SECTION ONE

1.1 BRIEF HISTORY OF SIWES

The word SIWES is an acronym which stands for student Industrial work experience scheme,

SIWES was established by ITF in 1973 to solve the problem of lack of adequate practical skills

preparatory for employment in industries by Nigerian graduates of tertiary institutions. The Scheme

exposes students to industry-based skills necessary for a smooth transition from the classroom to the

world of work. It affords students of tertiary institutions the opportunity of being familiarized and

exposed to the needed experience in handling machinery and equipment which are usually not

available in the educational institutions.

Participation in SIWES has become a necessary pre-condition for the award of Diploma and Degree

certificates in specific disciplines in most institutions of higher learning in the country, in

accordance with the education policy of government.

1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF SIWES

The aims and objectives of the Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) are as

follow:

 To prepare students with the opportunity to apply their classroom knowledge in real work

situation, thereby bridging the gap between theory and practical.

 To expose students to work methods and techniques in handling equipment and machines

that was unavailable in their institutions of learning.

 To provide an avenue for student to acquire Industrial skills, competency, knowledge and

experience needed to make students employable.

 To prepare student for work situations they are likely to face after graduation.

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  To help in the easy transition of students from school to the outside world work experience.

 It exposes students to the use of machinery and equipment that are not available in the

Universities.

 To equip students with valuable skills which will give them a competitive edge in today’s

job market.

 It serves as a forum for preparing students for industrial working conditions, methods and

environment.

 It provides students with the opportunity to apply their theoretical knowledge in real work

situation, thereby bridging the gap between University’s theoretical work and actual practical.

 It enhances students’ contact for job placement after graduation

Sequel to the mandate lay down by SIWES, students from the UNIVERSITY OF CROSS RIVER

STATE (UNICROSS), CALABAR are harnessed during their fourth year, for a six month I.T

experience to broaden their horizon, in respect to this, I had my Clinical Internship/ Industrial

Training experience at the Department of Histopathology (mortuary unit) University of uyo

Teaching Hospital Uyo, Akwa Ibom State.

1.3 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF UUTH

The hospital was conceived in 1994 by the Akwa Ibom State Government as the Akwa Ibom State

Specialist Hospital, later renamed Sani Abacha Specialist Hospital. Clinical services started in

January 22, 1996. In 1997, it was taken over by the Federal Government and further renamed

Federal Medical Center, Uyo following the establishment of a college of Health Sciences at the

Federal University of Uyo. A Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) was signed in March 2001,

between the Federal Ministry of Health, University of Uyo and the Hospital, making it the

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University of Uyo Teaching Hospital. This was necessary in order to enable the students do their

clinical training.

It was important to note that the instrument which accorded the Hospital the status of a fully fledged

Teaching Hospital was finally signed in January 28, 2008 by the president and commander-in-chief

of the Armed Forces of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, Alhaji Umaru Musa Yar’Adua.

1.3.1 MISSION STATEMENT

University of Uyo Teaching Hospital exists to provide quality healthcare services and manpower

development through teaching and research for our immediate community and beyond in a

professional, compassionate and dignified manner.

1.3.2 VISION STATEMENT

To be a renowned health institution providing high quality health services through

1.3.3 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF UUTH

The Hospital is supervised by the Federal Ministry of Health. There is the governing board which is

put in place by the Federal Government to oversee the general well-being of the institution. At the

Head of Management is the Chief Medical Director who is responsible to the Governing Board and

takes charge of the day to day running of the Hospital. There is the Administration Department

headed by the Chairman, Medical Advisory Committee. The leadership of these two departments

report directly to the Chief Medical Director.

 The Hospital basically has all the departments that are needed in a Teaching Hospital. There

are:

 Internal Medicine, Nursing Services, Pediatric, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Pharmacy, Family

Medicine, Psychiatry, Anesthesiology, Histopathology, Ophthalmology, Chemical Pathology,

Hematology, Microbiology, Physiotherapy, Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT), Community Health,

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 dental, Health Surgery Unit, Urology, Genera Surgery, Pediatric Surgery, Plastic Surgery,

Orthopaedic and Accident and Emergency.

ORGANOGRAM OF UNIVERSITY OF UYO TEACHING HOSPITAL

Reception

University of Uyo Teaching Hospital, Uyo

Record Laboratory
Pharmacy Nurses Cashier desk

Immunization unit

Family planning Palpation Unit Labour room

Treatment

Maternity Paediatrics Male ward Female ward

ward

HistopathologyD Heamatology Chemical Micro Biology

epartment Department pathology Department

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 SECTION TWO

2.1 MORTUARY SCIENCE

Mortuary science is a science that has to do with location, structures and activities that are carried

out in the mortuary. It has to do with methods, techniques, location, to the point where structure is

needed, principle behind the body and up to the point where the body needs to be carried out for

funeral.

2.1.1 MORTUARY UNIT

Mortuary is a place where we keep the dead, a place where researches are carried out. It is a place

where we have to take care of our loved ones who have passed away.

It is a place used for the study of human corpses awaiting identification or removal for autopsy or

method of disposal. Mortuary is sometimes cited within the hospital. It can also be located outside

the hospital which is the outskirt town.

2.1.2 ROLES AND FUNCTIONS OF A MORTUARY

 To keep dead bodies till relatives claim it

 For viewing and identification of dead bodies by relatives and friends

 To keep unclaimed dead bodies which may later be cremated or handed over for studies

requiring pathological post-mortem

 To preserve dead bodies for teaching the undergraduates as well as postgraduates.

 Presentation of bodies for burial

 Embalmment of bodies and

 Documentation of cases

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2.1.3 STRUCTURE / FEATURES OF A MORTUARY

A structure of the mortuary is based on its shape and size, an ideal mortuary must have certain units.

A building that is designed to take of the dead. It must have the following features;

 RECEPTION ROOM

A room in the mortuary where documentations are made

 OFFICES

Rooms or areas where administrative work is carried out in the mortuary

 RECEIVING ROOM

A room where corpses are received temporarily during their stay in the mortuary.

 EMBALMING ROOM/AREA

Where the bodies or remains are embalmed.

 STORAGE AREA

This is where dead bodies are stored in their units, could be a fridge or compartmented slabs.

 DRESSING ROOM

An area in the mortuary where bodies or remains are dressed to be carried out for burial.

 REST ROOM

A room in the mortuary where relaxation is acquired and for convenience.

 CALL ROOM

Where calls are made and also received

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 STORE ROOM

Where mortuary equipments such as; chemicals, autopsy tools and embalming tools are kept.

2.1.4 DOCUMENTATION IN A MORTUARY

It is required in the mortuary that identification of a body that has been brought by the relative or

relatives has to be put to register. These documentations consist;

 Serial number

 Depositor’s name

 Address

 Depositor’s Phone number

 Name of deceased

 sex

 tag [ name and age on it ]

 cause of death

2.1.5 FORMAT OF A MORTUARY REGISTER

S/N Depositor’s Name of Sex Date Name of Tag Date Phone

Name and Deceased Receive Mortician Number Released Number

Address d

2.1.6 IMPORTANCE OF DOCUMENTATION

 For reference purposes

 For research purposes

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2.2 RIGHT OF A MORTICIAN/ANATOMICAL ACT

The anatomical act 1832 is an act of parliament of The United Kingdom that gave free license to

doctors, teachers of anatomy and potential medical students to embalm dissert donated bodies. It

was enacted in response to public revolution at the illegal trade and corpses.

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 SECTION THREE

3.1 EMBALMMENT OF BODIES

Embalming is a process which entails disinfection and preservation of remains in a condition as

near to a pre-mortem state is possible by the use of specific chemical. Embalmment of cases are

mostly done using femoral arteries which are found in the femoral triangle and in other cases, the

carotid artery or the radian artery.

3.1.1 PRINCIPLES OF EMBALMENT

These principles regulate embalming processes;

 Bacteriological principle

 Mechanical principle

 Chemical principle

3.1.1.1 MECHANICAL PRINCIPLE

Williams Harvey established the fact of the circulation of blood which provides a means by which a

fluid can circulate round the body.

3.1.1.2 BACTERIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLE

This principle was introduced by pastuer who discovered that bacterial can be destroyed by

disinfectants and bacterial are responsible for putrefaction; therefore, disinfectants can be used to

stop putrefaction which was used by Lister.

3.1.1.3 CHEMICAL PRINCIPLE

Williams Hoffman; he was a scientist who produced and used formaldehyde gas as a medium

suitable as a base for embalming fluid. Embalming in subject course means complete saturation in

embalming fluid.

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 Plate 3.1: Embalming incisions

3.2 OBSERVATION OF THE BODY AFTER EMBALMMENT

This occurs or takes place after two days of embalmment and if necessary continues after then,

thereby preserving and preventing the body from not being fixed or not recognized by the family or

depositor.

During my stay at the mortuary, I noticed that decomposed bodies can also be embalmed, as in the

case of the five police men that were killed during the Essien Udim local government fight that

occurred months ago in Akwa Ibom State. These bodies were killed like four to five days before the

bodies were discovered and brought to the mortuary, the bodies were decomposed, embalming roots

were no longer found, we almost rejected the body but since they were government properties and

the establishment also own by the government, the bodies were received and deposited in the

formalin bath. Undiluted chemicals were poured into the bath, close examinations were done on the

body and after embalmment by submerging, and the bath was covered. These bodies stayed in the

chemical for a week, after a week, the bodies were removed from the chemical to the slabs where

they stayed temporarily in the mortuary until their families came for identification. I observed that

bodies can also be embalmed by submerging in chemicals.

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3.3 MORTUARY EQUIPMENTS

 Embalming tables or trolley - where bodies are kept for embalmment.

 Scalpel and surgical blades – for making incisions.

 Disserting forceps – for holding tissues during dissection.

 Needles and threads- for stitching tissues after embalmment.

 Gloves- for protection from biohazards

 Face mask and eye goggle- protection against fluids

 Safety boot-protects the feet against biohazards

 Laboratory coats and aprons- protects the body from contamination in cases of fluid splash

 Embalming tanks- contains embalming chemicals

 Dyes- for dressing

 Cosmetics – for dressing

 Embalming machines or speed pump machine

 Aspirator bottles

 Tubing that connects the machines

 Autopsy table

 Cotton wool

 Syringe – for re-enforcement

 Tags

 Formalin bath – for submerging bodies.

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 Plate 3.4: Aspirator bottle connected to a
Plate 3.2: Autopsy table carrying a body
body

Plate 3.3: Trolley for histological

samples
Plate 3.5: An image showing the

storage area

3.4 EMBALMING CHEMICALS

 40%formaldehyde solution (deep fixative)------------------------------2.5 liters

 Ethanol or absolute alcohol (superficial fixative) -----------------------2 liters
 Phenol (anti fungi or antibacterial agent)----------------------------200ml (5gm in crystal form)
 Glycerol (to reduce the harsh effect of formalin) ----------------------300ml
 Water -------------------------------------------------------------------------5 liters
 Total --------------------------------------------------------------------------10 liters for a 70kg man
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13
 SECTION FOUR

4.1 DRESSING A BODY FOR FUNERAL

When a particular body is ready to be buried, the body is taken out from a particular storage area
which could be;

 Freezing unit or

 The cooling unit

Plate 4.1: dressing a body before funeral

The cadaver will be bathed [cleaned], mopped and dressed with the clothes that were brought by the

deceased family depending on the deceased sex.

For males, the clothes include;

 Boxer short or pant

 Singlet

 A pair of trouser and

 A shirt.

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NOTE: The dressing depends on the choice of clothes brought by the family, it must not be a shirt

and a pair of trouser, it could be any form of dress. The same is applicable to females.

For females;

 Bra

 Pant

 Singlet

 Tights

 Makeup kits [optional]

 The dress proper [ depending on the family]

 General requirements for dressing a body;

 Gloves

 Powder

 Perfumes

 Vaseline

4.2 MAKING UP A BODY

For males, makeup is not necessary. Just apply a little powder on the face and then comb the hair.

For females, makeup is also optional, expect for those who loved makeup.

For those who were into makeup, I applied foundation on the face as a base, applied powder,

applied lib stick and also comb the hair. After these, the body is deposited in the casket ready to be

handed over to the family. Funeral cosmetology equipment includes;

 Water

 Makeup brushes

 Thick foundation

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  Powder

 Eye pencil

 Lipstick.

4.3 COSMETOLOGY

Cosmetology is the art and science of beautifying the hair, nails and skin. Specific disciplines in

cosmetology include hairstyling, esthetics, makeup application, nail care, and other beauty

treatment.

 Hairstyling - the act or skill of cutting and coloring the hair.

 Aesthetics – the study of beauty and taste.

4.3.1 MAKEUP

Any colored substance applied on the face that improves appearance or beautifies the face.

I was given an orientation on makeup tools, I was told that any product of my choice could be used;

I was told that any product that gives a perfect finishing or perfection is considered. After been

oriented on drawing brows, I began my practice on a model I went with for practical, it took days to

draw a perfect a brow. I was given basis on how to apply foundation, contour, blush and bronze, I

was taught how to match colors to skin, how to blend it perfectly to suit or match with the skin of

my client or model. While learning makeup, I understood that in order to be a good makeup artist,

while learning I must not learn everything on a particular model’s face, my model have to be light

skin, brown skin, ebony, caramel etc, so as to get acquainted with the different shades of skin. In

makeup, there are different eye shadow looks such as;

 Natural: using colors that are closest to your client’s natural tone to enhance natural beauty,

making it look like no makeup is worn.

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  Shimmery: one of the easiest eye shadow looks to attain, just applying eye shadow with a

shimmer finish.

 Cat-eye: difficult and timeless but fun, many people uses what works for them like even

lines, tools, tapes and drawings to guide.

 Gradient – its easy to apply and versatile, you can use bold or natural color or mix them

both, you will follow a different gradient path depending on your eye shape and the distance

between each eyes.

 Halo -excellent for specific eye shades and sets. You need at least two colors, apply the

darker shade to the inner corner and outer edge of the eye, then high light the middle of the

lid with the lighter color.

 Cut crease – involves at least three different shades and is a great way to contour the eyes.

The crease contrasts the color of the shadow on your eye lid to give more depth.

 Smoky eye – this look is sexy and popular, also one of the most difficult to do correctly,

choose colors and shades that blend with skin tone. Especially the under tones in the black

you use.

Makeup lips include;

 Heart -shaped

 Bottom heavy

 Perfectly proportioned

 Top heavy

 Thin lips

 Wide lips

 Small round.

A makeup lip is created based on the shape of the client’s mouth. We go for what fits the client.

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4.3.2 MAKEUP APPARATUS

These are tools use in beautifying the face, these tools include;

 Different shades of foundation

 Powder palate

 Concealer palate

 Bronze palate

 Contour palate

 Primer

 Moisturizer

 Makeup brushes

 Eye lashes

 Eye brow gel

 Mascara

 Eye pencils

 Brow fillers

 Lipsticks

 Eye shadow palate

 Blush palate

 Setting spray

 Lip gloss

 Bond

 Eyeliner

 Makeup box

 Ring light

 Razors

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 Plate 4.1: make up brushes

Plate 4.2: make up powders

4.3.3 HOW TO APPLY MAKEUP

The following steps are used to apply make ups before funerals.

 Shaving of brows

 Clean the face with wipes

 Apply moisturizer( optional)

 Apply primer

 Apply foundation using beauty blender or foundation brush

 Concealer application
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  Apply setting powder where concealed

 Apply powder

 Apply contour

 Apply blush only on chick

 Apply primer on brows to last

 Draw your brows

 Conceal the brow

 Blend with blending brush

 Apply powder in order to hold the concealer

 Create your eye shadow look

 Apply eyeliner

 Apply mascara

 Fix lashes

 Apply under eye liner pencil

 Blend setting powder where applied

 Apply powder with powder brush

 Apply bronzer

 Spray with setting spray

 Create the lips

 Line the lips.

4.4 REASONS OR GOALS OF FUNERAL COSMETOLOGY

The reason why funeral cosmetology is carried out is to help the individual look as they did when

they were still alive in order to avoid trauma from relatives when the person is taken for full funeral.

SECTION FIVE

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5.1 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED

During the course of my industrial training, the following were the problems encountered;

 Issue of transportation; this happens to be the most issue we had during our industrial training

whereby we have to be transporting ourselves to our work place the whole of the six (6)

months, with regards to the fact that we are not been paid.

 In some unit where we are meant to work, we were restricted from using most of their

equipment and also in participation, especially in the histopathology unit. Their reasons being

that we are not lab scientists and as such we are not meant work in the histopathology unit but

the mortuary only. We were asked to buy our own materials for tissue processing if we want to

do the practical.

5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS

Having gone through the six-months training, the following I wish to recommend:

 Trainees should endeavor to accept students on time

 Trainees should devote time in teaching student and allow them practice what they learnt

 The firm should provide support both financially and otherwise to encourage student

 Establishment should provide the necessary materials needed for proper learning and not ask

the students to provide

 Discrimination of any sort i.e racism, sex, academic status/level and otherwise should be

discouraged in every establishment.

 Students should be assessed by trainees (at least once every month) to ensure they achieve

the purpose of industrial training.

5.3 CONCLUSION

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SIWES was established to provide opportunities for students to be involved in the respective

disciplines in the industrial working environment. During the six (6) months training, a wide range

of experience was gained from the different sections of the hospital where I worked. All the

experience gained helped to fulfill the objectives of SIWES which among others are

 To expose students the more in their choice professions.

 To prepare students for real industrial working conditions they are likely to meet after

graduation.

REFERENCES

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Hooker, W.P. (2014). Common Sense Embalming Tips and Techniques. http://nashville2014.nfda.org/./165-

16-common-sense-embalming-tips-a-techniques wallacehooker.html

Seiple, J. (2016). Pros and Cons of Modern Embalming - How Embalming Works.

http://science.howstuffworks.com/science-vs-myth/embalming5.htm

National Funeral Directors Association. (2016). Trends in Funeral Service.

http://nfda.org/media-center/trends-in-funeral-service.html.

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