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Influence of zinc and iron fortified micronutrients on the growth, yield and
economics of rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Article in Crop Research · October 2020

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Crop Res. 55 (5 & 6) : -3- (2020)
Printed in India

Influence of zinc and iron fortified micronutrients on the growth,

yield and economics of rice (Oryza sativa L.)

SUDHAGAR RAO G. B.1,*, V. BALACHANDRAKAUMAR1, R. REX IMMANUEL1, J.

NAMBI1 AND T. SUTHIN RAJ2
1
Department of Agronomy
Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University
Annamalainagar-608002, Cuddalore District, Tamil Nadu, India
*(e-mail : Bhanuraman09@gmail.com)

(Received : August 18, 2020/September 29, 2020)

ABSTRACT

Productivity of rice can be improved application of zinc and iron fortified

micronutrients for which different levels, sources, and applications are yet to be optimized.
Therefore, field experiments were conducted during 2018 and 2019 at Annamalai University,
Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. The experiments were laid out in randomized block
design replicated thrice with thirteen treatments with various combinations of zinc and
iron fertilizers. The results revealed that growth and yield attributes of rice viz., plant
height, leaf area index, dry matter production, productive tillers per square meter, number
of grains per panicle, test weight and the grain yield (6.08 t/ha) were recorded significantly
higher in the soil application of ZnSO4 @25 kg/ha + FeSO4 @30 kg/ha + foliar application
of Zn EDTA @1% + Fe EDTA @ 1 %. Higher net benefit of Rs. 52,228/ha with a benefit cost
ratio of 2.13 were recorded in the soil application treatment of ZnSO4 @25 kg/ha + soil
application of FeSO4 @30 kg/ha.

Key words : Economics, Fe EDTA, FeSO4, rice, Zn EDTA, ZnSO4

INTRODUCTION Zinc is one of the key micronutrients

involve in regulating various biological and
Globally, micronutrient malnutrition physiological processes in plants. In rice
alone affecting more than two billion people, tissues, typical zinc concentration is around
mostly among resource-poor families in 35 to 100 ppm and deficiency symptoms appear
developing countries, with Zn, Fe and vitamin when concentration drops below 20 ppm. Zinc
A deficiencies most prevalent. The United deficiency affects photosynthesis due to altered
Nations Food and Agriculture Organization has chloroplast pigments (Samreen et al., 2017;
estimated around 792.5 million people across Kumar et al., 2018; Sai Ram et al., 2020) and
the world are malnourished, out of which 780 results in short internodes, a decrease in leaf
million people live in developed countries (WHO, size and delayed maturity, sterile spikes, leaves
2011). Currently, micronutrient malnutrition with brown blotches and streaks (Abdullah,
is considered to be the most serious threat and 2015). Insufficient intakes of zinc in humans
global challenge to human and it is avoidable. include emotional disorder, weight loss,
Among different micronutrients, zinc and iron dysfunctions, atherosclerosis, several
deficiency is a well-documented problem in food malignancies, alopecia, diarrhoea etc. (Rutter
crops due to which crop yields and nutritional et al., 2016).
quality decreases. Generally, the regions in the Iron is the most abundant transition
world with Zn-deficient soils are also metal involved in various biological processes.
characterized by widespread Zn deficiency in Almost two-thirds of the body iron is found in
humans (Ward et al., 2014; Madhusudanan et the hemoglobin present in circulating
al., 2019; Shankar et al., 2020; Shrestha et al., erythrocytes, 25% is contained in a readily
2020). mobilizable iron store and the remaining 15%
Department of plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar-608002,
2

Cuddalore District, Tamil Nadu, India.

20
 Effect of zinc and iron fortified micronutrients on rice

is bound to myoglobin in muscle tissue and a was 1500 mm.

variety of enzymes involved in the oxidative The experiments were laid out in
metabolism and many other cell functions Randomized Block Design (RBD) replicated
(Rutter et al., 2016; Duvvada et al., 2020; Ram thrice with thirteen treatments in combination
et al., 2020). Abnormal iron homeostasis can of zinc and iron fertilizers and plot size was 4 ×
induce cellular damage through hydroxyl 3 m. The details of the treatments are T1-
radical production which can cause the Control, T2- Recommended dose of fertilizer
oxidation and modification of lipids, proteins, (RDF), T3- Soil application of ZnSO4 @ 25 kg/
carbohydrates, DNA and leads to various ha, T4- Soil application of FeSO4 @ 35 kg/ha,
neurogenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s T5- T3+ T4, T6- Foliar application of Zn-EDTA@1
disease and Parkinson’s disease (Ward et al., %, T7- Foliar application of Fe-EDTA @ 0.5 %,
2014). Further iron deficiency anaemia is a T8- T6+ T7, T9- T3+ T6, T10- T3+ T7, T11- T4+
major problem affecting around 2 billion people T6, T12- T4+ T7 and T13- T3+ T4 + T6+ T7.
in both developed and developing countries Five representative hills were selected
(WHO, 2011). randomly from net plot area of each treatment
and tagged for periodical observations. These
MATERIALS AND METHODS plants were used for recording all the biometric
observations at various stages of crop growth.
The field experiment was conducted at The average number of ear bearing tillers per
Annamalai University Experimental Farm, meter square was counted plot-wise at the time
Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India during of harvest and the mean values are recorded.
Navarai 2018 and 2019 (January-April) to find
out the impact of zinc and iron fertilization in RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
rice to improve its yield and also Zn and Fe
content. The experiments were conducted at Plant Height
Agronomic Research Area situated at 11°24′ N
latitude and 79°41′ E longitude at an altitude Plant height, an important growth index
of +5.79 meters above mean sea level. The was significantly influenced by the soil
climate is moderately warm with hot summer application of ZnSO4 @ 25 kg/ha + soil
months. The maximum temperature ranges application of FeSO4 @ 30 kg/ha +foliar
from 27.8 to 36.4ºC with a mean temperature application of Zn EDTA @ 1 % + foliar
of 32.4ºC while the minimum temperature application of Fe EDTA @ 0.5 % (T13) than the
ranges from 22.1 to 26.1ºC with a mean control (T1) treatment (Table 1). An increase in
temperature of 22.49ºC. The relative humidity plant height might be due to zinc application
ranges from 82 to 91 % with a mean humidity and its interrelationship with auxin production,
of 81.94%. The mean annual rainfall received an important growth parameter regulating the
Table 1. Impact of fortification with zinc and iron fertilizer on growth of rice

Treatments Plant height Leaf area Dry matter

(cm) index production
(kg/ha)

T1–Control 42.28 2.31 7050

T2–RDF 45.26 4.03 8795
T3–Soil Application of ZnSO4 @ 25 kg/ha 49.83 6.58 11091
T4–Soil Application of FeSO4 @ 30 kg/ha 48.83 5.12 10682
T5–Soil Application of ZnSO4 @ 25 kg/ha+Soil Application of Fe SO4 @30 kg/ha 55.23 7.89 13510
T6–Foliar Application of Zn EDTA @ 1% 47.20 4.18 9770
T7–Foliar Application of Fe EDTA @ 1% 46.90 4.04 9415
T8–Foliar Application of Zn EDTA @ 1%+Foliar Application of Fe EDTA @ 1% 47.67 4.18 10255
T9–Soil Application of ZnSO4 @ 25 kg/ha+Foliar Application of Zn EDTA @ 1% 53.76 7.34 13046
T10–Soil Application of ZnSO4 @ 25 kg/ha+Foliar Application of Fe EDTA @ 1% 52.36 6.66 11920
T11–Soil Application of FeSO4 @ 30 kg/ha+Foliar Application of Zn EDTA@ 1% 52.83 7.29 12600
T12–Soil Application of FeSO4 @ 30 kg/ha+Foliar Application of Fe EDTA @ 1% 50.76 6.64 11691
T13–Soil Application of ZnSO4 @ 25 kg/ha+Soil Application of FeSO4 @ 30 kg/ha+ 57.96 8.74 14332
Foliar Application of Zn EDTA @ 1%+Foliar Application of Fe EDTA @ 1%
C. D. (P=0.05) 2.35 0.06 290.50
S. Em± 0.82 0.02 101.70

21
 Sudhagar, Balachandrakaumar, Immanuel, Nambi and Raj

stem elongation and cell enlargement (Khanda sufficient accessibility of Zn and Fe thereby
et al., 1997). Iron has a structural role in increase in production of sufficient number of
chlorophyll, energy transfer within the plant, tillers and leaf area which ultimately increased
and enters in root cells also zinc increased the the dry matter production. Improvement in soil
plant height via increasing the internodal fertility and productivity due to combined soil
distance. Similar results were also obtained by and foliar application of ZnSO4 and FeSO4 have
Ananda and Patil (2010). supported more number of productive tillers
Foliar application of micronutrients per meter row length, number of filled grains
significantly increased the plant height which per panicle, panicle weight, test weight and
might be attributed to the adequate supply of straw yield leads to increase in dry-matter
micronutrients contributed to accelerate the production of crop (Suresh and Salakinkop,
enzymatic activity and auxin metabolism in 2016). Similar observations were also recorded
plants (Sudha and Stalin, 2015). Kandoliya et by Vignesh and Sudhagar Rao (2019b).
al. (2018) and Balachandrakumar and
Sudhagar Rao (2018a) also reported that an Yield Attributes
increase in plant height was observed with
combined application of Zinc and Iron. The maximum values of yield attributes
viz., productive tillers per metre square (378),
Leaf Area Index number of grains per panicle (115) and test
weight (19.58 g) were noted in the soil
Soil application of ZnSO4 @ 25 kg/ha application of ZnSO 4 @25 kg/ha + soil
+ soil application of FeSO4 @30 kg/ha+foliar application of FeSO 4 @ 30 kg/ha + foliar
application of Zn EDTA @ 1%+foliar application application of Zn-EDTA@1% + foliar application
of Fe EDTA @ 0.5% (T13) showed a significant of Fe-EDTA @ 1 % (T13) at active tillering, panicle
increase in LAI over control (T1) treatment (Table initiation and milking stage with RDF (Table
1). It is attributed to the fact that iron is 2). It might be attributed to the increase in
required for the synthesis of chlorophyll, which supply of photosynthates to sink due to higher
is an essential pigment for photosynthesis. It chlorophyll content and photosynthesis due to
also improves the root-system of rice and the more availability of micronutrients by foliar
growth and leaf areas of rice (Fageria, 2014). sprays at different intervals during growth
Similar to the present experiment, period of the crop (Duraisamy and Mani, 2001).
Balachandrakumar and Sudhagar Rao (2018b) Similar to the present experiment,
also reported that combined application of zinc Suresh and Salakinkop (2016) also reported
as soil application through Zn EDTA @ 1.00 that the number of tillers increased with
kg/ha followed by iron as a foliar spray through response to combined soil and foliar application
Fe EDTA @ 0.5 kg/ha applied in two splits at of Zn and Fe. This increase in productive tillers
15 days after transplanting and at 50 % panicle was due to increased photosynthetic rate,
initiation produces significantly higher plant excessive accumulation of sucrose, glucose and
height, number of leaves per hill, leaf area index fructose in leaves which might have increased
and number of productive tillers. It was also physiological parameters of the plant. Increase
observed that the higher amount of chlorophyll in test weight due to foliar application of Zn
content was produced in rice with the was also reported by Khan et al. (2009) and
application of zinc and iron as reported by Asad and Rafique (2000). The foliar application
Kandoliya et al. (2018) and Vignesh and of zinc has been reported to increase the
Sudhagar Rao (2019a). viability of pollen grains, ultimately reducing
sterility percentage. These results are in
Dry Matter Production agreement with the findings of Meena and
Shivay (2010) and Karim et al. (2012).
There was a significant effect of soil
application of ZnSO4 @ 25 kg/ha + soil Yield
application of FeSO4 @30 kg/ha +foliar
application of Zn EDTA @ 1% + foliar Based on the results of this experiment,
application of Fe EDTA @ 0.5 % (T13) on dry it can be concluded that the soil application of
matter production (Table 1). It might be due to ZnSO4 @25 kg/ha + soil application of FeSO4 @

22
 Effect of zinc and iron fortified micronutrients on rice

Table 2. Impact of fortification with zinc and iron fertilizer on growth attributes of rice

Treatments No. of productive No. of Test weight

tillers grain/ (g)
(m-2) panicle

T1–Control 141.20 73 19.50

T2–RDF 217.55 85 19.59
T3–Soil Application of ZnSO4 @ 25 kg/ha 303.73 105 19.80
T4–Soil Application of FeSO4 @ 30 kg/ha 292.03 104 19.79
T5–Soil Application of ZnSO4 @ 25 kg/ha+Soil Application of Fe SO4 @ 30 kg/ha 366.50 113 19.86
T6–Foliar Application of Zn EDTA @ 1% 259.75 101 19.77
T7–Foliar Application of Fe EDTA @ 1% 246.10 98 19.62
T8–Foliar Application of Zn EDTA @ 1%+Foliar Application of Fe EDTA @ 1% 280.10 103 19.77
T9–Soil Application of ZnSO4 @ 25 kg/ha+Foliar Application of Zn EDTA @ 1% 356.43 111 19.83
T10–Soil Application of ZnSO4 @ 25 kg/ha+Foliar Application of Fe EDTA @ 1% 329.28 107 19.81
T11–Soil Application of FeSO4 @30 kg/ha+Foliar Application of Zn EDTA @ 1% 340.00 110 19.83
T12–Soil Application of FeSO4 @30 kg/ha+Foliar Application of Fe EDTA @ 1% 317.40 105 19.80
T13–Soil Application of ZnSO4 @ 25 kg/ha+Soil Application of FeSO4 @ 30 kg/ha+ 378.25 115 19.88
Foliar Application of Zn EDTA @ 1%+ Foliar Application of Fe EDTA @ 1%
C. D. (P=0.05) 23.03 5.52 NS
S. em± 8.14 1.95 -

NS : Not Significant.

30 kg/ha + foliar application of Zn-EDTA@1% photosynthates towards them which promotes

+ foliar application of Fe-EDTA @ 1 % (T13) the yield (Barua and Saikia 2018).
produced the highest grain yield of 6.05 t/ha Soil application of ZnSO4 @25 kg/ha +
(Table 3). The application of Zn and Fe soil application of FeSO4 @ 30 kg/ha + foliar
attributed to better performance of growth and application of Zn-EDTA@1% + foliar application
yield parameters through adequate availability of Fe-EDTA @ 1 % (T 13) also recorded the
of major and micro-nutrients in soil, which in maximum straw yield of 7.70 t/ha (Table 3). It
turn favourably influenced physiological is might be due to favourable effect of Zn and
processes and built up of photosynthates Fe on the proliferation of roots and thereby
(Tabassum et al., 2013). The favourable increasing the uptake of the plants nutrients
influence of applied zinc on yield might be due from the soil for supplying into the aerial parts
to its catalytic or stimulatory effect on most of of the plant and ultimately enhancing the
the physiological and metabolic process of vegetative growth of the plant (Barua and Sakia,
plants (Mandal et al., 2009). The zinc and iron 2018; Vignesh and Sudhagar Rao, 2019). Zn
play a major role in biosynthesis of IAA and and Fe applied in combination with RDF as
especially due to its role in initiation of soil application enhances the distribution of Fe
primordial reproductive part and partioning of and Zn with in the rice plant which occurs
Table 3. Impact of fortification with zinc and iron fertilizer on yield of rice

Treatments Grain yield Straw yield

(kg/ha) (kg/ha)

T1–Control 1610 4940

T2–RDF 2160 6130
T3–Soil Application of ZnSO4 @ 25 kg/ha 3821 6775
T4–Soil Application of FeSO4 @ 30 kg/ha 3528 6666
T5–Soil Application of ZnSO4 @ 25 kg/ha+Soil Application of Fe SO4 @ 30 kg/ha 5427 7541
T6–Foliar Application of Zn EDTA @ 1% 2872 6402
T7–Foliar Application of Fe EDTA @ 1% 2510 6400
T8–Foliar Application of Zn EDTA @ 1%+Foliar Application of Fe EDTA @ 1% 3192 6565
T9–Soil Application of ZnSO4 @ 25 kg/ha+Foliar Application of Zn EDTA @ 1% 5141 7401
T10–Soil Application of ZnSO4 @ 25 kg/ha+Foliar Application of Fe EDTA @ 1% 4470 6950
T11–Soil Application of FeSO4 @ 30 kg ha+Foliar Application of Zn EDTA @ 1% 4805 7256
T12–Soil Application of FeSO4 @ 30 kg/ha+Foliar Application of Fe EDTA @ 1% 4444 6752
T13–Soil Application of ZnSO4 @ 25 kg/ha+Soil Application of FeSO4 @ 30 kg/ha+ 6082 7750
Foliar Application of Zn EDTA @ 1%+ Foliar Application of Fe EDTA @ 1%
C. D. (P=0.05) 178.91 278.89
S. Em± 63.26 98.61

23
 Sudhagar, Balachandrakaumar, Immanuel, Nambi and Raj

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