Ai

rfr
eshener
s

Ai
rFreshenersareacommonpr oductusedt ocreateapl
easantsmel
li
ngandcl
ean
i
ndooratmosphereinhomesandbusi nesses.Theyareknowntocontai
nanumberof
di
ff
erentchemicalagent
sinor
dertoneut r
ali
zeof f
ensi
veodorsandcr
eateamore
pl
easantscent.

Air
freshnersareknowntocont
ainanumberofdiff
erentchemicalagentsinor dert
o
neutral
izeoff
ensiveodor
sandcreat
eamorepleasantscent.Al
thoughai rfr
esheneris
pri
mar i
lyusedforodorel
imi
nat
ionsomepeopl
esi mplyuseairfreshenerforthe
pl
easantodor stheyemit
.

Therearevari
oustypesofai
rfr
eshener
swhi
chi
ncl
ude,
gel
s,spr
ays,
li
qui
dandoroi
ls,
candles,
Plug-i
ns,
beads,sol
idset
c

1.HOMEMADEAI
RFRESHENER

12–15dr
opsofpur
eessent
ialoi
l(gr
apef
rui
t,l
emon,
orange,
lavenderar
efavor
it
es)
½cupwhi
tevi
negar
1/
12cupswat
er
Combinei
naspr
aybot
tl
e,shake,andspr
ayt
ofr
eshent
her
oom!(
Shakebef
oreeach
use)
.
Youcanexperi
mentwithhigherr
ati
osofvinegart
owat
eranduppi
ngt
heessent
ialoi
lif
thi
sisnotst
rongenoughforyourpr
efer
ence.

2.Ai
rFr
eshenerGelFor
mul
ati
on

Ci
tr
usOi
l2%

Pat
choul
iOi
l2%

Car
rageenan3%

Sodi
um Benzoat
e0,
1%

Pr
opyl
eneGl
ycol10%

Di
sti
ll
edwat
er82.
9%
Tot
al.-100

Di
rect
ions

Dist
il
ledwateri
saddedtothecar
rageenanandsodium benzoateandsti
runt
il
di
ssolved.Themixt
urei
sheatedatatemperat
ureof75°C,sti
rr
ing,st
ir
ri
ngunti
l
homogeneousthenlowert
hetemperatur
eto65°C,

Addpropyl
eneglycolandst
ir
r.Thenaddpat
choul
ioi
landor
angeoi
l,
sti
rr
ingunt
il
homogeneous,

i
nser
tedi
nthemol
dandal
lowedt
ost
andatr
oom t
emper
atur
e

Synt
het
hicai
rf
reshner

Chemi
cal
s

Chemi
cal
sformaki
ngsynt
het
hicAi
rfr
eshener

1.Texapol
-anemul
sif
ierusedf
orst
abi
li
zingt
hemi
xtur
e.

2.Methanol
-servesasthesol
ventt
hatdi
ssol
vesot
herchemi
cal
sfoundi
nai
r
fr
eshenerwhichar
einsol
ubl
einwater.

3.Ment
hol
-ser
vesasanAnt
i-i
nfl
ammat
oryandf
lavour
ingagenti
nai
rfr
eshener
.

4.Fr
agrance-givesthear
omati
cscenttoyourai
rfr
eshener
.youcani
ncr
easeor
moderatethequant
it
yinyourai
rfr
eshener
.
5.Col
our
ant
-Iti
susedt
omaket
hemi
xtur
eat
tr
act
ive

1.Met
hanol-1Cup

2.Texapon-3Tabl
espoonf
ul

3.Ment
hol-2Tabl
espoons

4.Col
ourasDesi
red

5.Fr
agr
anceasdesi
red

6.Wat
er-1l
it
re

Di
rect
ions

Di
ssolvementholi
nthemethanol
,mixgentl
yti
llt
hecr
yst
albegi
nst
ocl
ear
.Coverwi
th
cl
otheorruberandl
eavei
tfor5minutes.

2.Dissol
vetexaponwi
thal
it
tl
ewat
erandpouri
ntot
hemet
hanolsol
uti
ont
henst
ir
properl
ybutgentl
y.

3.Addwat
erbef
oreaddi
ngcol
ourandper
fume.St
irsl
owl
y.

4.Addcol
our
antt
oti
ntyourmi
xtur
e,st
ir
ri
nggent
ly.

5.Addfragranceandst
ir
,l
eaveitfor4hour
shours,
thenpackagei
tint
oasquir
t
bott
les.
forhomeuseorgetprintyourpr
oductnameandplaceonthebot
tl
eforsal
es.

4.Beadai
rf
reshner

Mi
caPi
gment1oz
Gal
lonZi
plocBags

Non-
Sti
ckMet
alCooki
eSheet

St
ainl
essSt
eelMeasur
ingCups

Ri
bbon(
ifmaki
nghangi
ngai
rfr
eshener
s)

1/
4inchdi
amet
erscr
ewornai
l

Rhi
nest
ones

HotGl
ue

HotGl
ueGun

St
arCooki
eCut
te

St
ep1

Pour1/
4cupf
ragr
anceoi
lint
otheZi
plocbag.Add2dr
opsofRedLi
qui
d

Spectr
um Candl
edye.Neverusef
oodcol
ori
ngorsoapdyest
ocol
orar
omabeads.Seal
thebag.Gent
lyshake.

St
ep2

Pour1cupAromaBeadsi nt
otheZipl
ocbag.Youwi l
lwantt
oshakethebagunt
ilal
lof
thel
iqui
disevenl
ydispersedamongal lofthebeads.All
owaromabeadstot
hor
oughly
absorbf
ragr
anceoil(
thismayt akedays).Dustwit
hmi capi
gmenti
fdesir
ed.

St
ep3

Pr
eheatyourovent
o350degr
eesFahr
enhei
t.

St
ep4
Place6-7metalcooki
ecutt
ersonthecooki
esheet.Taketheprepar
edaromabeads
andcareful
lyf
il
leachcooki
ecutt
erapproxi
mately1/
4inch.Youwi l
lwantt
ospread
yourprepar
edaromabeadsevenlythr
oughoutthecooki
ecutter.

St
ep5

Ifyouwouldliketohaveaholeinyourai
rfreshener
s(forhangingpur poses)
,youwi
ll
needt ousescrews/nai
ls.Pl
acea1/4inchdiameterscrew/nailhead-downinthespot
whereyouwantt heholetobelocat
ed.Leavethescrew/ nai
linduringthewhole
cookingprocess.

St
ep6

Bakearomabeadsinovenforabout5-
6minut
es(orunt
ilt
hebeadshavemel
ted
toget
her)
.Iti
snor
maltoexperi
encesomesmoking.

St
ep7

Whent
hebeadsar
emel
tedt
oget
her
,removet
hecooki
esheetf
rom t
heoven.

St
ep8

Al
lowtheairf
reshener
stocool
.Removet
hecooki
ecut
terandscr
ew/
nai
lfr
om t
heai
r
f
reshener
.

St
ep9

Car
eful
lypeelt
heai
rfr
eshenerof
foft
hecooki
esheet
.

St
ep10

Pl
acear
ibbont
hrought
hehol
eandt
iei
t.
St
ep11

Appl
yrhi
nest
onest
oai
rfr
eshener
swi
thhotgl
ue

Reci
pet
wof
orbeads

Unscent
edAr
omaBeads-1/
2to1LB

Fr
agr
anceOi
l-upt
o4ounces

Li
qui
dCandl
eDye-1t
o4dr
ops

Gl
assj
arwi
thl
id(
formi
xing)

Packagi
ngneeded

j
ar,

bowl
,

or
ganzabag,

Di
rect
ions:

1.Ifyouwishtocol oryouraromabeadsyouwi l
lneedtoadd1- 2dropsofl iqui
dcandl e
dyetoabout1/ 2ounceoff r
agranceoil(youcanaddmor efr
agrancel ateri
fabsorbti
on
al
lows)andswi rlitaroundinthemi xi
ngj arunti
liti
smixedwell.PLEASENOTE:You
mustaddf ragr
anceoi lsl
owlytothebeads, l
eti
tabsorb,addmor e,
andcont i
nuet hi
s
procedureunti
ltheyachi evethedesir
edst rengt
h.Youcannotaddal lthefragr
anceat
once.Fordarkcol orsaddmor edyet othebeadsandf orpastel
saddl ess.Addi t
ional
Note:Foodcoloringandsoapdyewi l
lnotwor k.

2.Weighthedesi
redamountofar
omabeads.St
artwi
thabout1/
2LBofourcl
ear
unscent
edaromabeads.

3.Addt
hear
omabeadst
othecol
oredf
ragr
anceoi
lint
hemi
xingj
ar.

4.Swi
rl
,shakeand/
orst
irt
hear
omabeadsar
oundi
nthel
iqui
dunt
ilal
loft
hear
oma
beadsareevenl
ysoakedanddi
sper
sedinthel
iqui
d.You'
renowtur
ningt
hem f
rom
unscent
edplast
icar
omabeadstohighl
yscent
edaromabeads.

5.Putt heli
dtight
lyont hejarandshaket hearomabeadsvi gor ousl
yaroundinthejar
foraf ul
lminuteortwo.Somet imesittakesonlyaf ewhour sfort hebeadsto
compl etel
yabsorballoftheoi landsomet i
mesi tt
akeslonger .Itwil
lvar
ywi t
heach
fragrance.Besuretoshaket hej areveryhourorso.Youwi llbeamazedathowmuch
oilthesearomabeadswi l
labsor b.Beper si
stent.Theoilwil
levent ual
lysoakintoal
lof
thear omabeads.Somef ragr
ancest akelongert hanothers.Forexampl e,some
cinnamonmayt akeupt o12hour stosoaki nthebeadscompl etel
y.I
fallt
heoildoes
notsoaki nsimplyaddmor ebeadsandr epeattheprocess.Oncet hearomabeads
haveabsor bedallofthefragranceoiltheywi l
lfeeldr
ytot het ouch.

6.Oncet heoilhasabsor
bedyouar er
eadytousethear
omabeadsinamul t
it
udeof
creat
iveways.Letyourimaginat
ionbeyourgui
de.Addher
bs,
tri
nket
s,gl
it
ter
,etc.
,to
gi
vedi f
ferentef
fect
stoyouraromabeads.

Whyusi
ngsomeoft
hechemi
cal
singelf
ormul
ati
ons

CIPi
gmentRed146(
Dye)

CIPigmentRed146i sacol or
ant,ordye.Weadddyest oproduct
sf oravar
ietyof
reasonsincl
udinghelpi
ngyouseewher eyouappl
iedtheproduct,whenapr oducti
s
usedup, orf
oraestheti
creasons.Thisdyeisavai
labl
efrom mult
iplesuppl
iers,
which
areresponsi
bleforit
scontents

Kat
honCG-
ICP(
Preser
vat
ive)

Kat
honCG- I
CPisapreservati
vethatpr
otect
sapr oductfor
mul
afrom bact
eri
a,mol
d
andyeasti
nordert
omai ntai
nproductquali
tyandperfor
mance.

Hydr
oxypr
opylGuar(
Thi
ckener
)
Hydr
oxypropylguari
sat hickenerthatcanalsobefoundinmanypersonalcar
e
pr
oductssuchasl ot
ionsandhai rstyl
inggel.Weuseitt
oimprovet
het ext
ureofa
pr
oductandhelpitmai nt
ainagel -
liketext
ure.

Car
rageenan(
Gel
li
ngAgent
)

Carrageenani sagell
ingagentthatisext
ractedfrom seaweedandissi milari
ntext
ure
togelati
n.Itiscommonl yusedasaf oodaddi t
iveandcanal sobefoundi nshampoos
andcosmet i
cs.I
nourpr oducts,
ithelpst
hickenandst abi
li
zetheingredientsi
nthe
productsot heyfor
m ast abl
e,gel-
li
ketext
ure.

Adsor
pti
on-Toabsorbbadsmell
s.Adsor
bent
sli
kezeol
it
e,act
ivat
edchar
coal
,or
si
li
cagelmaybeusedtoremoveodor
s.

Oxidati
on-Usedtor
emoveor
ganicsour
cesofodor
sfr
om sur
facese.
gozone,
hydrogenper
oxi
de,per
oxi
de,chl
ori
ne,chl
orat
eetc

3.Ai
rsani
ti
zer-Odorscausedbyair
bor
nebact
eri
alact
ivi
tycanber
emovedbyai
r
sani
ti
zer
sthati
nact
ivat
ebacter
ia.

4.Sur
fact
ant
s

5.Masking-Over
whel
minganodorwi
thanot
herodorbyanyoft
hemeansdescr
ibed
above.

Wher
etobuyr
aw mat
eri
als

1.Naut
icaOr
gani
cTr
adi
ngcc,
Glenashl
ey,
Dur
banNor
th

4051,
KwaZul
uNat
al,
+27318220601,
+27832662657
donna@naut
icaor
gani
cs.
com

2.Chemgr
it-JOHANNESBURGHeadOf
fi
ce,
Johr
indavanRensbur
g

Cel
l:0796792614j
ohr
inda@chemgr
it
sa.
co.
za

Of
fi
ce:Tel
:0113974455

3.br
agan-Johannesbur
gSevensWar
ehouseCompl
ex,
Uni
t3,
No3Ber
nieSt
reet
,Kya
Sands

Tel
:+27117080007,+27710003174,+27713260039

4.Amchem -+27(
0)126867082,+27(
0)713483071

EMAI
LAdmi
n@amchem.
co.
za

5.Bl
ani
c-259Pr
etor
iusSt
reet
,623JSLTower
sPr
etor
iaCBD

0002,
Emai
l:
inf
o@bl
ani
c.co.
za

Fr
agr
ances

1.natchem-11BUNDORD.Sebenza,
EDENVALE.P.
O.Box767,
Edenval
e1610Repof
SouthAfri
ca,
Tel
:(011)452-
1760/
3

andal
otmor
e
CANDLEMAKI
NG

CANDLE

Candlecomposesoft hepet rol

eum productsandanor ganicaci
d.Ther
ei sapar
tofthi
s
componentt hatiscombust i
blesothatitcansupplyli
ght.Asitbur
ns,t
hewaxmel tsto
rel
easemor e,therebygivingconstantflame.Therateatwhi cht
hewaxmel tswi
ll
deter
minether ateatwhi chthecombust i
blemater
ial
sbur ns.However
,theaci
d
contr
olstherateatwhi cht hewaxmel ts.

Appar
atusneededf
orwaxpr
oduct
ion

1.Moulds:Thi
siswherethecandlesol
uti
onispour
edinor
dertosol
idi
fy.Themoul dis
openononeendwhi chtheothersi
deisli
keaconewit
hsmallopeni
ngatt heapex.The
smallopeni
ngpermi
tsthethreadi
ngofthecandl
e.

2.Heat
ingSyst
em:Thi
sisneededf
ormel
ti
ngt
hechemi
cal
s.

3.Cooli
ngTank( bucketofwaterf
orhomemade):Wateri
sruninandasthewat
er
ci
rculat
esthemoul d,itwi
thdr
awsheatandpromot
esfastsol
idi
fi
cat
ionoft
hemould
content
s.Aircondi
tioner,
pumpinggadget
sandchil
ler
scanalsoenhancet
heef
fi
ciency
ofthecool
ingTank.

Forhomepr
oduct
ionandpr
act
icepur
poses,
abucketofwat
ercanbeused.

4.Boi
ler
/pot
:Thi
sisacont
ainerpl
aceont
heheat
ingsyst
em

5.Wick:Thi
scoul
dbeacot
tont
wine.I
tist
hecomponentt
hatbur
nswi
tht
heai
dof
par
affi
noil.

Chemi
cal
srequi
redf
orcandl
epr
oduct
ion.

1.Par
aff
inWax:Thi
sfor
msthebaseoft
hisproduct
ion.Ther
eisani
mpor
tedpar
aff
in
waxandthel
ocall
ymadeone.Thei
mportedoneisalwayspurer
.

2.Paraf
fi
nOil:I
tisthecombust i
blesubst
anceinthecombinat
ion.I
tsconcent
rat
ion
deter
minesthebrightnessofthefl
ame,andalsotherat
eofmelti
ngofthewax.Where
paraf
fi
noili
snotpr esentinsuff
ici
entamount
, t
hefl
amewillbedull
.

3.St
eari
cAcid:I
tisaddedt
ot hecandl
esolut
ioni
nordert
ocontr
olt
herat
ewhichthe
waxismelt
ing.I
tcontr
olst
heburningrat
e.Themorethest
ear
icaci
dadded,
thel
ess
ther
ateofburni
ng.I
tisanorgani
caid.

4.Col
our
ant
:Thsi
sneededwhenpr
oduci
ngcol
our
edcandl
es.
LARGEQUANTI
TYFORMULARFORCANDLEPRODUCTI
ON

Chemi
calRequi
redMeasur
ement

1.Par
aff
inWax1Kg

2.Par
aff
inOi
l200g

3.St
ear
icAci
d250g

SMALLSCALEFORMULAR

Chemi
calRequi
redMeasur
ement

1.Par
aff
inWax200g

2.Par
aff
inOi
l½Tabl
espoon

3.St
ear
icAci
d½Tabl
espoon

Mi
xingdi
rect
ions

St
ep1

Setupt
heheat
ingsyst
em

St
ep2

Cutt
hepar
aff
inwaxi
ntosmal
lpi
ecesandpourt
hem i
ntot
heboi
ler

St
ep3

Keepst
ir
ri
ngunt
ilt
heent
ir
ewaxchi
psar
ebl
ended

St
ep4

Nowaddthepar
aff
inoi
landst
ear
icaci
d,andt
henst
irpr
oper
lyunt
ilt
heyar
eal
l
bl
ended

St
ep5

Setupt
hemoul
dsbyoi
li
ngt
hem wi
thpar
aff
inoi
landt
hent
hreadi
ngt
hem wi
tht
he
wick
St
ep6

Runt
hecandl
esol
uti
oni
ntot
hepr
epar
edmoul
ds

St
ep7

Sendt
hemoul
dst
othecool
ingt
ank/
bucketofwat
erandal
lowt
hesol
uti
onst
osol
idi
fy

St
ep8

Removet
heconesandpushoutt
hecandl
esf
rom t
hemoul
ds.Yourcandl
esar
eready.

.
.
.

MELTANDPOURFORMULA

I
ngr
edi
ent
s

Candl
ewax

Thr
ead

PROCEDURE

Heatt
hecandl
ewaxonf
ir
e

pouri
nmoul
d

Fi
xthet
hreadt
othewaxi
nmoul
ds

Al
lowi
ttocoolf
orabout22hour
s

Cuti
ttoyourdesi
reshape
CAR CARE FORMULAS

1.CAR POLISHER SPRAY

2.ACIDIC METAL DEGREASER AND CLEANER
3.CAR SHAMPOO
4.ENGINE CLEANER

*PLEASE NOTE THAT THE FORMULAS ARE IN PERCENTAGES. FOR EXAMPLE IF YOU
WANT TO
MAKE 20 LITRES YOU CALCULATE THE QUANTITY AS PERCENTAGES OF THAT. SAY ITS
WRITTEN
SUGAR 10%, WATER 90%. AND YOU WANT TO MAKE 20 LITRES OF SWEETENED WATER
THATS YOU CALCULATE 10% OF 20LITRES GIVING US 2KGS OF SUGAR. THEN YOU
CALCULATE 90% GIVING US 18 LITRES OF WATER. THATS HOW YOU CALCULATE YOUR
RAW
MATERIALS

1
CAR POLISHER SPRAY

INGREDIENTS

~GLYCERINE- 35%
~GLUCOSE SYRUP- 5%
~DEINOIZED WATER- 60%

PROCESS

-Charge deinoized water in mixing cup.

-Add glycerine and mix.
-Add glucose syrup and mix well.
-Continue to stirr till a homogenous solution is obtained.
-Homogenous is enough.
-Process is completed.

PLEASE NOTE THAT:

The above formulated product is filled to bottle spray and used nongaseous as
spraying.
 2
ACIDIC METAL DEGREASER AND CLEANER

INGREDIENTS

~NONYL
PHENOL ETOXYLATE (NP10)- 5%
~SLES (SODIUM LAURYL ETHER SULFATE)- 1%
~IPA (ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL)- 7%
~BRONIDOX- 0.5%
~PHOSPHORIC ACID- 30%
~HEDF (ETIDRONI ACID)- 2%
~LIQUID PARAFFIN- 0.5%
~WATER- 54%

PROCESS

-Charge isopropyl alcohol in the process(mixing tank)

-Start to mix.
-Add sles and nonyl phenol etoxylate.
-Dissolve sles and nonyl phenol etoxylate in the isopropyl alcohol completely.
-Add water and mix well.
-Add the rest of the ingredients as given order during constant mixing.
-Continue to stirr until ahomogenous solution is obtained.
-Homogenous is enough.
-Process is completed.

NOTE:

Bronidox is a preservative agent for metals. Differenting redients using same purpose
can be used instead of this ingredient.
Liquid paraffin is used as a brightener agent

3
CAR SHAMPOO
MAKES 10 LITRES

EQUIPMENT
~scale
~mugoti
~plastic container to mix

RAW MATERIALS

~7.070 ltrs water

~1.600 sles
~1.300 CDE
~30mls Butyl Oxitol

METHOD

Mix thoroughly together, all the ingredients in the order as listed. One by one.

Dilute 1:25 or more when using

SAFETY

Make sure when you mix there is enough ventilation,

Keep away from children

ADDRESS

Chemicals you buy @ I & A distributors opp market square

Or. Opp gulf in chinhoyi str 2 floor
Or Astra, curechem

5
ENGINE CLEANER

EQUIPMENT

~20 litre bucket

~mugoti

INGREDIENTS

~19.5 litres paraffin

~2×10 grams red dye
~50ml orange perfume/ strawberry perfume or lavendar perfume

METHOD

-start with paraffin

-add perfume
-lastly add dye
-stir till it settles
-wait for 40 minutes for ingredients to settle
- your engine cleaner will be ready

SENHRO ACERO DYNASTY

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Name Addr
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G&S 10244of fhighgl enroad 04-691658 i
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Cur echem ( Pvt) 11wi ll
iamsway, msasa 04- 490500,04-
(Ltd) Harar e 496917
04-480210,04-
486461
Acolchemi cals
Cem chemi cals
Cer nol 111Dagenham Road, 04-662681,
Chemi cals will
ovale, Har are 04-662685
Her it
ageoi l 04-777882
Labcr aft Suitec, 2ndfloorweydon 04- 748771
technol ogies centre
12kwameNkr umahAve
Harar eCBD
Nemchem Shopnumber8, soper s 01344860
Archadepar kwaydr ive, 0772732856
Vicfalls
Labassi st No.10Kenmar k i
nfo@labassi
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co.
zw
Crescent ,Bluffhi
llof
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es@labassi
st.
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zw
park,buf f
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Needsf orspeed 48pl umt reer oad, 09-888809
chemi cal s Belmont 0777800791
(NFS)
Formul a Bay9, 248will
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Chemi cals(FC) Msasa
Labchem 622wi llowsroad, 0253725
distr
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achemi cals 2r i
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496857 enqui
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496857 w
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Zimbabwe
I
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, +2636827650 kadoma@i
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Kadoma i
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chinhoyi Chinhoyi +263772160991
Intr
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kwekwe kwekwe 0772189790
Intr
achem +263776902794/
bindura 0773541328
2717849
Thechemi cal 6nuf f
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Barco 10hoodst r
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Barco 35covent ryr oad,gweru
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Astrachemical
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Buffer Bay15, 81wool w9ck,
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Mill
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HOW TO MAKE PERFUMES

General Ingredients for making perfumes are:

Vodka ( the higher percentage alcohol the better ) or Everclear if you can get it
Essential oils
fragrance oils
Infused oils ,
even flavour*** extracts ( make sure it's pure ) such as vanilla extract
distilled or spring water
glycerine (this can be found in pharmacies)
Other stuff
pretty glass bottles to put the finished product in, preferably coloured glass, reuse bottles or find
them at the dollar store.
glass jar for mixing fragrance in
measuring cup/spoons
a dropper if you have one
funnel
aluminum foil or wrapping paper if you are using clear glass bottle
a discerning nose is helpful
*** Fragrance oils are synthetic and are less expensive than essential oils.
***Quite a few perfumes use food flavours in them, so extracts are an easy way of incorporating
them into your own creations.

There are 3 key ingredients you will need to produce perfume:

1. Essential Oils (these have been extracted from various plants (organic or non organic)) and
when combined give the smell of the perfume you are trying to produce.
2. Pure Grain Oil
3. Water
Also, another thing that you should know about in relation to oils used in perfumes, is that there
are 3 different types of oils, and these will ultimately influence the smell of perfume over time.
1. The Base Oil (Base Notes) – This will produce the scent that stays longest on the skin and for
this reason it is usually added to the mixture first.
2. The Middle Oil (Middle Notes) – This also influences the smell of the perfume for quite some
time, but not as long as the base notes does.
3. Top Oils (Top Notes) – This is added to the mixture after the middle notes, and may then be
followed by some other substance which will help to bridge the scents together.
It is very important that when you are making perfume, you mix the extracts in the above order,
and that you use enough of each type (usually equal amounts) in order to produce the right sort of
perfume.
Below are provided a list of oils that you can easily obtain and which will help you to produce the
perfume of your dreams.

1. Base Notes – Sandalwood, Vanilla, Cinnamon, Mosses, Lichens, Ferns

2. Middle Notes – Lemon Grass, Geranium, Neroli, Ylang-Ylang
3. Top Notes – Orchid, Rose, Bergamot, Lavender, Lemon, Lime

Herbal Perfume Ingredients:

• Approximately 12-20 drops total of Base Essential Oils like: Cedarwood, Vanilla, Vetiver,
Ylang Ylang, Sandlewood, etc
• 1 tsp of [url:1]homemade vanilla extract (optional)
• 25-30 drops of middle tone oils like Rose, Lavender, Chamomile or Geranium
• 12-15 drops of top note oils like Bergamot, Wild Orange or Neroli
• 4 ounces of alcohol to preserve and meld scents- I used non-GMO spiced rum
What to do:
1. Mix all oils together in an opaque bottle to get a scent you like. Let this mixture stay in the
bottle alone for a few days to let scents meld.
2. Add the alcohol and cap tightly.
3. Shake and put in a cool, dark place for at least a month (preferable). This is optional but helps
the alcohol scent fade and the scents of the oils intensify
How to Make Your Own Oil Based Perfume at Home

Learn the order of oils.

When making perfume from essential oils you'll need to follow an order: you start with a base oil,
then have the middle tones, then finally the top notes. The top note is what you smell when you
first smell your perfume, and then you are gradually able to smell your others. You'll need to add
oils in this order. The top notes reach our senses first, but dissipate quickly. The middle notes are
essentially the "heart" of your fragrance.

Use a dark colored bottle.

This is important because a dark bottle will help preserve your fragrance by keeping the light out.
Make sure you shake your perfume before you apply it so that the scents mix together. When
storing your bottle, try to keep it out of direct sunlight
Step1
Add your base note. The first step to creating your fragrance is adding your base note. Often times
base notes are earthy scents that provide a good lasting smell for your perfume and can be five to
20 percent of your blend (but this varies).
For a fresh and energizing perfume add 17 drops of grapefruit oil to your perfume bottle or roller
bottle.
For a romantic and floral blend, add 25 drops of rose essential oil.
For a sensual and earthy fragrance, add 20 drops of sweet orange essential oil.

Step 2
.
Mix in your middle note.
This is the heart of your fragrance, the smell that appears after your top note has dissipated. Some
people choose to use a more floral scent for this note, but once again it is your personal preference.
Often times middle notes are the biggest portion of your blend (50 to 80 percent), but once again
this varies with experimentation. For a fresh and energizing perfume add 14 drops of ginger
essential oil. [7]
For a floral and romantic blend add 10 drops of lime essential oil.
For a sensual, earthy fragrance add 15 drops ylang ylang oil. Ylang ylang is an oil derived from
the cananga tree, and is known for it's rich floral scent.

Step 3.
Add your top note.
Finally, your last main addition to your perfume is the top note, which will fade quickly but will be
the first scent that you smell when you open up your perfume. They can often be five to 20 percent
of the blend, but you can add more or less if you choose. Some people prefer to use fruity, minty,
or refreshing scents for their top note.
For an energizing, fresh blend add 10 drops of vetiver essential oil. Vetiver is a bunchgrass that is
native to India and is often used as a flavoring agent because it creates a thick syrup. It also has
fixative properties, which are what help the fragrance of the perfume to last.
For a floral, romantic perfume add 10 drops of vetiver essential oil.
For an earthy, sensual fragrance add 10 drops of cedar wood essential oil.

Step 4.
Experiment with your scents.
If you have tried out several different combinations and aren't pleased, you may need to just
experiment with your scents. Play with different scents until you find one you like.
You may prefer a more woodsy scent and want to stick to vanilla, sandalwood, and sweet almond
oil. Or you may enjoy very floral scents and want to use lavender, ylang ylang, and grapeseed oil.
Maybe you appreciate fruity scents and want to use lemon, sweet orange, and mandarin.

Step 5
Add alcohol for a preservative.

This step isn't necessary, but can be helpful if you want your scent to last longer. Depending on the
size of bottle you choose will determine how much alcohol to use. If you are using 60 or so drops
of essential oil, you can use three to four ounces of alcohol. If you are only using 20 to 30 drops of
essential oil, you should probably drop the amount of alcohol to one to two ounces. [
You can use any type of alcohol for this, but you may want one that blends well with your scents.
Use vodka because it is relatively flavorless, but a spiced rum might be nice.

Step 6
Shake and use ur perfume

Equipment
Mugoti/musika
20 litre bucket
Mask
Teaspoons/table spoon

Containers:

Cp plastics 118 lyton road

Unokwira mufakose woti ndoda kusarira kumaindustries

For labels
Go corner speke nanehanda
Thrz a barner shop upstairs

Address
Harare
1.The abv chemicals find them at :
Hre street and bank shop titled I and A distributors
2.33 kaguvi street,shop B07 Berzacks Building,
3Chitungwiza
Shop no 40 sifra village zengeza,Zengeza 2 shops
4.Bulawayo
Corn j Moyo and 5 avenue..Arrow chem

HOW TO MAKE HANDY ANDY

RAWMATERIALS
Dipentene 250g
Ammonia 500mls
Sodium carbonate 1kg
Water 5 litres
Sless 1 kg
Sodium lauryl ether sulfate 1 kg
Sodium tripolyphosohate 1kg
Linear alkyl benzenesulfocate 1 kg

FORMULATION
Put 1 kg sless in bucket
Add 5 litres of water and stir
Add 250 dipentene
Add 500mls ammonia
Add 1/4 sodium laurly ether sulfate
Add 1/4 sodium tripolyphosphate
Add 1/3 linear alkyl benzenesulfocate

DISH WASHING LIQUID

RAW MATERIALS
1. 1/4 of 500ml sulphonic
2. 1/4kg sless
3 . 1/4 of 500g salt
4. 25 mls lemon top perfume
5. Green dye(sachet)
6. 4.5 litres of water
7. soda ash 3 spoons

FORMULATION
1. put clean water in a 5 litre bucket
2. Add soda and and 1/4 kg sless and stir gently
3. Add sulphonic acid and stir
5. Add salt and stir well
6. Add perfume and mix
7. Lastly add a sachet of a dye then leave the product to settle

Equipment
Mugoti/musika
20 litre bucket
Mask
Teaspoons/table spoon

Containers:
Cp plastics 118 lyton road
Unokwira mufakose woti ndoda kusarira kumaindustries

For labels
Go corner speke nanehanda
Thrz a barner shop upstairs

Address
Harare
1.The abv chemicals find them at :
Hre street and bank shop titled I and A distributors
2.33 kaguvi street,shop B07 Berzacks Building,
3Chitungwiza
Shop no 40 sifra village zengeza,Zengeza 2 shops
4.Bulawayo
Corn j Moyo and 5 avenue..Arrow chem
DEGREASER/MULTI PURPOSE CLEANER10liters

RAW MATERIALS
1Water 10 litres
2Caustic Flake 500g
3TEA 1kg
4Sless 1kg
5Versene 1kg
6SXS 40 500ml
7Sensolve BE 1l

FORMULATION
1) Charge vessel with water and start stirring
2) Add balance of products as per list.
3) Extra SXS 40 (3%) can be added should the product be cloudy.

TOILET CLEANER:

RAW MATERIALS
1. 1/4 of 500ml sulphonic
2. 1/4kg sless
3 . 1/4 of 500g salt
4. 3 spoons caustic soda
5. perfume lavender/pine
6. blue or purple dye(sach
7. 4.5 litres of water
8.bemaco 1/2 a satchet

FORMULATION
1. put 4.5 liters clean water in a 5 litre bucket
2. Add soda and and 1/4 kg sless and stir gently
3. Add sulphonic acid and stir
5. Add salt and stir well
6. Add perfume and mix
7. Lastly add a sachet of a dye then leave the product to settle

HIGH FOAM WASHING POWDER 20 liters

RAW MATERIALS
1 Sulphonic Acid Powder 10kg
2 Soda Ash Light 10kg
3 NP9 2 litres
4 STPP 5kg
5 Sodium Chloride 1kg
6 Sodium Sulphate 1/2 kg

FORMULATION
Mix all ingredients together until a uniform powder is obtained.
Make sure to start with the Soda Ash, then NP 9, and add the Sulphonic pwd last.

Equipment
Mugoti/musika
20 litre bucket
Mask
Teaspoons/table spoon

Containers:
for dish liquid and toilet go to:
Cp plastics 118 lyton road
Unokwira mufakose woti ndoda kusarira kumaindustries

For labels
Go corner speke nanehanda
Thrz a barner shop upstairs

Address
Harare
1.The abv chemicals find them at :
Hre street and bank shop titled I and A distributors
2.33 kaguvi street,shop B07 Berzacks Building,
3Chitungwiza
Shop no 40 sifra village zengeza,Zengeza 2 shops
4.Bulawayo
Corn j Moyo and 5 avenue..Arrow chem

HOUSEHOLD BLEACH 10 litres

RAW MATERIALS
1 Sodium Hypochlorite 5kg
2 Water 10l

FORMULATION
Mix water and Sodium Hypochlorite together.

SCOURING POWDER 10kgs

RAW MATERIALS
1 Sulphonic Acid (pwd) 2l
2 STPP 10kg
3 Sod. Dichloroisocyanurate 2kg
4 Kulu 10 2kg

FORMULATION
Add Kulu 10 in a mixing vessel and add the remaining ingredients while mixing

DISHWASHING LIQUID 20LITRES

EQUIPMENT
1) Plastic container / plastic drum / 20litre plastic bucket
2) Wooden or plastic stirred i.e. mugoti
3) pH paper
4) Stop watch or normal watch for mixing time.
The pH of this product should be neutral so that it doesn't affect you hands. If you don't balance
the pH it can be acidic or caustic to put it in layman terms

RAW MATERIALS
1) Water 15,11L
2) Caustic soda 140g in 200ml water
3) Sulphonic 1kg
4) SLES 1,4kg
5) Urea 0,36kg in 0,6 hot water
6) CDE 0,36% of total product
7) Dye green to suit
8) Salt 100g to thicken.

You first get part of your water for the process.

1)For the 20L dishwash. You put 13L into the bucket.
2) Stir in your sulphonic acid for 5 minutes until fully dissolved.
3) Add caustic soda premix. React for 5minutes

Here at this point you now have a soap.

Test the pH to see if its now 7. Adjust accordingly.

and make sure they are fully dissolved.
5) Add Urea and CDE a sequesterent.
6) Add salt premix to thicken
7) Then add dye premix and lastly your fragrance.
8) Test pH again. If its not 7 adjust using citric acid.

PINE GEL 100L

Same equipment as dishwash

RAW MATERIALS
1) S.D.B.S - 64Kgs
2) 28Kg boiling water
3) 9kg Pine oil
4) Industrial green dye

FORMULATION
1) POUR the S.D.B.S in a suitable cotainer
2) Add the hot water while stirring continuously
3) Add the dye and stir until satisfied with the colour
4) Add the pine oil last and stir well

TOILET BOWL CLEANER ( ALKALI BASE)

Materials- strictly use plastic

RAW MATERIALS
1 74% water
2 16.8% sodium hypochlorite
3 2.8% Caustic soda
4 5.6% Non ionic NP9

Mixing
Into a plastic container / drum pour most of the water.
Retain some water and dissolve the caustic soda to make a solution
Add the sodium hypochlorite and then the caustic soda solution to the water.
Then add NP9
Add dye and perfume required. Use dye that is stable in sodium hypochlorite. Pine perfume is a
common addition to the final mix.

Caution
Avoid contact with clothing or fabric.
Do not use in conjunction with any other cleaners
Avoid contact with hands.

NB: pH level of this product should be 13

HOME DISINFECTANT 10litres

RAW MATERIALS
1. 500mls sulphonic
2. 1kg kg sless
3. 1/2 of 500g salt
4. 1/2 kg soda ash
5. perfume spring fresh/windrose/pine apple or any of your chose
6. 10g pink,yellow,or purple dye(sachet)
7. 10 litres of water
8. Np9

FORMULATION
1. mix sless and sulphonic acid to a 10 litre of water
2. Add soda ash
3. Add salt and stir well
4. Add 4 lids of Np9
NB.When mixing make sure you are using one direction of mixing to avoid foaming either
clockwise or anti clockwise

*HAIR SHAMPOO 18ltrs

RAW MATERIALS
1 Sless 1kg
2 CDE. 500ml
3 Pink dye - a pinch
4 Perfume(sweet cherry) 30ml
5 Salt 300g
6 Water 18 ltrs

FORMULATION
Put clean water in a bucket
Put sless and CDE and steer gently
Add pink die and mix well
Add perfume and steer well
Add salt and steer well
Leave to settle

ACTIVE TILE CLEANER

Equipment
Use stainless steel or plastic
50- 100 micron filter

RAW MATERIALS AND FORMULATION for 100L

In the main mix add the formulae quantity of
Water - 96.12Kg
Pink acid dye - pinch

Mix for 10 minutes untill completely dissolved add the formulae quantity of
Neodol 45-7E - 1,5kg
Myristalkonium chloride - 1,48kg
Sodium bicarbonate- 0,1kg
Sodium carbonate light- 0.2kg
Caustic soda pearl- 0,09kg
Perfume Amanda or any other tile related perfume

Agitate for a minimum of 15minutes until mixture is clear and homogeneous

Take sample for quality analysis
Upon approval filter the sample through 50-100 micron filter.

DRAIN OPENER (ACID BASE)

RAW MATERIALS
Thick plastic container or glass
Ingredients
25 litres suphuric acid
118ml Rhodine 95A or 95
Dangerous: Use face shield and rubber gloves

FORMULATION
Mix in the container that the suphuric comes in
Add Rhodine slowly, a little at a time
There is a violent reaction and fumes
Stir slowly
Allow to stand for 24hrs before bottling.

BATTERY ACID 113L

RAW MATERIALS
1.Sulphuric Acid 46 ltrs
2.Water 67ltrs
FORMULATION
1.Mix clean water and sulphuric acid in a bucket
2.leave to settle

*Where to get oils for making perfumes*

1. Borrowdale Racecourse pharmacy
*tea tree oil, rosemary, lemon oil, nutmeg oil*
2. Shop 7 cambitzi buliding Harare Avondale
0772696793
3. Table 38 HD mall opposite CBZ. Kwame Nkuruma corner 1st street Harare city
center 0773056463
*lemon grass, lime oil and rosemary*

*Where to get raw materials*

1. Chemical Brothers number 6 Nuffiel Road Workington Harare
0772912789
2. Shop number 9 Acess car sale JMN Nkomo btwn 6th and L Takawira
0712258910
3. Harare street and Bank shop titled A and l distrubutors
4. 33 Kaguvi street shop BO7 Berzacks Building Harare
5. Chitungwiza Shop no 40 sifra village Zengeza 2 shops
6. Bulawayo Corner J Moyo and 5 avenue. Arrow Chem
7. Cure Chem Overseas pvt Ltd 32 Anthony avenue Msasa Harare
8.Nemchem 9 Spurrier Road New Adburne Harare
MATERI
ALSNEEDEDFORBLEACHPRODUCTI
ON

Chl
ori
ne(
H.T.
H)-1kg

Caust
icsoda-500g

SodaAsh-1kg

Foami
ngAgent-250g

Per
fume-t
otast
e

I
fyoudonthavechl
ori
neyoucanuseHydr
ogenper
oxi
de

Tool
sneeded

Mi
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Wei
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e,

Fi
lt
er,

Measur
ingcups

PROCESS

To5l
tr
sofwat
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,

addaquar
terof1KgofChl
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neand250goff
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.

addhal
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logr
am ofCaust
icSoda

Add1kgofSodaAsht
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uti
on.

Leavef
orabout24hour
s,

f
il
teri
tpr
oper
ly

addper
fume.

Nowr
eadyf
orpackagi
ng
OTHERSUSEALUM SOI
FYOUDECI
DETOUSEI
T.

Chemi
cal
s

Chl
ori
ne-250g

Caust
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SodaAsh-250g

Al
um -1Lt
r

Wat
er-4Lt
r

Di
rect
ions

1.Pour4l
it
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nabowel
.

2.Addal
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cal
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her
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irver
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3.Al
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tl
efor24hour
s

4.Si
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5.Packagei
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redcont
ainer
.
FABRI
CSOFTENER

Homemade1

I
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100gr
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fl
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1l
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PROCEDURE:

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=====≠============================

HomemadeMet
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ers+1l
it
erdi
sti
ll
edwat
er

10mlet
hylal
cohol
Page1of1
10mlf
ragr
ance

Pr
ocedur
e

1.Boi
l2l
it
ersdi
sti
ll
edwat
eri
napot
.

2.Whil
ewaiti
ngforthewatert
oboil
,cr
ushthef
abr
icsof
tenerf
lakes,
eit
herusi
nga
mort
arandpestle,
or,putt
hefl
akesinabasi
nandrol
laglassj
aroverit
.Dothi
sunt
il
thef
lakesbecomepowdery.

3.Removethepotfr
om heat.Pourt
hepowder
edfabri
csoft
eneri
ntot
hepot.St
irt
he
mixt
urewit
haladleunt
ilthepowderedf
abr
icsof
tenerdi
ssol
vescompl
etel
y.

4.Addt
heet
hylal
coholandt
hef
ragr
ance.Mi
xwel
l.

5.Letthemixtur
ecoolf
orawhile,
thenaddanot
herl
it
erofdi
sti
ll
edwat
er.Makesur
eal
l
thesubstanceshavet
horoughl
ydissol
ved.

6.Whent
hemi
xtur
ehascool
edenough,
pouri
tint
othePETbot
tl
es.

=========≠===========================

Emer
gencyhomemade

Epsom sal
ts4cups

essent
ialoi
ls(f
orf
ragr
ance)t
otast
e

==================================

I
ndust
ri
almanuf
act
uri
ng

Fabr
icSof
tener

Typi
calFor
mul
aIngr
edi
ent
sEmul
sif
ier
s

•Al
coholEt
herSul
fat
e(SLES)

•Al
kyl
sul
fonat
e5.
0-15

•Al
coholEt
hoxyl
ated

Page2of2
Condi
ti
oni
ngagent
s

•DHTDMAC(
di-
har
dtal
lowdi
met
hyl
ammoni
um chl
ori
de)

•DHTI
MS–i
midazol
ini
um met
hosul
fat
e

•PDMS1.
0-10.
0

•Si
li
cone(polydi
methyl
sil
oxanepolymer
s)andit
sorgano-
modi
fi
cat
ions(
incl
udeami
neand
ami
de-funct
ionalsi
li
conesandsil
iconegums)0.
1-1.0

Co-
sof
tener
s

•Gl
ycer
ilmonoest
ear
ate

•St
ear
icAci
d0.
5-5.
0

•Tal
lowal
cohol

•Lanol
inder
ivat
ives

Pr
eser
vat
ives

•For
mol0.
0-0.
5Ot
heri
ngr
edi
ant
s

Fr
agr
ance0.
2-0.
8

Wat
er

Youcanchooseanyonei
nthecat
egor
y

Gi
venf
ormul
a

DHTDMac-13.
20%

Tal
lowAmi
ne15:
1-1.
91%

St
eri
caci
d-0.
59%

Per
fume-0.
30%

Cal
cium chl
ori
de(
2H20)0.
8%

Dyes-0.
005%

Pr
eser
vat
ive-0.
05%

Wat
er-bal
ancel
eft

Page3of3
Di
rect
ionsf
oruse

Putemul
sif
ier

Addcondi
ti
oni
ngagent
s

Heatunt
ilt
hebat
chi
shomogenous

Addpr
eser
vat
ives,
Dyesandf
ragnances

Leti
tcoolandpackage

Pleasenotethatwhenpr
epar
ingf
abr
icsof
tenerwhi
chneedst
obedi
lut
edl
ateruse5%wat
er
(egref
il
lpacks)

I
MPORTANT:WHENPREPARI
NGTHI
SFORMULAPLEASEUSESTAI
NLESSSTEELCONTAI
NERS

Rawmat
eri
alscanbef
oundi
nchemi
calshopse.
gast
ra,
cur
ehem,
int
rachem et
c

Essent
ialoi
lsf
oundi
nphamaceut
ical
s

Page4of4
Bat
hli
qui
d

Themeasur
ement
sar
etwo.Uset
heoneyouwant
.Gr
amsar
einbr
acket
s

I
ngr
edi
ant
s

Oi
ls

27oz.(
765g)CoconutOi
l

7.
2oz.(
204g)Ol
iveOi
l

1.
8oz.(
51g)Cast
orOi
l

LyeSol
uti
on:

7.
1oz.(
201g)Pot
assi
um Hydr
oxi
de

1.
5oz.(
43g)Sodi
um Hydr
oxi
de

10.
3oz.(
292g)Di
sti
ll
edorSof
tWat
er

12oz.(
340g)Gl
ycer
in

Di
lut
ionWat
er:

44.
6oz.(
1264g)Di
sti
ll
edorSof
tWat
er

1.
8(51g)Pot
assi
um Car
bonat
e

Tot
alWei
ghtof40%SoapSol
uti
on=113.
3oz.(
3,212g)

Di
rect
ions:

(
Useal
lsaf
etypr
ecaut
ions.Goggl
es,gl
oves,maskandpr
otect
ivecl
othi
ng.Gat
heral
l
yourmat
eri
alsbef
oreget
ti
ngst
art
ed.
)

St
ep1.
Wei
ghandMel
ttheoi
ls.I
dealt
emper
atur
eshoul
dbebet
ween160°-175°
F(71°
-79°
C).
Thi
sreci
pecanbepr
epar
edi
nacr
ockpot
,ont
opoft
hest
oveori
ntheoven.What
ever
met
hodyouchoose,useanappr
opr
iat
econt
ainersaf
eforal
lingr
edi
ent
sandf
ort
he
met
hodofcook.

St
ep2.

Measur
ethedi
lut
ionwat
er.Wei
ght
hepot
assi
um car
bonat
eandaddt
othedi
lut
ion
wat
er.St
irandheatt
oboi
li
ngi
nami
crowavesavecont
aineri
nthemi
crowaveori
na
potont
hest
ovet
op.Coverandsetasi
de.

St
ep3.

Wei
ght
hegl
ycer
inandaddt
otheoi
ls.

St
ep4.

Measur
ethewat
erf
ort
hel
yesol
uti
onandsetasi
de.Wei
ght
hePot
assi
um andSodi
um
Hydr
oxi
deandmi
xint
othewat
er.St
irunt
ilcompl
etel
ydi
ssol
ved.

St
ep5.

Sl
owl
ypourt
hel
yesol
uti
oni
ntot
heoi
landgl
ycer
inmi
x.Checkt
het
emper
atur
e.I
fiti
s
bel
ow 160°
F(71°
C)war
mitupunt
ili
treachest
hedesi
redt
emper
atur
e.I
fiti
sabove
175°
F(79°
C)al
lowt
heoi
l/
lyesol
uti
ont
ocooldownbef
orest
ickbl
endi
ngt
oavoi
dboi
l
over
.

St
ep6.

St
ickbl
endt
oli
ghtt
race.

St
ep7.

Addt
hedi
lut
ionwat
er/
pot
assi
um car
bonat
esol
uti
on.

St
ep8.

Cookt
hesoapatat
emper
atur
ebet
ween175°
F-190°
Funt
ilcl
earandasampl
e
r
emai
nscl
earuponcool
ing.

St
ep9.

Checkt
hesoapf
orneut
ral
it
yusi
ngphenol
pht
hal
einasapHi
ndi
cat
ori
nasmal
lsampl
e
ofsoapbr
oth.Di
sposeoft
hesampl
e,donotpourbacki
ntot
hesoappot
.

St
ep.10.

Di
lut
e t
he soap t
o t
he desi
red concent
rat
ion. The cur
rent concent
rat
ion i
s
appr
oxi
mat
ely 40% soap wi
tht
he r
emai
ning 60% wat
er.Mostsoaps r
equi
re an
addi
ti
onal16–37oz.ofdi
sti
ll
edorsof
twat
ert
omakea35%-30%soapconcent
rat
ion
r
espect
ivel
y.
Wat
er-97.
1%

Monoet
hanol
ami
ne-0.
7%

I
sopr
opal-1.
4%

Tomami
neAO-
14-
2sur
fact
ant
-0.
2%

Tomadol901sur
fact
ant-0.
3%

Gl
aci
alacet
icaci
d-0.
3%

Di
rect
ionsf
ormi
xing

Addmonoet
hanol
ami
net
owat
erandmi
xwel
l.

Addi
sopr
opanolandmi
xwel
l.

AddTomami
neAO-
14-
2andTomadol901sur
fact
ant
s

andmi
xunt
ildi
ssol
ved.

Addgl
aci
alacet
icaci
dandmi
xwel
l.

K
HOW TOMAKEMAYONNAI
SE

Mayonnaiseisanoi l
-i
n-wat eremul si
ontypicallycont ainingmor et han74%veget abl
eoi l
(mini
mum 65%) .Eggyol kisusedasanemul si
fieratal evelcommonl ybetween4%and8%.
Watermakesupt hecont i
nuousphaseoft heformul aat5- 15%wi thvar i
ousot heradditivesfor
fl
avorsuchassal t,sugar,spices, andvinegaroranal ternat i
veedibleaci d( i
.e.lemonorl i
me
j
uice).Mayonnaisei sanoi l
-in-wat er(O/W)emul si
onwi thadi spersedoi lphaseanda
conti
nuouswat erphasecont ainingegg, vinegar,salt,sugar ,mustardandwat er
.Theoi l-water
i
nterf
aceisstabil
izedbyeggyol k,whichact sasanemul sifi
er.Theoi lcontenti nmayonnai se
canvarytogivetheor igi
nal( ful
l-fat)mayonnai seorl ow- fatmayonnai se.Inf ull
-fat
mayonnaisetheoi lcontentisar ound75- 80%whi l
etheoi lcontentinl ow-fatmayonnai seis
around30-65%

Mayonnai
sseandsal
addr
essingar
edif
fer
ent
.sal
addr
essi
ng,
doesnotcont
aineggyol
ksand
i
sgeneral
lysweet
ert
hanmayonnai
se.

Wi
llputhomemadeandcommer
cialr
eci
pes

Homemadeeasyr
eci
pes

r
eci
pe1
I
ngr
edi
ent
s

1eggyol
k,(
room t
emper
atur
e)

½t
easpoonsal
t

4t
easpoonswhi
tewi
nevi
negar

1cupExt
raLi
ghtOl
iveOi
l

1Tabl
espoonf
reshl
ysqueezedl
emonj
uice

Di
rect
ions

1.Pl
acet
heeggyol
k,sal
t,andvi
negari
ntot
hebowlofyourf
oodpr
ocessor
.

2.Putyouroi
lint
oa1cupl
iqui
dmeasur
ingcup

3.Wit
htheprocessorr
unning,sl
owlypourint
heoli
veoil,
star
ti
ngwit
hafewdropsatatime
andconti
nui
ngwi t
haveryslowandst eadyst
ream.Asthemayonnai
sebegi
nstothi
cken,
cont
inuepouri
ng,sl
owly,
untilal
loft
heoilhasbeenused.

4.Oncet
hemayonnai
sei
sthi
ck,
slowl
ybl
endi
nthel
emonj
uice,
unt
ili
ncor
por
ated.

5.st
orei
tinaseal
edcont
aineri
nther
efr
iger
atorandusewi
thi
naweek.

Reci
pe2

I
ngr
edi
ent
s

290mlpi
ntgr
oundnutoi
l

Pg1of1
r
aysof
hopess@gmai
l.
com
2eggs,
yol
ksonl
y

1gar
li
ccl
ove,
crushed

1heapedt
sppowder
edmust
ard

1l
evelt
spsal
t

f
reshl
ymi
ll
edbl
ackpepper

1t
spwhi
tewi
nevi
negar

Di
rect
ions

1.puttheeggyol
ksint
othebasin,addthecrushedgarli
c,mustardpowder,saltandali
tt
le
fr
eshlymil
ledbl
ackpepper.Mixal
lofthesetogetherwell
.Then,hol
dingthegroundnutoili
na
j
ugi nonehandandanelectr
ichandwhi ski
nt heother
,adddropofoiltotheeggmi xt
ureand
whiskthi
sin.

2.Makesureeachdropofoi
list
horoughl
ywhiskedi
nbeforeaddi
ngthenextdrop.onceyou'
ve
addedsever
aldropsofoi
l-themixt
urewil
lbegi
ntothi
ckenandgover yst
if
fandlumpy.When
i
tgetstothi
sstageyouneedtoaddateaspoonofvi
negar,
whichwil
lthint
hemixturedown.

3.youcant henbeginpour
ingtheoi
linaver
y,ver
ythinbutst
eadyst
ream,keepingthebeat
ers
goingal
lthet i
me.Whenalltheoi
lhasbeenadded,t
asteandaddmoresaltandpepperifi
t
needsit
.Ifyou'dl
ikethemayonnai
setobeabitli
ghter
,att
hisst
ageaddtablespoonsofboi
li
ng
waterandwhi ski
tin.

4.Mayonnaiseonl ycur
dleswhenyouaddt heoilt
ooquickl
yatt hebeginni
ng.I
fthathappens,
don'
tdespair.Allyouneedtodoisputaf r
esheggyol
kintoacl eanbasin,addt
hecur dl
ed
mixt
uretoit(dropbydr op)
,thencont
inueaddi
ngtherestoftheoilasthoughnothi
nghad
happened

Reci
pe3

I
ngr
edi
ent
s

1t
easpoonDi
jonmust
ard.

1t
abl
espoonl
emonj
uice.

1t
abl
espoonwhey,
opt
ional
.

pi
nchsal
t.

1cupext
ra-
vir
ginol
iveoi
l.

Di
rect
ions

Pg2of2
r
aysof
hopess@gmai
l.
com
Whizallt
heingredientsexceptt
heoili
naf oodpr ocessoronal owspeedf or30seconds.Wit
h
themotorrunning(sti
llonlow),
verysl
owlydrizzleintheoiluntilt
hemayoi sthi
ckandsmoot h.
Youwanti tt
opouri naver y,
veryf
inestr
eam,ot herwiseitwon’tform anemulsi
on.)I
fyou
i
ncludedthewhey, coverthemayonnaiseandletitsitatroom temperaturef
or8hour sbef
ore
ref
ri
gerat
ing.Thisacti
vatestheenzymesinthewhey.I fyoudidn’tusewhey,ref
ri
gerate
i
mmedi at
ely.

Not
e

Thisreci
peli
stswheyasanopt i
onali
ngredient
.Mayonnaisemadewithwheywillkeepf
or2-
3
monthslongerthanmayonnai
semadewi thout
,whi
chnormallyonlyl
asts2-
3weeks.Youcan
usethewheyt hati
slef
toverf
rom makingyourownCr eam Cheese.I
fyoudon'
thaveanywhey
that
'sfi
ne,butuseupthemayonnaisewithinaweekortwo.1egg.

Reci
pe4

I
ngr
edi
ent
s

2whol
eeggs,
room t
emper
atur
e

2eggyol
ks,
room t
emper
atur
e

2Tbspl
emonorl
imej
uice

2-
4gar
li
ccl
oves,
crushed

1t
spseasal
t

2Tbspwhey,
opt
ional

1cupol
iveoi
l(r
egul
arorext
ravi
rgi
n)

1cupgr
apeseedoi
l,
ref
inedcoconutoi
lormor
eol
iveoi
l

I
nst
ruct
ions

1.Putt
heeggs,
eggyolks,
jui
ce,gar
li
c,seasal
tandopt
ionalwheyinyourfoodpr
ocessor
,
bl
enderorsmal
l/
medium measuri
ngcup( t
ouseahandimmer si
onblender)
.

2.Forthefoodprocessor:blendt
heallt
heingr
edient
s(minusoi
ls)t
oget
herforsever
al
seconds.Usetheattachmentatthetopthatal
lowsyoutodri
zzl
einli
qui
ds.Addintheoi
lsof
yourchoicewhil
ethepr ocessori
srunni
ng.

3.Fort
hebl
ender
:bl
endt
heal
lthei
ngr
edi
ent
s(mi
nusoi
ls)t
oget
herf
orsever
alseconds.

SLOWLYdr
izzl
eint
heoi
lsofyourchoi
cewhi
let
hebl
enderi
sgoi
ng.

4.Fort
hehandi mmer si
onblender
:PutinALLt heingr
edient
s( i
ncl
udingoil
s)intot
hecupand
mix.St
artatt
hebot t
om.Onceyouhaveat hick,cr
eamylayer.
..sl
owlyli
ftyourimmersi
on
bl
enderup,soitbegi
nst oemulsi
fyever
ythingtowardsthetop.Don'
tovermi xit
.

5.Younowhavedel
ici
ousmayowhent
hemi
xtur
ebecomesf
luf
fy,
creamyanduni
fi
ed.

Pg3of3
r
aysof
hopess@gmai
l.
com
6.Scoopt
hecr
eamymayoi
ntoaj
arandst
orei
nthef
ri
dge.I
twi
llkeepf
oraboutaweekorso.

7.Ifyouaddedthewhey,l
etthejarsitoutinroom t
emper
atur
e(cover
ed)forupt
o7hoursor
overnightt
oferment
.Thenstor
ei ti
nt hefr
idgeforupt
osever
almonths,
butwealwayseat
oursupbef or
etheweekisover!

Not
es

Youcanomi tt
hegar
li
ccl
ovesandaddi
nDi
jonmust
ard,
whi
chyouwi
llneedabout2
teaspoons.vu

Reci
pe5

2t
easpoonsmust
ardpowder

2t
easpoonssugar

1t
easpoonsal
t

1whol
eegg

3addi
ti
onalyol
ks

50mlwhi
tewi
nevi
negar

500mlcanol
aoi
l

Ensur
ethatal
lingr
edi
ent
sar
eatroom t
emper
atur
e,ot
her
wiset
heemul
sionwi
llf
ailandyou
wil
lendupwit
habowlofyel
lowsli
me.

separ
ati
ngt
heyol
ksf
rom t
hreeeggs.

combineallt
hei
ngr
edi
ent
sont
hel
ist
,exceptt
hecanol
aoi
l,
wit
hint
hevesseloft
hef
ood
processor
.

Revt
hisupf
orami
nut
eor90secondst
omi
xthecont
ent
swel
l.

Wit
hthemot orrunning,car
eful
lypourt
heoi
ldownt
hespout
.Whatyoumustachi
evei
sat
hin
st
ream ofoi
l,pouredslowlyi
ntothemachi
ne.

I
nashor
twhi
le,
themassofi
ngr
edi
ent
swi
llcombi
nei
ntoat
hick,
good-
looki
ngemul
sion.

Pg4of4
r
aysof
hopess@gmai
l.
com
SMALLSCALEMAYONNAI
SEPRODUCTI
ON

Fat
-Fr
eeMayonnai
se

I
NGREDI
ENTS

Wat
er-73.
96

Sugar-7.
84

Sal
adi
zerMayoCol
dSet-7.
25

EggWhi
tes-3.
92

Sal
t-2.
43

Vi
negar-2.
00

EggYol
ks-0.
88

LemonJui
ce-0.
75

Ti
tani
um Di
oxi
de-0.
39

Ci
tr
icAci
d-0.
25

MayoTypeFl
avor-0.
12

Sodi
um Benzoat
e-0.
10

Pot
assi
um Sor
bat
e-0.
10

Papr
ika-0.
01

Tot
al100.
00

Di
rect
ions

1.Addpot
assi
um sor
bat
eandsodi
um benzoat
etot
hewat
er.Begi
nmi
xing.

2.AddSal
adi
zerMayoCol
dSett
omovi
ngwat
er.Mi
xunt
iluni
for
m usi
ngmedi
um t
ohi
ghshear
.

3.Addeggyol
ksandeggwhi
test
othesol
uti
on.

Mi
xunt
iluni
for
m.

4.Addr
emai
ningspi
ces,
seasoni
ngs,
andt
it
ani
um di
oxi
det
othemi
xtur
e.

Pg5of5
r
aysof
hopess@gmai
l.
com
5.Addvi
negar
,lemonj
uice,
andci
tr
icaci
dtot
hesol
uti
on.Mi
xunt
iluni
for
m.

6.Runt
hroughacol
loi
dmi
llt
oensur
euni
for
mincor
por
ati
onofal
lingr
edi
ent
s.

Wer
etogett
hei
ngr
edi
ent
s

a.ol
iveoil
,canolaoil
,coconutoi
let
cetcyoucangett
hem i
npharmaceuti
calcompanies,
big
supermarket
se. gTm,pickandpay,OKetci
nZimbabwebutabutexpensi
ve.It
sbestyou
i
mpor tf
rom neighbouri
ngsouthafr
ica

Nb:ol
iveoi
list
otal
lydi
ff
erentwi
thol
ivi
neoi
ldon'
tmi
xthet
wopl
easet
heyar
edi
ff
erent
.

b.Youcanmakeuseofr
unner
sit
scheaper(
evenmal
ayt
sha)

c.Eggscanbeboughtanywher
ee.
gsuper
mar
ket
s

d.Sodi
um benzoat
eandot
herchemi
cal
scanbef
oundi
nsout
haf
ri
ca.Exampl
esofshopst
hat
sel
larebel
ow.

1.AnchorChemi
cal
s

20Shef
fi
eldRoad,
Wil
lowt
on,
Piet
ermar
it
zbur
g,Kwazul
uNat
al

3200,
Sout
hAf
ri
ca

Tel
:+27(
0)333908050,
Emai
l:i
nfo@anchor
chemi
cal
s.co.
za

2.Car
st&Wal
ker(
Sout
hAf
ri
ca)

Bui
ldi
ng2,
5Sher
bor
neRoad,
Par
ktown

Johannesbur
g,Gaut
eng,
2041,
Sout
hAf
ri
ca

Tel
:+27114893600,
Emai
l:i
nfo@car
st.
co.
za

3.Cl
overf
oods

200const
ant
iadr
ive,
Johannesbur
g,Gaut
eng

Pg6of6
r
aysof
hopess@gmai
l.
com
3.Cr
estChemi
cal
s(PTY)Lt
d,mi
drand

Andmanymor
e

Pg7of7
r
aysof
hopess@gmai
l.
com
I
cecr
eam maki
ng

Icecream isaf
rozenblendofasweet
enedcr
eam mi
xtur
eandai
r,wi
thadded
flavor
ings.Awi
devarietyofi
ngr
edi
entsar
eall
owedi
nicecr
eam,butt
heminimum
amount sofmil
kfat,
mi l
ksoli
ds

Therearedi f
ferenttypesoficecream whichincl
udes:wat eri
ce,sor
bet,sher
betand
‘
tradi
tional
’icecr eam.Thepr i
mar yi
ngredientofwatericeissugarandcontainsnofat
ormilk.Sorbetismadef rom f
rui
torjui
cemi xedwithsugarandcont ai
nssomeai rbut
nomi l
korf at;sherbetismadef r
om jui
ce,sugar,mil
k,fatandair.I
cecream i
smadeof
themai ncomponent sice,ai
randfat.

I
cecream mustcont
ainatl
east10%milkfat,
andatleast20%tot
almi l
ksol
ids,and
maycontai
nsafeandsuit
abl
esweeteners,emul
sif
ier
sandstabil
izer
s,andf
lavoring
mat
erial
s.

Homemadei
cecr
eam r
eci
pe

2cupsofheavycr
eam •

1cupofwhol
emi
lk•

6l
argeeggs•

3/
4cupofsugar•

Vani
ll
aext
ractt
otast
e•

Sal
ttot
ast
e

 Dir
ections
 Separat eeggyolks•
 Whiskeggyol ksandsugart ogetherunt i
lcomplet
elycombi ned•
 Whiski nyourdai ryuntilcompletelycombi ned•
 Cookyourbaseonmedi um heatuntili
tformsacust ard•
 Addflavor i
ngs•
 Str
ainint oacont ainerandletrestinf r
idgeunti
lcold,pref
erabl
yover
night•
 Churni cecream andhar denitinthef r
eezer•
 Youricecr eam isready

Pr
epar
ati
oncheckl
ist
1.Makesureyoureggsandsugarar ewellcombined.Whiskthem wellunti
lthemi
xtur
e
resembl
esthecolorandtext
ureoflemoncur d:athi
ckpudding-l
ikegoowi t
hapale
yell
owcolor
.Themi xtur
eshoul
df al
lfr
om awhi skinoneconti
nuous"ribbon
(ri
bboni
ng),
andithelpsprot
ectyoureggsfrom curdl
ing.

2.Sti
ryourcust
ardasitcooks.Notobsessi
vel
y,butonceever
y30seconds,
making
suretoscr
apethebottom oft
hepotasyoudoso.Onceagai n,t
hisi
sal
laboutkeepi
ng
youreggsfr
om curdl
ing.•

Usesl
ow,evenheatwi
thagoodpot
.Ineverheatmyi
cecr
eam basepastmedi
um heat
,
andIuseapotwit
hagoodheavybot
tom.

Don'tover
cookyourbase.Yourtar
getcust
ardtemperat
urei
s170°F.Totestit
,di
pa
woodenspooni nt
oyourcustar
d.Ift
hecustardcoat
sthespoon'
sbackandyoucan
swipeacleanli
neacrossit(
seeabove),
you'r
edone.Ift
heli
necoll
apses,youhave
morecookingtodo.

St
rai
nyourbase.Onceyourbasehasf
ini
shedcooki
ng,st
rai
nit
.It
'sasmal
lst
ept
hat
el
imi
nat
esanyclumpyeggbi t
sthatmadethei
rwayint
oyourbase.

Chillbefor
echurni
ng.Thecol deryouricecr eam basei
sgoingintot
hechurn,t
he
creami eri
twil
lbe.Sochilli
tdowni nthef r
idgeafteri
t'
scooked.Asfewassixhour
s
maydoi t,
butanovernightchil
lisevenbet t
er.You'l
lneedtheext
ratimet
omakesur e
yourf r
eezabl
echurningbowli sful
lychil
led.

Homemadei
cecr
eam r
eci
pe2

1/
2cupcol
dmi
lk+

1t
abl
espoonvani
ll
aext
ract+

1(
14ounce)cansweet
ened+condensedmi
lk

1/
8teaspoonsal
t+

1pi
ntheavycr
eam

Di
rect
ions

I
namedi
um bowl
,st
irt
oget
hercol
dmi
lk,
vani
ll
a,condensedmi
lkandsal
t.Setasi
de.1
I
nal ar
gebowl
,beatheavycr
eam wi
thanel
ect
ri
cmi
xerunt
ilst
if
fpeaksf
orm.Fol
dmi
lk
mixt
ureint
owhi
ppedcream.2

Pouri
ntoshal
low2quartdi
sh,coverandf
reezefor4hour
s,sti
rri
ngonceaf
ter2hours
orwhenedgesstar
ttohar
den.Serveorst
oreinanair
ti
ghtcontai
nerupto10days.

Lar
gescal
eicecr
eam pr
oduct
ion

Moder
nicecr
eam i
spr
oducedf
rom f
oll
owi
ngr
awmat
eri
als:

Dai
rypr
oduct
s(mi
lk,
cream,
but
ter
fat
)

Sugar

Fl
avor
ings

Appr
ovedaddi
ti
vest
hatpr
eventcr
eat
ionofi
cecr
yst
alsdur
ingpr
oduct
ionpr
ocess

Eggs

Air
,whichimprovesacecr
eamsabi
li
tyt
oabsor
bfl
avor
ingandr
emovest
hef
eel
ingof
overysoggyandheavymater
ial
.

I
ngedi
ant
sandmeasur
ement
s

Fat-10%-15%

Milkf
atisusedinthefor
m ofwhol emilk,
cream,
but t
eroranhydrousmil
kfat(AMF).
Milkf
atcanber epl
acedbyvegetablefat,
wherer
efinedorhydrogenat
ed(hardened)
coconutoi
landpalm ker
neloilar
emostcommonl yused.Theuseofvegetablefati
n
i
cecream isregul
atedbylegi
slat
ioninmanycountries.

(
Youchoose)
Somef
atsar
e(mi
lk,
cream,
andbut
ter
)

Mi
lksol
idsnon-
fat(
MSNF)-17% ofwat
er

MSNFconsistofpr
otei
ns,
lactoseandminer
alsal
tsder
ivedf
rom whol
emi
lk,
ski
m mi
lk,
condensedmil
k,mi
lkpowdersand/orwheypowder.

Chooseanysol
idse.
gmi
lk,
cream,
condensedmi
lk,
evapor
atedmi
lk,
drymi
lk,
and
whey.
Sugar
/non-
sugarsweet
ener(
12%-20%)

I
cecr
eam mi
xnor
mal
lycont
ainsbet
ween12-
20%

Sugaristhecommondescr ipti
onf orthesacchar i
des, i
ncludingthemonosacchari
des
(i
.e.gl
ucose/dext
roseandfructose),disacchari
des( i
.e.sucroseandlact
ose(milk
sugar)
)andst ar
chderi
vates(i.
e.glucosesyr up,glucose/fructosesyr
upandhigh
fr
uctosesyrup).

Emul
sif
ier
s/st
abi
li
zer
s-0.
5%

Emul
sif
ier
sandst
abi
li
zer
sar
etypi
cal
lyusedascombi
nedpr
oduct
satdosages

St
abi
li
zer
susedi
ncl
udeal
ginat
es(
car
ageenan)
,gums(
locustbean,
guar
),andgel
ati
ns.

Emul
sif
ier
susedi
nicecr
eam i
ncl
udeeggyol
ksandmono-anddi
glycer
ides.

Fl
avour
s(asdesi
red)

Fl
avoursareaveryi
mpor tantf
actori
nt hecustomer’
schoiceofi
cecream andcanbe
addedatthemixi
ngstageorafterpasteuri
zati
on.Themostpopularf
lavoursar
evani
ll
a,
chocol
ateandstr
awberry.(Youcanmi xanyflavour
sforyourownuniquebrand)

Col
our
s(asDesi
red)

Naturalorar
ti
fi
cialcol
our
sar
eaddedt
othemi
xtogi
vet
hei
cecr
eam anat
tr
act
ive
appearance.

*
***
***
***
***
***
*

Wat
er(
55%-64%)
DONTPHYSI
CALLYADDWATERPLEASE

Pl
easenotet
hatyoudontar
dwat
erbutThi
swat
ercomef
rom t
hemi
lkorot
her
i
ngredi
ant
s
Ot
heri
ngr
edi
ent
s

Manymouldedandextr
udedicecr
eam pr
oduct
sar
ecoat
edwi
thchocol
ate,
sauceet
c
dependi
ngwit
hyourchoice

manuf
act
uri
ng

Thebasi
cst
epsi
nthemanuf
act
uri
ngofi
cecr
eam ar
egener
all
yasf
oll
ows:

1.blendi
ngoft hemixi
ngr
edi
ent
s
2.pasteuri
zation
3.homogeni zati
on
4.agingthemi x
5.fr
eezing
6.packaging
7.hardening

1.Bl
endt
heI
ceCr
eam Mi
xtur
e

Themil
kfatsour
ce,
nonfatsol
ids,
stabi
li
zer
sandemulsi
fi
ersar
ebl endedtoensure
compl
etemixi
ngofl
iqui
danddr yingr
edi
ents.(
mixi
ngal
lthei
ngredientst
ogether
)

2.Past
eur
izeMi
x

Themixisthenpasteuri
sed,aprocessthatkil
lsanyhar
mfulbacteri
athroughhi
gh
temper
atureheati
ng.Icecream mixispasteuri
zedat155°
F(68.3°C)for30minut
esor
175°F(
79.4C)for25sec.

3.Homogeni
ze

Thisisapr ocesst hatenabl esbreaki ngdownt hefatdr opletstomaket hem smaller

.In
addit
iontothebasi cingredi entsment i
onedabove, emul si
fi
ersar ealsoaddedi nthis
phaset oobtainasmoot hert ext
ureandcr eateastable,homogeneous, smooth
emulsion.I
cecr eam mi xishomogeni zed( 2500to3000psi )todecr easet hemil
kfat
gl
obulesizet oform abet teremul sionandcont ri
but etoasmoot her,creamieri
ce
cream.Homogeni zati
onal soensur est hattheemul sif
iersandst abil
izersarewell
bl
endedandevenl ydistributedint hei cecr eam mixbef oreitisf
rozen.
4.Aget
heMi
x

Icecream mixisagedat40° F(5° C)foratleast4hour sorover

night.Agi ngthemix
coolsitdownbeforef r
eezing,allowst hemi lkfatt
opar t
iall
ycr
ystal
lizeandt hegives
theproteinsst
abil
izerstimet ohydr ate.Thisimprovesthewhippingpr operti
esofthe
mix.(
extentofthi
spr ocessdependont het ypeoffatused.Fat
swi t
hhi ghersaturated
contenttendtocrystall
isefasterandt oagr eat
erextentthanl
esssat uratedfat
s.)

5.AddLi
qui
dFl
avor
sandCol
ors

Liquidfl
avor
sandcolor
smaybeaddedt ot
hemixbef
oref
reezi
ng.Onl
yingredi
ent
sthat
areliqui
dcanbeaddedbeforet
hef
reezi
ng,
tomakesuret
hemixflowsproperl
y
throughthefr
eezi
ngequipment
.

6.Fr
eeze

Theprocessi
nvolvesf
reezi
ngthemixandincor
por
ati
ngai
r.Wei
ncor
por
ateai
rto
adj
ustthedensenessofthef
ini
shedpr
oduct.

7.AddFr
uit
s,Nut
sandBul
kyFl
avor
ings(
candypi
eces,
etc.
)

Frui
ts,swirl
s,andanybulkytypeoffl
avor
ings(nuts,candypieces,et
c.)ar
eaddedat
thi
spoi nt
.Theseingr
edientscannotbeaddedbef or
ef reezi
ngortheywouldint
erf
ere
withthesmoot hfl
owoft hemixthr
oughthefreezer.

8.Addcoat
ings,

dependingont
heproduct
,coat
ings,
incl
usi
ons,
toppi
ngs,
andsaucesar
eaddedt
othe
semifrozenmi
xtur
e.

9.Package

Asdesi
red,
dependi
ngont
hepr
oduct
.
10.Har
den

Theicecream i
scool
edasqui
ckl
yaspossi
bledownt
oahol
dingt
emper
atur
eofl
ess
than-13°
F(-25°
C).

Wer
etogett
hei
ngr
edi
ent
s

Al
ldai
rycompani
esi
ncl
udi
ng

Dai
ri
boad

Gushungodi
ari
es

Super
mar
ket
s

Far
ms

Togetmor
ecompaniest
hatmaybecl
oset
ower
eyouar
eCheckwi
tht
heThe
Zi
mbabweAssoci
ati
onofDai
ryFar
mer
s

ZADFHeadOf
fi
ce,
46LawsonAvenue,
Mil
tonPar
k,Har
are,
+2634251848;+263776
401703

Wer
etogetwhey

1.AnchorChemi
cal
s

20Shef
fi
eldRoad,
Wil
lowt
on,
Piet
ermar
it
zbur
g,Kwazul
uNat
al

3200,
Sout
hAf
ri
ca

Tel
:+27(
0)333908050,
Emai
l:i
nfo@anchor
chemi
cal
s.co.
za

2.Car
st&Wal
ker(
Sout
hAf
ri
ca)

Bui
ldi
ng2,
5Sher
bor
neRoad,
Par
ktown

Johannesbur
g,Gaut
eng,
2041,
Sout
hAf
ri
ca
Tel
:+27114893600,
Emai
l:i
nfo@car
st.
co.
za

3.Cl
overf
oods

200const
ant
iadr
ive,
Johannesbur
g,Gaut
eng

3.Cr
estChemi
cal
s(PTY)Lt
d,mi
drand

Andmanymor
e
I
NSECTI
CIDE

I
ngr
edi
ent
s

8l
it
ersofker
osene

1l
it
erofI
pa

1l
it
erofmet
hano

½l
it
eroff
ormul
a

¼l
it
erofcamphor

1l
it
erofsni
per

Ai
rdr
um f
resher

PROCEDURE

Mi
xIpaandmet
hanolt
oget
her

Addf
ormul
a

Addcamphor

Addsni
per

Addker
osene

Addai
rFr
eshnerdr
ummerst
iral
ltoget
herver
ywel
l&al
lowt
ofer
ment424hour
s,

Youri
nsect
ici
dei
sreadyt
ouseorsal
Safety

There are a couple of different formulations you can make for yournatural mosquito repellent. In
general, what you are doing is diluting an essential oil that the mosquitoes find distasteful or which
confuses them so they can't find you to bite you.

The oils don't mix with water, so you'll need to add them to other oils or to alcohol. It's important to
use an oil or alcohol that is safe for your skin. Also, don't go overboard with the essential oils. The
oils are potent and could cause skin irritation or another reaction if you use too much. If you are
pregnant or nursing, do not use any mosquito repellent, natural or otherwise, until after you've
gotten it cleared by your physician.

Natural Mosquito Repellent Ingredients

If you are making large amounts of mosquito repellent, a good rule of thumb is to mix the repellent
so it's 5-10% essential oil, so mix 1 part essential oil with 10-20 parts carrier oil or alcohol. For a
smaller batch use:

10-25 drops (total) of essential oils

2 tablespoons of a carrier oil or alcohol

The essential oils that work well against mosquitoes are:

cinnamon oil, lemon eucalyptus oil ,citronella oil ,castor oil

Safe carrier oils and alcohols include:

olive oil,sunflower oil,any other cooking oil which has vodka

Natural Mosquito Repellent Recipe

Mix the essential oil with the carrier oil or alcohol. Rub or spray the natural insect repellent onto
skin or clothing, using care to avoid the sensitive eye area. You'll need to re-apply the natural
product after about an hour or after swimming or exercise.

Unused natural insect repellent may be stored in a dark bottle, away from heat or sunlight.

Garlic Mosquito Repellent

Ingredients: Minced garlic, mineral oil, and lemon juiceCost: Less than $5Directions:
Mince a few cloves of garlic then cover with mineral oil. Allow it to sit for at least 24 hours.

Next you take a teaspoon of *just the oil* and mix it with 2 cups of water and 1 teaspoon of freshly
squeezed lemon juice.

Strain through a cheesecloth if you have any floaties then pour into a spray bottle. Shake before
each use.
NAPPYRASHCREAM

I
NGREDI
ENTS

60gr
am sheabut
ter

60gr
amscoconutoi
l

1t
bspbeeswax

1t
spzi
ncoxi
de

10dr
opsl
avenderessent
ialoi
l

PROCESS

Add,
sheabut
ter
,coconutoi
l,
andbeeswaxi
nabowlandmakeadoubl
eboi
lert
omel
tit
onal
owheat
.

Wheni
t'
smel
tedbr
ingi
tdownandwhi
skwi
thyourhandmi
xerf
orf
ewmi
nut
esandadd
yourzi
ncoxi
depowderi
nthemi
xtur
eandwhi
skt
oget
her
.Pl
acei
tint
hef
ri
dget
oset
.

Br
ingi
toutwheni
t'
ssetandsol
idki
ndofaddyouressent
ialoi
landwhi
skt
il
lit
's
cr
eamyandf
luf
fy.Tr
ansf
eri
ntoacl
eanj
arandcover
.

Page1of1
Popdr
ink

I
ngr
edi
ent
s-ar
ti
fi
cialdr
ink

500mlwat
er

1cupsugar

1/
4teaspoonxant
hangum

1/
8teaspoonsodi
um benzoat
e

1/
2teaspoonci
tr
icaci
d

1/
8teaspoonf
lavor
ing

mi
xthesugarandxant
ham gum i
napan

sl
owl
yaddt
hewat
er,

st
ir
ri
ngconst
ant
lyt
omakesur
ethemi
xtur
eisevenandl
ump-
free.

Heatthemi
xtur
ein80-t
o85-
degr
eeCel
siust
emper
atur
e,st
ir
ri
ngoncei
nawhi
let
oevent
he
heat
ing.

r
emovet
hepanf
rom t
heheatandaddsodi
um benzoat
eandci
tr
icaci
d

st
ir
ri
ngconst
ant
lyunt
ilt
heydi
ssol
ve.

poursomemloft
hemi
xtur
eint
othemeasur
ingcupt
henadddr
opl
etsoff
lavor
ing

Mixthej
uicewel
landt
henpourintoapouchanduseasealert
oclosei
t,(
makingsureyour
r
emovebubblesfr
om t
hej
uicebecausetr
appedai
rincr
easesthenumberofpathogensi
nthe
mixt
ureandshor
tenst
hepr
oduct’sshel
fli
fe)

Localset
ti
ngs

500ml
sconcent
rat
e(f
lavorofyourchoi
ce)

20l
it
reswat
er(
dist
il
ledwat
er)
2kgwhi
tesugar

Speci
fi
cal
lyf
ort
hisr
eci
peyoubuyconcent
rat
einHar
areathi
ghgl
eni
ts$2

Mi
xandst
irt
il
lever
ythi
ngdi
ssol
ves.

I
fit
stoosweetaddmor
ewat
ert
otast
e

I
tsr
eadyt
opack

For
mul
a3

Sugar(
sucr
ose)1Tbs.(
12g)

Fr
uct
ose½Tbs.(
7g)

Ci
tr
icaci
d¼t
sp.(
1g)

Pot
assi
um ci
tr
ate(
orsodi
um ci
tr
ate)1/
3of1/
8tsp.-(
0.023g)

Or
angeext
ract¾ t
sp.(
4mL)

Ascor
bicaci
d(Vi
tami
nC)¼of1/
8tsp.(
0.08g)

Yel
low5-2dr
ops

Red401dr
ops

I
ngr
edi
ent
sandquant
it
iesusedt
opr
epar
e8ounces(
250mL)oror
ange-
flavor
eddr
ink.

l
argerquant
it
iesofdr
inksmul
ti
plyquant
it
iesbynumberof8ounceser
vingsbei
ngpr
epar
ed
Bootpol
ishmaki
ng

POLI
SHSHOULDBECLOSEDAFTERUSEASI
TCANDESSI
CATEANDCRACK

Youareadvi
cedthatdur
ingpr
ocessi
fyounot
icet
hati
tshar
daddal
it
tl
epar
raf
in.I
fyounot
ice
thati
tst
ooli
qui
daddwaxes

Ther
ear
ethr
eet
ypesofshoepol
ish-l
iqui
d,cr
eam,
andsol
id

For
mul
a1

t
urpent
ineoi
l-45.
5%

Par
raf
inwax-24%

Par
aff
inoi
l-21%

Dr
ier(har
dnerf
orf
loorPol
ish)-2%

Vani
sh-1%

Col
our
ant-2%

Napht
ha-1%

Di
rect
ions

Mel
twaxesandoi
l

Addt
urbent
ineandal
lot
heri
ngr
edi
ent
saspert
hebel
owf
ormul
a

For
mul
a2

Car
naubawax-9.
62KGS

Synt
het
icwax(
beeswax)-0.
32KGS

Par
afi
neoi
l-3.
2li
tr
es

Tur
pent
ine-0.
3li
tr
es

Dye-3.
2KGS
Pol
ishcont
ainer
s

Di
rect
ions

Mel
twaxes

Addal
lot
hersol
vent
s

St
irf
orabout30mi
nut
es

Al
lowt
ocoolandpackage

For
mul
a3

Napht
ha

l
anol
in,

t
urpent
ine,

wax(
beeswaxorCar
naubawax)
,

gum ar
abi
c,

et
hyl
enegl
ycol
,

Dye/
col
our
ant

Wat
er

Di
rect
ions

Mel
tbeeswax

Addal
ltheot
herwaxes

Heatoi
landwat
er

Addt
heheat
edoi
landwat
eri
ntowaxes

St
irf
orabout30mi
nut
es
Adddye

Addt
urpent
ineoi
l

POLI
SHSHOULDBECLOSEDAFTERUSEASI
TCANDESSI
CATEANDCRACK

=====================

Homeuseshoepol
ish

For
mul
a1

Candi
lawax-1cup

Beeswax-1cup

Par
raf
inoi
l-1cup

Tur
pent
ine-½cup

Di
rect
ions

Mel
tcandi
lawax,
beeswaxandpar
raf
in

Addt
urpent
ine

Adddye

St
irandal
lowt
ocool

Pack

HomemadeFor
mul
a2

Par
aff
inwax-1kg

Par
aff
inoi
l-1l
it
er

Dye-5t
easpoons

Di
rect
ions

Mel
twaxandpar
raf
inoi
l
Lett
hem cool

Package

I
ngr
edi
ent
sar
efoundi
nchemi
calshops

Par
raf
inatf
il
li
ngst
ati
ons

Scent
/fr
agnancei
nchemi
calshopsandal
soessent
ialoi
lsshops
SOAPPRODUCTI
ON

Mat
eri
alsNeededf
orl
aundr
ySoapPr
oduct
ion

Oi
l-Pal
m Ker
nelOi
l(
PKO)

thi
sistheoilthati
smostlyusedforpr
oduci
ngwashingsoap,f
ir
stl
ybecausei
tgi
vesa
goodlather
,secondl
ybecauseit
ssurpl
usandrel
ati
velycheapcomparedtoot
heroi
ls

Caust
icsoda

thi
sisthemostimpor
tantchemi
cali
nsoappr
oduct
ion.Wi
thoutcaust
icsoda,
ucannot
producesoap.

sodi
um si
li
cat
e

Thi
siswhatmakest
hesoaphar
der
,sot
hati
twon'
tmel
teasi
lywhi
leusi
ngi
ttowash

sodaash(
opt
ional
)

Thi
shelpsinincr
easingthequanti
tyofsoap,
butIdon'
tusei
tbecausei
tgivesj
usta
l
it
tl
eincrease,
anddincreasei
sjustworththepr
iceoft
hesodaash.Soit
spoint
less

sodi
um sul
phat
e(opt
ional
)

i
tisal
sobel
ievedt
oincr
easesoapquant
it
y

per
fume

t
hisgi
vesscentt
oyoursoap.

col
our

gi
vest
hesoapcol
our

hydr
omet
er

t
hisi
sformeasur
ingt
heal
kal
ini
tyoft
hecust
icsodasol
uti
on

moul
d

i
tsacont
ainerf
orpour
ingt
hesoapbat
teraf
termi
xing,
fori
ttosol
idi
fy.

Page1of1
soapcut
terorkni
fe

f
orcut
ti
ngt
hesoapaf
teri
tdr
ies.

l
ongsl
eevesandhandgl
oves

f
orpr
otect
ingt
hehands

f
acemask;
topr
eventyour
sel
ffr
om i
nhal
ingt
hechemi
cal
s

Bef
oreust
artmaki
ngsoap,
youhavet
opr
epar
eyourcust
icsodasol
uti
on.

Whatiscusti
csodasol
uti
on:Iti
stheprocessofdissol
vingandsoakingyourcusti
c
sodawit
hadequateamountofwater,
andl eavi
ngittosoakfordays(
atleast1day,
fori
t
tofer
ment.Thel
iqui
dcausti
csodaiswhatwecal lcusti
csodasoluti
on

Thegener
alf
ormul
aris1:
2.I.
e,1torat
io2.1standf
orcausti
csoda,
and2standsf
or
water
.Thi
smeansthati
fyourcaust
icsodais1cup,
uwilluse2cupsofwat
ertosoaki
t.

Plsnot
ethatevenafterusi
ngthi
sf ormular
,tosoakthecaust i
csoda,i
twi
llst
il
lbetoo
str
ongformakingsoap.Andthisiswher etheuseofhydr ometercomesin.Atthepoi
nt
whenuwantt oproduceursoap,youwilluseurhydr ometertotestt
heal
kali
nit
yofthe
caust
icsodasolut
ion,addmor
ewat ert
oadj ust
,thentestitagai
n.

*
def
ini
ti
onofsoapmoul
dandt
hedi
ff
erentt
ypes*

Moul
di sanycont
ainerwhi
chyoupouryousoap,f
orittodr
y.Wehavewooden
moul
d,all
umini
um mould,
plast
icpl
asti
cmould,
andsili
conmold.
Woodenand
al
umi
ni um moul
dsarecommon, butpl
ast
icandsil
iconmouldsarenot
.

soapchemi
cal
sandmeasur
ement

PKO-2l
it
ers

caust
icsodasol
uti
on-1l
it
er

si
li
cat
e-2t
o3t
abl
espoons

col
our-
.Asyouneed

per
fume-asyouneed

Page2of2
YOUCANREPLACEPALM KERNOLOI
LWI
THTALLOW/
LARD

1.pouryourPKOi
napl
ast
icbucket

2.Putapi
nchofcol
our
-hal
fteaspoon(
oilbasedcol
our
)andst
irver
ywel
lsoi
tmi
xes
wit
hurpko

3.pouryourcaust
icsodasol
uti
onandst
ir

4.putthesi
li
cate(
3to4t abl
espoons)
andper
fumeandst
ir
.Youwi
llhaveasmoot
hpap
-l
ikeconsi
stency.
(j
ustl
ikepaporcust
ard)

5.pouri
ntomoul
dthathasal
readybeenl
inedwi
thnyl
on.

6.l
eavef
oratl
east6hour
sor24hour
stosol
idi
fy.

7.t
henr
emovef
rom t
hemoul
dandt
ransf
ert
oyoursoapcut
terandcut

8.t
henst
ampursoapsorj
ustcutwi
thoutst
ampi
ng.

f
ormul
a2

TOI
LETSOAP

I
ngr
edi
ent
s

1cupofcaust
icsoda

1cupofsodaash

1cupoft
all
ow/
lar
d

1cupofsodi
um bi
car
bonat
e

1cupofanydi
sinf
ect
ant

1si
li
cat
ebor
ax

S.
T.P.

Page3of3
PROCEDURE

Fer
ment1cupofcaust
icsodaand1cupofsodaashf
or48hour
s(2days)i
nacupof
water

Pouri
napotandheatoverast
ovef
orbet
ween30mi
ntor1hour

Thenaddpal
m ker
neloi
ltoi
t

Addcol
our
ant

Caust
icsoda

Bor
ax

Sodi
um bi
car
bonat
e

Si
li
cat
e

Di
sinf
ect
ant

Poural
ltoget
heri
ntoamoul
dtoset
.

Page4of4
TOOTHPASTE

i
ngr
edi
ent
sanduses

1.Fl
uor
ide

f
ight
ingcavi
ti
es,

2.
abr
asi
ves

r
emovef
ooddebr
isandst
ainsf
rom t
eet
h

3.Fl
avour
s

Fl
uor
ideandabr
asi
vesneedf
lavour
sforabet
tert
ast
e

Exampl
esar
e:pepper
mint,
spear
mint,
and

wi
nter
green.To

4.Humect
ant
s

Usedtor
est
orehumi
dit
y.Ahumect
anttr
apswateri
nthetoot
hpastesot hatwhenyousqueeze
t
hetube,
yougetani
ce,smoot
hsubst
ance.Exampl
esar
:sorbi
tol
,glycolandglycer
ol.

5.Det
ergent
s

Theyhelptoprovi
def
oamingt
ooccurwhenyoubrushyourt
eet
h.Oneoft
hemostcommon
det
ergentspl
acedint
oot
hpast
esi
ssodium l
aur
ylsulf
ate

6.Ant
ibact
eri
alagent
s

7.Remi
ner
ali
zer
s

For
mul
a

Wi
llputt
hei
ngr
edi
ant
singr
oups

GROUPA

Gl
ycer
olanhydr
ous(
FlukaChemi
e)-t
otast
e
Teavi
go(
DSM)(
epi
gal
locat
echi
ngal
lat
e)-0.
10gr
ams

Syl
obl
anc34(
GraceDavi
son)(
sil
ica)
-7.
00gr
ams

Sodi
um f
luor
ide-0.
22gr
ams

Sodi
um sacchar
in-0.
05

PhaseB

TexaponZ95P(
Cogni
sGMBH)(
sodi
um l
aur
ylsul
fat
e)-1.
60

Syl
obl
anc81(
GraceDavi
son)(
hydr
atedsi
li
ca)-10.
00

Syl
obl
anc82(
GraceDavi
son)(
hydr
atedsi
li
ca)-10.
00

Ti
tani
um di
oxi
deUSP-0.
50

Opt
imi
nt291616(
Symr
ise)(
aroma)-1.
10

GROUPC

Ci
tr
icaci
danhydr
ous-0.
45

Wat
er-0.
30

Ver
tTur
quoi
seW 7003(
LCW)-
0.00682

FD&CYel
low5W 081(
LCW)-0.
00114

DI
RECTI
ONS

Di
ssol
veTeavi
goi
ngl
ycer
inatr
oom t
emper
atur
e

Addt
heSyl
obl
anc34unt
ilyouhaveahomogeneousmi
xtur
e

Addt
heot
heri
ngr
edi
ent
sofGROUPAatr
oom t
emper
atur
e

Addal
lingr
edi
ent
sofGROUPBt
oGROUPA

Mixtheingredi
entsofGROUPCi
ntheor
dershown(
Mixt
hem separ
atel
y).Mi
xunt
ilacl
ear
sol
utionisobtai
ned.

AddGROUPCt
oGROUPA&B
YOURPASTERI
SREADY
St
epbyst
epgui
dei
npr
epar
ingwashi
ngpowder

Ther
ear
emanymet
hodsused i
n washi
ng powderpr
epar
ati
on.I
ncl
udi
ng butnot
l
imi
tedt
ospr
aydr
ying,
aggl
omer
ati
on,
drymi
xingorcombi
nat
ionsoft
hesemet
hods.

Dr
ymi
xingordr
ybl
endi
ngi
susedt
obl
enddr
yraw mat
eri
als.Smal
lquant
it
iesof
l
iqui
dsmayal
sobeadded.
Wewi
llchoosedr
yort
hespr
ayi
ngmet
hodaswedonothavemachi
ner
y

Bef
orepr
epar
ati
onsofyourwashi
ngpowder

1.Pr
epar
eyourwor
kingar
ea
2.Al
waysuseawel
lvent
il
atedpl
ace
3.Havet
hecor
rectt
ool
stouse
4.Chemi
cal
sar
edanger
ouspl
easekeept
hem awayf
rom chi
ldr
en
5.Chemi
calcani
rr
it
ateski
n,al
waysputpr
otect
ivecl
othes
a.Longsl
eevedbl
ouse
b.Cl
osedshoes
c.Facemusk
d.Saf
etygl
asses
e.Gl
oves

6.Al
wayspourt
hesodai
ntot
hewat
er,
andnott
heot
herwayr
ound,
ifyouputwat
er
i
ntosodai
tcausesavi
olentr
eact
iont
hatcoul
ddamageyourski
noryoureyes.

7.Don’
tuseequi
pment
susedf
orsoapmaki
ngi
ntheki
tchen

Tool
sneededf
orwashi
ngpowdermaki
ng

Page1of1
Donotuseut
ensi
lsmadef
rom al
umi
num pl
ease.Al
umi
nium andwashi
ng
soda/
caust
icsodar
eact
s

 Awoodenorpl
ast
icspat
uls(
howeverpl
ast
ici
smor
erecommendabl
e
 Lar
gepl
ast
icbowl
s
 Measur
ingcups
 Mol
d
 Si
eve
 Scal
e
 Andal
otmor
edependi
ngwi
thyourneeds

St
ep1

1.Sel
ectyouri
ngr
edi
ent
s

Dependi
ngwi
tht
hepr
iceyouwantt
osel
lyourf
inalpr
oductwi
th,
her
eisagui
del
inei
n
choosi
ngt
hei
ngr
edi
ent
stouse:

Page2of2
Gui
del
inei
nsel
ect
ingt
hef
ragr
ance

Dependi
ngwi
thwhi
chsmel
lyoumi
ghtneed,
thewheelwi
llassi
sti
nchoosi
ngt
he
cor
rectf
ragr
anceoi
lforexampl
eifyouwantaspr
ingf
reshsmel
lyoucanuseber
gamot
essent
ialoi
l.

Choosi
ngt
hecor
recti
ngr
edi
ent
s

Al
istofi
ngr
edi
ent
sandhowt
heyper
for
m wasgi
ven,
ingr
edi
ent
sar
echosenaccor
ding
t
othespeci
fi
cneedsofani
ndi
vidualhencet
her
ear
edi
ff
erentbr
andsanddi
ff
erent
needsorpr
efer
encesf
rom i
ndi
vidual
s.Youmaydeci
det
hatyouneedyourpowdert
o

Page3of3
bever
yef
fect
ivei
nremovi
nggr
easet
hati
sifyourcl
ient
swashl
oadhasgr
ease.
Dependi
ngf
rom wer
eyouar
elocat
edoryouri
ntendedcust
omer
schoosewhat
’sbest
f
oryourcl
ient
s.

Bel
owi
sjustanexampl
e,youcanchar
get
hei
ngr
edi
ent
stosui
tyourneeds.However
f
orcaust
icsoda/
washi
ngsodat
heal
kal
inel
evelshoul
dbebet
ween9-
10.
5(bel
ow7
meansi
twontcl
eanandabove10.
5meansi
twi
llnotbegoodf
orcl
othes)

Forsur
fact
ant
sint
hisi
nst
anceIchoosesul
phur
icaci
d

1.Bui
lder
sIchoosesodaash

2.Fi
ll
erIchoosewat
er

3.Addi
ti
veIchoose

o Caust
icsoda

o Hydr
ogenper
oxi
de

o Ammoni
asol
uti
on

4.Col
orasdesi
red,
(Ichoosebl
ue,
green,
whi
te)

5.Per
fume–Ichoosel
emonf
resh–essent
ialoi
l

St
ep2

Measur
eyouri
ngr
edi
ent
s(usecor
rectmeasur
ement
sal
ways)

Pal
m ker
neloi
lPKO 5l
tr
s,

Page4of4
Sodaash 1kg

Caust
icsoda 1kg

Wat
er 4l
it
res

Sul
phur
icaci
d 1l
tr
,

Cat
alyst
(hydr
ogenper
oxi
de) ½bot
tl
e

Ammoni
asol
uti
on 1l
tr
,

Col
ourasdesi
red,

Per
fumeasdesi
red

St
ep3

Youcanmi
xyouri
ngr
edi
ent
s

Mi
xingi
nst
ruct
ions

1.Get2bucket
/di
shA&B(
bigenoughf
ort
hemi
xtur
e

2.Pour5l
tr
sofPal
m Ker
nelOi
linbucketA

3.Pour4l
tr
sofwat
eri
nB,
andaddcaust
icsodaandst
ir

4.Addcol
our
ant
s,per
fume,sodaAsh,hydr
ogenasacat
alystandsul
phur
icaci
d
i
ntoA.

5.Pourt
hecont
ent
sofbucketBt
obucketA.

6.Addammoni
asol
uti
oni
ntobucketAt
otur
ndownt
heheat

7.Leavet
hemi
xtur
etodr
y(ei
therbysundr
yingorputi
nanoven)
,

8.Andoncei
tsf
ull
ydr
y,gr
indi
ntopowder
.

NB.Sul
phor
icaci
dwor
kfast
ert
hansul
phoni
caci
d,souhavet
oaddt
hei
ngr
edi
ent
Page5of5
f
ast
erbef
orebef
orei
tsgetdr
yandbr
eak

Secondmet
hod

Dr
ymi
xing-10kgsodi
um sul
phat
e

10kgsodi
um sul
phat
e

2kgsofmagi
cul
tr
aApoc

1kgofcf
as

500gzeol
it
e

500gr
amsspeckl
ebl
ue

200mll
iqui
d/6kgdr
ybubbl
eenhance

Mi
xingI
nst
ruct
ions

1.Putsodi
um sul
phat
e,magi
cul
tr
a-apoc,
cfasandzool
atei
nabasi
n

2.Mi
xunt
ilevenl
ymi
xed

3.Add6kgsdr
ybubbl
eenhanceror200ml
sofl
iqui
dbubbl
eenhancer

4.Pouroutt
hescent
/fr
agr
ance/
per
fumewhi
lemi
xingcont
inuousl
y

5.Spr
ingl
ethespeckl
ebl
ue

Page6of6
Yogur
tmaki
ng

Yogur
tisaf
erment
edmi
lkpr
oduct

I
ngr
edi
ent
s

Thechoi
ceofr
awmat
eri
alswi
llgr
eat
lyaf
fectt
hequal
it
yoft
hef
ini
shedpr
oduct
.Thi
sis

t
ypeofmi
lk-cow,
buf
fal
o,sheepet
c

 Addi
ti
ves-Fr
uit
,st
abi
li
zer
s,emul
sif
ier
s,pr
eser
vat
iveset
c

 Choiceofst
art
ercult
ure-bul
kori
nnocul
atedf
reezedr
ied,
mixedst
rai
net
cBul
k
usuall
y2%ofmi xvol
ume

 Cultur
eprepar
ati
on-Thewayyoupr
epar
eyourcul
tur
eal
soaf
fect
sthef
inal
product

Yogurtismadewithavarietyofi
ngredi
entsincl
udingmilk,sugars,
stabil
izer
s,f
rui
ts
andflavor
s,andabacter
ialcult
ure.Themainingredi
entinyogurtismilk.Thetypeof
mil
kuseddependsont het ypeofyogurt–wholemi l
kforfullf
atyogurt
, l
owfatmilkf
or
l
owf atyogurt
,andski
m mi lkf
ornonfatyogurt

I
ngr
edi
ent
s

Mi
lksol
ids-8.
25%

St
abi
li
zer
s

Stabi
li
zersusedinyogurtar
eal
ginat
es(
car
ageenan)
,gel
ati
ns,
gums(
locustbean,
guar)
,pecti
ns,andstar
ch.

Vi
tami
ns(
opt
ional
)

Sweater
s-YoucanuseanSugari ncludi
ng(sucrose),beetorcane;inver
tsugar(i
n
past
eorsirupform);brownsugar;refi
ner'
ssi
rup;molasses( othert
hanblackst
rap);
hi
ghfruct
osecor nsir
up;fr
uctose;fr
uctosesi
rup;maltose;maltosesirup,
dri
edmal t
ose
si
rup;maltext
ract,
driedmaltextr
act;maltsi
rup,dr
iedmal tsir
up;honey;maplesugar
Flavors-Toi mpr ovet ast
eandpr ovideavar i
etyoffl
avors,manykindsoffrui
tsar
e
addedt oyogurt
.Popul arf
ruit
sincludestrawberri
es,blueber
ri
es,bananas,andpeaches,
butal mostanyfruitcanbeadded.Beyondf ruit
s,otherfl
avori
ngsarealsoadded.These
cani ncl
udesucht hingsasvani l
la,chocolat
e,coff
ee, andevenmint.Recentl
y,
manuf actur
ershavebecomequi t
ecr eat
iveinthetypesofyogurttheyproduceusi
ng
naturalandarti
fi
cialflavori
ngs.

Di
rect
ions

Theprocessofmaki
ngyogur
tincl
udesmodi f
yingthecomposi
ti
onofandpast
eur
izi
ng
themil
k;fer
menti
ngatwarmtemperat
ures;cooli
ng;addi
ngfr
uit
,sugar
,andot
her
i
ngredi
ents

1.Adj
ustMi
lkComposi
ti
on&Bl
endI
ngr
edi
ent
s

Mil
kcompositi
onmaybeadj ustedtoachi
evethedesi
redf
atandsol
idscontent
.Oft
en
dr
ymi l
kisaddedtoi
ncreasetheamountofwheypr ot
eint
oprovi
deadesir
abletext
ure.
I
ngredi
entssuchasst
abili
zersareaddedatthi
sti
me.

2.Past
eur
izeMi
lk

Themi lkmixtureispasteurizedat185° F(85°C)f or30mi nutesorat203° F(95°C)for10

minutes.Ahighheatt reatmenti susedt odenat urethewhey( serum)proteins.This
all
owst heproteinstoform amor establegel,
whi chpreventsseparati
onoft hewat er
duri
ngst or
age.Thehi ghheatt r
eatmentalsof urtherreducesthenumberofspoi l
age
organismsint hemi l
ktopr ovideabet t
erenvironmentf orthestartercult
urestogr ow.
Yogurtispasteur i
zedbeforet hestart
ercultur
esar eaddedt oensurethatthecultures
remainacti
vei ntheyogur tafterfer
ment at
iont oactaspr obioti
cs;iftheyogurtis
pasteuri
zedaf t
erfermentationthecul t
ureswillbei nacti
vated.

3.Homogeni
ze

Thebl
endishomogeni
zed( 2000t
o2500)t
omi
xal
lingr
edi
ent
sthor
oughl
yand
i
mproveyogur
tconsi
stency.

4.CoolMi
lk
Themil
kiscool
edto108°
F(42°
C)t
obr
ingt
heyogur
ttot
hei
dealgr
owt
htemper
atur
e
fort
hest
art
ercul
tur
e.

5.I
nocul
atewi
thSt
art
erCul
tur
es

Thest
art
ercul
tur
esar
emi
xedi
ntot
hecool
edmi
lk.

6.Hol
d

Themi l
ki shel
dat108°
F(42°C)unti
lapH4.5isreached.Thisall
owsthefer
mentati
on
toprogresstofor
m asof
tgelandthechar
acter
isti
cflavorofyogurt
.Thi
sprocesscan
takeseveralhour
s.

7.Cool

Theyogur
tiscool
edt
o7°
Ctost
opt
hef
erment
ati
onpr
ocess.

8.AddFr
uit&Fl
avor
s

Frui
tandfl
avorsareaddedatdif
fer
entstepsdependi
ngont hetypeofyogurt
.Forset
st
yleyogur
tthefrui
tisaddedint
hebottom ofthecupandt henthei
noculat
edyogurti
s
pouredontopandtheyogurtisf
ermentedinthecup.Forswissstyl
eyogurtthef
rui
tis
bl
endedwiththefer
ment ed,
cool
edyogur tpr
iort
opackaging.

9.Package

Theyogur
tispumpedf
rom t
hef
erment
ati
onvatandpackagedasdesi
red.

I
ngr
edi
ent
sar
efound:

Al
ldai
rycompani
esi
ncl
udi
ng

Dai
ri
boad

Gushungodi
ari
es
Super
mar
ket
s

Far
ms

Toget
mor
ecompani
est
hat
maybecl
oset
ower
eyouar
eCheckwi
tht
heThe

Zi
mbabweAssoci
ati
onof
Dai
ryFar
mer
s

ZADFHeadOf
fi
ce,
46LawsonAvenue,
Mil
tonPar
k,Har
are,
+2634251848;
+263776

401703

Ot
heri
ngr
edi
ent
sar
echeaperat

Anchor
Chemi
cal
s

20Shef
fi
eldRoad,
Wil
lowt
on,
Piet
ermar
it
zbur
g,Kwazul
uNat
al

3200,
Sout
hAf
ri
ca

Tel
:+27(
0)333908050,
Emai
l:
inf
o@anchor
chemi
cal
s.co.
za

2.
Car
st&Wal
ker
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hAf
ri
ca)

Bui
ldi
ng2,
5Sher
bor
neRoad,
Par
ktown
Johannesbur
g,Gaut
eng,
2041,
Sout
hAf
ri
ca

Tel
:+27114893600,
Emai
l:
inf
o@car
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za

3.
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foods

200const
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iadr
ive,
Johannesbur
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Ltd,
midr
and