Revista Internacional de Métodos SCTIPEDIA Numéricos para Calculo y Disefio RIMNI e an en Ingenieria Active vibration control analysis in smart composite structures using ANSYS AbdulRahman B. Shakir’, Azad M. Saber? 1 Mechanical and Energy Engineering Department, Erbil Technical Engineering College, Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil, raq 2 Mechanics and Mechatronics Department, College of Engineering, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq Abstract ‘OPEN ACCESS Piezoelectric Macro-Fiber Composite (MFC) utilzation is increasing in engineering fields due fo te strong actuation forces an high fen In hs paper, piezoelectric) type (MBS28 Pt) patches are applied for actve contral ofa cantlever composite beam, A lnear coupled finite element model for plezoelectric MFC actuation of the composite bear was developed Tuer oes APDLANGVE Fels a Koma piel consti gator fo Sc) smart composite beam behavior in open and closed-loop cases. Active vibration control ‘esponse of laminated composite beam with various stacking sequence configurations Was fxamineé, and the results were compared, In this, the proportional type Kp) of control | DOE Sigortimatsutlzed, andinthe summary of workrefined ects offite lament movi, | 10.23967/rimni2020.08 004 ‘The first set thelr laminates to have an orientation (0 with 90), and others have an Snientation (O with 43) When the control signal appli! withthe gain (kp) 9 9 system increases, the rise time generally decreases, the actuator voltages for different control gain forall eases are observed with the increase in the proportional constant The findings ofthis study indleate thatthe composite beams composed from (0/50) stacking sequence sets Mad Feached stabilty state fester than the composte beam composed from (038) stacking Published: 22/04/2020 ‘Accepted: 14/04/2020 Submitted: 22/02/2020 Keywor IMEC piezoelectric smart composite beam finite element method sequence sets 1. Introduction Vibration is present in countiess daily life applications, and more often, vibration is highly undesirable. Undesirable vibration may decrease the performance of the product and cause safety or economic issues [1]. Vibration damping includes active, passive, and hybrid damping techniques. It is important to understand that passive damping can be vary efficient in damping out high-frequency excitation, while active damping can be used to control low-frequency vibrations [2]. Acive vibration-reducing techniques turn out to be a reality for a wide variety of applications [3], An active method integrates sensors land actuators with a flexible structure, operated by a contral Scheme, An essential issue in active control systems is sensor ‘and actuator selection [4]. The ever-increasing use of smart Composite materials in advanced areas such as aerospace, automotive, and sports equipment has motivated researchers to explore behavior and performance characteristics [5} ‘There are some previous studies reported in this work. The simple cantilever beams active vibration control is investigated In (6-10}. Piezoelectric patches are mounted on the beams as ‘actuators. With the purpose of sensing the vibration level, a Strain-gage er another ‘piezoelectric patch can be used. The Identification system and placement control technique was Utilized in [6]. The piezo patches and beam structure's finite telement model is constructed, and the closed-loop contral is applied in[7.8] Also, utiized the model of the beam and piaz0- patches finite element; however, modal control techniques were femployed ‘Singh et al [3]. Xu and Koko used the commercial finite element package ANSYS to state the findings [10]. The control design was conducted inthe space state that vias set in the analysis ofthe finite element model. For the control design, MATLAB as a system toolbox was utlized in their experiment. Active vibration The sensors/actuators influence site was investigated. It was noticed thatthe site near the fixed end for the vibration control ‘was better. Lim investigated several modes for vibration control ofa fixed square plate by using devices of location discrete Sensor/actuator at maximum strain points [11], Quek et al introduced a typical placement method of pairs of piezoelectric sensor /actuator for the vibration control sealed compound plates [12]. amin et al. used four-bar linkage to investigate {active vibration control [13]. The model of the finite element is applied and the reduced mode, robust H., and standard He Control methods are analyzed. Halim and | Moheimani Investigated a set of proposals to a criterion for ideal placement fof a collected piezoelectric sensor-actuator pair on their supported plate by using modal and locative contrallbilty [14 Bendine et al. studied the modeling of the active vibration control of a smart functionally graded (FGM) beam based on a higher-order shear deformation theory [15]. The locations of piezoelectric actuators and sensors have a great influence on the reliability and control system efficiency. Malgaca studied optimal parameters with respect to positive position feedback Used in the realtime control algorithm determined with the objective functions [16]. Flexible singledink composite ‘manipulator with [45/-85] and [0/90] lay-ups are performed to reduce endpoint vibrations. Takacs and Rohab-likiv [17] proposed a direct closed-loop prototype method in the active Vibration control system modeled in the finite element method Using APDL language for the clamped-free. aluminum beam piezoelectric actuation using a linear quadratic controller (LQ) With a Kalman-fiter. Vashist and Chhabra [18] found the optimal piezoelectric actuator’s lecations by using an integer coded {genetic algorithm GA on their plate where the singular value ecomposition’s control matrix was used as a fitness function. Similar results of the frequency responses between ‘experimental and Finite Element Method were found. Yavuz et ‘Corraspandence: AbdulRahman 6. Shakir (abdulrahman shakir@epu.eduia), Arad M. Saber (ezad saber@su.edu.kra), This is an article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons BY-NC-SA licenseSCIPEDIA ronan tlesaetoing 20s Vel 2 26 fal, analyzed a system of active vibration controfs closed-loop With the purpose of suppressing the vibrations of the end-point [19]. They established the system's mathematical model by Using the Lagrange equations, The digital solution is achieved through mixing the Newmark technique with the control action, ‘They applied PID control action with the purpose of finding the value of the actuator signal at the appropriate time. Liu X. eta studied the piezoelectric actuators’ placement optimization and the membrane structure's active vibration control [20}. They designed the classical linear quadratic regulator controllers with the aim of suppressing the undesired vibration. Simulation findings indicated that the piezoelectric actuators’ optimal locations are influenced by the actuator’s additional mass and stiffness. Van etal. developed a finite element model according to the theory of firstorder shear deformation for active Vibration control and optimal placement of laminated composite plates with linked pairs of distributed piezoelectric sensor/actuator [21]. Baghaee etal. developed the aero elastic panel flutter of the laminate composite plate to include two piezoelectric (MFC-type) [22]. They determined MFC actuators Input voltage thraugh the velocity or proportional feedback control algorithms according to the sensor output. Usman eta. Used piezoelectric MFC energy harvesting on the cantilever beam connected toa downstream cylinder and placed stationary upstream cylinder before applying wind flow on both eylinders [23]. Optimum spacing between two cylinders was Identified as being three times the circular cylinder diameter. Heganna and Joglekar [24] studied the forced vibration control analysis of the beam structure experimentally. The smart Structure considered finite and flat cantilever bearlike fiber Structure with piezoelectric PZT patches attached on the surfaceThey also analyzed the vibration control effect of ‘adjusting the location of PZT patches. Xie etal. proposed the fractional‘order PDu algorithm on the active vibration control of 2 lattice grid beam [25]. The vibration responses and dynamic ‘mode! was based on the third-order shear deformation theory new active vibration control method is implemented using the POu algorithm in fractional order. Rimagauskiené et al developed and experimentally analyzed the passive and active Vibration control techniques for a thin-walled composite bear [26], After the experiments with active vibration control it was noticed that the vibration damping of the analyzed system was far higher at its resonant frequency in all cases. However, it could be inferred from the experimental results that passive and active vibration control systems were effective for thin- ‘walled composite beam vibration amplitude control ‘This work deals with the active vibration control analysis in smart composite beam structures by using ANSYS APDL codes. All nodes in the composite structure beam are subjected to the boundary condition (exactly 1260 boundary condition). and different proportional control gain is used to control vibration suppression to two sets of the composite beams, (0/90) sets and (0/45) sets, to reach the steady-state. From the obtained results, It can be concluded that the technique is able to dump the vibration of the composite beam structure, 2. Piezoelectric constitutive equa Under the influence of stresses and voltage, the magnitude of the strain result and amount of electric charge accumulated by piezoelectric material “specifies the actuation and sensing characteristics of these materials, Both constituent relationships Under 2 piezoelectric material may be used to quantify these properties. Macrascopically, the piezoelectric materials display a field-strain relation [27]. The relationship is almost linear for the low electrical field, which can provide many advantages when Using piezoelectric materials for system modeling and control. Nevertheless, the polarization saturates ina high electrical fel, ‘and domains extend and switch. This induces significant non- linear behavior that may be detrimental to the use of piezoelectric materials In the control implementation associated With a high electrical field [28]. In several applications of piezoelectric materials to continuous structures, the linear behavior is adopted despite the nonlinear behavior at a high electric field, The diract and canverse effect of the piezoelectric Phenomena involves an interaction between the: mechanical behaviors of a material; Linear constitutive equations contain two mechanical variables and two electrical variables [27]. The equations governing the direct and converse piezoelectric effect inthe matrix form are expressed respectively as, wo fe (s) + fe]E) 0 (7) = 12118) + ED a where (D} is the electric displacement, [el isthe transpose of the dielectric permittivity matrix [e], {S) is the mechanical strain vector, [e] is the dielectric permittivity matrix at constant mechanical strain, {E} isthe electric intensity vector, (1) is the mechanical stress vector and [el is the matrix of clastic stiffness at constant electric field strength, The same relationship can be written in three other forms, depending on Which variables are chosen to be independent. The direct relationship given by Eq.1 is normally used when modeling the sensing capability of the piezoelectric material, while the actuator capability is modeled using the converse. effect relationship given by Eq (2) [29} 3. Simulation method In this section, ANSYS software simulates active vibration control in the ‘smart composite. Figure 1 shows the block diagram of the obtained analysis. ANSVS/Multiphysics and ANSYS/Machanical programs can be used for modeling structural fields with piezoelectric smart patches, whereas Fe i= the force of vibration generated. The instant value of vibration producing force Fe can be described at each time step. In the analysis below, itis taken as Fy at ¢ = At and zero for other time Steps. Ata piezoelectric sensor location, the strain (e) is caleulated. Reference input for vibration cancellation is zero. Ky K,, and K, are respectively, the variables the control power, and sensor amplification factors. Ky is taken as 200, and Kp is changed in the analysis below. Only the proportional control is applied. The proportional constant for the actuator voltage Va was obtained from the multiplication of Kp Ko Ks ‘Therefore, the results are not affected by changing the values of K., Kp and Ky and keeping their multiplication the same. To evaluate the performance of the vibration control, the calculated deflection ata location, dt, is observed. ‘gue. kag ft ana First, the structures of the beam type are considered. The configuration of the beam composite structure is shown in ints scipedia.com/public/Shakir_Saber 20208SCIPEDIA ronan tlesaetoing 20s Vel 2 26 tine Hanan ae ne Sag ST 3.1 Material Properties Finite Element Analysis is used as the numerical modeling too! to simulate the dynamic characteristics of the composite structures by ANSYS macro codes, and the macro file has been written by Using APDL. The first step in the coding process defined model geometry by using direct mesh generation of smart structure. In frst our system, we used a compasite smart bbeam of size (400 mm * 28 mm ) and various thickness (1.53 mm, 2.12mm and 318mm) according to number of laminates, with (MFC -P1) piezoelectric patch actuator type (MB528- 1). These typically consist of an active area (88mm * 28 mm) \with (0-3 mm) thickness, and itis embedded on the beam from (10 mm) on the fixed point, as shown in Table 1 for al cases 3.2 Simulation procedures In the first step, the beam structures type is taken and considered. Figure 2 displays the configuration of the structure with sensor locations. The displacement value is taken from the displacement sensor, and similarly, the strain value is taken from the strain sensor as the feedback. Here, the product of AANSYS /Multiphysics (version 18) was applied to the structures of the smart composites model. The combination of the ANSYS ‘modeling and solution into the control action codes were achieved by ANSYS (20) ‘The composite smart structure beam is studied, as indicated in Table sy Toei ere ows aon eames [Sa Ta a vention thew , n n jerefore, an essential next step to confirming in three dimensional composite material properties Is assigned. As shown in Figure 2, the structure is divided into two parts, The first part deals with composite material, and the other part is actuator and all properties, as shown in Table 3, and al that has been gained from (22,33,34) - a sag ze ge Fare] Bane ‘The ANSYS macro of the material properties is given in Table 4 ‘The first material is represented by composite material (Carban fiber reinforced polymer), and the second material Is represented by the piezoelectric (MFC) actuator material fener [octne nate Ene Fe PGE E2IE9 [ose tara ar neue ane yeaa Two 728 fn Mons smo ny glans Gy TEP [Seen ampere apr Drea oe ETT The number of composite layers, the thickness of layers, and [esa “oasis orientation angles of fibers are assigned as macro APOL ANSYS =| essan0 ETE codes forthe frst material as given below in Table §. The macro file creates nodes and finite elements to the structure. In the first part, composite materials have used element type SOLIDI8S layered structural elements for composite beam or plate part, and element type (SOLIDS) flerients with (MASS21) were used in the second structure part for the piezoelectric part in the structure [31]. Overall, these macro codes as shown in Table 2 indicate the defined element types of various materials. The second material piezoelectric actuator properties are given in Table 6 as macro ANSYS. ints scipedia.com/public/Shakir_Saber 20208SCIPEDIA ronan tlesaetoing 20s Vel 2 26 ‘Afterall dimensions and properties of both composite and piezoelectric properties are defined, the type of element is Sssigned for each type of material, SOLID185 layered structural Glements are assigned for the composite part, and SOLIDS elements are used fer the piezoelectric part of the structure. Then, the static solution is analyzed to evaluate the initial deflections of each node and element. The model is discretized Into finite elements model, as shown in Figure 3. ‘The first three mode shapes and natural frequencies of the composite plates were obtained using APDL ANSYS macro codes. The obtained results were shown in Figure 4, The first three natural frequencies evaluated by the modal shape analysis method using ANSYS (15.665 Hz), (9417H2), and (161.6342), respectively, for the first case considered in the present study, are shown in Figure 4 Pure wotesnapesalthetent eae Fixed boundary conditions are described for the nodes (x = 0) and given in Table 7 as macro ANSYS, ‘able. oun condo compote am tes aE The degrees of freedom of the top and bottom surfaces for pilezo actuator and sensor are coupled simultaneously wth voit bby APDL ANSYS “CP" command. Modal analysis was performed to determine parameters from vibration data measures ike the Inherent dynamic. characteristics of the system in forms of natural frequencies, mode shapes and damping factor. and so to determine time step [35] Householder method (reduced method) can be used for the beam structures which have the solid coupled field in ANSYS, The time step is the incremental change in time and the time step is chosen by equation formula Ar = 1/(20f,), where fy is the highest natural frequency to be considered. Table 8 shows the three natural frequencies for the undamped system. The first mode is considered to caleulate the time step and At is 0.0032, 0.0034, 0.0025, 0.00183, 0.00318, 0.0032, 0.0025, and 0.0018, for cases 1,2, 3,4,5,6, 7, nd 8, respectively In this study, The strain feedback (piezoelectric sensor) is calculated at the selected sensor location, multiplied by Ks; to convert the strain feedback to voltage and then subtracted from ero to calculate the error signal. The displacement feedback is also calculated at the selected sensor location, multiplied by Ks, in order to convert the displacement feedback to voltage. and also subtracted from zero to evaluate the error signal between the input and output. [ss [coe yr ese econ [Tora ‘The difference between the input reference and the sensor signal is defined as the error signal. The error value is multiplied by Xp, for strain feedback and Kp for displacement feedback and then both results are multiplied by the amplifier factor Kv todetermine Va at a given time step. ‘The macro part that enables the calculations for the analysis of the closed loop for ¢ > At is given in Table 9, Tassie Seas See 4, Results and jiscussion ‘There are twa methods to deal with active vibration control. The first method is displacement feedback signals by using the displacement sensor, and the other method is strain feedback Signals by using a piezoelectric strain sensor. Displacement feedback signals have been used for the displacement to suppression of vibration. Classical controler (P) isthe proportional control and gain (kp) is the only variable to be changed. The present study has been Used for (2.45, and 8) kp value. The open-loop and closed-loop responses of the tip displacement are shown in Figures S(a, (0), (6) and (¢, respectively, by using APDL ANSVS. From the graph, itis found thatthe open-loop response vibrates alot at atime of ‘more than 5 sec in fist Figure (2). 4 sec in second Figure 5(), 138 in third Figure 5(¢), and 7.25 sec in the last Figure 5a) [36]. In the first case, composite laminates consist of three-ply ( 1090/0) closed-loop responses by using classical controller when We took into consideration only proportional part effects in PID control, whieh is shown settle ata time 1.4 sec, 0.85 sec. 0.75 sec and 0.7 sec, respectively, proportional gain (kp) is 2 3.6.8 Which demonstrates that three recent responses ofthe system will be near each other, This reduction in the time compared With the first case is due to the increase in the number of composite layers, and, at the same time, an increase in the ints scipedia.com/public/Shakir_Saber 20208SCIPEDIA ronan tlesaetoing 20s Vel 2 26 strength properties ofthe beam is observed. "gure 5. penioap and cst gp respons fa compost beam op ‘pcan However, the evidence for this relationship is conclusive and hha been retrieved from PID rules; with increasing the proportional range, the vibration converges slowly and settling time increases. On the other side, the controling signal has bbeen decreasing by increasing the value of the proportional constant that takes part in PID and neglected integral and Gerivative parts. Whereas in the second case, composite laminates consist of four plies (0/90/0/90), the closed-loop responses or all proportional gain (kp) shown as in Figure 5(b) is. close to the results of the fist case because the effect of the fourth ply is smaller (90 degree) composite ply withthe beam in the fourth case, which demonstrates that control responses of the system will be near each other and this reduction inthe time compared with others is due to the increase in the number of ‘composite layers and at the same time increases the strength properties of the beam. Based on the results, it has been noted that an increase in laminates of composite plate decreases the \ibration and time stability f the system, For amplitude comparison between two sets of composite materials beam structures, first set consist of (0-90) degrees of laminates and another ‘set consist of (0-45) degrees of laminates. This based on the responses that were simulated with high accuracy using the proportional gain formulation. AS shown in Figures S and 6 all curves have nearly the same shape, but speed to reach the stable case in the second set is. smaller than the first se, The reason is attributed to the greater flexural strength for the second compared to the former, ge pein an ines peers Piezoelectric MFC has a maximum voltage, 20 it is peak to peak voltage. While peak voltage is the voltage from the zero horizontal axis lie tothe top of the waveform, the peak to peak voltage i the voltage of the one cycle of a wave, all the way from the peak of the negative side to the peak of the positive Side [37]. The maximum voltage for MFC to be applied is (2000 volt) for the piezoelectric actuator. The uncontrolled and Controlled responses obtained by actuation voltage can be seen in Figures 7(a).(b) (€) () (e). (9 (and (h). From the graph. it has been observed that in the open-loop, the response was ril because in the openoop, there is no link between vibrate response and actuator. (On the other hand, in all cases, when the contro signal applied with the gain to a system increases, the rise time generally decreases as shown in Figure 7, where the actuator voltages for different control gain forall cases are observed to increase with proportional constant. Meanwhile, kp = & has the highest Value of actuator voltage observed in all cases [38]. As can be seen from Figures 7\b), (2) (). (9. (9), and (hy, the ‘minimum value of actuator voltage is (S00V) and smaller than this volt by APOL-ANSYS macro file has been changed to (-500 Vol) because the sinusoidal voltage of piezoelectric MFC-P1 is worked between (-500 volt) to (+1500 Volt) voltage cycle at 0.1 Hz was output by a voltage amplifier [33] ints scipedia.com/public/Shakir_Saber 20208SCIPEDIA ronan tlesaetoing 20s Vel 2 26 yin ser comsiestrectunes ing ANSYS, Rent minds i fh gure opem op scone repose the compote best he cea ‘Another important finding was the effet of fiber orientations of composite laminate layers on active vibrations, as shown in Figure 8. The composite beams composed of laminates (0/90/0), {0/9070780),(0/30/30/0), and (0/90/0/0/30/0) reach stability faster than the composite beams composed of laminates (0/4S/0}, (a/as/0ras},(0/45/48/0), and (0/48/0/0/48/0) because the first set hhas higher relaxation modulus than second sets [40 gure. Comparten debe ate iar compote bat 5. Conclusions |AFEM for piezoelectric with composite beam structure was proposed to simulate model dynamic, and the electrical model Of piezoelectric which permitted the simulations of type (ds ~ MMEC) effects. The performance of the composite beam structure is Improved when piezoelectric type MB528(P1) is Used. It ie shown that the classic contraller provides in increasing contral gain (kp) and better active damping than low control gain, especialy at kp = 8. The active control capability of such 2 composite beam is analyzed using a simple control strategy. Overall, these Controlled responses. show that, although all_ifferent ‘composite laminate plates are subjected to the same intensity, ff mechanical load. The abserved decrease in the vibration of the composite plate might be explained by the increase in the proportional gain in PID contral on all cases of the composite laminate plate, while at the same time decreasing the voltage actuator of piezoelectric. The model can be used for more Investigations with general compasition, applied loads, and ‘another control method. The final objectives of analysis and ‘modeling are the minimization of weight (or mass) of the beam Structure under behavior constraints, increasing the Performance of the piezoelectric actuator, and maximization of natural frequencies ofthe vibration modes. However, given the immersed short time for each case, caution must be taken. The difference between two similar different in orientation laminate, twa refined finite element models bared 0/90 laminate set and 0/45 laminate set, for the analysis of laminated beam with embedded surface bonded piezoelectric laminae have been presented. The evidence fram this study suggests the composite beams composed from (0/90) stacking sequence sets had reached stability state faster than the composite beams ‘composed from (0/45) stacking sequencesets, References ‘Sram Jura of regen) Nos Yat shee one, ae 2017 [2B AM. 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ZF, Maga Anae UnacreHoue jen Oxo 20 Sahat dating ot Sern jaan Saag [tans Psi Camponersfr Cea Design Use Hoenn (Bl arcaseniea, ype, Mar. Akal Option feet bee ng 2 Sey terse sat etn ots [Bawa Yuan apy chen, hen, 2h hing Eran act Pereace af plc er comportinced by merprse aTIO3 ‘anoarcesmepny ren Pes aar A Se NGM 6027 [ange ner Engneeingad eco), 208 ints scipedia.com/public/Shakir_Saber 20208