% pigs are under intensive /commercial
system.
 Importance of Poultry Farming
Poultry include several kinds of birds, such as chicken, ducks, geese,
turkeys, and guinea fowls. Poultry production has many advantages for
farmer who likes poultry and is industrious. For success, a poultry ma must
good judgment in managing the enterprise. The following are the desirable
features of poultry production.
 More food at less cost is the immediate requirement
 Poultry require small space with modern confinement rearing. Poultry
may produce in the backyards of cities and small towns, or on small
farms.
 The investment of poultry is relatively small. With many other types of
agriculture, relatively large investments are required to start a business
large enough to support a family.
 One gets a profit much sooner from poultry than from many other farm
products.
 During periods when no work is available, it could prove profitable to
consider a poultry farming operation since poultry readily adapts itself to
a full-time or part-time occupation.
 Importance of Poultry Farming
 Poultry is most efficient converter of low fiber feedstuff into
highly nutritious, protective animal protein food. One a half-
kilogram broiler can be produced on 3.25 to 3.63 kg. of food.
Dozen eggs can be produced on 2.0 to 2.75 kg of feed.
 Feed-by products and industrial waste can be diverted into
poultry feed changes for efficient utilization.
 Poultry may be considered a soil-building enterprise. Poultry
manure is high in nitrogen and phosphorus than the manure
from other livestock. By practicing confinement rearing, poultry
manure can be saved and applied to the soil.
 Farmers experience crop failure due to unfavorable weather
condition, but poultry raising is not subject, in the same way, to
losses associated with droughts or floods. Income from laying
flock and from broiler production is distributed throughout the
year. All of the income does not come once or twice during the
year. This makes it easier to operate the family budget.
 Problems in poultry production
The production of poultry birds, and eggs involves many problems.
Certain limiting factors may be encountered.
 Disease and parasite problems: - While poultry birds are normally
healthy, they are subjected to many disease and parasite. Losses may
be heavy if proper methods of prevention and treatment have been
followed.
 Problems in feeding and management: - Feed costs may become
excessive and enterprise unprofitable, if the birds are not fed balanced
rationing proper amounts. Housing, ventilation, disease and labor
problems may also affect the profit from the enterprise.
 Problem in marketing: - the market influences the profit from the
poultry enterprise. Eggs, broiler, ducks and turkeys bring more money
during certain seasons.
 Selection of chicks, poults, and mature birds: - It takes well-bred stock
to give profitable production. Chicks must be bred and selected
according to the use to be made of them. The laying hens must be
carefully culled, and birds used in breeding must be carefully selected
from good laying stains.
 Problems in poultry production
 Size of enterprise:- The fact that a chick, hen, turkey or
duck is short-lived and requires only a small investment
may cause the production to become careless. The larger
the unit, the more important it is to give the enterprise the
care and management, which it should receive.
 Finance:- Specialized poultry farms require a large number
of birds capable of efficient production; hence capital can
be an important item on large farms.
 Surplus production:- Improvement in production
efficiency may bring about surpluses. Producers must
control production to maintain a satisfactory market.
 Quality of products:- Poultry products must compete with
other food Products in the consumer market. Products of
poor quality cause a loss of market, as the consumer
becomes more quality conscious.
 Scope of poultry

Poultry farming have emerged as a major income generating

enterprise in agriculture sector over the last three and a half
decades. Today, poultry production has become one of the most
rapidly growing enterprises within the reach of the poor,
women, marginal farmers and entrepreneurs, considering the
trends of population growth, urbanization, road access,
transportation linkages, increasing awareness on nutrition and
growing demands for consumer products, it will be safe to
assume that poultry sector will constantly grow in a foreseeable
future. In addition, since poultry farming are within the reach of
all classes of society, including women and marginal farmers, it
could become one of the government’s strategic activities for
poverty reduction and for reaching the most disadvantaged
socio-economic groups, including women in the country.
 Zoological clasification of swine
Kingdom – Animalia

Phylum – Chordata

Subphylum – Vertebrata

Class – Mammalia

Subclass – Utheria
Scientific name of modern pig : Sus
Order – Ungulata
domesticus
Suborder – Artiodactyles

Family – suidae

Genus – Sus

Species – vittatus, domesticus

Subspecies – 1. scrofa
2. philipinesis
3. cristaqtus
4. strotzai
 Chemical composition of pork
Moisture 77.4 %

Protein 18.7 %

Fat (Ether Extract) 4.4 %

Mineral 1.0 %

Calcium 0.03 %

Phosphorus 0.20 %

Iron (mg) 2.3

Calorific value (per 100g) 114

Vitamin A (I.U. per 100g) 30.8

Vitamin B I.U. per 100 g) 60

 Advantages of pig raising in Nepal
 Pig is a efficient converter of concentrates into meat.
 Quick and net high returns because of 6 months of market age.
 Rapid expansion of enterprise than cattle buffalo, sheep and goat.
 Relatively less investment on equipment’s, sheds, herd.
 Exotic breeds being more prolific may produce two litters per year and
about 8 to 12 piglets per farrowing.
 Highest fat storing ability as such no animal equals in this characteristic.
 Pigs are efficient converters of many by products and feeds into pork.
 Feed conversion ratio is most efficient in pig compared to other livestock.
They need less feed per kg gain of body weight.
 Pig requires less roughage and hence a small acreage of pasture for
growing and fattening pigs.
 Requirement of labor in pig production is low because pig are adapted to
both self feeding as well as full feeding.
 Advantages of pig raising in Nepal
 Pigs can very well utilize the kitchen garbage and left out feed articles of other
livestock.
 Pig skin are used for light leather goods.
 More meat can be produced from pig per unit of time and cost.
 Pork has higher energy due to higher fat content and slightly lower water content.
 Nonrecurring expenses are relatively less.
 Initial investment in setting up a piggery unit is very low.
 By products of pig industry such as skin, bristles, teeth and hoofs etc. are
increasing in demand.
 More flexibility and expansion ability of enterprise due to most prolific and quick
growing animals.
 Pork is relatively richer in phosphorus and iron content.
 Source of animal protein.
 Conversion of inedible feeds to edible food.
 Demerits in hog raising
 Utilization of large percentage of concentrates
 Have direct competitions for cereals with human being.
 Pasture are spoiled and rendered unsuitable for other
livestock.
 More problem of parasite infestation through pigs.
 Control of diseases needs much time and labour.
 Great variation in demand of pork in market.
 More need of lobour at farrowing time.
 Have religious taboo.
 Pigs not generally used for meat purpose by majoruty of meat
eaters.
 Scope of swine farming
Despite of fact that the swine rearing is a profitable enterprise most of the progressive farmers
even today hesitate to adopt it due to prejudice sentiments in our society against pig farming.
For many others there is religious taboo against pig. A majority of meat eaters also do not
consume pork. Inspite of these drawbacks, the consumption of pig meat has greatly increased
in recent years due to nutritional awareness in people. Pig is highly prolific breeder and cheap
source of protein. High fertility in pigs gives an assured income to rearer round the year. Pork
as source of animal protein is gaining popularity and pork products will be in greater demands
in year to come.
Carcass yield of pigs has been known to be highest among food animals. The high carcass yield
would attract the farming community because of the better monetary return within the shortest
possible time. Improvement in the pork quality apart from increasing pork yield would make
the pigs more economical to rear. To bring about improvement in the productivity of pork and
other piggery products, extensive crossbreeding program has been taken up to develop animals
large size, better feed conversion efficiency, high dressing percentage and quality pork.
consequently a number of piggeries have come up where hog are being raised modern
condition such a program if encouraged would help in controlling the rising prices of
mutton/cheven etc. it is hoped that swine development will go a long way in solving protein
hunger prevailing in our country.