Sri VidyaMandir Senior Secondary School Shivaji Nagar, Salem — 636003. NAME: REGISTER NUMBER: TOPIC: ACADEMIC YEAR:Sri_Vidya Mandir Senior Secondary School Shivaji Nagar, Salem — 636003. CERTIFICATE Certified that Bonafide record for project work done in Sri Vidya Mandir senior secondary school, biology laboratory during the year 2023-2024, register number class XI for the practical fulfillment of class XI examination. PLACE — SALEM EXTERNAL EXAMINER INTERNAL EXAMINERACKNOWLEDGEMENT ! would like to express my special thanks and gratitude to our honourable principal sir Mr. D. LAKSHMANAN (M.5Sc., M.Phil., M.Ed), Our Biology teacher Mrs. K. KASTHURI (M.Sc., B.Ed.) mam and laboratory technician Mr. L. SURESH sir who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project in the academic year 2023-2024. It helped me in doing a lot of research and | came to know about so many new things. | am really thankful to them. Secondly, | would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a lot in finalising this project within the limited time frame.Deficiency Symptoms of Various Essential Elements and Minerals Introduction: Plants absorb water, minerals, and other nutrients from the soil which is carried to the other parts of the plant by plant tissues (mostly xylem). Abundant minerals are present in the soil that are absorbed by the roots of the plants and transferred to the other parts of the plant. This is the way, all other living beings like humans and animals receive nutrients when we consume different parts of the plant. Essential mineral elements are a mix of macronutrients like calcium, phosphorus, sodium, carbon, etc. and micronutrients like iron, manganese, zinc, copper, etc. that are necessary for the growth of plants and animals. Mineral deficiency: Mineral deficiency is a lack of the dietary minerals, the micronutrients that are needed for an organism's proper health.[1] The cause may be a poor diet, impaired uptake of the minerals that are consumed, or a dysfunction in the organism's use of the mineral after it is absorbed. These di ncies can result in many disorders including anemia and goitre. Examples of mineral deficiency include, zine deficiency, iron deficiency, and magnesium deficiency Plant nutrition: Plant nutrition is the study of the chemical elements and compounds necessary for plant growth and reproduction, plant metabolism and their external supply. In its absence the plant is unable to complete a normal life cycle, or that the element is part of some essential plant constituent or metabolite. This is in accordance with Justus von Liebig’s law of the minimum,[1] The total essential plant nutrients include seventeen different elements: carbon, oxygen and hydrogen which are absorbed from the air, whereas other nutrients including nitrogen are typically obtained from the soil (exceptions include some parasitic or carnivorous plants).Plants must obtain the following mineral nutrients from their growing medium:[2] The micronutrients (or trace minerals): iron (Fe), boron (B), chlorine (Cl), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni) The macronutrients: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), sulfur (S), magnesium (Mg) Most soil conditions across the world can provide plants adapted to that climate and soil with sufficient nutrition for a complete life cycle, without the addition of nutrients as fe er. However, if the soil is cropped it is necessary to artificially modify soil fertility through the addition of fertilizer to promote vigorous growth and increase or sustain yield. This is done because, even with adequate water and light, nutrient deficiency can limit growth and crop yield. These elements stay beneath soil as salts, so plants absorb these elements as ions. The macronutrients are taken-up in larger quantities; hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and carbon contribute to over 95% of a plant's entire biomass on a dry matter weight basis. Micronutrients are present in plant tissue in quantities measured in parts per million, ranging from 0.1[3] to 200 ppm, or less than 0.02% dry weight.[4]Mineral (nutrient): A mineral is a chemical element. Some "minerals" are essential for life, most are not.[1][2][3] Minerals are one of the four groups of essential nutrients, the others of which are vitamins, essential fatty acids, and essential amino acids.[4] The five major minerals in the human body are calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and magnesium.[2] The remaining elements are called "trace elements". They are iron, chlorine, cobalt, copper, zinc, manganese, molybdenum, iodine, and selenium.[5]Carbonic anhydrase, an enzyme that requires zinc (gray sphere near the center of this image), is essential for exhalation of carbon dioxide. Four elements comprise 96% of the human body by weight: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen) (CHON). These elements are usually not included in lists of nutrient minerals. They are sometimes referred to as macrominerals. The minor minerals (also called trace elements) compose the remainder and are usually the focus of discussions of minerals in the diet.Plants obtain minerals from soil.[6] Plants are ingested by animals, thus moving minerals up the food chain. Larger organisms may also consume soil (geophagia) or use mineral resources, such as salt licks, to obtain minerals. Finally, although mineral and elements are in many ways synonymous, minerals are only bioavailable to the extent that they can be absorbed. To be absorbed, minerals either must be soluble or readily extractable by the consuming organism. For example, molybdenum is an essential mineral, but metallic molybdenum has no nutritional benefit. Many molybdates are sources of molybdenum. Vitamin deficiency: Vitamin deficiency is the condition of a long-term lack of a vitamin. When caused by not enough vitamin intake it is classified as a primary deficiency, whereas when due to an underlying disorder such as malabsorption it is called a secondary deficiency. An underlying disorder can have 2 main causes:Metabolic causes: Genetic defects in enzymes (e.g. kynureninase) involved in the kynurenine pathway of synthesis of niacin from tryptophan can lead to pellagra (niacin deficiency).[1] lifestyle choices: Lifestyle choices and habits that increase vitamin needs, such as smoking or drinking alcohol.[2] Government guidelines on vitamin deficiencies advise certain intakes for healthy people, with specific values for women, men, babies, children, the elderly, and during pregnancy or breastfeeding,[3][4][5][6] Many countries have mandated vitamin food fortification programs to prevent commonly occurring vitamin deficiencies,[7][8][9][10] Nutrient: A nutrient is a substance used by an organism to survive, grow, and reproduce. The requirement for dietary nutrient intake applies to animals, plants, fungi, and protists. Nutrients can be incorporated into cells for metabolic purposes or excreted by cells to create non-cellular structures, such as hair, scales, feathers, or exoskeletons. Some nutrients can be metabolically converted to smaller molecules in the process of releasing energy, such as for carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and fermentation products (ethanol or vinegar), leading to end-products of water and carbon dioxide. All organisms require water. Essential nutrients for animals are the energy sources, some of the amino acids that are combined to create proteins, a subset of fatty acids, vitamins and certain minerals. Plants require more diverse minerals absorbed through roots, plus carbon dioxide and oxygen absorbed through leaves. Fungi live on dead or living organic matter and meet nutrient needs from their host.Different types of organisms have different essential nutrients. Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is essential, meaning it must be consumed in sufficient amounts, to humans and some other animal species, but some animals and plants are able to synthesize it. Nutrients may be organic or inorganic: organic compounds include most compounds containing carbon, while all other chemicals are inorganic. Inorganic nutrients include nutrients such as iron, selenium, and zinc, while organic nutrients include, among many others, energy-providing compounds and vitamins. A classit ation used primarily to describe nutrient needs of animals ides nutrients into macronutrients and micronutrients. Consumed in relatively large amounts (grams or ounces), macronutrients (carbohydrates, fats, proteins, water) are primarily used to generate energy or to incorporate into tissues for growth and repair. Micronutrients are needed in smaller amounts icrograms); they have subtle biochemical and physiological roles in cellular processes, like vascular functions or nerve conduction. Inadequate amounts of essential nutrients, or diseases that interfere with absorption, result in a deficiency state that compromises growth, survival and reproduction. Consumer advisories for dietary nutrient intakes, such as the United States Dietary Reference Intake, are based on deficiency outcomes{[clarification needed] and provide macronutrient and micronutrient guides for both lower and upper limits of intake. In many countries, macronutrients and micronutrientsCalcium deficiency (plant disorder) Calcium (Ca) deficiency is a plant disorder that can be caused by insufficient level of biologically available calcium in the growing medium, but is more frequently a product of low transpiration of the whole plant or more commonly the affected tissue. Plants are susceptible to such localized calcium deficiencies in low or non-transpiring tissues because calcium is not transported in the phloem.[1] This may be due to water shortages, which slow the transportation of calcium to the plant, poor uptake of calcium through the stem,[2] or too much nitrogen in the soil.[3] Calcium roots loss (blossom end rot) on a tomatoPotassium deficiency (plants) Potassium deficiency, also known as potash deficiency, is a plant disorder that is most common on light, sandy soils, because potassium ions (K+) are highly soluble and will easily leach from soils without colloids.[1] Potassium deficiency is also common in chalky or peaty soils with a low clay content. It is also found on heavy clays with a poor structure. Potassium-deficiency symptoms on a tomato leafA potassium-deficient maize plant. Necrosis of the leaf margin is most severe on the oldest leaves. berm Potassium-deficien cy symptoms in beans A potassium-deficient grape leafMicronutrient: Micronutrients are essential dietary elements required by organisms in varying quantities throughout life to orchestrate a range of physiological functions to maintain health.[2][3] Micronutrient requirements vary among organisms. Humans and other animals require numerous vitamins and dietary minerals.[4] Plants tend not to require vitamins, however minerals are required still.[5][6] For human nutrition, micronutrient requirements are in amounts generally less than 100 milligrams per day, whereas macronutrients are required in gram quantities daily. ite in plants, roles of trace mineral manganese. [1] The "minerals" for humans and other animals are several elements.[7][8] Micronutrient requirements for animals also include vitamins, which are organic compounds required in microgram or mi ram amounts.[8][9] Since plants are the primary origin of nutrients for humans and animals, some micronutrients may be in low levels and deficiencies can occur when dietary intake is insufficient, as occurs in malnutrition.[5]Plant nutrients in so The Law of the Minimum expresses that when the av: ible form of a nutrient is not in enough proportion in the soil solution, then other nutrients cannot be taken up at an optimum rate by a plant.[6] A particular nutrient ratio of the soil solution is thus mandatory for optimizing plant growth, a value which might differ from nutrient ratios calculated from plant composition.[7] Soil: Soil, also commonly referred to as earth or dirt, mixture of organic matter, minerals, gases, liquids, and organisms that together support the life of plants and soil organisms. Some scientific definitions distinguish dirt from soil by restricting the former term spe ally to displaced s: Surface-water-gley developed in glacial till in Northern IrelandZine deficiency (plant disorder): ited because the Zinc deficiency occurs when plant growth plant cannot take up sufficient quantities of this essential micronutrient from its growing medium. Zinc is one of the most important micronutrients.[2] Carbonic anhydrase, an enzyme that requires zinc (gray sphere in this image), is essential for plant health [1 Zinc: Zinc is a chemical element with the symbol Zn and atomic number 30. Zinc is a slightly brittle metal at room temperature and has a shiny-greyish appearance when oxidation is removed. It is the first element in group 12 (IIB) of the periodic table. In ilar to magnesium: both some respects, zinc is chemically si: elements exhibit only one normal oxidation state (+2), and the Zn2+ and Mg2+ ions are of similar size.[note 1] Zinc is the 24th most abundant element in Earth's crust and has five stable isotopes. The most common zinc ore is sphalerite (zinc blende), a zinc sulfide mineral. The largest workable lodes are in Australia, Asia, and the United States. Zinc is refined by froth flotation of the ore, roasting, and final extraction using electricity (electrowinningConclusion Deficiency Symptoms Of Essential Elements The naturally inorganic nutrients found in food and soil that are necessary for the healthy operation of an animal or plant's body are known as minerals. Minerals are essential to human survival. Micronutrients, such as boron, copper, and others, are needed by plants in tiny amounts, whereas macronutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, are needed in larger quantities.Essential Plant Nutrients A vital nutrient must be reduced to its simplest form before it can be utilized by a plant. Either a positively charged ion (cation) or a negatively charged ion must be present in the form of the nutrition (anion). Organic substances, such as those found in manure or dead leaves, must first be converted into their elemental or ionic forms before a plant may utilize them.