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1 Fundamental of Computers
Learning Objectives:
" Review and Brief, History of
Generations of Computers
Computer
Types of Computers
" Components of Computer
" Software and Its Types
" Computer Languages

Review and Brief History of Computer

In early times, people used stones,fingers and
bones for calculations. However,
+hese methods COuld not be used to count large
numbers or to perform mathematical
nnerations such as addition, subtraction,multiplication and division. Over the years,
cOVeral devices were invented that were capable of
performing mathematical
onerations. Let us learn about these early calculating devices.
Early Calculation Devices
Abacus
Abacus was the first mechanical device used
for calculations. It was developed in China more
than 5000 yearS ago. It was made up of a wooden Abacus
frame with rods. Each rod has a definite number of
beads. Abacus's frame was divided into two parts: 12|3|4|5|6 7890
Heaven and Earth.

Napier's Bones
In 1617, John Napier made a calculating device
- a set of rectangular rods - called Napier's Bones.
The rods were made up of carved bones, which were
used for performing addition, subtraction, division, 9444
multiplication and square roots.
Napier's Bones

Pascaline D-l
In 1642, Blaise Pascal, a French mathematician
invented the first mechanical calculator called
Pascaline Calculator. It looked like the rectangular box.
In this device, numbers were displayed by rotating
Pascaline
5
 the wheels. It was mainly developed
for accounting purposes. This gear PKnowMore
principle was enmployed in many
mechanical calculators. Taximeter The principle of Pascaline is
is an example of it. It could only do still used today in water meter,
addition and subtraction.
odometer and speedometer.

Step Reckoner
Step Reckoner In 1674, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz built a calculator that could add,
multiply, subtract, divide, and even find squareroots. He named the
calculator 'step reckoner as it used stepped drums. Astepped drum
is acylinder with a set of teeth of increasing lengths around its edge.
Jacquard's Loom
In 1801, Joseph Marie Jacquard, a French inventor, weaver, and
merchant invented a power loom for weavers. It could weave fabric
designs. The instructions to weave designs were given using wooden
punchedcards. The threads' movements were controlled by the holes
in the cards.

Babbage's Analytical Engine

Jacquard's Loom
In 1822,a mathematics professor of Cambridge University, England,
Charles Babbage developed a machine known as Difference Engine. It
couldperform mathematical operations automatically.
However, in 1833, Baggage had a better idea, and he stopped
working on Difference Engine and started designing another machine
called Analytical Engine.
It had five key features, ie., input
device, storage unit, procesSor, Know More
control unit and an output device.
AlL these five features are found in Analytical Engine ran on steam
today's modern computers. Therefore, because electricity was not
Charles Babbage is also known as the available in those days.
Analytical Engine
'Father of Computer.
Tabulating Machine
The tabulating machine Was
invented by Herman Hollerith. It
was developed to process data for
PKnow More
the 1890 United States Census. It The use of the Tabulating
was used to assist in counting and Machine was so successful that
recording the given information in Hollerith formed a company
lesser time. The input was fed into that later become famous as the
Tabulating Machine the tabulating machine in the form International Business Machine
of punched cards. The machine could or 1BM.

count the number of holes in each L

card and record the information.

6| Future Kids Computers

MarkI
Howard Alkenwas the primary engineer in
the first automatic IBM, who developed
1944.Itwascapable sequence-controlled
ofexecutinglong calculator, the
Mark Iin
ENIAC O-2 computations automatically.
(Electronic Numerical Integrator And
ENIAC
frst general purpose
electronic digital Computer
Computer).
was
the
invented by
John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert in 1946. Sequence-controlled calculator
consisted of 18,000 vacuum tubes and was
thanthe Mark I. It could add two large 1000 times faster
numbers in 200 microseconds.
EDSAC
EDSAC (Electronic Delay
cioned by profesSsor Sir MauriceStorage
Wilkes
Automatic Calculator) was
at the University of Cambridge
on May 6, 1949. This computer ran the first
nicknamed 'Baby. graphical computer game,
EDVAC ENIC

EDVACStands for'Electronic Discrete Variable

It was proposed by John Mauchly and J. Automatic Computer. ENIAC

PresperEckert in 1944 even

hefore ENIAC Came into being. It was developed in 1948. It
used binary
aumbersystem rather thandecimal. It could store data and instructions
which made calculations faster.
UNIVAC1
UNIVAC stand for 'Universal Accounting Machine'. It was
hy John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert in the year 1951. It
developed mT
was the
first commercial computer. The machine weighed 13,000 kilograms
aporoximately. It was the first machine to handle both numeric and
text data,.
EDVAC

Generationsof Computers
The evolution of computers is grouped into five generations
TFirst-generation computers (1940-1956)
T Second-generation computers (1956-1963)
3Third-generation computers (1964-1971)
DFourth-generation computers (1972-Present)
T Fifth-generation computers (Present and beyond)
Each subsequent generation is characterised by significant
improvements in the technology used to build them. Let us learn about
these generations of computers one by one.
First-Generation (1940-1956)
During the first generation, vacuum tubes were used as a main Vaccum tubes
1
Fundamental of Computers
 Component. They were very expensive and of very large size. Some of
the first generation computers are ENIAC, UNIVAC, EDVAC.
Second-Generation (1956-1963)
During this period, transistors were used as the main component.
These were smaller in size and lighter as compared to first generation.
Transistor
Some examples of second generation computers are UNIVAC IM, IBM
1401, IBM 700.
Third-Generation (1964-1971)
Third generation computers were based on the lC (integrated
Circuits) technology. These ICs were smallelectronic devices having
Intergrated Circuits large number of transistors in it. These computers were faster and
efficient than second generation computers. Some examples are
UNIVAC 900, IBM 360, ICL 1900.

Fourth-Generation (1972-Present)
Fourth generation computers were based on VLSI(Very Large Scale
Integration) and ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) which reduced
the size of computers further making them more efficient and faster.
These smallintegratedchips are called Microchips. Computers,which
Microchip
are used in these days are based on this technology.
Fifth-Generation (Present-Beyond)
Development of fifth generation computers is in progress as these
computers willbe high speed systems with large storage capacity. It
will be equipped with thinking power and will be able to take decisions
like a man. So these computers will be based on technology called
Artificial Intelligence.

Types of Computers
Computers are classified into four types on the basis of their
performance and capacity.
Robot
Super Computers
Super computers are the most powerful
computers. They are also the most expensive
Computers. They are used for complex
operations like astronomy, automobile designing,
aircraft designing, space explorations, weather
forecasting, etc.

PKnowMore
India's super computers are called PARAM and
ANURAG. The first super computer was called
Super Computers CRAY-1 developed by CRAY Research Inc., U.S.A.
6| Future Kids Computers
 Mainframe Computers
Mainframe computers have a huge storage
capacity. They Can
process data at a very high
speed and they are also quite expensive.
These computers are generally used in
Scientific research large industries, banks and in
centres. IBM-570 is a popular series of mainframe
Computers.

Mainframe Computers
MiniComputers
Mini computers are less advanced as compared to mainframe
computers in terms of speed and storage capacity. They are also less
expensive than maintrame computers. These computers are mostly
Mini Computers
uced as network servers and internet servers. PDP - 8 and VAX
romputers areexamples of minicomputers.

Ahicrocomputers
Personal computers or PCs, commonly used in schools, homes,
offices, banks, etc are known as microcomputers. These computers
are small with compact technology. The microcomputers were first
developed by IBM Corporation in 1981. Some other manufacturers are
Dell, Apple and HP. Desktop computers, Laptops, Tablets and Palmtops
are different types of microcomputers.

Components of Computer Micro Computer

Now, let's discuss the various input devices,output devices andthe
computer memory in detail.

Datq Central Data

WP Devices Processlng O/P Devices
Unit

Data

Main / Intermal Memory

Components of Computer
Fundamental of Computers
 Input Devices
Some of the devices which are used to enter data into the computor
are as follows:

Keyboard
A keyboard is the most widely used input device. It has a number
of keys for entering alphabets, numbers and special characters. When
you press a key, the code of the key is sent to the CPU in binary form. A
keyboard can be connected to the computer through a wire or through
awireless connection.

Keyboard Mouse
When operating systems started to use Graphical User Interface
GUD, the mouse was developed as a pointing device. A mouse
resides on a flat surface, and by moving the mouse, you can move
the pointer on the screen. One or more buttons of the mouse allow
you to enter instructions by clicking. Some mouse also include a
Mouse wheel for scrolling.

KnowMore
The computer mouse was invented by Douglas Engelbart in around 1964
and was made of wood with metal wheels.

Light Pen
It looks like a pen. There is a special pad used to write with this pen.
Whatever youwrite on this pad with this speciallight pen, it will appear
Light pen on the monitor. This special pad is known as Graphic Tablet. You can
also draw using this pad and pen. In some cases, you can
write or draw
directly on the monitor screen.
Scanner
A scanner takes an image of the page and
enables you to save in
several forms that a computer can understand. There are
softwares
that can convert an image of text into real text that can be
edited.
Touch Pad
Scanner
Atouch pad is aflat,
pressure-sensitive surface that is used on
notebook computers. Youcan move the pointer on the screen by moving
your finger along the surface of the pad. On some
also tap the pad surface to use mouse
touchpads, you can
operations, such as clicking.
Some touchpads also recognise touch gestures, such as
and stretch motions.
swipe, pinch,

10
Touch pad
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Joystick
Ajoystick is a handle
movementin which is used to control the actions and
the
computer game. It has à vertical
lever mounted on a base.
you move lever in different directions
cursor in a game.
to control the
Graphic Tablet
Graphic tablet, is also called
device which has a special pen Digitizer, it is an input
used to draw images on the
(stylus) to write on it. It is
instructions to the computer.
Computer as well as to g0ve
Joystick Graphic Tablet
Digital Camera
Digital camera can be used to
enter
computer. Later these can be edited photogrraphs and video intothe
with the help of some softwares
that are specially designed for this
Barcode Reader
purpose.
Most products in the shops have
ot of lines of different barcodes on them. Abarcode is Digital camera
thickness that gives information about the
product like its price, manufacturing date etc.
Barcode
called a barcode scanner, it is used to input data from reader, is also
barcodes.
Output Devices
Some of the devices which are used to display the
are as follows
processed result
or output
Monitor
Barcode Reader
Monitor is the most commonly used output device. It displays
text and images. A monitor is also known as VDU (Visual Display
Unit).
The picture on a monitor is made up of thousands of tiny
coloured dots called pixels. The quality and details of a picture
depends on the number of pixels that the monitor can display.
The higher the number of pixels, the better is the quality of the
output.

Printers Monitor
Printers are used to produce output on paper. This is called a
hard copy. There are a large variety of printing devices,which can be
classified as:
Impact Printers
3 Non-Impact Printers

Fundamental of Computers
 Impact Printers
The impact printer contains a print head that strikes on
ribbon containing ink is inserted between the print head paper.
and paper.
A
Whenever the print head strikes on the ribbon, the inkKgets on the
and text is formed. They are cheap, slow and noisy because of paperthe
impact. Dot-matrix pprinters and Daisy wheel printers are the
of such printers. examples
Non-Impact Printers
Impact printer
On the other hand, Non-Impact
printers do not strike on the paper
physically. It uses electro statically
charged toners to transfer images
on a paper using laser beam or fires
ink on paper. Examples of such
printers include Laser printers, Ink Non-Impact printer
jet printers etc.

Plotter
Plotters,alike printers, Work on a large sheet of
paper while maintaining high resolution. They can print
on a wide variety of flat materials incuding plywood
aluminum, steel sheet, cardboard and plastic etc.
Speakers
The speakers give you
sound as an output from your
computer. Some speakers are
built into the computer and
Plotter Some are separate. You can
listen to the music as well
as enhance your presentation by the use of Speakers
audio output.
Data Projector
A data projector is an output device that projects the data, being
displayed on a computerscreen,on a larger Screenso that the audience
can see the image clearly.
Data Projector

Computer Memory
The memory of acomputer is more like
predefined
where it temporarily keeps information and data toworking place,
facilitate its
performance. When the task is performed, it cleans its memory and
memory space is then available for the next tasks to be
When the power is switchedoff, evervthing stored in the
performed.
12 erased and cannot be recalled. memory gels

6 Future Kids Computers

 Thereare two types of
computer memory :
Primary Memory
Secondary Memory
Primary Memory
The primary memory, also called the
Internal Memory.
main memory of the computer as it is directly used by theIt Central
is the
Processing Unit(CPU) during processing
of data. The primary memory
;categorisedinto two categories-RAM and ROM.

RAM
DAMstands for Random Access Memory, wherethe datacan be both
readfrom and written into. It is volatile in the sense that it temporarily
holds data andinstruction that is needed shortly bythe CPU. Whenever
thecomputerris switched off, the content of the RAM is Lost. Now a days
different variants of RAM are available like Static RAM (SRAM), Dynamic
nAM (DRAM). Rambus Dynamic RAM (RDRAM), Synchronous Dynamic
RAM(SDRAM) or Double-Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic RAM (DDR-
SDRAM).
ROM
ROM (Read Only Memory) are non-volatile memory. Thus, data
ctored in this is permanent, even when power is not there. ROM issued
to store micro programs made by the manufacturer in the ROM and
ro alsocalled Firmware. ROM comes in different varieties like PROM
(Prograrnmable Read Only Memory) that allows writing only, EPROM
(Grasable PROMs) and EEPROMs (Electrically Erasable PROMS) which
can beread and writeelectrically.

Units for defining memory size

Computer's memory is measured in terms of bytes.
One byte is capable of holding one character. Each information is
reoresented within the computer's memory using binary digits 0 and 1
(a bit). Acombination of 8 bits makes a byte.

1Bit =0 or 1 1Terabyte (TB) =1024 GB

1Nibble = 4Bits 1Petabyte (PB) =1024 TB
1Byte =8 Bits 1Exabyte (EB) =1024 PB

1Kilobyte (KB) =1024 Bytes 1Zettabyte (ZB)=1024 EB

1Megabyte (MB) = 1024 KB 1Yottabyte (YB) =1024 ZB

1Gigabyte (GB) =1024 MB

13
Fundarmental of Computers
 Secondary Memory
External Memory. It
Secondary memory, is also called as is Used
Storing huge volumes of data or information permanently for futuforre
use. The different storage device are
Hard Disk Drive:The hard drive, is also called
the hard disk
(HDD}-or the hard disk, is the main permanent storage area of oryourive
Computer. The hard drive attaches insideethe computer case and
your programs and documents. It is a disk
pack that consists of stores
many
inflexible, circular platters that uses magnetic particles tostore dats
instructions, and information. Most current hard drives have storage
capacities from 500 GB to 8 TB, and even more.
Optical Disc:An optical disc is a type of storage media that consie
of aflat, round portable disc made of metal, plastic andIlacquer is
written and read by alaser. Some optical disc formats are read
that
means users cannot write or save the media. Others are
only; it
read/write,
which allowusers to save data the disc just as they save on a hard isl.
Nearly everypersonal computer today has some type of optical disr
drive installed in its system unit.
Compact Disc (CD): Compact disC Uses optical media to store audin
and video files and also other type of data. Having a storage capacity
of 700 MB,it comes in different variants-CD-ROM (Compact Disc Read
Only Memory) where you can store data only once but can read the
data multiple times or CD-RW(Read/Write) which allows data to he
written as well as removed several times.
Digital Versatile Disc (DVD): Digital VersatileDisc is also called
Digital Video Disc is also an optical media used to store 4.7 GB on
a single layer or 8,4 GB of data on dual layer. Like CDs they may be
writable only once or revwritable in the sense that data may be erased
and rewritten several times.
Blue-ray Disc (BD): Blue-ray Disc is used to store high definition
videos. It is also an optical media which can store 25 GB of data on a
single layer and 50GB of data on dual layer.
Pen Drive: Pen drives, also known as Flash drives, are one of the
newest forms of computer storage devices that are plugged in a USB
(Universal Serial Bus) port on a computer. Pen drive is portable and
lightweight. It has a storage capacity ranging from 512 MB to100 GB
andcan transfer data at a high speed.
Memory Card :A memory card is a removable storage device,
usuly not bigger than 1.5 inches in height or width, that you insert
in or remove from aslot in a computer, mobile device or card reader/
writer.
A - g)
lh2h
ofpne.

6 Future Kids Computers

 Software
The term
software refers to the computer programs that are needed
ee unning or opening a
computer system. Aprogram is a sequence or
step-by-stepinstructions to
perform a particular task.
There are two types of software: system
software. software and application
System Software
Gystem software refers to programs
operations of a designed to control the
computer system. These programs
anolication programs. System software can be classifiedassist
into
in running
systems, compilers, assemblers, operating
interpreters and drives.
Operation Systems
An operating system is the master
control program that runs the
omouter. It controls the flow of signal from the
nit to the various parts of a computer. When central processing
the computer is switched
on the operating System gets loaded into it.
Some of the operating
SVstems are WindOws, Android, Linux and MAC OS.
Compilers
Ácompiler is a program that
translates ahigh level computer
language program into amachine language program. The compiler
frst reads the whole prOgram and then, at one go,
translates it into
machine language. It reports program errors to the user along with the
line numbers on which the error OCcurred. The
translated program is
called the object program or object code. This object program is saved
permanently for future use.
Assemblers
An assembler is a programthat translates an assembly language
program into a machine language program.

Interpreters
An interpreter is a program that translates one statement of a
high-levellanguage program into machine code and executes it. It then
does the same for the next statement and proceeds in this way till all
the statements in the program have been translated and executed.
An interpreter is a smaller program than acompiler. The object code
produced by the interpreter is not saved. If the same instruction is
needed later, the process will be repeated.
Drivers
Adriver is acomputer program that enables a computer to interact
Wthanother hardware device such as a printer, a pen drive, etc.

Fundamental of Computers
 Application Software
Application software is a term which is used for
software
for aspecific purpose. Itis generally aprogram or collection of
used by end users. It can be called an application or
simply an
Crprogreaamtess
fact, all the softwares other than system software and app. In
software are application softwares. It is of two types:
utilities.
Packages D-3
programring,
packages
Apackage is a computer application consisting of one
or
programs createdto do a particular type of work.
following: Packages include morthee
i
3Work processors like Wordpad and Microsoft Word.
Graphics and presentation softvware like Microsoft
† Database management systems like Microsoft PowerPoint,
MySOL, and Oracle,
Acces ,
P PP 3 Accounting packages like Tally, and
Spreadsheets like Microsoft Excel.
(Utilities D
A utility is a program designed to do
maintenance work on
System or on system components. Utilities include the following: the
Backup software like Amanda and Box Backup
Disk defragmenters
3 Disk compression utilities
Antivirus software like MCAfee, Quick Heal or Norton

Computer
A
Languages
computer language, also called a programming language, is
a language used to write and develop software
computer. Computer languages can be classifiedprograms for the
into two broad
categories: low-level languages and high-level languages.
Low-level Languages
Low-level languages are of two types: machine
assembly language. Low level languages are machine language and
written for one machine might not work for the dependent. Code
other.
Machine Language
Machine language is the language that the computer
and can execute directly without understands
translation. In machine language, each
instruction is written in the form of a long string of Os and 1s.

6 Future Kids Computers

 Aprogram written in machine language runs very fast
translation is because no
required. These programs are, very difficult to DKnowMore
write. however,
A[sembly Language Machine Language was the first
programming language to be
ASsembly language was the first computer developed.
made withLetters of the English alphabet. It waslanguage to use woras
developed in 1950.In
acsembly language, each instruction to the computer is
combination
letter written using a
that tellsthe Computer where the data is and
do with it. what to

ike machine language, assembly language is also machine

dependent.

High-level languages
The wide use of computers by the mid 1950s led to
the development
ofhigh-levellanguages. These languages use English and mathematical
cumbols and they made computer programming simpler. Aprogram
in a high-level language is called a
source program. It cannot run
directly onthe computer. It must be compiled or interpreted first. High
level language prOgrams are machine independent. They can run on
different types of Computers without change. Some examples of high
level languages are BASIC, COBOL, FORTRAN, C, C++, and Java.

EOLet's Recall 6A-RAE dont

Abacus was the first mechanical device used for calculations.
D Charles Babbage is known as the Father of Computer'.
The first generation was based on vacuum tube technology.
DThe second and third generation was based on Transistors and IC's respectively. GD
The present day systems belong to fourth generation, which are based on VLSI and ULSI.
Fifth generation computers are the future computers, which will be based on Artificial intelligence.
A
computer is an electronic device that accepts data, processes it, produces the result and stores it for future
Use.
The main characteristics of computers are very high speed, accuracy, large storage capacity, diligence,
versatility etc.
The input devices are used to enter data and instructions into a computer.
The output devices are used tO Convey information to a user.
Computer memory is aplace where the data, instructions and information are stored.
There are two types of computer memory - Primary Memory and Secondary Memory.
Operating systems, drivers, compilers, assemblers and interpreters are types of system software.
Application software can be classified into packages and utilities.
Machine lanquage (which uses strings Os and 1s) and assembly language (which uses letter codes) are
examples of low-level languages.
High-level lanquages are simpler to work with as they use English words and mathematical symbols. BASIC.
COBOL and C++ are examples of high-level languages.
17
Fundamental of Computers
 2 Word Processing (MS Word)
Learning Objectives:
" Header and footer
"Formatting of paragraph

Microsoft Word or MS Word (often called Word) is a

graphical word
nrocessing program by Microsoft Corporation. The purpose of MS
Word is to allow users to type and save documents. Similar to
other
wordprocessors, it has various helpful tools to make
documents.
How to start MS Word: Click on the start menu and
find Microsoft
office -> Microsoft Word 2016

W Microsoft
Word 2016

Microsoft Word 2016

The Word 2016 Interface

The Word 2016 interface is very similar to the Word 2013 interface.
with a fewminor changes. The following describes the Word 2016
interface.

The Backstage View t

When first opening the program, the user will be presented with
options to open recent documents, start a new blank document, or
select from anumber of templates. The following explains how to
enter the Backstage View after creating your document:

21
 From the Backstage View, you can performthee
(a) Back: Takes you back to edit your document. fol owing actions
(b) Info: Obtain information about your documents
(c) New: Create a new document from a or blank
template.
(d) Open: Open a document.
(e) Save: Save the document to keep your edits.
pre-formate
() Save As: Resave a saved document as a
file type.
different file name or
(g) Print: Print documents and see a preview of your
(h) Close: Close the document. document.
Documentl- Word
Janarsn Tawar ?

New
Ope Search for orane terolates

Soggested searches Bsiness lndustry Personal Design Sets Event Educatlon Cads

Stse As
FRST NAME LASTNAME
Aa

AxKot n k dooauent
Single spaced (lan) Chonological Reame(
Feesback

After this, you will see the application window of MS Word as

below
Document Word
Janatyan Tane
Reme Deon
Revvew Vies

File Tab Menu: Click Ctn Bcdj i11 .A

to display a menu of
lAco ABbCcox AaBbC
NormaNo Scax Hesdng 1 slect
file commands, such Fert
Paragraph Shes
as New and Open. 791911 2
Lstng

Ribbon: Displays
groups of related
command in tabs.

Status Bar: Displays

information
about the current Zoom Controis: Zoom
worksheet or file. in or out to view your
document.

After starting MS Word, you will see the menu bar items3as below:
Dergn
V

Future Kids Computers

Headers and Footers
gteaders and footers are the areas containing text that will be
displayed on every page The header is located along the top of every
page, while the footer is located at the bottom of every page The
following explains how to add a header to a document:
1. Clickthe Insert tab
2. Click Header.
3. Inthe Header Gallery drop-down
menu, click on a header design
Document-Word bieader &Footes fesl
Horne Lrsert Design Lavout
Referentes Mailings Review Viw Design 9 Tel me whatyou wat te fs Sgn in 9 Share
LPrevious Diferent Fint Page JHeader from Top 125 em
Header Footer Page Date & Decument Quick Aictures Diferent Odd & Even Pages Footer from Bottom 13 cm
Onine Go to Go to Ckese Header
Number Time Info Parts
Pictures Hesder Footer Link to Previqus Show Document lext D insert Ahgnment Tab and Faoter
Hesder & Footer Insert
Navigation Options Asition Oese

pe herel)

Header

4 To edit the header, type the text that you want to appear in the
indicated areas.
5. When you are finished, click Close Header and Footer in the
Header & Footer Design Tools - Design tab
Documentl -Word Header Footer Tots
Home Insert Design Layout References
File Mailings Review View Design P Tel ne wht yoU yànt te dle.. Sign in 9 Share
B Previous oifterent First Page Header from TopN 1.25 cm
X
Date & Document Quick Piktures Online
E, Next DDifferent Odd &Even Pages Footer from 8ottom 1.25 Cm
Header Footer Page Go to Go to
Link to Previous VShow Document Text Close Heade
Number Time lnfo Parts Pictures Hesder Footer Dnsert Aignment ab and Footer
Header & Footer Insert Navigsticon Options Aosition (lose

ype here]

After you close the header or footer, it will still be visible, but it will
be locked. To edit it again, just double-click anywhere on the header or
footer margin and it will become unlocked for editing.
TÍ insert the date or time into a header or footer:
Insert the date or time into a header or footer:
Document
1. Double-click anywhere on the header or footer to File Home Insert. Design Layout References
unlock it. The Design tab will appear.
2. From the Design tab, click the Date &Time command. Header Footer Page Date &Document Quick Pictures Onine
Number Time Info Parts Pictures
3. Select a date format in the dialog box that appears. Header&footer lnsert

4. Place acheckmark in the Update Automatically box if Iosert Dte and Time
Quickly add the current date or
you would like it to always. reflect the current date. time.

Otherwise, it will not change when the document is IType here)

opened at a later date.
5. Click OK. The date and time will appear in the document.
23
Word Processing (MS Word)
 Footnote and Endnote
are used to
provide additional
Footnote and Endnote
comment or reference for
used while writing books
within a document.
text
by writers.
These informgeanteioranly
are

footnote and endnote may give names

For example, the of
reference books that can be found on the same topic that
The writer usually
places aatiny number the wrotihteer
is writing about. attention to it, or symbo
to bringthe reader's called
nextto the subject the loie
very bottom of the page, the
Reference Mark. Then at the
number will re-appear, and
next to this number will be the same fiy
re
material the author wants the reader to refer to, called Note Text.

the footnote and endnote

fe
is that
re n ce
| The difference between
appears at the bottom of the
page whereas endnote appearsfo tnatgre
end of adocument.J
the
Endnote
To create a Footnote or
wantto inserta fofootnote or rendnote.
Step 1: Placethe cursorwhere we
Step 2: Click on the Reference tab. In the Footnotes group, click on
button,.
Insert Footnote or Insert Endnote
cursorwax
Step 3: Anumberorsymbol will get inserted vwhere the
the cursor is brought down to the end of the page or to the
endof the document, where we may insert the Note Teyt
Step 4: Enter the Note Text after the number or symbol, i.e. after th
Note Reference.
done

Know More
If the footnotes in your document are numbered incorrectly, Vour
document may contain tracked changes. Accept the tracked changes to
correct number of the footnotes andendnotes.

Formatting of Paragraph
MS Word includes many features designed to assist you inplacing
text on the page just the way you want it. You can align text left to right
using tabs or alignment options, or you can adjust your text verticaly
using line spacing options. Following are some of the available
paragraph formatting choices.

(M Aligning Text:
Alignment arrangesthe text to line up at one orbothmargins orint
center between the margins. Alignment applies toentire paragra
justify you
You can align text to the left, right, or center, or you can
a the page
text, which means that the text becomesGevenly spacedlacross

5|Future Kids Computers

 from the left margin to the right margin, Applyalignment options by
selecting the text you want to align, then choosing Home >Paragraph
andclicking one of the following alignment buttons:
Align Text Left: The text aligns evenly at the left margin.
This is the default choice.
Center: The text centers evenly between the left and
right margins.
Align Text Right: The text aligns along the right
document margin.
Justify: The text fills with micro spaces so it aligns
evenly on both the left and right marginsE4
Following picture illustrates a doCument with text matching each
alignment option.
Doeumeet) IWont Gautav Kumar
Home nvet Deign Layaut References Malingv Viey Help Actobal Tell me
|A A D
Paste Font Paragra tditing Create POF Create POF and Request Add-ins
and share lnk share via Outlook Signalures
Clpboard S Sutes
Adobe Arobal Add-ins

Align Text Left Justify

araoraph
Center |Align Text Right
Algnment arranges the text to line up at one or both manging or In the center between the margin.
Algnment apples to entre paranphs You can align text te the lef, tght, or cente, or you can justity
Your text, which mean that the text becomes eveny spaced acrom the pase
Headers and loolens ane areas containing text that wl be dsslayed on every pase. The header s lecated
along the top of every pase, while the footer ls located at the bottom of every pse. The following
explain how to add a heoder to a document

Adding Paragraph Borders

oWord includes borders that you can apply to any size block of text,
which draws the reader's eye to specific areas for a"quick read." A
border cancover theentire area or be anycombination of lines around
the text, suchas above and/or below the text. Select the text you want
bordering and choose Home > Paragraph. Click the drop-down arrow
next to the Borders button, which displays a list of options like the one
) you see in the following picture. Choose the border option you want.
Doiwneet Wort
Init Lymt Pelews Man Neview Vew Hely o ewat you wtto tn
CoUti(3ody)
A ADbCcDei AsdUCcDd Aaßbc
Nomal 1 No Spa. Heading 1 |Editing Create POF Crete P
A Au and share lnk share va
Wotton Bonker Adobe Ar

Top border
| Lell order
8ionr Border
o Borde

oye 8orden
4 rste Border

nnoe Vetca Sore

CON PROJECT MEMORY

Hortgontai Une
Dree Tabie

DBordern n Sadng

Shading Text
Shading helps you distinguish headlines and important passages,
Such as sidebars, by creating a screen, which is typically light grey
Shading against the standard black text. Click anywhere in the 25
Word Processing (MS Word)
 cho0se Home
Da ag aph you wAnt shaded and
(hoose a color from the resulting Shading gallery. as
following Dicture Adding dark blue shading causes
font roior to white

Acobt
Nordtoharigethe
hte
se fes

Thee Colers

Sandard Colers

Ce
ore Coinr

OBJECTIVES OF KEY
paragraph you want shaded and choose Home >Paragraph > Shading Choose a
Shadine sallery, as shown in the following picture. Adding dark color from the e
blue shading caused Word to chanee
tont colo tÍ white.

Ifyou want to add a shading pattern

ranging from a light 59% shake
to patterns, such as diagonal stripes or polka dots, you
can choosa
Home> Paragraph, andthen click the Borders
the list,select Borders and Shading, drop-down arrow from
which then displays the Bordere
and Shading dialog box.
Barders snd Shadng
X Sorders and Shadng
SorGers Psge borÛer hadng
Setteg Styse
forders Page Bordes Shsding
Prenew
táont ChG on disgrae below o Pretew
Use butions to appty borders
P heme Colog s

Automala
StandardColors
Wdth
Cystoa No ColoI
Aety te MoIe Colors.
Paragraph Apply to
Parsgaph
Dptions.

Cancet

Click the Shading tab then click the fFill

a fill color. Choices are drop-down arrow to sele
available in themes or standard colors. YOU La
then click the Style drop-down list to
select a pattern.
6|Future Kids Computers
 iynn

SF KEY
WAp adng hsa odo hum he
ing da bus hang u4d Wad to

Indenting Text
Tvpically, textruns between the left and right margins, but you may
want to indent particular paragraphs. Click anywhere in the
vau want to paragraph
indent, and then choose Home Paragraph >Increase
lndent. Each click of the Increase Indent button indents the text
one
balf inch from the left margin, Click the Decrease Indent button to
move the text back one half inch. If you want to indent from the right
margin or you want to manually set how much indentation Word
applles, you can use the Format Paragraph dialog box. Click the Paragraph
Paragraph Dialog BoxLauncher, which displays the Paragraph Indents General
and Spsing Line and Poge Breaks

dialog box shown in the following picture, Alignment Let

Qutline leveh Body Tet (ollapsed by detau

Ak 0 lnht yuu wwdo Indestution

Aabba Asca altbCi Aallat Left 0.72 Spedal
Mght Manging 127 cm
OMror indertt (none
nt line
Hangin0

udent neaw Spaing

Indent Decrease
Detore une spacing A
Aftern Bpt |Multiple 1.08

OBJECTIVES OF KEY ODont add spaLe betwten parngraphs ofthe ssme stye

Preiew
Paragraph you want shaded and choose Home >Paragraph >Shading. Choose

Bhading gallery, as shown In the following pleture. Adding dark blue shading caused Wo
font color to white.
Iabs.. Set As Delau Cancel

Click the spinner arrows for the Left or the Right text boxes to
specify the number of inches to indent the left and right edges of
the paragraph, The Preview box at the bottom shows the effects of
your settings. Optionally, click the Special dropdown list and select an
indenting option:
3fist ine: Thisoption indents only the first line of the paragraph
andleaves the rest of the paragraph even with the left margin. 27
WordPrOCessing (MS Word)
 indents all lines exCept the
Hanging This option finish
Click Ok after you making
settingsselections
the paragraph. inderitation
paragraph T
word applies the you
way to control indentionis by dragging
the selecto
Another
icons
> Ruler.
on the ruler. Ifyou
thee
don't see ruler, choose
iNinedwe>nStahtit
First Line Indent
2 Left Indent Hanging Indent
Right Inder
aLet's Recall The header appears at the top of every page and the footer appears at the bottom of every page
comment or reference
Footnote and Endnote are used to provide additional information, for text, ith
a document

PParagraph tormatting describes text attributes which are applied at a paragraph level
formatting includes attributes such as: Alignment-controls which side of the text frame Paragater
IS aligned with, Spacing-controls the spacing between lines and between paragraphs. paragraph

Lab Time
Create a document of only two pages, where the first page should contain information
about your
Schooland the second page should contain information about some other school. Now give the nan
of your school as the header of the first page and the name of the other School as a header of th
second page.

Teacher's Corner
Show students formatted and unformatted documents simultaneously so as to male
them understand the significance of formatting.

Explore More
Write about Different types of Flowers' in Word 2016. Use the formatting tools learnt in the
chapter to beautify the matter.

PRactice Exercise

A. Tick the correct answer.

1 is the text that is printed at the top of each page.
(a) Footer (b) Header (c) Endnote
28
6|Future Kids Computers