FACULTY OF MECHANICAL AND MANUFACTURING UNIVERSITI

TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA (UTHM)

BDA24202-COMPUTER PROGRAMING
SEMESTER I 2023/2024
SECTION: 5
GROUP MEMBER

PHOTO NAME MATRIC NO

MOHAMMAD ZAKIR BIN AD220023

ZULKARNAIN
1.0 INTRODUCTION

Computer programming is the act of creating an executable computer program to

accomplish a certain job or arrive at a predetermined computational result. Analysis,
algorithm creation, algorithm profiling for precision and resource usage, and algorithm
implementation in a programming language of choice commonly referred to as coding are all
tasks involved in programming.
A program's source code is written in one or more languages that are intelligible by
programmers as opposed to machine code, which is instantly executed by the central
processing unit. The aim of programming is to create a set of guidelines that will
automatically carry out a task. These guidelines can be as intricate as an operating system
for a computer and are regularly used to address issues.
For this project, we decided to support Mega Metal Company in improving their production
planning. Three programmes must be developed by our team to show the operatorhow to
utilise traditional machining on the lathe, milling machine, and drilling machine.

2.0 MACHINE SPECIFICATIONS

2.1LATHE MACHINE
2.1.1The Definition of Lathe Machine and History
The purpose of a lathe is to conduct numerous operations on a workpiece by rotating it
around an axis of rotation while using tools to cut, sand, knurl, drill, distort, face, and turn
the workpiece to produce an item that is symmetrical around that axis. A tool with a long
history is the lathe. The earliest indication of a lathe was found in Ancient Egypt around
1300 BC.
Additionally, there are some tenuous indications that it was present in a Mycenaean Greek
site from the 13th or 14th century BC. A wooden bowl's fragments were found in an
Etruscan tomb in Northern Italy, and two flat wooden bowls with ornate turned rims were
found in modern-day Turkey. Turned objects have been found going back to the 6th century
BC. During the Warring States period in Chinese history, which began about 400 BCE,
theancient Chinese used rotary lathes to sharpen tools and weapons on an industrial scale.
In the third century BC, the first known image of a lathe was produced in ancient Egypt. The
Industrial Revolution was greatly aided by the invention of the lathe. Since it was the first
machine tool to spur the creation of others, it is known as the "mother of machine tools."
Leonardo da Vinci probably created the first lathe with a mechanical carriage carrying a
cuttingtool and a system of gears before Andrey Nartov, a Russian engineer, developed one
in 1718. This type of lathe is also referred to as a compound rest or sliding rest.
2.1.2 The uses of Lathe Machine
Lathes are used for a variety of tasks, including woodturning, metalworking, metal
spinning, thermal spraying, parts recycling, and glass working. Lathes can be used to shape
pottery, with the Potter'swheel being the most popular model. Most well-equipped
metalworking lathes can also produce most rotational solids, flat surfaces, and screw threads
or helices. Using ornamental lathes, very intricate three-dimensional things may be
produced. The workpiece is typically held in place by one or two centres, at least one of
which may move horizontally to accommodate a range of workpiece lengths. Other work-
holding techniques include utilizing clamps or a dog clutch to secure the work to a faceplate
or a collet or chuck to secure the work around the axis of rotation.
2.1.3 The Working Principles
The lathe is a machine tool that turns and holds the workpiece in a chuck or face plate,or
between two stiff and sturdy supports called as centers. The cutting tool is securely
grippedand maintained within a tool post that is fed against the spinning work. During
traditional cutting operations, the cutting tool is typically fed parallel to or at a right angle to
the work axis. The cutting tool can also be provided at an angle to the work axis for the
purpose of machining tapers and angles.

The Components of a Lathe Machine:

1. Bed: The bed is a heavy, rugged casting in which are mounted the working parts of
the lathe. It carries the headstock and tail stock for supporting the workpiece and
provides a base for the movement of carriage assembly which carries the tool.
2. Legs: The legs carry the entire load of machine and are firmly secured to floor by
foundation bolts.
3. Headstock: The headstock is clamped on the left-hand side of the bed and it serves
as housing for the driving pulleys, back gears, headstock spindle, live centre and the
feed reverse gear. The headstock spindle is a hollow cylindrical shaft that provides a
drive from the motor to work holding devices.
4. Gear Box: The quick-change gear-box is placed below the headstock and contains a
number of different sized gears.
5. Carriage: The carriage is located between the headstock and tailstock and serves the
purpose of supporting, guiding and feeding the tool against the job during operation.
The main parts of carriage are:
i. The saddle is an H-shaped casting mounted on the top of lathe ways. It
provides support to cross-slide, compound rest and tool post.
ii. The cross slide is mounted on the top of saddle, and it provides a mounted
of automatic cross movement for the cutting tool.
iii. The compound rest is fitted on the top of cross slide and is used to support
thetool post and the cutting tool
iv. The tool post is mounted on the compound rest, and it rigidly clamps the
cutting tool or tool holder at the proper height relative to the work centre
line.
v. The apron is fastened to the saddle and it houses the gears, clutches and
levers required to move the carriage or cross slide. The engagement of split
nut lever and the automatic feed lever at the same time is prevented she
carriage along the lathe bed.
vi. Tailstock: The tailstock is a movable casting located opposite the headstock
on the ways of the bed. The tailstock can slide along the bed to accommodate
different lengths of workpiece between the centres. A tailstock clamp is
provided to lock the tailstock at any desired position. The tailstock spindle has
an internal taper to hold the dead centre and the tapered shank tools such as
reamers and drills.
LATHE MACHINE SPECIFICATION
A lathe is used for turning is the CA6161. This lathe was made to handle demanding turning
tasks. It can go through several different operations, including roughing, finishing, threading,
drilling, knurling, facing, parting, and many more. A one horsepower fast motor may also
operate up to 48 distinct cross and longitudinalfeeds.
While longitudinal feed rates range from 0.13 to 1.92 mm/rev, cross feed speeds range from
0.065 to 0.98mm/rev.
This machine can operate with a wide range of materials, including machine steel, tool steel,
aluminium,cast iron, and bronze, thanks to the many feed choices. The table below is a list
of the machine's specs.
MODEL PARTS TK1060
Capacity Swing Over Bed 1050 mm
Swing over cross 750 mm
slip
Swing over gap 1600 mm
Centre height 520 mm
Width of gap 570 mm
Bed width 560mm/660mm
Betweeen centres 2M,3M,4M,5M,6M,7M,8M,9M,10,M
Headstock Spindle bore, ⌀ 156mm
diameter [Opt. ⌀230 mm, ⌀ 320mm ⌀360mm]
Spindle nose A2-11 [opt.A2-15,S2-20,A2-20]
Spindle speeds 9-600[opt.6-400,5-300,5-300]
(rpm),12 step
Main spindle motor 20 HP[opt. 25HP or 30HP]
Feed & Threads Cross travel 540mm
Cross feeds 0.065-0.96 mm/rev(48kinds)
Longitual feeds 1-15M (32 kinds)
Lead screw ⌀50mm×2TPI
 diameter
Theading range, 2-30mm/pitch(44kinds)
Metric
Threading range, 1-15M(32kinds)
inch
DP.Pitch threads 2-30 P(48kinds)
Compound rest 300 mm
travel
Tool size 40×40 mm
Rapid motor ⅟2HP
Cross feeds 0.065-0.96 mm/rev(48 kinds)
Tailstock Quill diameter ⌀140mm[opt.bigger quil Diameter}
Centre taper MT6
Quill travel 300mm
Miscellaneous Cooloant pump ⅟4HP
Net weight,Kgs 5620(2M),6100(3M),7450(4M),8550(5M),
9650(5M),10750(7M),11850(8M)12950(9M)
,
14050(10M)

2.2 MILLING MACHINE

2.2.1 The Definition of Milling Machine and History
Milling is a method of machining that involves advancing a cutter into a work item and
removing material with rotary cutters This may be done by altering the speed and pressure
of the cutter head as well as the direction of one or more axes. Small single pieces to
massive, heavy-duty gang milling processes are all included in the broad category of milling
techniques and equipment. It's one of the techniques most frequently used to create
custom parts with precise tolerances.
In 1783, Samuel Rehe invented the first real milling machine. In Plymouth, Connecticut, Eli
Terry began utilizing a milling machine to create tall case clocks in 1795.Using his milling
machine, Terry was the first in the clock industry to create replaceable parts.While cutting
wooden sections for interchangeable parts was effective, doing so in large quantities was
wasteful. Milling wooden blanks results in a low yield of components since the machine's
single blade would lead to gear teeth being lost when the cutter came into contact with
parallel grains in the wood. Terry created a spindle cutting device for mass component
manufacture in 1807. Other Connecticut clockmakers, such James Harrison of Waterbury,
Thomas Barnes of Litchfield, and Gideon Roberts of Bristol, also used milling machines.
In 1980, substantial advancements in computers and CNC machine tools are still being
made.The personal computer revolution has had a significant impact on this expansion. By
the late 1980s, desktop computers and CNC machine tools became commonplace in small
machine shops. Soon after, hobbyists, artists, and designers started buying CNC mills and
lathes. Small enough to fit on a desktop, low-cost CNC machines are already being made by
manufacturers. These machines can cut materials that are sofier than stainless steel at high
resolution. Jewelry, printed circuit boards, gun parts, and even fine art might be produced
with them.
2.2.2 The Working Principles
The workpiece is secured to the machine's worktable. The feed of the workpiece
against the spinning cutter is controlled by the table movement. The cutter spins at a high
speed and is positioned on a spindle or arbour. The cutter has no other motion except
spinning. The cutter teeth remove the metal from the workpiece's surface as the workpiece
moves forward, resulting in the desired form.

The Components of a Miling machine:

a) Base: It gives support and rigidity to the machine and also acts as a reservoir for the
cutting fluids.
b) Column: The column is the main supporting frame mounted vertically on the base.
The column is box shaped, heavily ribbed inside and houses all the driving
mechanisms for the spindle and table feed.
c) Knee: The knee is a rigid casting mounted on the front face of the column. The knee
moves vertically along the guide ways and this movement enables to adjust the
distance between the cutter and the job mounted on the table. The adjustment is
obtained manually or automatically by operating the elevating screw provided below
the knee.
d) Saddle: The saddle rests on the knee and constitutes the intermediate part between
the knee and the table. The saddle moves transversely, i.e., crosswise (in or out) on
guide ways provided on the knee.
e) Table: The table rests on guide ways in the saddle and provides support to the work.
The table is made of cast iron, its top surface is accurately machined and carriers T-
slots which accommodate the clamping bolt for fixing the work. The worktable and
hence the job fitted on it is given motions in three directions:
i. Vertical (up and down) movement provided by raising or lowering the knee.
ii. Cross (in or out) or transverse motion provided by moving the saddle in
relation to knee
iii. Longitudinal (back and forth) motion provided by hand wheel fitted on the
side
 of feed screw.
In addition to the above motions, the table of a universal milling machine can be swivelled
45° to either side of the centre line and thus fed at an angle to the spindle.

f) Overarm: The Overarm is mounted at the top of the column and is guided in perfect
alignment by the machined surfaces. The Overarm is the support for the arbor.
g) Arbor support: The arbor support is fitted to the Overarm and can be clamped at any
location on the Overarm. Its function is to align and support various arbors. The
arbor is a machined shaft that holds and drives the cutters.
h) Elevating screw: The upward and downward movement to the knee and the table is
given by the elevating screw that is operated by hand or an automatic feed.
MACHINE SPECIFICATION

The Dayton 2LKR1 milling machine, built in Taiwan, was utilised for this cooperative
effort. Knee-type milling machines, Universal horizontal milling machines, Ram-type milling
machines, and many others are examples of milling machines. Face milling is a method that
is performed on this project using a vertical head milling machine. The milling machine table
has a width of 230 mm and a length of 1070 mm. The milling machine's spindle speed
ranges from 60 to 8400 revolutions per minute. The milling machine's particular
specifications are listed in the table below.

MODEL X6323

Table dimension 230,1070 mm

Width,Length
Travel 610,350,380 mm
X,Y,Z-Axis
Phased gear (PGH)

Vertical Steel Head(VSH)

Head Structure

Non-phased head
 PGH:80-5400 rpm

Spindle speed VSH:80-8400 rpm

NPH:60-4200 rpm

Spindle rotation angle 45o

Ram travel 305 mm
Ram rotation angle 36o

Machine size 1500 x 1530 x2100 (mm)

(L x W x H)
Machine load 250Kg

MATERIAL PRODUCT
It is advised that a mild steel block with a length of 200 mm, a width of 100 mm, and a
height of 100 mm be machined. Mild steel has a density of 0.000078503 kg/mm3 and a cost
of RM6.05 per kg.
Final Product Design
DIMENSION VALUE IN mm

Length 200

Height 100

Width 100
2.3 DRILLING MACHINE
2.3.1 The Definition of Drilling Machines and History
An instrument that makes holes in or through metal, wood, or any other material that can
withstand powerful drilling forces is known as a drilling machine, sometimes known as a drill
press. The drilling device uses a drill bit, a drilling tool having cutting blades that are sharp at
their tip. Drilling machines come in four different varieties: radial, vertical sensitive, upright,
and special function. These categories include drill machines such as upright or column
drilling machines, sensitive drilling machines, gang drilling machines, radial drilling
machines, multi-spindle drilling machines, vertical drilling machines, portable drilling
machines, and many more.
The invention of the electric motor led to the development of the electric drill. Arthur James
Arnot and William Blanch Brain of Melbourne, Australia created the electric drill in 1889. In
Stuttgart, Germany, Wilhem and Carl Fein created the first transportable handheld drill in
1895.
In 1917, Black & Decker created the first portable drill with a trigger-switch andpistol-grip.
The present drilling period officially began with this. Over the past century, severaltypes and
sizes of electric drills have been produced for a variety of uses.

2.3.2 The Working Principles

When the electricity is turned on, the spindle, which is connected to the motor, begins
to spin. The Radial arm is adjusted according on the kind of operation and the height of the
workpiece. The drill bit is held in the jaws of the chuck, which is attached to the spindle. A
proper feed is delivered once the drill head is set to the point of application at the work
piece.The drill bit then easily penetrates the work item. When you turn the hand wheel, the
pinion linked to the rack turns as well, converting the rotational motion to linear motion.
Rack and Pinion is the name of the driving mechanism.
The Components of a Drilling machines:
a) Base: The base acts as a supporting structure for the machine. It is usually made of
heavy Gray iron, and has slots to give support to the structures that are too large for
the table.
b) Column: The Column is usually round structured and is made from gray cast iron or
ductile iron for larger machines, or steel tubing for drill presses which are smaller in
size. It gives support to the table and the top half of the drilling machine.
c) Table: The table is provided to move the work piece along the column. It can also be
wiveled around the column in order to reach the intended working position. A large
majority of worktables have slots, holes and other structures as accessories for
holding the work. Some tables are also capable of being rotated around the
horizontal axis.
d) Head: The spindle, quill, pulleys and the motor are all housed in the head of the
drilling machine. The V-belt is attached to the motor driving the pulley located in the
front part of the head. This in turn drives the spindle which causes the drill to
operate. The speeds on a stepped V-shaped pulley drive can be altered by changing
the position of belt.
e) Angle plates: To support the action by its edge, angle plates are provided. They
consist of holes and slots to help clamp the work piece to the table and also holds it
together. They also accurately align the work perpendicularly to the surface of table.
f) Drill jigs: Drill jigs are used when there is a need for multi-tasking. When several
holes are required to be made in one particular place. It also helps in locating the
work to the favourable drilling position. The drill jig is also used to guide the drill
straight through with the help of drill bushings
Machines Specifications

HMP-23B Pillar Drilling Machine is the drilling machine that our company use for drilling
process. This kind of drilling machine is suitable for drilling process and it helps us to make
better product. It can be use with various type of materials such as Mild Steel, Stainless
Steel, Brass, Copper, Alloy Steel, Aluminum and Cast Iron. It is also equipped with an Electric
Motor of 1 horse power and 8 different speed settings, with a minimum speed of 86 RPM
and maximum speed of 3360 RPM. The V-belt drive is on top of the machine, well protected
in a metal housing. 4 Speeds are directly driven on four-step pulley and another 4 speed by
engaging gear with the Spindle Pulley.
The worktable (270 x 270 mm) is adjustable in height with Rack-Pinion Arrangement.
In addition, the drilling depth stop allows us to determine how deep the drill should go in
the material. Since the base plate is equipped with screw holes, we can easily attach the
pillar drill to our workbench. Table below shows the specification of this HMP-23B Drilling
Machine.
PARAMETER SPECIFICATION
MODEL NO. 19KBR
BRAND K.M.PANCHAL
DRILLING CAP.IN STEEL 20 mm
DRILLING CAP IN C.I 23 mm
TAPPING CAP IN SYSTEM M13
SPINDLE TAPER MT12
SPINDLE SPEED (RPM) 80,154,460,617,1100,1880,3360
NO. OF SPINDLE SPEED 8
SPINDLE TRAVEL 125mm
TYPE PF FEED MANUAL
DIAMETER OF COMUNICATION 73.80 mm/915 mm
COLUMN
MAX. DIST. BETWEEN SPINDLE CENTER 125 mm
OF FACE
MAX. DIST. BETWEEN SPINDLE NOSE TO 365 mm
 TABLE

MAX .DIST. BETWEEN SPINDLE NOSE TO 630 mm

BASE PLATE
UP-RIGHT TRAVEL OF WORKING TABLE 250mm
SIZE OF WORKING TABLE 270×270 mm
SLOT SIZE IN WORKING TABLE 7/16’’
SIZE OF BASE TABLE 490×310 mm
SIZE OF ‘T’ SLOT IN BASE TABLE 7/16”
WORKING SURFACE OF BASE PLATE 270×235 mm
ELECTRIC MOTOR 1HP/1440 RPM
V-BELT SIZE A43
WEIGHT OF MACHINES (KG) 99
OVERALL DIMENSION OF MACHINES 1000×390×360 mm
(H×W×L)

Raw Material of Product

For this product, we used aluminum alloy round bar because it has good mechanical
property and can be used in many parts in design and application. Aluminum density is
0.00000271 kg/mm3 and the cost for this round bar is assumed 1 kg for RM6.05 for this
project.
Product Design
DIMENSIONS VALUE (mm)
Thickness 200
Length 250
Width 200

2.4 Grinding Machines

2.4.1 The Definition of Grinding Machine:
A grinding machine is a tool or machine tool used for grinding, which is a type of
machining using an abrasive wheel as the cutting tool. Each grain of abrasive on the wheel's
surface cuts a small chip from the workpiece via shear deformation. The grinding machine is
used to finish workpieces that must show high surface quality and high accuracy of shape
and dimension.
The history of grinding machines can be traced back to the early 19th century when
the first grinding machine was developed for the manufacturing of parts for sewing
machines. The origin of grinding machines goes hand in hand with the industrial revolution,
as industries sought ways to improve the precision and efficiency of machining processes.
Early Developments (19th Century): The first grinding machine was created by Norton
in 1832 to grind needle points for sewing machines. This marked the beginning of the use of
grinding machines for precision machining.Brown and Sharpe (1860s): The American
machine tool industry expanded during this time, and Brown and Sharpe produced the first
cylindrical grinding machine in the United States.Growth in Precision Grinding (20th
Century): With the growth of industries like aerospace and automotive, there was an
increasing demand for highly precise and efficient grinding machines. Technological
advancements led to the development of new grinding techniques and machines.
Computer Numerical Control (CNC): In the latter half of the 20th century, the integration
of computer technology into machining processes revolutionized grinding machines. CNC
grinding machines allowed for greater automation, precision, and the ability to produce
complex shapes.
Modern Innovations: Today, grinding machines come in various types, including surface
grinders, cylindrical grinders, centerless grinders, and tool and cutter grinders. Advanced
materials, abrasives, and control systems continue to drive innovation in the field of grinding
machines.
The evolution of grinding machines reflects the broader trends in manufacturing,
emphasizing precision, automation, and the ability to efficiently produce components for
various industries.
2.4.1 The Working Principles
Grinding machines use abrasive wheels to remove material from a workpiece. Key principles
include rotating the grinding wheel, controlling the depth of cut, and maintaining the
desired surface finish. Specific types include surface grinders, cylindrical grinders, and tool
and cutter grinders.

The Components of a Grinding Machines:

Grinding machines are versatile tools used for various machining operations to achieve
precision and surface finish. The primary components of a grinding machine include:
a) Base: The base provides stability to the entire machine. It is usually made of cast iron
or steel and supports all other machine components.
b) Table: The table is where the workpiece rests during the grinding process. It can be a
magnetic or non-magnetic surface, depending on the type of grinding being
performed.
c) Wheel Head: The wheel head houses the grinding wheel, which is responsible for the
actual cutting or grinding action. It can be moved vertically to adjust the depth of cut.
 d) Wheel Guard: This is a protective cover that encases the grinding wheel, preventing
debris and coolant from scattering.
e) Spindle: The spindle is the rotating shaft that holds the grinding wheel. It may have
different speeds and can be adjusted to achieve various grinding results.
f) Work Rest: The work rest is a support for the workpiece during grinding. It helps in
maintaining proper alignment and prevents the workpiece from being displaced.
g) Tailstock: In cylindrical grinding machines, the tailstock supports the other end of the
workpiece and can be adjusted for different lengths.
h) Grinding Wheel Dresser: This tool is used to shape and clean the grinding wheel,
ensuring it maintains its desired geometry for efficient cutting.
i) Coolant Supply: Many grinding machines have a coolant supply system to reduce
heat generated during grinding, improve surface finish, and extend tool life.
j) Control Panel: The control panel houses the machine's controls, allowing the
operator to regulate parameters such as wheel speed, table movement, and depth of
cut.

Grinding Machine Specification

The M3060A is a grinding machine, built in China, was utilised for this cooperative effort. Knee-
type grinding machines, Universal horizontal grinding machines, Ram-type grinding machines, and
many others are examples of grinding machines. Face grinding is a method that is performed on this
project using a vertical head grinding machine. The grinding machine table has a width of 300 mm
 and a length of 600 mm. The grinding machine's spindle speed ranges from 1440 revolutions per
minute. The grinding machine's particular specifications are listed in the table below;

MODEL M3060A

Grinding capacity:L×W×H 600×300×300 mm

Longitudinal table travel 620 mm

Cross table 325 mm

Max. distance from the spindle centre to 400 mm

the worktable surface

Safety load of bench (in max) 150 Kg

Table size 600×300 mm

T-slot 14×1 mm×no

Bench speed 3-23 m/min

Cross auto speed 0.02m/Div

Cross rapid feed 0.6-10 mm

Cross handwheel -

Grinding wheel size (D×W×d) 200×16×32 mm

Spindle speed 2850 r/min

Max. movement of vertical mechanism 400 mm

Vertical fine adjustment revolution 0.15 mm

Vertical per fine adjustment graduation 0.002 mm

Spindle moter 1.5 Kw

Overall dimensions :(L×W×H) 1870×1200×1840

Raw of material product

For this product, we used aluminum alloy round bar because it has good mechanical property
and can be used in many parts in design and application. Aluminum density is 0.00000271 kg/mm3
and the cost for this round bar is assumed 1 kg for RM6.05 for this project.

Product Design
DIMENSIONS VALUE( mm)
 Thickness 200
Length 250
Width 200

3.0 PART DESIGN

3.1 Part Design for Lathe Machine
The base material that used for the product is an aluminum cylinder bar which is in
Figure land its dimension is stated in Table 1
DIMENSIONS VALUE (mm)
Diameter 50
Length 100

The lathe machine is used to face the central section of the cylinder bar while
employing this aluminum cylinder bar. The aluminum cylinder bar is lathed at 120 mm
length and decreased in diameter by 25 mm, starting with a 10 mm gap on the right side.
Finally, a drilling machine is used to drill one hole with a diameter of 15 mm through the
whole center of the aluminum cylinder bar.

3.2 PART DESIGN FOR A MILLING MACHINE

The base material that used for the product was a mild steel cube which is in Figure 2
and its dimension is stated in table 2
DIMENSION VALUE (mm)
Thickness 50
 Length 50
Width 50

By using mild steel cube, milling machine is used to milled as shown in Figure 2.
Starting by 10 mm of gap from the left side, the mild steel cube is milled at 10 mm length
and 10mm depth.

3.3 PART DESIGN FOR DRILLING MACHINES

The base material that used for the product is an aluminium cylinder bar which is in
Figure 3 and its dimension is stated in Table 3.
DIMENSIONS VALUE (mm)
Diameter 400
Length 250
Drilling machine is used to drill three holes on the top of the aluminum cylinder bar
utilizing this aluminum cylinder bar. Three holes with a diameter of 100 mm are included
in this design. Figure 3 depicts the location and distance between each hole.

3.4 PART DESIGN FOR A GRANDING MACHINE

The base material that used for the product is an aluminium cube bar which is in Figure 3
and its dimension is stated in Table 3.
DIMENSION VALUE (mm)
Length 20
Width 20
Thickness 30

Grinding machine is used to make shape for the side of the aluminum cube bar . The
cylinder shape with 2 cm are included in this design. Figure 3 depict the cilynder shape
after this proses done.
4.0 0PERATIONAL ANALYSIS
4.1 Lathe Machine
Straight turning, taper turning, profiling, facing, face grooving, drilling, cutting off,
threading, and other operations can all be performed on a lathe machine. Straight turning,
drilling, and cutting off operations are sufficient in our project to produce our product
design.To conduct a plan lathe operation, there are a few steps that must be performed in
orderto achieve the required product design. The steps are stated as following:
Step 1: Set up the lathe machine
Step 2: Select the design
Step 3: Set up the workpiece
Step 4: Carry out lathe operation
Step 5: Clean up the workpiece
Step 6: Clean up the workplace
Step 1: Set up the lathe machine
To begin a lathe operation, a suitable lathe machine is selected as the primary machine
on which we will carry out the lathe procedure. Check that all of the components of the
lathe machine are functioning and in excellent working order. If any damage is discovered,
replace the component or use a different machine as a precaution. Then, turn on the lathe
machine and set an appropriate speed for the lathe operation. The spindle speed of this
CA6161 Lathe Machine may be adjusted by the operator.
Step 2: Select the design
The design of the product should be decided before utilising the lathe machine. To make
the lathe operation easier, marks can be made on the workpiece. A centre punch can be
used to produce a tiny depression on the workpiece's surface in some cases.
Step 3: Set up the workpiece
Before beginning the lathe operation, select an appropriate workpiece. On the workpiece,
every lathe machine has its own set of limitations. As a result, the dimensions of the
workpiece are critical and must be carefully considered. Only workpieces with maximum
dimensions of 1060 mm swing over bed, 750 mm swing over cross slide, 1610 mm swing
over gap, and 530 mm center height are allowed in this machine. This machine does not
accept workpieces with dimensions greater than that. After the workpiece is prepared, it
may be clamped on the lathe machine's spindle with a chuck and tightened with a chuck
wrench. Heat will be created throughout the lathe operation, which will cause the lathe
tools to become dull.
As a result, we must use coolant to lubricate the lathe tools.
Step 4: Carry out lathe operation
 Before using the lathe machine, take the necessary safety precautions, such as donning a
safety glass and ear protection. Ensure that the workpiece is spinning in the correct direction
and at the correct speed during the lathe operation. The right hand grip rule can be used to
establish the lathe machine's direction. Wrapping our right hand around the workpieces and
directing our fingers in the rotational direction. Take care not to hurt or injure yourself with
the material that is removed during the lathe. The user is needed to run the lathe machine
manually for this machine.
Step 5: Clean up the workpiece
Some material debris may remain on the workpiece after the lathe operation. Brushes
can be used to clean up the workpiece and remove these fragments. Double-check that the
diameter of the workpieces is within acceptable limits. Because the workpiece may still be
hot at this point, avoid contacting it with your hands. We can use coolant to lower the
temperature of the workpiece and remove it from the machine's spindle by loosening the
chuck using a chuck wrench.
Step 6: Clean up the workplace
A cleaning operation should be done on the equipment before leaving it. All of the tools
that have been used should be returned to their proper locations. Sweep up any spills and
wipe away any cutting fluid, if any was used. Cleaning the workplace using a vacuum cleaner
is possible. Sweep the floor since a lot of material may have been taken from the workpiece
while drilling. The cleaning procedure is the best way to keep the lathe machine in good
working order, since scraps left in the machine can cause it to break down quickly. As a
result, before leaving the machine, make sure everything is orderly and clean.
4.2 Milling Machine
Plane milling, face milling, side milling, angular milling, gang milling, form milling, profile
milling, and other operations may all be done using a milling machine. Plane milling and face
milling operations are sufficient in our project to produce our product design.
To execute plan milling, there are a few steps that must be performed in order to get the
desired product design. The steps are stated as following:
Step 1: Set up the milling machine
Step 2: Select the design
Step 3: Set up the workpiece
Step 4: Carry out milling operation
Step 5: Clean up the workpiece
Step 6: Clean up the workplace
Step 1: Set up the milling machine
To begin a milling operation, a suitable milling machine is selected as the primary
machine on which we will drill. Check that all of the milling machine's components are
operational and in excellent working order. If a component is damaged, replace it or use a
different machine as a precaution. The milling machine should next be turned on and an
appropriate milling speed selected. The spindle speed on this Vertical Milling Machine is
adjustable.

Step 2: Select the design

The product's design should be established before to the milling process. To make the
milling process easier, marks can be made on the workpiece. A centre punch can be used to
produce a tiny depression on the workpiece's surface in some cases.
Step 3: Set up the workpiece
Before beginning the milling process, select a suitable workpiece. On the workpiece,
every milling machine has its own set of limitations. As a result, the dimensions of the
workpiece are critical and must be carefully considered. This machine only accepts
workpieces with maximum dimensions of 610 mm in length, 350 mm in width, and 380 mm
in height. This machine does not accept workpieces with dimensions greater than that.
When placing a heavy machine attachment like a rotary table, dividing head, or vise after the
workpiece is ready, have someone assist you. Refer to the speed and feed tables at all times.
Always make sure your cutting instruments are sharp and in good working order.
Step 4: Carry out milling operation
Before drilling the workpiece, take safety precautions such as wearing a safety glass and
ear protection. Using a light hammer or mallet, seat the workpiece against parallel bars or
the bottom of the vise throughout the milling operation. Make sure the piece is securely
gripped and correctly positioned. After tightening the vice, remove the wrench. The majority
of procedures need a forward spindle. There could be a couple of exceptions. Before
beginning a cut, double-check that there is enough room for all moving elements. Make sure
you only use as much feed as is required to form a clean chip. Reduce drilling pressure
before a drill bit breaks through the material's backside. To avoid morphing, apply and keep
cutting fluids
Step 5: Clean up the workpiece
Some material scrap may remain on the workpiece after the milling operation. Brushes
can be used to clean up the workpiece and remove these fragments. Double-check that the
diameter of the workpieces is within acceptable limits. Because the workpiece may still be
hot at this point, avoid contacting it with your hands. We can use coolant to lower the
temperature of the workpiece and remove it from the machines vice.
Step 6: Clean up the workplace
A cleaning operation should be done on the equipment before leaving it. All of the tools
that have been used should be returned to their proper locations. Sweep up any spills and
wipe away any cutting fluid, if any was used. Cleaning the workplace using a vacuum cleaner
is possible. Sweep the floor because the milling process may remove a lot of material from
the workpiece. The cleaning process is the best milling machine maintenance because scraps
left in the machine can cause the machine to break down quickly. As a result, before leaving
the machine, make sure everything is orderly and clean.

4.3 Drilling Machine

Drilling machines can be used for a variety of operations, including core drilling, reaming,
plane drilling, boring, and more. In this project, a simple plane drilling operation is all that is
required to create our product design. To carry out a plan drilling operation, there are a few
steps that must be performed in order to get the required product design. The steps are
stated as following:
Step 1: Set up the drilling machine
Step 2: Select the design
Step 3: Set up the workpiece
Step 4: Carry out drilling operation
Step 5: Clean up the hole
Step 6: Clean up the workplace
Step 1: Set up the drilling machine
To begin a drilling operation, a suitable drilling machine is selected as the primary
machine for us to use in the drilling procedure. Ensure that all of the drilling machine's
components are functioning and in excellent working order. If any damage is discovered,
replace the component or use a different machine as a precaution. Afier that, turn on the
drilling machine and set the appropriate drilling speed. The spindle speed of this HMP-23B
Type Pillar Drilling Machine may be adjusted by the operator.
Step 2: Select the design
The product's design should be decided before drilling. To make the drilling process
easier, draw marks on the workpiece. A center punch can be used to produce a tiny
depression on the workpiece's surface in some cases.
Step 3: Set up the workpiece
Before beginning the drilling procedure, select an appropriate workpiece. Every drilling
machine has a restriction on the size of the workpiece it can drill. As a result, the dimensions
of the workpiece are critical and must be carefully considered. This machine only accepts
workpieces with maximum dimensions of 270 mm in length, 270 mm in width, and 250 mm
in height. This machine does not accept workpieces with dimensions greater than that. After
the workpiece has been prepared, it may be clamped on the drilling machine's working table
with a clamp. Clamping is a useful approach to hold the workpiece since it is safer than
grabbing it by hand. Heat is created during the drilling operation, which might result in harm
if the workpiece is held by hand.
Step 4: Carry out drilling operation
 Before drilling the workpiece, take safety precautions such as wearing a safety glass and
ear protection. Ensure that the drill tool is rotating in the correct direction and at the correct
speed during the drilling operation. The right-hand grip rule can be used to identify the
drilling machine's direction. Wrapping our right hand around the drill with our fingers
pointed in the rotational direction and our thumb pointing to the workpiece is a good way to
start. Be cautious of the material that is removed during drilling since it may cause harm or
injury. For certain machines, there is an automated mode in which the spindle will move to
the workpiece without having to operate it by hand, and it will drill the workpiece at a
specific point before returning to its original position. In this instance, the user must run the
drilling machine independently.
Step 5: Clean up the hole
Some material scrap may remain on the workpiece after drilling. Brushes can be used to
clean up the workpiece and remove these fragments. Double-check that the drilled hole is in
the right place and has the right dimensions. If the hole's edge is not to our liking, we may
use a deburring tool to cut and smooth it. Because the workpiece may still be hot at this
point, avoid contacting it with your hands. We can utilize some to remove the workpiece
from the machine's working table.
Step 6: Clean up the workplace
A cleaning operation should be done on the equipment before leaving it. All of the tools
that have been used should be returned to their proper locations. Sweep up any spills and
wipe away any cutting fluid, if any was used. Cleaning the workplace using a vacuum cleaner
is possible. Sweep the floor since a lot of material may have been taken from the workpiece
while drilling. Cleaning is the greatest method of maintaining a drilling machine since scraps
left in the machine might cause it to break down quickly. As a result, before leaving the
machine, make sure everything is orderly and clean.

4.4 Grinding machine

The grinding machine serves multiple purposes, including the initial shaping and final
refinement of flat, cylindrical, and conical surfaces. It also excels at finishing internal
cylinders or bores and crafting and honing cutting tools. The procedure eliminates rough
projections from castings and stampings and also serves to clean, polish, and buff smooth
surfaces. In this project, a simple plane grinding operation is all that is required to create our
product design. To carry out a plan grinding operation, there are a few steps that must be
performed in order to get the required product design. The steps are stated as following:
Step 1: Set up the grinding machine
Step 2: Select the design
Step 3: Set up the workpiece
Step 4: Carry out grinding operation
Step 5: Clean up the workpiece
Step 6: Clean up the workplace
Step 1: Set up the grinding machine
To begin a grinding operation, a suitable grinding machine is selected as the primary
machine for us to use in the grinding procedure. Ensure that all of the grinding machine's
components are functioning and in excellent working order. If any damage is discovered,
replace the component or use a different machine as a precaution. Afier that, turn on the
grinding machine and set the appropriate grinding speed. The spindle speed of this M3060-A
Type Pillar Grinding Machine may be adjusted by the operator.
Step 2: Select the design
The product's design should be decided before grinding. To make the grinding process easier,
draw marks on the workpiece. A center punch can be used to produce a tiny depression on
the workpiece's surface in some cases.
Step 3: Set up the workpiece
Before beginning the grinding procedure, select an appropriate workpiece. Every grinding
machine has a restriction on the size of the workpiece it can grind. As a result, the
dimensions of the workpiece are critical and must be carefully considered. This machine only
accepts workpieces with maximum dimensions of 300 mm in length, 300 mm in width, and
300 mm in height. This machine does not accept workpieces with dimensions greater than
that. After the workpiece has been prepared, it may be clamped on the grinding machine's
working table with a clamp. Clamping is a useful approach to hold the workpiece since it is
safer than grabbing it by hand. Heat is created during the grinding operation, which might
result in harm if the workpiece is held by hand.
Step 4: Carry out drilling operation
Before grinding the workpiece, take safety precautions such as wearing a safety glass and
ear protection. Ensure that the grind tool is rotating in the correct direction and at the
correct speed during the grinding operation. The right-hand grip rule can be used to identify
the grinding machine's direction. Wrapping our right hand around the drill with our fingers
pointed in the rotational direction and our thumb pointing to the workpiece is a good way to
start. Be cautious of the material that is removed during grinding since it may cause harm or
injury. For certain machines, there is an automated mode in which the spindle will move to
the workpiece without having to operate it by hand, and it will grind the workpiece at a
specific point before returning to its original position. In this instance, the user must run the
grinding machine independently.
Step 5: Clean up the workpiece
Some material scrap may remain on the workpiece after grinding. Brushes can be used to
clean up the workpiece and remove these fragments. Double-check that the shape of
workpiece is in the right dimensions. If the shape’s edge is not to our liking, we may use a
deburring tool to cut and smooth it. Because the workpiece may still be hot at this point,
avoid contacting it with your hands. We can utilize some to remove the workpiece from the
machine's working table.
Step 6: Clean up the workplace
A cleaning operation should be done on the equipment before leaving it. All of the tools that
have been used should be returned to their proper locations. Sweep up any spills and wipe
away any cutting fluid, if any was used. Cleaning the workplace using a vacuum cleaner is
possible. Sweep the floor since a lot of material may have been taken from the workpiece
while grinding. Cleaning is the greatest method of maintaining a grinding machine since
scraps left in the machine might cause it to break down quickly. As a result, before leaving
the machine, make sure everything is orderly and clean.
5.0 FLOW CHART
6.0 COMPLETE PROGRAMS CODE
7.0 CALCULATION FORMULA AND EQUATIONS/VALIDATION
8.0 PROGRES MEETING AND REPORT
9.0 CONCLUSIONS
To summarise, the computer programming project was effective in achieving its goal of
assisting Mega Metal Company in improving their production planning. Our team needs to
write three programmes in C to instruct their operator on how to use conventional
machining for chosen parts on a lathe, milling machine, and drilling machine. We created
three C programme codings. The outcome demonstrates a command that will assist them in
improving the smooth running of their firm.Each code flowchart was also created by us. A
flowchart is a depiction of an algorithm in visual form. A flowchart may be useful while
developing programmes as well as explaining them to others.We've included three machines
that were used to instruct Mega Metal Company operators on how to use traditional
machining for certain products. The machines listed are a lathe, a milling machine, and a
drilling machine. We came out to investigate all of the machine specs, machine parameters,
and formulas required in order to do these jobs. Another aspect is the calculation of
whether or not the objectives were met. To complete the assignment, we learn how to
utilise a formula to compute the cutting speed, feed rate, cutting time, and cutting power.We
solved the problem by following the instructions until we got the desired result.
10.0 LIMITATIONS/PROBLEM FACED
In order to keep the project going effectively, proper time management is required for
suggestion. To maintain strong time management, make a calendar and get started early to
prevent missing deadlines. Next, face-to-face group discussions should be held because it is
difficult for everyone to grasp the code, but we must adapt to the new norm due to the
epidemic.Finally, code should be completed early in order to go on to the next stage, which
is the flowchart and subsequent chapter.
11.0 REFERENCES
1. unknown. (2015). Table 2: Specification of Vertical Milling Machine. Retrieved
January 20, 2021, from ResearchGate
website:https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Specification-of-Vertical-Milling-
Machine_tbl1_282282192
2. Formula for Face Milling | MITSUBISHI MATERIALS CORPORATION.
(2021).Retrieved January 20, 2021, from Mitsubishicarbide.com
website:http://www.mitsubishicarbide.com/en/technical_information/
tec_rotating_tools/face_mills/tec_milling_formula/tec_milling_formula
3. Medan, D. M. E. P. N. (2018). Process Analysis of High Speed Steel Cutting
Calculation (HSS) with S45 C Material on Universal Machine Tool.
4. http://www.takangcnc.com/e-catalog/15/page.html?page=5
5. http://staff.fit.ac.cy/eng.os/AMEM201_LEC9_PROBLEMS.pdf
6. https://openoregon.pressbooks.pub/manufacturingprocesses45/chapter/unit-4-
turning/
7. https://www.uotechnology.edu.iq/dep-production/branch3e_files/7luma.pdf